676:(FID, the distance between the animal and the predator before escape is attempted). Levels of expression in both chemical and behavioral responses can differ depending on color variation of the throat. Chemical levels in both O and OB males can change significantly when predators are spotted. When encountered with a predator, the lizard's corticosterone levels in both O and OB males spike, but both types of males have the same hormone levels. When looking at testosterone levels in both O and OB males when encountering a predator, both males testosterone levels spiked, but the O males had higher testosterone levels than the OB males. When looking at behavioral responses there is also a difference in hiding time and flight distance. When encountering a predator O males have a larger flight distance compared to OB males, meaning that O males will escape when a predator is farther away when compared to an OB male, which will let the predator get closer before escaping. Hiding time differed between O males and OB males, where O males had significantly longer hiding periods after the encounter with the predator when compared to OB males. Overall OB males express lower chemical levels, shorter flight distances, and shorter hiding periods when encountered with a predator compared to O males.
523:
645:
597:
temperature would be 35 degrees
Celsius, but if the male lizard was in a desert riparian habitat its body temperature would be around 38 degrees Celsius. Their changes in body temperatures reflect the climates they live in. These temperature differences also occur between male and female lizards. On average the body temperature of a female is lower than the males body temperature. There is a possibility that this difference in body temperature could be related to the presence or absence of sexual differences between males and females and could also affect the health of the clutch and the size of the clutch.
474:
fitness, increased population size should cause a decrease in body size and growth rates across the population. In these lizards there is population density-dependent growth for females of this species but not for males. The temperature quality of the environment that these lizards live in also determines body size and composition. Lizards that are raised and produced in crowded spaces and environments with poor resources and lower temperatures grow smaller than lizards in higher quality environments with better suited temperatures and good resources.
337:
dominant. There is a direct correlation between spot presence/size to social status and dominance within the lizard population. Color variation in the throat can also affect reproduction tactics between different males. Males with a throat color that has a solid central greenish-blue patch within an orange background (OB) are territorial and more aggressive than males that lack the greenish-blue patch (O), therefore suggesting that OB males will fight more for their mate. These two types of males, therefore, are thought to express alternative
850:. Therefore, these females have smaller follicles than the non-wounded females. When the females, however, are denied access to any food (extreme food restriction), they do not invest any energy towards their reproductive or immune systems. Therefore, these females are influenced by resource competition between their reproductive and immune systems. This competition, however, only manifests itself when there are limited resources, and the intensity of this tradeoff depends on the abundance of resources. Since the abundance of resources is
388:
is just uncommon. The OB male having territorial and defensive traits makes them spend more time fighting or displaying and asserting their dominance over the O lizards and exerting that amount of physical strength allows them to develop the higher rates of speed and longer durations of stamina. When the O male competes against the OB male and loses, the O male does not get the opportunity to utilize their speed and stamina and therefore causes them to have decreased rates of speed and shorter periods of stamina.
77:
52:
33:
320:"). The second has a solid orange throat fan ("dewlap"). The orange-blue males are more aggressive and defend territories that can include up to four females. The orange males have longer, leaner body types and are much less aggressive. Orange males can be nomadic during dry years, and during rainy years tend to occupy small territories.
744:
is seasonally variable—the diet changes according to changes in the seasons. Because they are abundant in areas where there are more trees, they depend on the food available in that niche. When the seasons undergo change or the prey migrate, it induces changes in the abundance of the lizards food and
464:
that allow them to achieve equal fitness. O and OB males behave differently in different situations, but most times having the OB male be dominant over the O male. While OB males are more dominant socially, O males are usually larger and grow faster than OB males, both in captivity and in the wild. O
387:
performance can be traced to the suite of displays that identify a dominant individual being the presence/size of the blue spot on their throats. These activities may be affected by different intensities and duration and it is possible for an O male to have better speed and stamina than an O male, it
790:
Reproducing female ornate tree lizards are generally pregnant between late March through August. Additionally, they produce around two to seven eggs in their clutch once a year. The mean clutch size, however, is variable. The size of a female's clutch varies according to the season, and it will vary
820:
when they reach sexual maturity. When the males emerge in
January, they will have small testes, however, their mean testis size becomes progressively larger between the months of February, March, and April. By April, their testis size will level off and by June, the males will generally reach their
719:
and their larvae, but have also been known to eat plants and vegetables as well as inanimate objects thinking they were food. These lizards also have diet patterns that change throughout the seasons changing what they eat and the quantity of it. In the winter/spring time their main food sources and
473:
Lizards are ectotherms and because of their temperature dependent lifestyle they may not follow predictions of density‐dependent habitat selection models because temperature strongly influences their habitat selection and population structure. Since competition for resources can cause a decrease in
698:, and thus, sensitivity of individuals to circulating corticosterone can depend on binding capacity and level of CBG. The binding affinity of the androgen-glucocorticoid-binding globulin (AGBG) in tree lizards is similar between the territorial OB and nonterritorial O males, but AGBG has a greater
605:
The size of each lizard is closely related to their age and the seasonal state of their environment. During winter months (January through March), 75% of adults and 25% of juveniles are active and 13% of juveniles are active in the spring season. Additionally, at the beginning of April, 87% of the
596:
