794:
494:, and da Costa fined a significant sum. By 1627, da Costa was a denizen of Utrecht, though the Amsterdam community still had an acrimonious relationship with him. For example, they asked a Venetian rabbi, Yaakov Ha-Levi, whether da Costa's elderly mother was eligible for a burial plot in the Jewish cemetery. The following year, da Costa's mother died, and he went back to Amsterdam. Ultimately, the loneliness was too much for him to handle. Around 1633, he accepted terms of reconciliation with the Jewish authorities, which he does not detail in his autobiography. He was thus reaccepted into the Jewish community.
498:
186:
749:. Da Costa had a connection to the Spinoza family, through Baruch's mother, Hanna, with both families coming from Porto, in northern Portugal, and might have known each other there. The Spinozas would have known of da Costa in the Jewish community of Amsterdam, of his troubles with the authorities, and his suicide. There is a 1901 imagined portrait of da Costa and the young Spinoza, but a Spinoza biographer,
642:
585:
42:
753:
describes the painting as "overwrought" and its depiction of
Spinoza being instructed by da Costa as "pure fantasy." Spinoza was just eight years old when da Costa committed suicide, and he might not have known then about his family's connection to him. However, as an adolescent he likely learned the
513:
violations, he was excommunicated a second time. As he describes it, for seven years, he lived in virtual isolation, shunned by his family and embroiled in civil-financial disputes with them. In search of legal help, he returned to being "an ape amongst the apes"; he would follow established Jewish
482:
and philosophical concepts. Da Costa was relatively early in arguing before a Jewish readership in favor of the mortality of the soul, and in appealing exclusively to direct reading of the bible. He cites neither rabbinic authorities nor philosophers of the
Aristotelian and Neoplatonic traditions.
413:
At about the same time (in
Hamburg or Amsterdam) da Costa was working on a second treatise. Three chapters of this unpublished manuscript were stolen, and formed the target for a traditionalist rebuttal published by Semuel da Silva of Hamburg. Da Costa enlarged his book further, with the printed
1351:
Inter
Hispanicos Judaeos quaedam Sadducaeorum reliquae supersunt uti constat vel exemplo Urielis Rabulae Hebrei qui hispanico idiomate "Examen Traditionum Philosophicarum ad legem scriptam" edidit in eo humanarum mortalitatem, propugnavit а tandem Anno christi 1640 . Ipse violentas manus sibi
522:
in
Amsterdam, then forced to lie on the floor while the congregation trampled over him. This ordeal left him both demoralized and thirsty for revenge against the man (a cousin or nephew) who initiated his trial seven years previously and marked the final dramatic point of his autobiography.
1037:
Leone of Modena later published a developed iconoclastic treatise of his own ("kol sakhal / shaagat arye"), and it is quite possible that da Costa's doubts had some influence on him. Salomon & Sassoon, introduction to da Costa's
Examination of Pharisaic Traditions, 1993, pp.
570:
adds that he set out to end the lives of both his brother (or nephew) and himself. Seeing his relative approach one day, he grabbed a pistol and pulled the trigger, but it misfired. Then he reached for another, turned it on himself, and fired, dying a reportedly terrible death.
406:. It is not known what effect this had on his life. He barely mentioned it in his autobiography and continued his international business. In 1623, he moved to Amsterdam for unknown reasons. The leaders of the Amsterdam Sephardic community, troubled by the arrival of a known
658:
336:
for outside relations, presumably because he was wanted in
Portugal. All resumed their international trade business. Upon arriving in Hamburg, da Costa quickly became disenchanted with the kind of Judaism he saw in practice. He came to believe that the
292:
and contemplate it seriously. Da Costa also held a benefice, an ecclesiastical office, in the
Catholic Church. In his autobiography, da Costa depicted his family as devout Catholics. However, they had been subject to several investigations by the
904:
in the title role; the play would remain a signature piece in Adler's repertoire to the end of his stage career, the first of the several roles through which he developed the persona that he referred to as "the Grand Jew" (see also Adler's
691:. Müller publicized da Costa's excommunication, to make an anachronistic point that some Sephardic Jews of his days were Sadducees. Johann Helwig Willemer made the same point, and implied that this extreme heresy leads to suicide.
