46:
479:
summer, the zoospores will begin to develop into an endobiotic polycentric thallus. This thallus is often extensive, infecting many host cells, with highly branched, fine rhizoids. These rhizoids can bear intercalary cells, which many be once or twice septate (and what
Schroeter saw as evidence of sexual reproduction). The endobiotic thallus gives rise to large, thick-walled, dark-colored resting spores that take the shape of the host cell. It appears the resting spores are formed from the intercalary cells. These resting spores will over winter and germinate in the spring.
74:
478:
appear to be inoperculate.) The liberated zoospores infect new host cells, and in this fashion, an infection can go through several generations. As well, the sporangia are internally proliferous; that is, they can produce a second round of zoospores after releasing the first one. In late spring and
455:
species are characterized as having a both a monocentric thallus and an endobiotic polycentric thallus. Resting spores germinate in the spring to produce zoospores that will infect the host. The initial infection gives rise to monocentric, epibiotic zoosporangium anchored with endobiotic rhizoids
491:
infect marsh plants, and several are confined to the submerged portion of hosts. Infections are usually confined to the leaves and stems, or, less commonly, the petioles of the host plants; however, there are some species that also or specifically infect parts of the flower. A notable example is
332:
added an additional 4 species to the genus and noted, for the first time, epibiotic, ephemeral zoosporangia. He also claimed that sexual reproduction was through the fusion of two cells and resulted in the resting spores. In 1889, Schroeter created the genus
405:
to its own family, the
Physodermataceae. Sparrow, in 1962, decided the genera were distinct based on morphology and host reaction. However, at this time, the two genera are considered synonymous. Typically, it was thought that
541:
requires at least an inch of standing water to initiate the infection of a host plant. Once the plant is infected, however, high humidity, dew, or rain is sufficient to keep the infection going through the growing season.
506:
live longer than non-infected flowers. There is at least one known species that infects the roots of the host plant rather than the above-ground parts. Infections can cause discoloration, warts, or galls.
529:: one infects only the submerged portion of the plant, the other only infects the emergent portion of the plant, but they can be found growing on the same plant. Due to their reliance on
1628:
1500:
312:
The genus was erected in 1833 on the basis of resting spore development. and included 6 species. Unfortunately, his original diagnosis was very similar to that of
1552:
395:, in numerous publications, expressed concerns over the characters used to distinguish the two genera. In 1943, Sparrow suggested that the genus be merged with
1396:
361:. In 1897, Schroeter separated them once more. Magnus, in 1901, used characteristics of the resting spore and host plant reaction to distinguish between
1474:
1513:
1145:
339:
for those species with epibiotic, ephemeral zoosporangia and sexually derived resting spores. He placed both in the same subfamily as
1235:
Porter TM, W Martin, TY James, JE Longcore, FH Gleason, PH Adler, PM Letcher, & R Vilgalys. 2011. Molecular phylogeny of the
1633:
239:
1590:
1518:
298:. There are approximately 80 species within this genus (depending on whether one includes those traditionally belonging to
1539:
45:
644:
1623:
1409:
73:
1557:
651:
1043:
581:
980:
805:
798:
721:
1050:
630:
609:
553:
392:
1008:
917:
763:
756:
749:
672:
588:
1029:
945:
938:
910:
854:
826:
665:
637:
616:
574:
1064:
1022:
1015:
973:
896:
784:
770:
735:
707:
686:
1349:
1036:
959:
875:
833:
728:
714:
623:
602:
595:
521:
1414:
1001:
994:
952:
931:
903:
889:
868:
791:
742:
700:
693:
258:, causative agents of crown wart of alfalfa and brown spot of corn, respectively. Of the chytrid genera,
169:
54:
987:
966:
840:
819:
812:
567:
1071:
924:
861:
679:
777:
658:
1567:
1435:
1108:
847:
464:
1466:
1332:
1057:
560:
248:
1175:
Sparrow FK. 1960. Aquatic phycomycetes. 2nd ed. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of
Michigan Press.
1193:
Karling, J.S. 1977. Chytridiomycetarum
Iconographia. Monticello, New York: Lubrecht & Cramer.