There are large temperature ranges throughout the southwestern United States and these lizards adapt to the different climates that they live in. Their mean body temperatures also change depending on where they are located. If the male lizard was in a montane habitat or a desert habitat their body
841:
for resources. When the amount of food intake is manipulated for reproducing female ornate tree lizards, there are changes in their allocation of resources in their bodies. When females have unlimited access to food intake, their reproductive systems and immune systems were readily maintained and
631:
These lizards tend to be active during every month except
December. Both male and female ornate tree lizards emerge only on the warmest days in November and January, however, they engage in extended period of activity in February. When the lizards are active, they tend to occupy open locations in
336:
across age or sex classes. In most encounters between males with an orange background and blue spot (OB) and males with just the orange background (O), the OB males are almost always dominant. In the case of an interaction between two OB males, the male with the larger blue spot tends to be more
778:
and choosing a mate, a male may go after a larger female knowing that they will produce a larger number of offspring which will help them carry on their genes. There is also a relationship between the environment that the clutch is hatched in and the size of the clutch. Females that lay eggs in
412:
color change of the throats for polymorphic males have important social functions. Females and young males with an orange throat coloration inhibits aggression from male adults. Dominant males that develop different throat colors late in their development will typically have blue and blue-green
287:
as related to stress and aggressive competition. Its life history and costs of reproduction have been documented in field populations in New Mexico and
Arizona. This species has been fairly well studied because of its interesting variation in throat color in males (within a population) that can
893:
with eggs, females tend to be orange or red. Recent experiments also suggest females have association, and perhaps mating preferences for different male types, and that this female preference varies with the throat color of the female herself, and with the colors of the two males that she was
618:
The lizards will reach their minimum adult size within a year. Male ornate tree lizards will grow approximately 0.16 to 0.29 mm per month. During the spring and summer seasons, however, the male growth rate increases to an average of 2.1 mm per month. Female ornate tree lizards are
702:
in OB males. Nonterritorial O males have higher levels of free corticosterone than do territorial OB males during stressful events due to the differences in binding capacity and levels of CBG. This free corticosterone difference could contribute to the higher behavioral reactivity - greater
361:
and then later, as a juvenile, higher testosterone levels will cause him to develop into an orange-blue type; low progesterone and later lower testosterone levels, as a juvenile, may lead the male to develop into an orange type. During dry weather conditions, orange-type males'
505:
lizards also compete interspecifically for resources. Limited resources lowers population density of both lizard species. There is seasonal variation in the intensity of competition between these species which is highly correlated to food availability and the amount of
436:
develop an orange throat color within 15 days of hatching and the lizards that had a delayed onset of throat coloration are typically smaller for their age. Therefore, the size of the ornate tree lizard is a better indicator of their throat color than their age.
787:. This is due to temperature dependent reproduction and the effects the environment has on the reproductive process. The optimized temperature for the clutch to reach its maximum size comes with the temperatures associated with the dry season when reproducing.
842:
healthy. This is because these females can invest more of their energy into reproduction and towards their immune systems. Therefore, these females can reproduce while simultaneously healing any wounds that they have on their bodies. When the females are on a
486:
was abundant, however, during 1975 and 1977, there was little precipitation. During the dry years, there is a decrease in available prey and the ornate tree lizard's individual foraging success, growth rates, body masses, and prehibernation
623:. When the females grow to 45 mm, they are considered 'mature'. For males, there is a small range in their size. Researchers have proposed that there is a stabilization in growth rate as they approach their maximum size.
370:
to decrease, leading them to be more likely to leave their territory and become nomadic. Orange-blue males do not have this hormonal response to the weather, and remain in their territories regardless of climatic conditions.
357:, have suggested multiple male genders in this species. Among differently colored male tree lizards, there are different hormonal profiles. On the day a male tree lizard hatches, researchers think that high blood levels of
769:
There is a direct correlation between the size of the female lizard and the size of the clutch that is produced. As body size increases the clutch size increases as well, making the bigger female lizards have a higher
865:
is an important part of reproduction for many males in this species. Males often defend territories by aggressively excluding other males. This aggression can, in part, be enhanced with higher levels of the
304:; females lack this abdominal coloration. Male ornate tree lizards are found in a variety of colors. While not all populations contain more than one or two colors, 9 color types have been documented within
803:
within one year of hatching. The hatchlings produced by the female appear from the middle of June through to
November. During the autumn season, however, hatching is highest. Females will have enlarged
477:
It has been suggested that the abundance of rainfall that the ornate tree lizard experiences induce a multitude of changes in this lizard's behaviors. During a four-year study in the grapevine hills of
316:, has two types of coloration patterns among male tree lizards that account for 45% of all males. The first is characterized by a blue spot in the center of a larger orange patch on the throat fan ("
495:
which induces changes in diet, behaviors, and health of individuals. Since drought induces food scarcity, there is increased intra-specific competition for resources. Studies have demonstrated that
408:
males will maintain this orange throat coloration for life, however, polymorphic males will either retain their orange throat color or they will develop a yellow throat color as they mature. The
757:, consisting of one male and one or more females, typically inhabits an area containing one or more large trees, shrubs, or boulders. The male copulates with each female, and the females retain
690:. Binding globulins regulate steroid hormone impacts on behavior and physiology in the body can cause differences in hormone levels which can affect changes in behavior. When bound to a
881:
but they do not defend territories. When the number of females on a male's territory is experimentally reduced by removing the females, the male is more likely to abandon his territory.
