User:Big Joenner/sandbox

1022: 1682: 1838: 2188:—Manfred of Sicily's former chancellor—with staging an international plot against Charles. Legend says that he visited Constantinople, Sicily and Viterbo in disguise in 1279 and 1280 to convince Michael VIII, the Sicilian barons and Pope Nicholas III to support a revolt. On the other hand, Michael VIII would later claim that he "was God's instrument in bringing freedom to the Sicilians" in his memoirs. The Emperor's wealth enabled him to send money to the discontented Sicilian barons. Peter III of Aragon decided to lay claim to the Kingdom of Sicily in late 1280: he did not hide his disdain when he met with Charles's son, 2171:, the requisitioning of goods, increased the unpopularity of Charles's government in southern Italy and Sicily. His subjects were also liable to be forced to guard prisoners or lodge soldiers in their homes. The restoration of old fortresses, bridges and aqueducts and the building of new castles required the employment of craftsmen, although most of them were unwilling to participate in such lengthy projects. Thousands of people were forced to serve in the army in foreign lands, especially after 1279. Trading in salt was declared a royal monopoly. In December 1281, Charles again ordered the collection of the 1101:. After her sons by her second marriage were captured in July 1253, she needed foreign assistance to secure their release. Ignoring Louis IX's 1246 ruling that Hainaut should pass to John, she promised the county to Charles. He accepted the offer and invaded Hainaut, forcing most local noblemen to swear fealty to him. After his return to France, Louis IX insisted that his ruling was to be respected. In November 1255 he ordered Charles to restore Hainaut to Margaret, but her sons were obliged to swear fealty to Charles. Louis also ruled that she was to pay 160,000 marks to Charles over the following 13 years. 1794:. About three weeks later, Pope Gregory again prohibited Charles from launching military actions against the Byzantine Empire. The Pope also tried to mediate a truce between Charles and Michael, but the latter chose to attack several smaller states in the Balkans, including Charles's vassals. The Byzantine fleet took control of the maritime routes between Albania and southern Italy in the late 1270s. Gregory only allowed Charles to send reinforcements to Achaea. The organisation of a new crusade to the Holy Land remained the Pope's principal object. He persuaded Charles to start negotiations with 3050: 2142: 743: 1413: 126: 1242: 1575:

an invasion from Germany after Conradin's death. In May 1269 Charles sent Walter of La Roche to represent him in the province, but this failed to strengthen his authority. In October Charles's officials convoked an assembly at Cremona, and invited the Lombard towns to attend. The Lombard towns accepted the invitation, but some towns—Milan, Bologna, Alessandria and Tortona—only confirmed their alliance with Charles, without acknowledging his rule.

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merchants settled in Anjou, Maine, Sicily and Naples. His highest-ranking officials were transferred from their homelands to represent him in other territories: his senechals in Provence were from Anjou; French and Provençal noblemen held the highest offices in the Regno; and he chose his vicars in Rome from among southern Italian and Provençal nobles. Although his empire collapsed before his death, his son retained southern Italy and Provence.

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actions against Charles during his absence. Foulquois also persuaded the French and Provençal prelates to offer financial support for the crusade. Pope Urban died before the final agreement was concluded. Charles made arrangements for his campaign against Sicily during the interregnum; he concluded agreements to secure his army's route across Lombardy and had the leaders of the Provençal rebels executed.