308:
After his father died, the da Costa family fell into financial difficulty due to unpaid debts. In 1614, they escaped this predicament by leaving
Portugal with a significant sum previously collected as tax farmers for
769:, he read the Bible and was impressed by it. Yet upon confronting an organized rabbinic community, he was not equally impressed by the established ritual and religious doctrine of Rabbinical Judaism, such as the
508:
Shortly after, da Costa was tried again; he encountered two
Christians who expressed to him their desire to convert to Judaism and he dissuaded them from doing so. Based on this and earlier accusations regarding
249:
His short autobiography contains many details about his life, but over the past two centuries, documents uncovered in Portugal, Amsterdam, Hamburg, and elsewhere have changed and added much to the picture.
270:
1405:
Letters addressed to his Highness the Prince of *****, containing comments on the writings of the most eminent authors, who have been accused of attacking the Christian Religion
1730:
1299:
Den Boer, Harm (1989-01-01). "Was Uriel Da Costas's "Examen" Seized by the Spanish Inquisition? The Spanish "Index librorum prohibitorum" as a bibliographical source".
793:
446:; previously, only the three chapters had been known. The work runs to over 200 pages and is divided into two parts. In the first part, da Costa develops his earlier
1755:
538:
and skeptical views, including doubts about whether biblical law was divinely sanctioned or whether it was simply written down by Moses. Da Costa suggests that all
514:
traditions and practices but with little real conviction. Seeking reconciliation, he first suffered punishment for his heretical views: he was publicly given 39
418:
353:(Propositions against the Tradition). In eleven short theses he called into question the disparity between certain Jewish customs and a literal reading of the
699:
quite fully, to demonstrate among other things that questioning religion without turning to revelation would bring one to miserable faithlessness.
1785:
1780:
365:
542:
is a human invention, and specifically rejects formalized, ritualized religion. He further sketches an idealized religion to be based only on
1735:
1613:
1569:
972:(Propositions against the Tradition), ca. 1616. An untitled letter addressed at certain Rabbis, opposing their extra-biblical traditions.
490:, whose leaders reported to the (Christian) city authorities that this was an attack on Christianity as well as on Judaism. The work was
1750:
1745:
1370:
1715:
1695:
1790:
1552:
1520:
1430:
1344:
1098:
628:
595:
800:, 16th-century manuscript. Real Biblioteca del Monasterio de San Lorenzo de El Escorial, Manuscritos latinos, K.II.2, ff. 522–550.
1720:
281:
1250:
1795:
1262:
462:. Da Costa believed that this was not an idea deeply rooted in biblical Judaism but rather had been formulated primarily by
1775:
530:"Example of a Human Life," da Costa tells the story of his life, intellectual development, and experiences as a victim of
361:
1710:
1770:
681:
238:
1164:
Previous research concluded he went to Hamburg after a time in Amsterdam, but some official documents show otherwise.
610:
1725:
467:
606:
241:
and he was excommunicated by several Jewish authorities. His iconoclastic life culminated in suicide in c. 1640.
1649:
1420:
1670:
1740:
844:
417:
555:
438:(Examination of Pharisaic Traditions) in Portuguese. The complete printed book was discovered in 1990 at the
1019:
839:
715:
707:
459:
97:
1661:
1446:
1765:
1760:
936:
883:
867:
534:. Transmitted to print in Latin some decades after his death and only a few pages long, it also expresses
497:
439:
294:
160:
1598:
Uriel da Costa e l'Exemplar humanae vitae: testo latino, traduzione italiana, commento storico-filologico
1700:
901:
722:, when he made an analogous argument that Christian states should be at least as tolerant toward modern
531:
285:
1537:. Bibliotheca Spinozana ; 2 (in German, Hebrew, Portuguese, and Latin). Amsterdam, M. Hertzberger.
1403:
848:
761:
seeking to return to their ancestral Jewish roots upon arriving in an organized Jewish community. As a
185:
1705:
1014:
957:
in English), where he recreates Uriel da Costa's final moments adding the young Spinoza in the scene.
825:, a play about da Costa's life. This would later become the first classic play to be translated into
703:
567:
357:, and more generally tried to prove from reason and scripture that this system of law is sufficient.
156:
879:
810:
673:
450:, considering Modena's responses and corrections. In the second part, he adds novel views that the
443:
395:, written in response to religious queries about da Costa posed by the Hamburg Jewish authorities.
202:
67:
428:
took 8 years of work, created a huge backlash, and disappeared shortly after and still not extant.