2539:
413:
throats. This suggests that these colors are visual indicators of social dominance. Researchers have hypothesized that the different throat colors of these lizards have important
1308:
Hews DK, Thompson CW, Moore IT, Moore MC (1997). "Population frequencies of alternative male phenotypes in tree lizards: geographic variation and common-garden rearing studies".
2607:
846:, they experience changes in their reproductive and immune functions. If these reproducing females must invest energy into their reproductive and immune systems, there is a
383:
in male lizards. OB males or dominant males are significantly faster than O males and have higher lengths of stamina than O males. The link between social hierarchy and
2592:
2456:
664:
lizards express chemical and behavioral responses to predators. Chemical responses of the males when encountering a predator can include changes in their levels of
1757:"Demographic and Life-History Variation among Populations of the Iguanid Lizard Urosaurus ornatus: Implications for the Study of Life-History Phenomena in Lizards"
1168:
Matt KS, Moore MC, Knapp R, Moore IT (1997). "Sympathetic mediation of stress and aggressive competition: plasma catecholamines in free-living male tree lizards".
2602:
2508:
2572:
1417:
Knapp R, Hews DK, Thompson CW, Ray LE, Moore MC (2003). "Environmental and endocrine correlates of tactic switching by non-territorial male tree lizards,
1324:
Moore MC, Hews DK, Knapp R (1998). "Hormonal control and evolution of alternative male phenotypes: generalizations of models for sexual differentiation".
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from the beginning of March through August. Additionally, the frequency of pregnant females is the highest during the months of April, July, and August.
2430:
862:
417:. This is because the throat coloration of male ornate tree lizards affects their social relationships. Additionally, since throat coloration is a
2469:
541:
is one of the most widespread and abundant of North
American lizards. It inhabits a wide range of states throughout the United States, including
2587:
1210:
Jennings DH, Moore MC, Knapp R, Matthews L, Orchinik M (2000). "Plasma steroid-binding globulins mediate stress reactivity in the tree lizard,
2305:
2261:
2160:
1796:"Temperature Relationships of the Tree Lizard, Urosaurus ornatus, from Desert and Low-Elevation Montane Populations in the Southwestern USA"
452:
causing O males and OB males to fight for resources. The social systems that allow for the stability of the lizard population cause a mixed
2597:
821:
largest testes size. By July, their testes size will slightly decrease and by August and
September, their testes will rapidly decrease.
740:
and
Formicidae. For the ornate tree lizard, their food intake is variable. Multiple studies have provided evidence that the diet of the
491:
levels were significantly lower. Population density was also reduced. These results have led researchers to propose that dry years are
522:
332:
within these lizard populations. It is thought that the blue patch on their throats acts as a badge that signals fighting ability and
1550:
Hews DK, Knapp R, Moore MC (1994). "Early exposure to androgens affects adult expression of alternative male types in tree lizards".
829:
When resources become scarce for the ornate tree lizard, this species encounters a multitude of critical challenges. There is direct
2283:
2221:
514:
also varies. Therefore, the state of the environment directly affects competition and food availability for the ornate tree lizard.
644:
573:. It is arboreal, semi arboreal, or saxicolous throughout its wide living range and habitats. It can also be found in areas in
457:
453:
2474:
341:
due to their differences in territoriality. The blue patch can be described as a characteristic that heavily contributes to
283:. The species, which was formerly called simply the "tree lizard", has been used to study physiological changes during the
2245:
2192:
1707:"An Experimental Study of Interspecific Competition Between the Iguanid Lizards Sceloporus Merriami and Urosaurus Ornatus"
923:
465:
males will reach a larger size before breeding time, but once both O and OB males reach adulthood they are the same size.
202:
1285:
French SS, Moore MC (2008). "Immune function varies with reproductive stage and context in female and male tree lizards,
2231:
2338:
2582:
2066:
Weiss SL, Moore MC (2004). "Activation of aggressive behavior by progesterone and testosterone in male tree lizards,
1231:
Landwer, Allan J. (December 1994). "Manipulation of egg production reveals costs of reproduction in the tree lizard (
606:
ornate tree lizards are in a reproductive state. This is because the beginning of April marks the beginning of their
2126:
Lattanzio M, Metro KJ, Miles DB (2014). "Preference for male traits differ in two female morphs of the tree lizard,
1506:"Alternative antipredator tactics in tree lizard morphs: hormonal and behavioural responses to a predator encounter"
704:
673:
276:
76:
2513:
1075:
1005:
511:
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larvae but in the summer their diet changed to their main food sources mostly consisting of the insect families
907:
761:
about two weeks after mating. In many parts of its range, females may lay more than one clutch of eggs a year.
680:
300:(SVL) of up to 59 millimetres (2.3 in). As adults, all males have paired turquoise patches of skin on the
284:
1652:"Tree lizard (Urosaurus ornatus) growth decreases with population density, but increases with habitat quality"
2188:
960:
919:
531:
198:
774:
due to size rarity. Body size for the female lizard could be a sought after trait and could be a factor in
2357:
2195:(1852). "Characteristics of some New Reptiles in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution. Second part".