3042:. Nevertheless, the monarchy underwent a "Frenchification" or "Provençalistion" during his reign. He donated estates in the Regno to about 700 noblemen from France or Provence. He did not adopt the rich ceremonial robes, inspired by Byzantine and Islamic art, of earlier Sicilian kings, but dressed like other western European monarchs, or as "a simple knight", as it was observed by the chronicler 2356: 3038:, strongly influenced modern views about Charles, although they were biased. The former described Charles as a tyrant to justify the Sicilian Vespers, the latter argued for the cancellation of the crusade against Aragon in 1285. Charles had continued his imperial predecessors' policies in several fields, including coinage, taxation, and the employment of unpopular officials from 3101:. Masters of medicine received similar remunerations, and the university became a principal centre of medical science. Charles's personal interest in medicine grew during his life and he borrowed Arabic medical texts from the rulers of Tunis to have them translated. He employed at least one Jewish scholar, Moses of Palermo, who could translate texts from Arabic to Latin. 1825:. Convinced that only Rudolf I could achieve a compromise between the Guelphs and Ghibellines, the Pope urged the Lombard towns to send envoys to him. He also urged Charles to renounce Tuscany. In the autumn of 1275 the Ghibellines offered to make peace with Charles, but he did not accept their terms. Early the next year the Ghibellines defeated his troops at 1974:. Margaret of Provence sharply opposed the plan, but Philip III of France did not stand by his mother. After lengthy negotiations, in the summer of 1279 Rudolf recognised Charles as the lawful ruler of Provence without demanding his oath of fealty. An agreement about Charles Martel's rule in Arles and his marriage to Rudolf's daughter, 31: 2299:, annihilated a newly raised Provençal fleet at Malta in April. However, tensions arose between the Aragonese and the Sicilians and in May 1283 one of the leaders of the anti-Angevin rebellion, Walter of Caltagirone, was executed for his secret correspondence with Charles's agents. Pope Martin declared the 2159:, although it was the most unpopular tax in the Regno. Instead he granted exemptions to individuals and communities, especially to the French and Provençal colonists, which increased the burden on those who did not enjoy such privileges. The yearly, or occasionally more frequent, obligatory exchange of the 1405:, his heir, also stipulating that Charles would inherit Achaea if Philip died childless. Baldwin confirmed the first agreement and renounced his claims to suzerainty over his vassals in favour of Charles. Charles pledged that he would assist Baldwin in recapturing Constantinople from the Byzantine emperor, 2165:—the coins almost exclusively used in local transactions—was also an important, and unpopular, source of revenue for the royal treasury. Charles took out forced loans whenever he needed "immediately a large sum of money for certain arduous and pressing business", as he explained in one of his decrees. 2342:

June 1284. A large army—reportedly 10,000 mounted warriors and 40,000 foot-soldiers—accompanied him as far as Reggio Calabria. He laid siege to the town by sea and land in late July. His fleet approached the coast of Sicily, but his troops could not land in the island. After Lauria landed troops near

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Charles's troops forced Siena and Pisa—the last towns to resist him in Tuscany—to sue for peace in August 1270. He granted privileges to the Tuscan merchants and bankers which strengthened their position in the Regno. His influence was declining in Lombardy, because the Lombard towns no longer feared

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Foulquois was elected pope in February 1265; he soon confirmed Charles's senatorship and urged him to come to Rome. Charles agreed that he would hold the Kingdom of Sicily as the popes' vassal for an annual tribute of 8,000 ounces of gold. He also promised that he would never seek the imperial title.

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and other neighbouring rulers proposed themselves or their sons as husbands for the young Countess. Her mother put her under the protection of the Holy See. Louis IX and Margaret suggested that Beatrice should be given in marriage to Charles. To secure the support of France against Frederick II, Pope

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All records show that Charles was a faithful husband and a caring father. His first wife, Beatrice of Provence, gave birth to at least six children. According to contemporaneous gossips, she persuaded Charles to claim the Kingdom of Sicily, because she wanted to wear a crown like her sisters. Before

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January 1283. Charles met with the Pope in Viterbo on 9 March, but he ignored the Pope's ban on his duel with Peter of Aragon. After visiting Provence and Paris in April, he left for Bordeaux to meet with Peter. The duel turned into a farce; the two kings each arriving at different times on the same

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Charles did not pay attention to the island of Sicily, although it had been the centre of resistance against him in 1268. He transferred the capital from Palermo to Naples. He did not visit the island after 1271, preventing Sicilians from directly informing him of their grievances. Sicilian noblemen

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August 1280. Charles sent agents to Viterbo to promote the election of one of his supporters, taking advantage of the rift between the late Pope's relatives and other Italian cardinals. When a riot broke out in Viterbo, after the cardinals had not reached a decision for months, Charles's troops took

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Conradin left Bavaria in September 1267. His supporters' revolt was spreading from Sicily to Calabria; the Saracens of Lucera also rose up. Pope Clement urged Charles to return to the Regno, but he continued his campaign in Tuscany until March 1268, when he met with the Pope. In April, the Pope made

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Charles was lenient with Manfred's supporters, but they did not believe that this conciliatory policy could last. They knew that he had promised to return estates to the Guelph lords expelled from the Regno. Neither could Charles gain the commoners' loyalty, partly because he continued enforcing the

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The historian Hiroshi Takayama concludes that Charles's dominion "was too large to control". Nevertheless, economic links among his realms strengthened during his reign. Provençal salt was transported to his other lands, grain from the Regno was sold in Achaea, Albania, Acre and Tuscany, and Tuscan

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and his allies, but Louis IX persuaded her to return Forcalquier to Charles and relinquish her claims for a lump sum payment from Charles and a pension from Louis in November 1256. A coup by Charles's supporters in Marseilles resulted in the surrender of all political powers there to his officials.