516:
440:
431:
387:
185:
105:
68:
329:
314:
274:
458:
1575:
1505:
1422:
1278:
1141:
1135:
882:
318:, which led others to place species in the wrong genus. In 1877, Nowakowski erected the genus
254:
1600:
1580:
1270:
135:
125:
115:
1387:
202:
427:
1250:
511:
species can be highly specific in both host choice and area of infection. An example is
1461:
1338:
418:
345:. In 1891, Fischer refuted Schroeter's observations on sexual reproduction and merged
1617:
1401:
412:
357:
341:
320:
1218:
291:
161:
1427:
1311:
Sparrow FK. 1979. Observations on chytridiaceous parasites of phanerograms XXVIII
468:
like; it usually has discharge papilla through which the zoospores are released. (
213:
1372:
1544:
1487:
1381:
474:
397:
377:
367:
351:
335:
300:
295:
268:
60:
1274:
526:
279:
263:
243:
328:
to the
Chytridiales as well by Schroeter in 1883. Just prior to that (1882),
1448:
530:
456:
confined to a single host cell. The zoosporangium has been characterized as
85:
1282:
1097:(in German). Vol. 2. NĂĽrnberg, Germany: J.L. Schrag. p. 192.
17:
1526:
1366:
287:
1479:
498:
235:
1492:
176:
152:
95:
1531:
1343:
1239:(Fungi) based on nuclear ribosomal DNA. Fungal Biology 115: 381–392.
1453:
422:
Based on the ultrastructure of the zoospore, it was realized that
231:
198:
1347:
1440:
385:
species cause discoloration and slight malformation, while
262:
is the oldest. However, species were confused with the
1298:
Johns RM. 1966. Morphological and ecological study of
472:
is considered operculate, though some species once in
1113:
Wallr., Fl. crypt. Germ. (Norimbergae) 2: 192 (1833)"
1356:
401:, which was done by Karling in 1950. He also moved
324:in the Chytridiales, which led to the transfer of
242:in 1833, the genus contains some species that are
1251:"A molecular phylogeny of the flagellated fungi (
391:cause significant malformation and hypertrophy.
502:. A curious side effect, flowers infected with
525:. Another example are two species that infect
1629:Taxa named by Karl Friedrich Wilhelm Wallroth
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
434:. Recent phylogenetic analyses indicate that
375:were globose and ellipsoidal, and those from
8:
1294:
1292:
537:species require free water. As an example,
1344:
496:; it infects the flower of two species of
44:
33:
1302:. American Journal of Botany 53(1):34–45.
1231:
1229:
1227:
1085:
410:was related to the polycentric genera
371:. He claimed that resting spores from
1115:. Species Fungorum. CAB International
7:
1568:85a5ca27-481a-4de5-95d4-21de912fd3a0
238:fungi. Described by German botanist
1255:) and description of a new phylum (
645:Physoderma brachiariae-eruciformis
25:
1249:James, T.Y.; et al. (2006).
72:
1140:. Academic Press. p. 116.
515:, which only infects the upper
240:Karl Friedrich Wilhelm Wallroth
1213:Karling, J.S. 1950. The genus
246:on vascular plants, including
1:
1095:Flora Cryptogamica Germaniae
381:were flattened on one side.
652:Physoderma chrysopogonicola
448:Morphology & life cycle
1650:
1275:10.3852/mycologia.98.6.860
1044:Physoderma thirumalacharii
582:Physoderma aponogetonicola
444:might be separate genera.
1319:. Mycologia 72(2):423–433
981:Physoderma pluriannulatum
806:Physoderma hydrocotylidis
799:Physoderma hemisphaericum
722:Physoderma dichanthiicola
519:cells on young leaves of
430:, which later became the
191:
184:
167:
160:
69:Scientific classification
67:
52:
43:
36:
1051:Physoderma trachoniticum
631:Physoderma bothriochloae
610:Physoderma australasicum
554:Physoderma aeschynomenes
1009:Physoderma ruebsaamenii
918:Physoderma narasimhanii
764:Physoderma eragrostidis
757:Physoderma eleocharidis
750:Physoderma echinochloae
673:Physoderma claytonianum
589:Physoderma aponogetonis
1634:Taxa described in 1883
1221:). Llyodia. 13(1): 29.