1064:
1025:
948:
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the reproducing female inhabits will change in the reproductive outcomes of the females. All the female's
684:
479:
422:
405:
235:
2395:
1370:
Thompson CW, Moore MC (1991). "Syntopic occurrence of multiple dewlap color morphs in male tree lizards,
426:
397:
338:
181:
1613:"The Ontogeny of a Variable Social Badge: Throat Color Development in Tree Lizards (Urosaurus ornatus)"
1706:
1505:
1458:
2417:
1244:
2254:
Peterson Field Guide to
Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Fourth Edition
482:
in Texas, researchers observed the behavior of this lizard from 1974 to 1978. During 1974 and 1976,
2300:. The Peterson Field Guide Series ®. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. xiii + 533 pp.
1086:
843:
834:
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41:
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2016:
1974:
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1632:
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because of the constantly changing environment, the intensity of the tradeoff is also malleable.
653:
211:
71:
1341:
2461:
2036:"Immune activity suppresses reproduction in food-limited female tree lizards Urosaurus ornatus"
2404:
2301:
2279:
2271:
2257:
2249:
2217:
2156:
1935:
1815:
1768:
1679:
1671:
1593:
1525:
1478:
1260:
1185:
936:
771:
699:
586:
414:
384:
297:
2549:
2236:
A Field Guide to
Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Second Edition
2534:
2047:
2008:
1896:
1857:
1807:
1718:
1663:
1624:
1583:
1517:
1470:
1252:
1177:
1125:
1043:
in parentheses indicates that the subspecies was originally described in a genus other than
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and longer hiding duration - of O males compared to OB males in response to predation risk.
492:
354:
342:
269:
2487:
1651:
2521:
867:
800:
607:
272:
148:
2106:
Zucker N, Boecklen W (1990). "Variation in female throat coloration in the tree lizard (
1248:
2315:
2209:
889:
Females also can vary in throat coloration, although this is not as well-studied. When
669:
363:
1474:
1181:
816:
During the months of June through to November, male ornate tree lizards have enlarged
425:
males during developmental stages are responses to changing social roles, enabled by
396:
The throat color of this lizard represents important information about their level of
2566:
2482:
2052:
2035:
1588:
1571:
1116:
1107:
838:
758:
483:
333:
61:
56:
2320:
Reptiles and Amphibians: A Guide to Familiar American Species: A Golden Nature Guide
1691:
1537:
1490:
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1272:
874:
870:
851:
665:
367:
358:
138:
1521:
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2443:
2389:
830:
733:
691:
309:
253:
2380:
1459:"Throat colour reliably signals status in male tree lizards, Urosaurus ornatus"
328:
The differences in throat color can impact many different behaviors and create
1056:
903:
878:
796:
784:
780:
566:
542:
1963:"Seasonal Variation in the Diet of Urosaurus ornatus in a Riparian Community"
1939:
1924:"Seasonal Variation in the Diet of Urosaurus ornatus in a Riparian Community"
1819:
1772:
1675:
1656:
Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A: Ecological and Integrative Physiology
1597:
1572:"Locomotor performance and dominance in male Tree Lizards, Urosaurus ornatus"
1529:
1482:
610:. By the month of May, however, all the lizards have reproductive potential.
1035:
847:
729:
721:
620:
449:
433:
380:
329:
158:
88:
1683:
1264:
2526:
1189:
32:
2374:
2214:
The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Reptiles and Amphibians
1040:
817:
792:
695:
687:
590:
554:
507:
418:
409:
128:
108:
2435:
2020:
1996:
1978:
1962:
1947:
1923:
1908:
1884:
1869:
1845:
1827:
1795:
1780:
1756:
1730:
1636:
1612:
1256:
633:
582:
562:
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313:
301:
261:
118:
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578:
574:
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Additionally, throat coloration is also associated with size. 82% of
317:
280:
265:
98:
2351:
2238:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. xviii + 429 pp. + Plates 1-48. (
2012:
1900:
1861:
1811:
1722:
1628:
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tend to have a higher clutch size than females that lay eggs in the
2343:
345:
since females tend to mate with males that have larger blue spots.
643:
570:
521:
488:
791:
according to the geographical location of the female lizard. The
379:
The differences in throat color can also be related to speed and
2422:
2256:. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. xiv + 494 pp.
550:
2355:
2298:
A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians, Third Edition
1997:"Natural History Notes on the Iguanid Lizard Urosaurus ornatus"
1885:"Natural History Notes on the Iguanid Lizard Urosaurus ornatus"
1846:"Natural History Notes on the Iguanid Lizard Urosaurus ornatus"
421:
trait, it is possible that the different throat colors seen in
1342:"Ornate Tree Lizard (Urosaurus ornatus) - Reptiles of Arizona"
725:
1504:
Thaker, Maria; Lima, Steven L.; Hews, Diana K. (2009-02-01).
720:
largest quantity of food eaten were from the insect families
2155:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp.
2090:) territories: experimental perturbation of the sex ratio".
2276:
Reptiles of North America: A Guide to Field Identification
1565:
1563:
1457:
Thompson, Christopher W.; Moore, Michael C. (1991-11-01).
1106:
Hammerson, G.A.; Frost, D.R.; Santos-Barrera, G. (2007).
2151:
Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011).
2086:
M'Closkey RT, Baia KA, Russell RW (1987). "Tree lizard (
672:
while behavioral responses shown tend to be hiding and
1390:
Thompson CW, Moore MC (1991). "Throat colour reliably
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1434:
2364:
1650:Paterson, James E.; Blouin-Demers, Gabriel (2018).