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were convinced that the Holy Roman Emperors had a monopoly on law-making. In contrast with them, Caramanico stated that an emperor could not claim sovereignty over a king and emphasised Charles full competence to issue decrees. To promote legal education Charles paid high salaries—20–50 ounces of

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in the autumn of 1281. They were willing to unite their troops to prevent Charles's army from taking possession of the kingdom, but Philip III of France strongly opposed his mother's plan and Edward I of England would not promise any assistance to them. Charles acknowledged that his wife held the

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May 1278 after lengthy negotiations. He had to pledge that he would renounce both the senatorship of Rome and the vicariate of Tuscany in four months. On the other hand, Nicholas III confirmed the excommunication of Charles's enemies in Piedmont and started negotiations with Rudolf to prevent him

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and most of Charles's galleys were lost or damaged. Genoese ships returning from the crusade were also sunk or forced to land in Sicily. Charles seized the damaged ships and their cargo, ignoring all protests from the Ghibelline authorities of Genoa. Before leaving Sicily he granted temporary tax

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and Apulia massacred their fellows who had agitated on Conradin's behalf, but the Sicilians and the Saracens of Lucera did not surrender. Charles marched to Rome where he was again elected senator in September. He appointed new officials to administer justice and collect state revenues. New coins

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In the face of the Aragonese landing, Charles was compelled to withdraw from the island, but the Aragonese moved swiftly and destroyed part of his army and most of his baggage. Peter took control of the whole island and sent troops to Calabria, but they could not prevent Charles of Salerno from

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An earthquake destroyed the walls of Durazzo in the late 1260s or early 1270s. Charles's troops took possession of the town with the assistance of the leaders of the nearby Albanian communities. Charles concluded an agreement with the Albanian chiefs, promising to protect them and their ancient

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were sent to France to reach a compromise and start raising support for the crusade. Charles sent troops to Rome to protect the Pope against Manfred's allies. At Foulquois' request, Charles's sister-in-law Margaret (who had not abandoned her claims to her dowry) pledged that she would not take

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were seldom employed as royal officials, although he often appointed their southern Italian peers to represent him in his other realms. Furthermore, having seized large estates on the island in the late 1260s Charles almost exclusively employed French and Provençal clerics to administer them.

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Charles accompanied Philip III as far as Viterbo in March 1271. Here they failed to convince the cardinals to elect a new pope. Charles's brother, Alphonse of Poitiers, fell ill. Charles sent his best doctors to cure him, but Alphonse died. He claimed the major part of Alphonse's inheritance,

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despite the popes declaring it an illegal charge. He introduced a ban on the use of foreign currency in large transactions and made a profit of the compulsory exchange of foreign coinage for locally minted currency. He also traded in grain, spices and sugar, through a joint venture with Pisan

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ceded their secular rights in the two towns to Charles in 1250. He received military assistance from his brother, Alphonse. Arles was the first town to surrender to them in April 1251. In May they forced Avignon to acknowledge their joint rule. A month later Barral of Baux also capitulated.

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Pope Clement censured Charles for his methods of state administration, describing him as an arrogant and obstinate monarch. The consolidation of Charles's power in northern Italy also alarmed Clement. To appease the Pope, Charles resigned his senatorship in May 1267. His successors,

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Peter III of Aragon's envoy, William of Castelnou, started negotiations with the rebels' leaders in Palermo. Realizing that they could not resist without foreign support, they acknowledged Peter and Constance as their king and queen. They appointed envoys to accompany Castelnou to

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and her other inherited estates as a Burgundian fief, which appeased Robert of Burgundy. Charles's ships started to assemble at Marseilles to sail up the Rhone in the spring of 1282. Another fleet was gathering at Messina to start the crusade against the Byzantine Empire.

3022:. However, Margaret, who had been brought up in a Dominican nunnery, did not want to marry. According to legend, she disfigured herself to prevent the marriage. Charles and his second wife, Margaret of Nevers, had several children, but none survived to adulthood. 1778:

of the Holy Roman Empire. In June, the Pope acknowledged Rudolf as the lawful ruler of both Germany and Italy. Charles's sisters-in-law, Margaret and Eleanor, approached Rudolf, claiming that they had been unlawfully disinherited in favour of Charles's late wife.