1541:
1308:
833:; Uriel Acosta is the signature role of the actor Leo Rafalesco, birth name Leib Rafalovitch, of
746:
719:
650:
310:
152:
132:
410:, staged a hearing and sanctioned the excommunication previously set in place against da Costa.
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1204:
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302:
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1327:
1239:
Salomon & Sassoon, introduction to da Costa's Examination of Pharisaic Traditions, 1993 .
1230:
Salomon & Sassoon, introduction to da Costa's Examination of Pharisaic Traditions, 1993 .
1221:
Salomon & Sassoon, introduction to da Costa's Examination of Pharisaic Traditions, 1993 .
1173:
Salomon & Sassoon, introduction to da Costa's Examination of Pharisaic Traditions, 1993 .
1155:
Salomon & Sassoon, introduction to da Costa's Examination of Pharisaic Traditions, 1993 .
1066:
Salomon & Sassoon, introduction to da Costa's Examination of Pharisaic Traditions, 1993 .
1057:
Salomon & Sassoon, introduction to da Costa's Examination of Pharisaic Traditions, 1993 .
1004:), 1640. Costa's life, questions the authorship of Torah, and expresses trust in natural law.
1601:
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1196:
1142:
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889:
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234:
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108:
1251:"Menasseh ben Israel, Henry More and Johannes Hoornbeeck on the Pre-existence of the Soul"
926:
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830:
782:
657:
384:
369:
1451:
Fragmente des Wolfenbüttelschen Ungenannten. Hrsg. von Gotthold Ephraim Lessing. 4. Aufl
929:
used the life of Uriel da Costa as one of several fictionalized biographies in his book
277:. His mother, Branca, "seems to have been a Judaizer", a false convert to Christianity.
1680:
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47:
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version containing responses to da Silva and revisions to the crux of his argument.
354:
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communities. Newly circumcised and with new Jewish names, two brothers migrated to
289:
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985:
543:
535:
218:
1200:
980:(Examination of Pharisaic Traditions), 1623. Here, Costa argues that the human
273:
at 1497. His father, Bento da Costa, was a well-off international merchant and
1364:
Bayle, Pierre; Desmaizeaux, Pierre; Tricaud, Anthelme; Gaudin, Alexis (1739).
806:
770:
274:
1208:
1108:
1515:, translated and with commentary by Lulla Rosenfeld, Knopf, New York, 1999,
778:
519:
463:
349:
posturing. At this time, he composed his earliest known written work titled
321:
233:
orthodoxies of his time. This led him into conflict with both Christian and
82:
41:
17:
1534:
Die Schriften des Uriel da Costa. Mit Einleitung, Übertragung und Regesten
875:
774:
711:
539:
475:
317:
298:
168:
1641:
Tradizione e illuminismo in Uriel da Costa. Fonti, temi, questioni dell'
1422:
Voltaire's Jews and Modern Jewish Identity: Rethinking the Enlightenment
1312:
554:
Two reports agree that da Costa committed suicide in Amsterdam in 1640:
1605:
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826:
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510:
403:
346:
325:
226:
1279:
470:. The work also pointed to discrepancies between biblical Judaism and
1091:
In the shadow of history: Jews and conversos at the dawn of modernity
949:, Argentine writer, published in 2022 the novel (written in Spanish)
897:
852:
734:
730:
546:, as God has no use for empty ceremony, nor for violence and strife.
399:
342:
164:
613:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
398:
Da Costa's early work thus resulted in official excommunication in
997:
792:
723:
656:
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496:
455:
338:
254:
63:
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Internally to Judaism, da Costa has been regarded variously as a
360:
In 1616, the text was dispatched to the leaders of the prominent
1623:
Salomon, Herman Prins, and Sassoon, I.S.D., (trans. and intr.),
864:
1635:
Facsimile of the Unique Copy in the Royal Library of Copenhagen
892:
promptly followed with his own translation for a production in
1123:
Introduction to da Costa's Examination of Pharisaic Traditions
757:
Da Costa is also indicative of the difficulties faced by many
680:(1636) directed against the "Sadducees", and a listing in the
578:
478:
and ritual practices. He believed it was thoroughly devoid of
939:, Portuguese writer (1922–2019), published in 1984 the novel
718:
embraced da Costa's appeal to have legal status based on the
777:
and Rabbinic doctrine had been contested in the past by the
687:
After his death, da Costa's name became synonymous with the
1564:, 2nd edition Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2022.