2110:): Relation to reproductive cycle and fecundity".
1158:". The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.
694:(CBG), plasma corticosterone may not diffuse into
288:correlate with different reproductive strategies,
1794:Smith, Geoffrey R.; Ballinger, Royce E. (1995).
1744:Herpedia: The Reptiles and Amphibians of Wyoming
1413:
1411:
1359:A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians
456:for the continuation of their genes. In a mixed
404:males will firstly have an orange throat color.
2137:(7): e101515. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101515
353:Some, such as Stanford professor and biologist
1304:
1302:
906:are recognized as being valid, including the
683:can be attributed to the binding capacity of
619:typically smaller than males when they reach
8:
2046:(6). British Ecological Society: 1115–1122.
1131:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2007.RLTS.T64174A12750887.en
1074:, is in honor of German-American naturalist
2352:
510:. Where rainfall varies, the intensity of
50:
31:
20:
2322:. New York: Simon and Schuster. 160 pp. (
2051:
1587:
1129:
2312:, pp. 296–297 + Plate 32 + Map 96).
2242:, pp. 108–109 + Plate 16 + Map 61).
1990:
1988:
1839:
1837:
1085:, is in honor of American herpetologist
1063:, is in honor of American herpetologist
2593:Fauna of the Southwestern United States
1361:. (Peterson Field Guides). 3rd Edition.
1098:
715:The ornate tree lizard feeds on mostly
2147:
2145:
2143:
2608:Taxa named by Charles Frédéric Girard
2603:Taxa named by Spencer Fullerton Baird
2216:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 743 pp.
1291:General and Comparative Endocrinology
1216:General and Comparative Endocrinology
1150:
1148:
296:The ornate tree lizard may grow to a
7:
1570:Robson, M. A.; Miles, D. B. (2000).
825:Resource allocation for reproduction
2573:IUCN Red List least concern species
1310:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
1117:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2278:. New York: Golden Press. 240 pp.
2197:Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia
14:
2153:The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles
2228:, pp. 535–536 + Plate 369).
2053:10.1111/j.1365-2435.2007.01311.x
1589:10.1046/j.1365-2435.2000.00427.x
75:
2268:, pp. 299–300 + Plate 28).
692:corticosteroid-binding globulin
460:, both morphs pursue different
275:. The species is native to the
458:evolutionarily stable strategy
366:levels increase, which causes
1:
2588:Reptiles of the United States
1522:10.1016/j.anbehav.2008.10.014
1475:10.1016/S0003-3472(05)80120-4
1394:status in male tree lizards,
1182:10.1016/S0031-9384(96)00500-8
308:. A population documented in
2206:, new species, p. 126).
1922:Aspland, Kenneth K. (1964).
1017:– Colorado River tree lizard
833:between the female lizard's
454:evolutionary stable strategy
392:Significance of throat color
1611:Carpenter, Geoffry (1995).
705:flight initiation distances
2624:
2598:Reptiles described in 1852
2165:Urosaurus ornatus schmidti
1755:Dunham, Arthur E. (1982).
885:Phenotype and reproduction
674:flight initiation distance
528:Urosaurus ornatus schmidti
277:southwestern United States
1961:Aspland, Kenneth (1964).
1076:Arthur Carl Victor Schott
650:Urosaurus ornatus ornatus
577:including states such as
512:interspecific competition
448:has a complicated social
429:, as the lizards mature.
217:
210:
187:
180:
72:Scientific classification
70:
48:
39:
30:
23:
1995:Parker, William (1973).
1883:Parker, William (1973).
1844:Parker, William (1973).
908:nominotypical subspecies
285:fight-or-flight response
225:Baird & Girard, 1852
2274:, Brodie ED Jr (1982).
1705:Dunham, Arthur (1980).
1170:Physiology and Behavior
532:Culberson County, Texas
462:life history strategies
339:reproductive strategies
2072:Gen. Comp. Endocrinol.
2001:Journal of Herpetology
1889:Journal of Herpetology
1850:Journal of Herpetology
1800:Journal of Herpetology
1617:Journal of Herpetology
1081:The subspecific name,
1070:The subspecific name,
1030:– northern tree lizard
995:– Big Bend tree lizard
681:anti-predator behavior
657:
640:Anti-predator behavior
535:
526:Big Bend tree lizard (
480:Big Bend National Park
419:genetically determined
1711:Ecological Monographs
1552:Hormones and Behavior
1423:Hormones and Behavior
1124:: e.T64174A12750887.
647:
525:
427:phenotypic plasticity
349:Multiple male genders
2344:The Reptile Database
2326:, pp. 54, 155).
2290:, pp. 112–113).
977:– smooth tree lizard
441:Population structure
298:snout-to-vent length
2318:, Smith HM (1956).
2007:(1). JSTOR: 21–26.
1973:(2). JSTOR: 91–94.
1895:(1). JSOTR: 21–26.
1856:(1). JSOTR: 21–26.
1717:(3). esa: 309–330.
1249:1994Oecol.100..243L
1087:Albert Hazen Wright
1041:trinomial authority
986:– lined tree lizard
928:– Texas tree lizard
835:reproductive system
765:Female reproduction
679:The differences in
648:Texas tree lizard (
498:Sceloporus merriami
42:Conservation status
2583:Reptiles of Mexico
2212:, King FW (1979).