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June and four cardinals invested him with the Regno a week later. To finance further military actions he borrowed money from Italian bankers with the Pope's assistance, who had authorised him to pledge Church property. Five cardinals crowned him king of Sicily on

1627:, and Charles for the expenses of the military campaign and to release his Christian prisoners. He also promised to pay a yearly tribute to Charles and to expel Charles's opponents from Tunis. The gold from Tunis, along with silver from the newly opened mine at 1899:

September, excommunicated Charles's opponents in Piedmont and prohibited Rudolf from coming to Lombardy, but did not forbid the Lombardian Guelph leaders swearing fealty to Rudolf. The Pope also confirmed the treaty concluded by Charles and Maria of Antioch on

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Louis IX decided to support Charles's military campaign in Italy in May 1263. Pope Urban IV promised to proclaim a crusade against Manfred, while Charles pledged that he would not accept any offices in the Italian towns. Manfred staged a coup in Rome, but the

1970:, in Rome, and by the Pope's nephew, Cardinal Latino Malabranca, in Tuscany. To ensure that Charles fully abandoned his ambitions in central Italy the Pope started negotiations with Rudolf about the restoration of the Kingdom of Arles for Charles's grandson, 1171:

Taking advantage of Charles's absence, Boniface of Castellane stirred up a new revolt in Provence. The burghers of Marseilles expelled Charles's officials, but Barral of Baux stopped the spread of the rebellion before Charles's return. Charles renounced

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notes that Charles may have also been identical with the first son of Louis VIII and Blanche born in 1226, Stephen, or with the unnamed son who was born in late 1226. If Charles was identical with Stephen, he must have changed his name before the late

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Charles later said that his mother had a strong impact on her children's education; in reality, Blanche was fully engaged in state administration, and could likely spare little time for her youngest children. Charles lived at the court of a brother,

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emphasises that "there is no evidence for supposing that the great doctor's death was not natural". Southern Italian churchmen at the council accused Charles of tyrannical acts. Their report reinforced the Pope's attempt to reach a compromise with

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In December 1244 Louis IX took a vow to lead a crusade. Ignoring their mother's strong opposition, his three brothers—Robert, Alphonse and Charles—also took the cross. Preparations for the crusade lasted for years, with the crusaders embarking at

3073:, a Genoese poet, compared Charles directly with Charlemagne. Both reports demonstrate that Charles was regarded almost as an emperor. Among modern historians, Runciman says that Charles tried to build an empire in the eastern Mediterraneum; 761:. The details of Charles's tuition are unknown, but he received a good education. He understood the principal Catholic doctrines and could identify errors in Latin texts. His passion for poetry, medical sciences, and law is well documented. 1424:

Charles returned to Tuscany and laid siege to the fortress of Poggibonsi, but it did not fall until the end of November. Manfred's staunchest supporters had meanwhile fled to Bavaria to attempt to persuade Conrad IV's 15-year-old son

1168:, was determined to put an end to the Emperor's rule in Italy. He sent his notary, Albert of Parma, to Paris to negotiate with Louis IX for Charles to be placed on the Sicilian throne. Charles met with the Pope's envoy in early 1262. 1709:

March 1272. The new pope was determined to put an end to the conflicts between the Guelphs and the Ghibellines. While in Rome Charles met with the Guelph leaders who had been exiled from Genoa. After they offered him the office of

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Charles returned to Lucera to personally direct its siege in April 1269. The Saracens and the Ghibellines who had escaped to the town resisted until starvation forced them to surrender in August 1269. Charles sent Philip and

2207:, developed into an uprising and most of Charles's officials were killed or forced to flee the island. Charles ordered the transfer of soldiers and ships from Achaea to Sicily, but could not stop the spread of the revolt to 1714:, Charles promised military assistance to them. In November 1272 Charles commanded his officials to take prisoner all Genoese within his territories, except for the Guelphs, and to seize their property. His fleet occupied 1276:. Manfred also hurried to the town and reached it before Charles. Worried that further delays might endanger his subjects' loyalty, Manfred attacked Charles's army, then in disarray from the crossing of the hills, on 26 665:

and his strong military presence in Italy disturbed the popes. They tried to channel his ambitions towards other territories and assisted him in acquiring claims to Achaea, Jerusalem and Arles through treaties. In 1281

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Charles's officers continued the survey of the counts' rights and revenues in Provence, provoking a new rebellion during his absence. On his return he applied both diplomacy and military force to deal with them. The

860:, but Charles never swore fealty to the emperor. He ordered a survey of the counts' rights and revenues, outraging both his subjects and his mother-in-law, who regarded this action as an attack against her rights. 2314:

Charles started to raise new troops and a fleet in Provence, and instructed his son, Charles of Salerno, to maintain a defensive posture until his return. Roger of Lauria based a small squadron on the island of

1856:, had always been Charles's partisan and he rapidly confirmed Charles as senator of Rome and imperial vicar of Tuscany. He also mediated a peace treaty between Charles and Genoa, which was signed in Rome on 22 2270:. Peter insisted that the war should be continued, but agreed that a battle between the two kings, each accompanied by 100 knights, should decide the possession of Sicily. The duel was set to take place at 2278:

June 1283, but they did not fix the hour. Charles appointed Charles of Salerno to administer the Regno during his absence. To secure the loyalty of the local lords in Achaea, he made one of their peers,

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in Corsica. Pope Gregory condemned his aggressive policy, but proposed that the Genoese should elect Guelph officials. Ignoring the Pope's proposal, the Genoese made alliance with Alfonso X of Castile,

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of Tuscany "during the vacancy of the empire", a move of dubious legality. Charles marched to southern Italy and laid siege to Lucera, but he then had to hurry north to prevent Conradin's invasion of

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September. Thereafter two realms, each ruled by a monarch styled king (or queen) of Sicily, coexisted for more than a century, with Charles and his successors ruling in southern Italy (known as the

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was Conradin's only partisan to be released, but only after his wife threatened to execute the Guelph lords she held captive in her castle. The Ghibelline noblemen of the Regno fled to the court of

1062:, also known as the Regno, included the island of Sicily and southern Italy nearly as far as Rome. Pope Innocent IV claimed that the Regno had reverted to the Holy See. The Pope first offered it to 1074:

Charles with the kingdom. Charles sought instructions from Louis IX, who forbade him to accept the offer, because he regarded Conrad as the lawful ruler. After Charles informed the Holy See on 30

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August. The cardinals met again, this time at Viterbo. Although Charles was staying in the nearby Vetralla, he could not directly influence the election, because his vehement opponent, Cardinal

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March), 1282. When the soldier's comrades attacked the murderer, the mob turned against them and started to massacre all the French in the town. The riot, known since the 16th century as the

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and the Venetians acknowledged Charles as the lawful ruler, the barons of the realm also paid homage to San Severino in January 1278, after he had threatened to confiscate their estates. The

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November 1268. The papal vacancy lasted for three years, which strengthened Charles's authority in Italy, but it also deprived him of the ecclesiastic support that only a pope could provide.

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June. News of the reverse caused a riot in Naples, but the papal legate, Gerard of Parma, crushed it with the assistance of local noblemen. Charles learnt of the disaster when he landed at

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June, accusing his officials of having ignored his instructions on good administration, but he failed to promise fundamental changes. In July he sailed to Sicily and laid siege to Messina.

8836: 3213:, a Byzantine successor state, restored Greek rule on most territories lost to the Latin Emperors during the following decades. The Latins also lost Constantinople to the Nicaeans in 1261. 1950:

November. The Pope soon declared that no foreign prince could rule in Rome and reminded Charles that he had been elected senator for ten years. Charles swore fealty to the new pope on 24

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January 1276. After the hostility he experienced during Gregory's pontificate, Charles was determined to secure the election of a pope willing to support his plans. Gregory's successor,

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where the Aragonese fleet was assembling. After a short hesitation, Peter decided to intervene on the rebels' behalf and sailed to Sicily. He was declared king of Sicily at Palermo on 4

902:, as the commander of their combined armies. Charles's mother-in-law put the disobedient Provençals under her protection. Charles could not deal with the rebels as he was about to join 1045:) was introduced in the whole county. Income from the salt trade made up about 50% of state revenues by the late 1250s. Charles abolished local tolls and promoted shipbuilding and 2385:

January 1285, appointing Robert II of Artois regent for his grandson, Charles Martel, who was to rule his realms until Charles of Salerno was released. He died in the morning of 7

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January 1266. The crusaders from France and Provence—reportedly 6,000 fully equipped mounted warriors, 600 mounted bowmen and 20,000 foot soldiers—arrived in Rome ten days later.

1597:

stated that Charles persuaded Louis to attack Tunis, because he wanted to secure the payment of the tribute that the rulers of Tunis had paid to the former Sicilian monarchs.

1589:

Louis IX never abandoned the idea of the liberation of Jerusalem, but he decided to begin his new crusade with a military campaign against Tunis. According to his confessor,

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Charles's officials continued to ascertain his rights, visiting each town and holding public enquiries to obtain information about all claims. The count's salt monopoly (or

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which sent delegates to Pope Martin, asking him to take them under the protection of the Holy See. Instead of accepting their offer, the Pope excommunicated the rebels on 7

2045:

February 1281 his staunchest supporter, Simon of Brie, was elected pope. Pope Martin IV dismissed his predecessor's relatives and made Charles the senator of Rome again.