1134:Schaechter M. (2011).
1093:Wallroth KFW. (1833).
1030:Physoderma setariicola
946:Physoderma ornithogali
939:Physoderma notosciadii
911:Physoderma myriophylli
855:Physoderma limnanthemi
827:Physoderma kriegeriana
666:Physoderma claytoniana
638:Physoderma brachiariae
617:Physoderma beckmanniae
575:Physoderma aneilematis
522:Dulichium arundinaceum
1065:Physoderma vagabundum
1023:Physoderma scirpicola
1016:Physoderma schroeteri
974:Physoderma paspalidii
897:Physoderma menyanthis
785:Physoderma gerhardtii
771:Physoderma eriochloae
736:Physoderma digitariae
708:Physoderma cynodontis
687:Physoderma commelinae
1037:Physoderma sparrovii
960:Physoderma pancratii
876:Physoderma marsileae
848:Physoderma leproides
834:Physoderma kyllingae
729:Physoderma dicksonii
715:Physoderma debeauxii
624:Physoderma bohemicum
603:Physoderma astomatis
596:Physoderma asphodeli
494:Physoderma deformans
1300:Physoderma dulichii
1137:Eukaryotic Microbes
1058:Physoderma trifolii
1002:Physoderma rayssiae
995:Physoderma pulposum
953:Physoderma palustre
932:Physoderma nelumbii
904:Physoderma mouretii
890:Physoderma meliloti
869:Physoderma maculare
792:Physoderma graminis
743:Physoderma dulichii
701:Physoderma crepidis
694:Physoderma corchori
561:Physoderma alfalfae
170:Physoderma maculare
116:Physodermatomycetes
55:Physoderma pulposum
1624:Blastocladiomycota
1257:Blastocladiomycota
1237:Blastocladiomycota
988:Physoderma potteri
967:Physoderma paspali
841:Physoderma lathyri
820:Physoderma johnsii
813:Physoderma indicum
568:Physoderma alpinum
432:Blastocladiomycota
288:obligate parasites
106:Blastocladiomycota
1611:
1610:
1576:Open Tree of Life
1350:Taxon identifiers
1147:978-0-12-383877-3
1072:Physoderma vagans
925:Physoderma negeri
883:Physoderma maydis
862:Physoderma lycopi
680:Physoderma comari
308:Taxonomic history
223:
222:
217:
206:
156:
16:(Redirected from
1641:
1604:
1603:
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1583:
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1570:
1561:
1560:
1548:
1547:
1545:BMSSYS0000014430
1535:
1534:
1522:
1521:
1509:
1508:
1496:
1495:
1483:
1482:
1470:
1469:
1457:
1456:
1444:
1443:
1431:
1430:
1418:
1417:
1405:
1404:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1377:
1376:
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1320:
1309:
1303:
1296:
1287:
1286:
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1240:
1233:
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1191:
1176:
1173:
1152:
1151:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1090:
778:Physoderma fabae
659:Physoderma citri
487:Many species of
272:, and the genus
249:P. alfalfae
212:
197:
151:
136:Physodermataceae
77:
76:
48:
34:
21:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1607:
1599:
1597:
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1413:
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1386:
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1380:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1352:
1329:
1324:
1323:
1310:
1306:
1297:
1290:
1253:Chytridiomycota
1248:
1247:
1243:
1234:
1225:
1212:
1197:
1192:
1179:
1174:
1155:
1148:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1118:
1116:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1077:
548:
485:
465:Phlyctochytrium
450:
428:Blastocladiales
426:belongs to the
310:
180:
174:
150:
126:Physodermatales
71:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1647:
1645:
1637:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1616:
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1406:
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1378:
1362:
1360:
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1353:
1348:
1339:Index Fungorum
1328:
1327:External links
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1269:(6): 860–871.