2040:Functional Ecology
2034:French, S (2007).
1623:(1). JSTOR: 7–13.
1576:Functional Ecology
1326:American Zoologist
1257:10.1007/BF00316951
745:its availability.
658:
654:Kerr County, Texas
536:
469:Effects of habitat
258:ornate tree lizard
2560:
2559:
2396:Urosaurus ornatus
2366:Urosaurus ornatus
2358:Taxon identifiers
2339:Urosaurus ornatus
2324:Urosaurus ornatus
2310:Urosaurus ornatus
2306:978-0-395-98272-3
2288:Urosaurus ornatus
2266:Urosaurus ornatus
2262:978-0-544-12997-9
2240:Urosaurus ornatus
2226:Urosaurus ornatus
2161:978-1-4214-0135-5
2128:Urosaurus ornatus
2108:Urosaurus ornatus
2088:Urosaurus ornatus
2068:Urosaurus ornatus
1419:Urosaurus ornatus
1396:Urosaurus ornatus
1372:Urosaurus ornatus
1287:Urosaurus ornatus
1233:Urosaurus ornatus
1212:Urosaurus ornatus
1156:Urosaurus ornatus
1110:Urosaurus ornatus
1012:U. o. symmetricus
993:(Mittleman, 1940)
944:U. o. chiricahuae
812:Male reproduction
806:ovarian follicles
742:Urosaurus ornatus
662:Usosaurus ornatus
539:Urosaurus ornatus
446:Urosaurus ornatus
375:Speed and stamina
279:and northwestern
249:Urosaurus ornatus
245:
244:
230:Urosaurus ornatus
191:Urosaurus ornatus
65:
25:Urosaurus ornatus
16:Species of lizard
2615:
2553:
2552:
2543:
2542:
2530:
2529:
2517:
2516:
2504:
2503:
2491:
2490:
2478:
2477:
2465:
2464:
2452:
2451:
2439:
2438:
2426:
2425:
2413:
2412:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2353:
2176:
2149:
2138:
2124:
2118:
2104:
2098:
2084:
2078:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2031:
2025:
2024:
1992:
1983:
1982:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1841:
1832:
1831:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1752:
1746:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1668:10.1002/jez.2216
1647:
1641:
1640:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1591:
1567:
1558:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1510:Animal Behaviour
1501:
1495:
1494:
1463:Animal Behaviour
1454:
1429:
1415:
1406:
1400:Animal Behaviour
1388:
1382:
1368:
1362:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1338:
1332:
1322:
1316:
1306:
1297:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1228:
1222:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1165:
1159:
1152:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1133:
1103:
1057:subspecific name
1029:
1016:
1003:
994:
985:
976:
964:
952:
940:
927:
868:steroid hormones
844:restrictive diet
776:sexual selection
700:binding capacity
518:Geographic range
415:social functions
355:Joan Roughgarden
343:sexual selection
239:
226:
193:
80:
79:
59:
54:
53:
35:
21:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2548:
2546:
2538:
2533:
2525:
2522:Observation.org
2520:
2512:
2507:
2499:
2494:
2486:
2481:
2473:
2468:
2460:
2455:
2447:
2442:
2434:
2429:
2421:
2416:
2408:
2403:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2360:
2349:
2333:
2185:
2183:Further reading
2180:
2179:
2150:
2141:
2125:
2121:
2105:
2101:
2097:(6): 2059-2062.
2085:
2081:
2065:
2061:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2013:10.2307/1562825
1994:
1993:
1986:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1901:10.2307/1562825
1882:
1881:
1877:
1862:10.2307/1562825
1843:
1842:
1835:
1812:10.2307/1565097
1793:
1792:
1788:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1742:
1738:
1723:10.2307/2937254
1704:
1703:
1699:
1662:(10): 527–535.
1649:
1648:
1644:
1629:10.2307/1565079
1610:
1609:
1605:
1569:
1568:
1561:
1549:
1545:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1456:
1455:
1432:
1416:
1409:
1389:
1385:
1369:
1365:
1353:
1349:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1323:
1319:
1307:
1300:
1284:
1280:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1209:
1205:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1153:
1146:
1136:
1134:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1065:Karl P. Schmidt
1053:
1023:
1014:
1001:
992:
983:
970:
958:
956:U. o. lateralis
946:
934:
932:U. o. caeruleus
917:
900:
887:
877:. Females have
860:
827:
814:
801:sexual maturity
767:
751:
713:
656:(18 April 2015)
642:
632:small or large
629:
616:
608:breeding season
603:
520:
471:
443:
394:
377:
351:
326:
294:
273:Phrynosomatidae
233:
232:
224:
223:
206:
195:
189:
176:
173:U. ornatus
149:Phrynosomatidae
74:
66:
55:
51:
44:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2621:
2619:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2565:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2544:
2531:
2518:
2505:
2492:
2479:
2466:
2453:
2440:
2427:
2414:
2401:
2386:
2370:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2347:
2346:
2332:
2331:External links
2329:
2328:
2327:
2313:
2291:
2269:
2243:
2229:
2207:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2169:U. o. schottii
2139:
2119:
2099:
2079:
2059:
2026:
1984:
1953:
1914:
1875:
1833:
1806:(1): 126–129.
1786:
1767:(1): 208–221.