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had already confined the kingdom to a coastal strip covering 2,600 km (1,000 square miles) and Charles had ordered San Severino to avoid conflicts with Egypt.

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to blockade Naples in May 1284. Charles of Salerno attempted to destroy the squadron, but most of his fleet was captured, and he himself was taken prisoner after

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April 1281 because the Emperor had not imposed the Church union in his empire. The Pope soon authorised Charles to invade the empire. Charles's vicar in Albania,

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brought about a settlement with Marseilles: its fortifications were dismantled and the townspeople surrendered their arms, but the town retained its autonomy.

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June. He was furious at Charles of Salerno and his disobedience. He allegedly stated that "Who loses a fool loses nothing", referring to his son's capture.

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July 1270; Charles departed from Naples six days later. He spent more than a month in Sicily, waiting for his fleet. By the time he landed at Tunis on 25

1449:—who had been elected senator of Rome—also offered support to Conradin. Henry had been Charles's friend, but Charles had failed to repay a loan to him. 1860:

June 1276. Charles restored the privileges of the Genoese merchants and renounced his conquests, and the Genoese acknowledged his rule in Ventimiglia.

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in Naples, of which only the palatine chapel survives. He is also credited with the introduction of French-style glassed windows in southern Italy.

1959:. The negotiations with Rudolf lay behind Nicholas' refusal to renew Charles's vicariate in Tuscany, to which Rudolf had appointed his own vicar. 2266:

Neither Peter nor Charles could afford to wage a lengthy war. Charles made an astonishing proposal in late December 1282, challenging Peter to a

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requested that the Pope revoke the agreement with him, but the Pope, being otherwise defenceless against Manfred, could not break with Charles.

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Charles continued to expand his power along the borders of Provence in the next four years. He received territories in the Lower Alps from the

547:, Charles was destined for a Church career until the early 1240s. He acquired Provence and Forcalquier through his marriage to their heiress, 7575: 7526: 7507: 7481: 7435: 7416: 7394: 7375: 7356: 7337: 7315: 7296: 7274: 7252: 7230: 7208: 7189: 7170: 1532: 785: 442: 383: 8806: 8654: 8085: 2097:

arrived in March 1281. Sully was ambushed and captured, his army put to flight and the interior of Albania was lost to the Byzantines. On 3

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Bárány, Attila (2010). "The English relations of Charles II of Sicily and Maria of Hungary". In Kordé, Zoltán; Petrovics, István (eds.).

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in 1253. Two years later Louis IX persuaded him to renounce the county, but compensated him by instructing Margaret to pay him 160,000

8207: 8202: 2196: 906:. To pacify his mother-in-law he acknowledged her right to rule Forcalquier and granted a third of his revenues from Provence to her. 76:

Finished writing a draft article? Are you ready to request review of it by an experienced editor for possible inclusion in Knowledge?

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Charles also showed interest in architecture. He designed a tower in Brindisi, but it soon collapsed. He ordered the erection of the

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and made preparations for a campaign against Sicily in the new year. He dispatched orders to his officials for the collection of the

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to pay a yearly tribute to him. Charles's victories secured his undisputed leadership among the Papacy's Italian partisans (known as

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to assert his hereditary right to the Kingdom of Sicily. After Conradin accepted their proposal, Manfred's former vicar in Sicily,

8803: 8624: 8522: 3098: 2984: 1328: 828: 3156:. Dante described Charles—"who bears a manly nose"—singing peacefully together with his one-time rival, Peter III of Aragon, in 971:. His three brothers survived, but they had to abandon the campaign. While withdrawing from Egypt, they fell into captivity on 6 8774: 8482: 8463: 8447: 7939: 3126:). He was requested to judge two poetic competitions in his youth, but modern scholars do not esteem his poetry. The Provençal 2112:

Margaret of Provence called Robert and Otto of Burgundy and other lords who held fiefs in the Kingdom of Arles to a meeting at

1742:, King of Serbia, joined the coalition in 1273. However, Pope Gregory forbade Charles to attack, because he hoped to unify the 1256:

Charles decided to invade southern Italy without delay, because he was unable to finance a lengthy campaign. He left Rome on 20

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and Alessandria from joining the Ghibelline League. The following summer, a Genoese fleet plundered Trapani and the island of

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March 1282 which put an end to Charles's rule on the island of Sicily. He was able to defend the mainland territories (or the

536:. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. 8764: 8435: 8228: 7904: 7894: 7601: 3198: 2451: 1967: 1842: 1552: 1493: 922:, forcing them to abandon the invasion of Egypt. During the withdrawal, the Egyptians captured Charles and his two brothers, 2195:

Rioting broke out in Sicily after a burgher of Palermo killed a drunken French soldier who had insulted his wife before the

1485:

bearing his name were struck. During the following decade, Rome was ruled by Charles's vicars, each appointed for one year.