288:
intermittently between 1600 and 1608, he began to read the
1371:
The dictionary historical and critical of Mr. Peter Bayle
1346:
De Sadducaeis, ex veterum Hebraeorum monumentis instituta
1093:. State University of New York Press. pp. esp. 123.
432:
In 1623, da Costa published this book under the title of
1648:, edited by O. Proietti e G. Licata, eum, Macerata 2016
1284:(in Latin). ex typographaeo Francisci de Lyra. p.
741:
establishment. He has also been seen as a precursor to
602:
474:. He declared the latter an accumulation of mechanical
1467:, 2nd edition. Cambridge University Press 2022, 76, 84
271:
Jews forcibly converted to Catholicism by state edict
943:("An Animal of the Earth") based on da Costa's life.
645:
Imagined portrait of da Costa instructing the young
313:. The family branched off, settling among two major
1343:Willemer, Johann Helwig; Langenbeck, Georg (1680).
178:
146:
138:
128:
120:
93:
75:
54:
32:
1079:, 2nd edition. Cambridge University Press 2022, 77
706:saw da Costa's rational religion more tolerantly.
1281:Novus index librorum prohibitorum et expurgatorum
710:eulogized him as a crusader of authentic belief.
1643:
1628:
1600:. Spinozana (1. ed.). Macerata: Quodlibet.
975:
967:
773:. As da Costa himself pointed out, traditional
433:
364:. The Venetians ruled against it, prompting the
332:among his Jewish neighbours and using the alias
328:. Gabriel was among the Hamburg group, going by
27:Early 17th century Portuguese-Jewish philosopher
863:) in 1881, shortly after the assassination of
672:inspired not only da Silva's answer, but also
874:rapidly followed with a rival production, an
379:are extant only as quotes and paraphrases in
324:, while two others went with their mother to
8:
843:. The first translation into Yiddish was by
991:
714:noted that he left Judaism for philosophy.
305:prescriptions as well as traditional ones.
237:institutions: his books were placed on the
229:, whereupon he questioned the Catholic and
1731:Converts to Judaism from Roman Catholicism
1480:. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2023, 90
1453:(in German) (1835 ed.). Sander. 1835.
951:Uriel y Baruch: El alma de la inmortalidad
754:details of the public and family scandal.
40:
29:
1578:, New Haven, Yale University Press, 2018.
1547:. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2023.
955:Uriel and Baruch: The soul of immortality
629:Learn how and when to remove this message
214:; c. 1585 – April 1640) was a Portuguese
416:
1576:Menasseh ben Israel, Rabbi of Amsterdam
1050:
1030:
562:gives the time as April, and Amsterdam
1756:Suicides by firearm in the Netherlands
1662:International committee Uriel da Costa
1592:, Oxford, Oneworld Publications, 2004.
1141:. Amsterdam, M. Hertzberger. pp.
1135:Acosta, Uriel; Gebhardt, Carl (1922).
466:rabbis and was a late addition to the
1385:Herder, Johann Gottfried von (1796).
486:The book sparked a controversy among
201:
7:
829:, and it was a longtime standard of
1625:Examination of Pharisaic Traditions
663:Examination of Pharisaic Traditions
388:
900:). Rosenberg's production starred
661:English translation of Da Costa's
25:
1673:The Tragic Life of Uriel Da Costa
1585:. Paris: Berg International 1983.
1255:Menasseh Ben Israel and His World
886:also composed music for the play.
1138:Die Schriften des Uriel da Costa
789:Works based upon da Costa's life
726:as ancient Israelites had been.
583:
422:Uriel da Costa's excommunication
184:
1185:"Meijer de Haan's Uriel Acosta"
737:against the intolerance of the
458:, does not support the idea of
1786:16th-century Portuguese people
1781:17th-century Portuguese people
1183:Offenberg, Adri (2009-01-01).
1:
1645:Exame das tradiçoẽs phariseas
1630:Exame das tradições phariseas
1513:A Life on the Stage: A Memoir
1332:Zacharias Härtel. p. 59.
977:Exame das tradições phariseas
847:, who staged the play at the
805:In 1846, in the midst of the
695:reported the contents of the
558:, a Protestant theologian of
435:Exame das tradições phariseas
341:leadership was obsessed with
1736:Medieval Jewish philosophers
1637:, Leiden, E. J. Brill, 1993.
1329:Judaismus oder Jüdenthum,...