1747:
1736:
1697:
1642:
1603:
1582:(3): 338–344.
1559:
1543:
1516:(2): 395–401.
1496:
1469:(5): 745–753.
1430:
1407:
1383:
1363:
1347:
1333:
1317:
1298:
1278:
1223:
1203:
1176:(5): 639–647.
1160:
1144:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1052:
1049:
1032:
1031:
1018:
1009:
999:U. o. schottii
996:
990:U. o. schmidti
987:
981:U. o. linearis
978:
965:
953:
941:
929:
899:
896:
886:
883:
863:Territoriality
859:
858:Territoriality
856:
826:
823:
813:
810:
766:
763:
750:
747:
712:
709:
685:plasma binding
670:corticosterone
641:
638:
628:
625:
615:
612:
602:
599:
519:
516:
470:
467:
442:
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364:corticosterone
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2321:
2317:
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2307:
2303:
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2289:
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2284:0-307-13666-3
2281:
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2255:
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2244:
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2222:0-394-50824-6
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2215:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2174:
2173:U. o. wrighti
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2133:
2129:
2123:
2120:
2117:(4): 387-394.
2116:
2113:
2112:Herpetologica
2109:
2103:
2100:
2096:
2093:
2089:
2083:
2080:
2077:(2): 282–288.
2076:
2073:
2069:
2063:
2060:
2054:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2030:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1967:Herpetologica
1964:
1957:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1928:Herpetologica
1925:
1918:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1879:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1825:
1821:
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1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1787:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1761:Herpetologica
1758:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1740:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1701:
1698:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1646:
1643:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1607:
1604:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1553:
1547:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1500:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1405:(5): 745-753.
1404:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1387:
1384:
1381:(2): 493-503.
1380:
1377:
1373:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1348:
1343:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1327:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1311:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1296:(1): 148-156.
1295:
1292:
1288:
1282:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
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1068:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1027:
1022:
1021:U. o. wrighti
1019:
1015:(Baird, 1858)
1013:
1010:
1007:
1002:(Baird, 1858)
1000:
997:
991:
988:
984:(Baird, 1859)
982:
979:
974:
969:
966:
962:
957:
954:
950:
945:
942:
938:
933:
930:
925:
921:
916:
915:U. o. ornatus
913:
912:
911:
909:
905:
897:
895:
892:
884:
882:
880:
876:
872:
869:
864:
857:
855:
853:
849:
845:
840:
839:immune system
836:
832:
824:
822:
819:
811:
809:
807:
802:
798:
794:
788:
786:
782:
777:
773:
764:
762:
760:
756:
748:
746:
743:
739:
735:
734:Lepidopterous
731:
727:
723:
718:
710:
708:
706:
701:
697:
693:
689:
686:
682:
677:
675:
671:
667:
663:
655:
651:
646:
639:
637:
635:
626:
624:
622:
613:
611:
609:
600:
598:
594:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
534:(14 May 2018)
533:
529:
524:
517:
515:
513:
509:
504:
500:
499:
494:
490:
485:
484:precipitation
481:
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391:
389:
386:
382:
374:
372:
369:
365:
360:
356:
348:
346:
344:
340:
335:
334:social status
331:
323:
321:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
291:
289:
286:
282:
278:
274:
271:
267:
263:
259:
256:known as the
255:
251:
250:
237:
231:
228:
222:
219:
218:
216:
213:
209:
204:
200:
194:
192:
186:
183:
182:Binomial name
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157:
154:
153:
150:
147:
144:
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127:
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123:
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117:
114:
113:
110:
107:
104:
103:
100:
97:
94:
93:
90:
87:
84:
83:
78:
73:
69:
63:
58:
57:Least Concern
47:
43:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
2365:
2348:
2337:
2323:
2319:
2309:
2297:
2287:
2275:
2265:
2253:
2248:, Conant R,
2239:
2235:
2225:
2213:
2203:
2202:: 125-129. (
2199:
2196:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2152:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2122:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2102:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2074:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2043:
2039:
2029:
2004:
2000:
1970:
1966:
1956:
1934:(2): 91–94.
1931:
1927:
1917:
1892:
1888:
1878:
1853:
1849:
1803:
1799:
1789:
1764:
1760:
1750:
1739:
1714:
1710:
1700:
1659:
1655:
1645:
1620:
1616:
1606:
1579:
1575:
1554:
1551:
1546:
1513:
1509:
1499:
1466:
1462:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1386:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1358:
1350:
1336:
1328:
1325:
1320:
1312:
1309:
1293:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1243:(3): 243–9.
1240:
1236:
1232:
1226:
1218:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1173:
1169:
1163:
1155:
1135:. Retrieved
1121:
1115:
1109:
1101:
1082:
1080:
1071:
1069:
1060:
1054:
1044:
1034:
1033:
1020:
1011:
998:
989:
980:
967:
955:
943:
931:
914:
901:
888:
875:progesterone
871:testosterone
861:
828:
815:
789:
768:
754:
752:
749:Reproduction
741:
714:
696:target cells
678:
666:testosterone
661:
659:
652:), in situ,
649:
630:
617:
604:
595:
538:
537:
530:), in situ,
527:
502:
496:
476:
472:
445:
444:
431:
395:
378:
368:testosterone
359:progesterone
352:
327:
305:
295:
257:
248:
247:
246:
229:
220:
190:
188:
172:
171:
159:
24:
18:
2496:NatureServe
2444:iNaturalist
2390:Wikispecies
2294:Stebbins RC
1355:Stebbins RC
1137:11 November
1051:Etymologies
1008:tree lizard
968:U. o. levis
894:presented.