1401:

in late May. According to the first treaty, Villehardouin acknowledged Charles's suzerainty and made Charles's younger son,

1160:, had been crowned king of Sicily in 1258. After the English barons had announced that they opposed a war against Manfred, 8729: 8405: 8272: 3102: 2964: 2062: 1619:

The crusaders twice defeated Al-Mustansir's army, forcing him to sue for peace. According to the peace treaty, signed on 1

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in May 1246 and three months later bestowed Anjou and Maine on him. Charles rarely visited his two counties and appointed

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and killed Peter of Alençon in January 1283; the Aragonese seized Reggio Calabria in February; and the Sicilian admiral,

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August 1268, it appeared that Conradin had won the day, but a sudden charge by Charles's reserve routed Conradin's army.

8619: 8094: 8001: 7877: 2320: 2260: 1871:, Charles's troops surrounded it, enabling only his allies to communicate with other cardinals and with outsiders. On 11 1795: 1446: 1382:'s borders alarmed Pope Clement and he decided to change the direction of Charles's ambitions. The Pope summoned him to 1567:, forcing Frederick of Castile and Frederick Lancia to seek refuge in Tunis. After L'Estandart's subsequent victory at 8818: 8789: 8515: 8049: 8006: 7996: 7284: 3135: 3019: 1979: 1296: 927: 770: 106: 1104:

Charles returned to Provence, which had again become restive. His mother-in-law continued to support the rebellious

8821: 8800: 8614: 8498: 8288: 7932: 3031: 2976: 1202: 432: 7774: 1946:

May 1277. Charles was ill and could not prevent the election of Giovanni Gaetano Orsini as Pope Nicholas III on 25

1593:, Louis was convinced that al-Mustansir of Tunis was ready to convert to Christianity. The 13th-century historian 8080: 8032: 7545:

Fischer, Klaus Dietrich (1982). "Moses of Palermo: Translator from the Arabic at the Court of Charles of Anjou".

7262: 1983: 1735: 1540: 1398: 968: 919: 766: 690:) with the support of France and the Holy See. Charles died while making preparations for an invasion of Sicily. 102: 70: 867:(a hereditary county or duchy) from his father. Louis VIII had willed that his fourth son, John, should receive 8839: 8812: 8809: 8265: 1649:

concessions to the Sicilians, because he realised that the conquest of the island had caused much destruction.

1406: 1391: 1308: 1287:

Resistance throughout the Regno collapsed and towns surrendered even before Charles's troops reached them. The

1098: 948: 591: 288: 2146: 1876: 719:" (after his father's coronation), a fact he often emphasised in his youth, as the contemporaneous chronicler 1698:

as his vicar-general. He also sent his fleet to Achaea to defend the principality against Byzantine attacks.

1560: 1386:, forcing him to promise that he would abandon all claims to Tuscany in three years. He persuaded Charles to 8669: 8644: 8599: 7619: 3011: 2988: 2980: 2109:"for the restoration of the Roman Empire". They decided to start a full-scale campaign early the next year. 2102: 1971: 1837: 1813:

The war with Genoa and the Lombard towns increasingly occupied Charles's attention. He appointed his nephew

1803: 1743: 1434: 1249: 631: 497: 457: 427: 172: 3116:

Charles was also a poet, which distinguished him from his Capetian relatives. He composed love songs and a

1765:, Charles had him poisoned, because he feared that Aquinas would make complaint against him. The historian 898:—three wealthy cities, directly subject to the emperor—formed a league and appointed a Provençal nobleman, 8719: 8689: 8629: 8393: 8378: 8310: 8146: 3089: 2046: 2014: 1990: 1758: 1659: 1496:, were brought to trial for robbery and treason in Naples. They were sentenced to death and beheaded on 29 1121:—a town strategically located on the routes from Provence to Lombardy—sought Charles's protection against 1105: 7330:

The Italian Crusades: The Papal-Angevin Alliance and the Crusades against Christian Lay Powers, 1254-1343