368:to sanction da Costa with a
969:Propostas contra a Tradição
609:the claims made and adding
351:Propostas contra a Tradição
239:Index Librorum Prohibitorum
46:Imaginary 1897 portrait by
1812:
1751:17th-century Sephardi Jews
1746:16th-century Sephardi Jews
1583:D'Uriel da Costa à Spinoza
1545:Spinoza, Life & Legacy
1495:www.jewishencyclopedia.com
1478:Spinoza, Life & Legacy
1326:Müller, Johannes (1707) .
1249:van den Berg, Jan (1989).
1201:10.1163/187502109790213014
678:De Resurrectione Mortuorum
468:Jewish principles of faith
362:Jewish community in Venice
1716:Jewish Portuguese writers
1696:17th-century philosophers
1447:"Von Duldung der Deisten"
1419:Mitchell, Harvey (2012).
909:in the References below).
682:Index of Prohibited Books
391:), a lengthy rebuttal by
183:
174:
116:
39:
1791:Philosophers of religion
1596:Proietti, Omero (2005).
1278:Zapata, Antonio (1632).
919:) wrote a book entitled
845:Osip Mikhailovich Lerner
203:[uɾiˈɛldɐˈkɔʃtɐ]
1721:Portuguese philosophers
1677:Who Was Uriel Da Costa?
1531:Gebhardt, Carl (1922).
1121:Salomon & Sassoon,
1020:Criticism of the Talmud
1002:Example of a human life
809:milieu that led to the
460:immortality of the soul
297:, suggesting they were
124:17th century Philosophy
98:Universidade de Coimbra
58:Gabriel da Costa Fiuza
1644:
1629:
1257:. Brill. p. 101.
993:Exemplar humanae vitae
992:
976:
968:
931:Dreamers of the Ghetto
884:Tamara Vakhvakhishvili
801:
689:Exemplar Humanae Vitae
665:
654:
528:Exemplar Humanae Vitae
505:
502:Exemplar Humanae Vitae
434:
429:
295:Portuguese Inquisition
259:Gabriel da Costa Fiuza
161:Philosophy of Religion
1796:17th-century suicides
796:
660:
644:
526:In a document titled
500:
420:
286:University of Coimbra
261:. His ancestors were
253:Da Costa was born in
142:University of Coimbra
1776:Skeptic philosophers
1588:Popkin, Richard H.,
1581:Osier, Jean-Pierre.
1476:Israel, Jonathan I.
1301:Studia Rosenthaliana
1015:Criticism of Judaism
882:. Georgian composer
798:Repetitio ad D. 41.2
788:
568:Philipp van Limborch
440:Danish Royal Library
373:, or excommunication
311:Jorge de Mascarenhas
157:Criticism of Judaism
1711:Dutch Sephardi Jews
1542:Israel, Jonathan I.
1089:Faur, José (1992).
937:Agustina Bessa-Luís
811:Revolutions of 1848
674:Menasseh ben Israel
68:Kingdom of Portugal
1771:Critics of Judaism
1388:The Monthly Review
821:(1811–1878) wrote
802:
747:biblical criticism
720:Seven Laws of Noah
666:
655:
651:Samuel Hirszenberg
594:possibly contains
518:at the Portuguese
506:
504:, by Uriel Acosta.
430:
381:Shield and Buckler
282:Catholic canon law
153:Biblical Criticism
133:Western philosophy
1726:People from Porto
1615:978-88-7462-034-0
1402:Voltaire (1769).
941:Um Bicho da Terra
872:Abraham Goldfaden
849:Mariinski Theater
668:In his lifetime,
639:
638:
631:
596:original research
488:Jews in Amsterdam
454:, especially the
366:Hamburg community
192:
191:
112:
16:(Redirected from
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1647:
1632:
1619:
1574:Nadler, Steven,
1570:978-1-10844246-6
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1366:"Acosta (Uriel)"
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913:Hermann Jellinek
890:Israel Rosenberg
785:, respectively.
676:'s more lasting
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611:inline citations
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472:Rabbinic Judaism
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225:but returned to
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1741:Jewish skeptics
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1669:Bertao, David.
1665:(in Portuguese)
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1658:
1616:
1595:
1562:Spinoza: A Life
1530:
1523:, pp. 200
1508:
1506:Further reading
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1502:
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1471:
1465:Spinoza, A Life
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1391:. R. Griffiths.