879:home ranges
831:competition
799:will reach
785:dryer years
753:A group of
423:polymorphic
406:Monomorphic
398:development
330:hierarchies
324:Hierarchies
310:Verde River
2567:Categories
2250:Collins JT
2204:Uta ornata
2175:, p. 289).
2171:, p. 237;
2167:, p. 236;
1331:: 133-151.
1315:: 371-380.
1221:: 289-299.
1093:References
937:H.M. Smith
904:subspecies
898:Subspecies
797:hatchlings
755:U. ornatus
738:Coleoptera
726:Formicidae
627:Locomotion
567:New Mexico
543:California
503:U. ornatus
434:hatchlings
306:U. ornatus
292:Appearance
221:Uta ornata
135:Suborder:
2578:Urosaurus
2210:Behler JL
1940:0018-0831
1820:0022-1511
1773:0018-0831
1676:2471-5646
1598:1365-2435
1557:: 96-115.
1530:0003-3472
1483:0003-3472
1237:Oecologia
1045:Urosaurus
1036:Nota bene
973:Stejneger
961:Boulenger
949:Mittleman
852:malleable
781:wet years
730:Hemiptera
722:Homoptera
688:globulins
621:adulthood
587:Chihuahua
493:stressors
450:hierarchy
410:ontogenic
385:locomotor
236:Mittleman
167:Species:
160:Urosaurus
95:Kingdom:
89:Eukaryota
2501:2.101381
2462:10970041
2381:Q3062093
2375:Wikidata
2336:Species
2296:(2003).
2272:Smith HM
2252:(2016).
2246:Powell R
2234:(1975).
2232:Conant R
2193:Girard C
2189:Baird SF
2132:PLoS ONE
1692:51956358
1684:30096219
1538:53172084
1491:54254043
1428:: 83-92.
1357:(2003).
1265:28307007
1198:40870214
1072:schottii
1061:schmidti
1006:Schott's
848:tradeoff
793:latitude
634:boulders
591:Coahuila
555:Colorado
508:rainfall
501:and the
402:Juvenile
254:commonly
212:Synonyms
145:Family:
129:Squamata
119:Reptilia
109:Chordata
105:Phylum:
99:Animalia
85:Domain:
62:IUCN 3.1
2550:8061697
2540:ornatus
2436:2451482
2423:1055103
2092:Ecology
2021:1562825
1979:3890577
1948:3890577
1909:1562825
1870:1562825
1828:1565097
1781:3892374
1731:2937254
1637:1565079
1392:signals
1273:3226827
1245:Bibcode
1190:9145930
1083:wrighti
1028:, 1921)
1026:Schmidt
975:, 1890)
963:, 1883)
951:, 1941)
939:, 1935)
926:, 1852)
772:fitness
717:insects
583:Sinaloa
563:Arizona
559:Wyoming
381:stamina
314:Arizona
302:abdomen
268:in the
262:species
260:, is a
205:, 1852)
155:Genus:
139:Iguania
125:Order:
115:Class:
60: (
2547:uBio:
2527:104336
2475:173954
2316:Zim HS
2304:
2282:
2260:
2220:
2159:
2019:
1977:
1946:
1938:
1907:
1868:
1826:
1818:
1779:
1771:
1729:
1690:
1682:
1674:
1635:
1596:
1536:
1528:
1489:
1481:
1376:Copeia
1271:
1263:
1196:
1188:
924:Girard
922:&
891:gravid
818:testes
732:, and
614:Growth
589:, and
579:Sonora
575:Mexico
569:, and
547:Nevada
318:dewlap
281:Mexico
270:family
266:lizard
238:, 1942
203:Girard
201:&
2514:43650
2488:64174
2457:IRMNG
2449:36107
2410:7DZ38
2017:JSTOR
1975:JSTOR
1944:JSTOR
1905:JSTOR
1866:JSTOR
1824:JSTOR
1777:JSTOR
1727:JSTOR
1688:S2CID
1633:JSTOR
1534:S2CID
1487:S2CID
1269:S2CID
1194:S2CID
920:Baird
660:Male
571:Texas
489:lipid
199:Baird
2509:NCBI
2483:IUCN
2470:ITIS
2431:GBIF
2302:ISBN
2280:ISBN
2258:ISBN
2218:ISBN
2157:ISBN
1936:ISSN
1816:ISSN
1769:ISSN
1680:PMID
1672:ISSN
1594:ISSN
1526:ISSN
1479:ISSN
1379:1991
1261:PMID
1235:)".
1186:PMID
1139:2021
1122:2007
1055:The
1039:: A
902:Ten
873:and
837:and
759:eggs
711:Diet
668:and
601:Size
551:Utah
2418:EoL
2405:CoL
2342:at
2308:. (
2286:. (
2264:. (
2224:. (
2163:. (
2130:".
2075:136
2070:".
2048:doi
2009:doi
1897:doi
1858:doi
1808:doi
1719:doi
1664:doi
1660:329
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1471:doi
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1398:".
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1294:155
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1253:doi
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1126:doi
264:of
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