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419:Nowakowskiella
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255:P. maydis
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29:Genus of fungi
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413:Cladochytrium
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374:
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369:
364:
360:
359:
358:Cladochytrium
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348:
344:
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342:Cladochytrium
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321:Cladochytrium
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316:
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303:
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297:
293:
292:pteridophytes
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282:. Members of
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1219:Chytridiales
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1136:
1129:
1117:. Retrieved
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1103:
1094:
1088:
1070:
1063:
1056:
1049:
1042:
1035:
1028:
1021:
1014:
1007:
1000:
993:
986:
979:
972:
965:
958:
951:
944:
937:
930:
923:
916:
909:
902:
895:
888:
881:
874:
867:
860:
853:
846:
839:
832:
825:
818:
811:
804:
797:
790:
783:
776:
769:
762:
755:
748:
741:
734:
727:
720:
713:
706:
699:
692:
685:
678:
671:
664:
657:
650:
643:
636:
629:
622:
615:
608:
601:
594:
587:
580:
573:
566:
559:
552:
538:
534:
520:
512:
508:
504:P. deformans
503:
497:
493:
488:
486:
473:
469:
463:
457:
452:
451:
439:
435:
423:
417:
411:
407:
402:
396:
386:
382:
376:
372:
366:
362:
356:
350:
346:
340:
334:
325:
319:
313:
311:
299:
283:
273:
267:
266:, the genus
259:
253:
247:
226:
225:
224:
209:
194:
168:
162:Type species
146:
145:
59:
53:
37:
31:
26:
1488:iNaturalist
1382:Wikispecies
1109:"Synonymy:
539:P. dulichii
513:P. dulichii
475:Urophlyctis
441:Urophlycits
398:Urophlyctis
388:Urophlycits
378:Urophlyctis
368:Urophlyctis
352:Urophlyctis
336:Urophlyctis
301:Urophlyctis
296:angiosperms
269:Synchytrium
210:Urophlyctis
61:Chenopodium
18:Urophlyctis
1618:Categories
1591:physoderma
1388:Physoderma
1358:Physoderma
1333:Physoderma
1317:Sium suave
1313:Physoderma
1215:Physoderma
1111:Physoderma
1080:References
535:Physoderma
527:Sium suave
509:Physoderma
489:Physoderma
470:Physoderma
453:Physoderma
436:Physoderma
424:Physoderma
408:Physoderma
403:Physoderma
383:Physoderma
373:Physoderma
363:Physoderma
347:Physoderma
326:Physoderma
315:Protomyces
284:Physoderma
280:Ascomycota
275:Protomyces
264:rust fungi
260:Physoderma
227:Physoderma
147:Physoderma
102:Division:
38:Physoderma
1373:Q10631025
1263:Mycologia
531:zoospores
517:epidermal
459:Rhizidium
330:Schroeter
244:parasitic
214:J.Schröt.
195:Oedomyces
92:Kingdom:
86:Eukaryota
1527:MycoBank
1462:Fungorum
1402:60015701
1397:AusFungi
1367:Wikidata
1283:17486963
1119:27 March
186:Synonyms
132:Family:
82:Domain:
1506:1298880
1480:2513100
546:Species
499:Anemone
483:Ecology
393:Sparrow
236:chytrid
142:Genus:
122:Order:
112:Class:
1601:239662
1598:uBio:
1581:173320
1565:NZOR:
1558:109874
1519:181401
1493:375049
1454:1PHYDG
1415:587537
1281:
1144:
216:(1886)
205:(1894)
179:(1833)
177:Wallr.
173:(1833)
155:(1833)
153:Wallr.
1588:PPE:
1532:20415
1501:IRMNG
1467:20415
1441:16341
1315:s on
355:with
232:genus
230:is a
203:Trab.
199:Sacc.
96:Fungi
1553:NCBI
1514:ITIS
1475:GBIF
1449:EPPO
1428:6PZ4
1410:BOLD
1279:PMID
1142:ISBN
1121:2014
438:and
416:and
365:and
349:and
294:and
286:are
252:and
1540:NBN
1436:EoL
1423:CoL
1336:in
1271:doi
462:or
304:).
290:of
278:of
234:of
201:ex
58:on
1620::
1578::
1555::
1542::
1529::
1516::
1503::
1490::
1477::
1464::
1451::
1438::
1425::
1412::
1399::
1384::
1369::
1291:^
1277:.
1267:98
1265:.
1261:.
1259:)"
1226:^
1198:^
1180:^
1156:^
533:,
1285:.
1273::
1217:(
1150:.
1123:.
20:)
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