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927:Israel Zangwill
896:(in modern-day
861:Imperial Russia
840:Wandering Stars
835:Sholem Aleichem
831:Yiddish theater
791:
635:
624:
618:
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584:
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556:Johannes Müller
552:
492:burned publicly
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1681:Henry Abramson
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1671:Uriel da Costa
1667:
1657:
1656:External links
1654:
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1621:
1620:(open access).
1614:
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1558:Nadler, Steven
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1195:(1): 121–130.
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880:Remesleni Club
878:, at Odessa's
859:(then part of
790:
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745:and to modern
743:Baruch Spinoza
647:Baruch Spinoza
637:
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591:
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267:New Christians
263:Cristãos-novos
257:with the name
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947:Ariel Magnus
940:
930:
921:Uriel Acosta
920:
915:(brother of
906:
868:Alexander II
838:
823:Uriel Acosta
822:
819:Karl Gutzkow
797:
756:
728:
701:
696:
693:Pierre Bayle
688:
686:
677:
669:
667:
662:
625:
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593:
553:
527:
525:
507:
501:
485:
452:Hebrew Bible
448:Propositions
447:
431:
421:
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397:
380:
377:Propositions
376:
370:
359:
355:Law of Moses
350:
333:
329:
307:
290:Hebrew Bible
279:
262:
258:
252:
248:
211:
207:
194:
193:
139:Institutions
111:, June 1608)
18:Uriel Acosta
1706:1640 deaths
1606:11393/46352
902:Jacob Adler
670:Examination
564:Remonstrant
544:natural law
532:intolerance
219:philosopher
199:Portuguese:
1690:Categories
1491:"Jellinek"
1307:(1): 5–7.
1264:9004091149
1045:References
763:Crypto-Jew
702:The later
603:improve it
476:ceremonies
424:(1888) by
347:legalistic
334:Adam Romez
275:tax-farmer
48:Léon Bakst
1209:1571-7283
1109:878665784
779:Sadducees
619:June 2010
607:verifying
575:Influence
566:preacher
520:synagogue
480:spiritual
464:Pharisaic
343:ritualism
322:Amsterdam
315:Sephardic
299:Conversos
280:Studying
179:Signature
94:Education
83:Amsterdam
1463:Nadler,
1352:intulit.
1313:41481685
1125:, 1993 .
1075:Nadler,
1009:See also
986:immortal
962:Writings
876:operetta
783:Karaites
781:and the
775:Pharisee
771:Oral Law
739:Rabbinic
733:or as a
716:Reimarus
712:Voltaire
697:Exemplar
540:religion
389:מגן וצנה
339:rabbinic
318:diaspora
235:rabbinic
231:rabbinic
216:Sephardi
212:d'Acosta
169:morality
1590:Spinoza
1525:et. seq
984:is not
923:(1848).
857:Ukraine
827:Yiddish
817:writer
807:liberal
731:heretic
601:Please
560:Hamburg
550:Suicide
511:kashrut
408:heretic
404:Hamburg
326:Hamburg
284:at the
227:Judaism
206:; also
79:1640 C.
1612:
1568:
1551:
1519:
1429:
1311:
1261:
1207:
1107:
1097:
1038:24–29.
907:Memoir
898:Poland
853:Odessa
815:German
813:, the
767:Iberia
735:martyr
724:Deists
708:Herder
653:(1901)
516:lashes
400:Venice
385:Hebrew
375:. The
303:Mosaic
208:Acosta
165:ethics
129:Region
1650:Index
1309:JSTOR
1189:Zutot
1026:Notes
998:Latin
649:, by
456:Torah
371:herem
330:Uriel
265:, or
255:Porto
64:Porto
1610:ISBN
1566:ISBN
1549:ISBN
1517:ISBN
1427:ISBN
1259:ISBN
1205:ISSN
1145:–10.
1105:OCLC
1095:ISBN
1000:for
982:soul
894:Łódź
865:Tsar
402:and
345:and
245:Life
76:Died
60:1585
55:Born
1602:hdl
1286:354
1197:doi
851:in
837:'s
765:in
605:by
442:by
210:or
121:Era
1692::
1633::
1627:–
1608:.
1560:,
1493:.
1449:.
1368:.
1349:.
1305:23
1303:.
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1203:.
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1187:.
1103:.
870:.
855:,
684:.
387::
269:,
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109:BA
85:,
66:,
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1604::
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1497:.
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1374:.
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1199::
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1143:1
1111:.
996:(
988:.
953:(
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632:)
626:(
621:)
617:(
599:.
383:(
197:(
107:(
100:,
20:)
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