3088:

Charles always emphasised his royal rank, but did not adopt "imperial rhetoric". His renowned justiciar,

2009:, as his baillif in Achaea. Galeran could not pay his troops who started to pillage the peasants' homes. 8704: 8679: 8609: 8457: 8368: 8326: 8136: 8115: 8070: 7980: 7863: 3049: 2090: 1916: 1462: 1348: 1150: 793: 758: 646: 505: 3131: 3123: 2910: 2192:, in Toulouse in December 1280. He began to assemble a fleet, ostensibly for another crusade to Tunis. 1978:, was signed in May 1280. The plan disturbed the rulers of the lands along the Upper Rhone, especially 1114: 987:, Charles outraged Louis by gambling while the king was mourning Robert's death. Louis remained in the 7595: 1014:

Marseilles was the only town to resist for several months, but it also sought peace in July 1252. Its

742: 8794: 8791: 8769: 8684: 8634: 8594: 8441: 8373: 8305: 8223: 8054: 8044: 8027: 7841: 7831: 7804: 7797: 7750: 7731: 7721: 7690: 2949: 2903: 2735: 2664: 2644: 2429: 2189: 1799: 1624: 1590: 1536: 1442: 1089:

December 1252. Louis made Alphonse and Charles co-regents, so that he could remain in the Holy Land.

1067: 813: 805: 797: 757:, succeeded him. The late King willed that his youngest sons were to be prepared for a career in the 704: 606:

nobles and towns into submission and expanded his suzerainty over a dozen towns and lordships in the

548: 540: 533: 467: 350: 255: 195: 49: 2212: 1904:

March which transferred her claims to Jerusalem to Charles for 1,000 bezants and a pension of 4,000

1180:

to secure her neutrality. He defeated the rebels and forced Castellane into exile. The mediation of

8749: 8739: 8709: 8659: 8604: 8589: 8429: 8417: 8383: 8362: 8352: 8344: 8331: 8182: 8120: 7673: 3074: 3070: 3054: 2931: 2810: 2671: 2211:. San Severino also had to return to Italy, accompanied by the major part of the garrison at Acre. 1975: 1956: 1932: 1814: 1771: 1711: 1505: 1430: 1337: 1281: 1245: 1063: 1006: 809: 638: 185: 142: 7267:

The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest

848:

at the head of an army to prevent other suitors from invading Provence, and married Beatrice on 31

804:

to her three sisters. The dowries were actually not fully discharged, causing two of her sisters,

8744: 8734: 8694: 8674: 8664: 8649: 8584: 8565: 8538: 8423: 8411: 8315: 8299: 8187: 8099: 8059: 8038: 8022: 7146: 2702: 2637: 2436: 2118: 2106: 2066: 2010: 1807: 1667: 1663: 1269: 1142: 923: 789: 774: 754: 747: 716: 708: 556: 544: 477: 2259:. Further French troops arrived under the command of Charles's nephews, Robert II of Artois and 571:. Shortly after he returned to Provence in 1250, Charles forced three wealthy autonomous cities— 1355:, demanded the re-payment of the money that Charles and the Pope had borrowed from the Romans. 967:

noted Charles's personal courage which saved dozens of crusaders' lives. Robert of Artois died

8759: 8754: 8724: 8714: 8575: 8555: 8399: 8339: 8321: 8248: 8141: 8065: 7824: 7814: 7757: 7656: 7571: 7554: 7522: 7503: 7477: 7453: 7431: 7412: 7409:

The Despotate of Epirus, 1267-1479: A Contribution to the History of Greece in the Middle Ages

7390: 7371: 7352: 7333: 7311: 7292: 7270: 7248: 7226: 7204: 7185: 7166: 7138: 2960: 2458: 2304: 2300: 2248: 2030: 2021:

March 1279 to secure his assistance against the Byzantines. Nicephoros also ceded three towns—

1884: 1501: 1387: 1181: 1177: 1161: 1157: 1110: 1079: 1059: 964: 944: 857: 817: 687: 615: 595: 552: 551:. His attempts to restore central authority brought him into conflict with his mother-in-law, 509: 501: 411: 237: 199: 1117:, Count of Orange, ceded the title of regent of the Kingdom of Arles to him. The burghers of 8699: 8546: 8472: 8357: 7955: 7738: 7627: 7130: 3210: 3202: 3152: 3139: 3066: 2998: 2994: 2394: 2219: 2204: 2136: 1936: 1739: 1727: 1402: 853: 832: 712: 679: 671: 607: 568: 525: 493: 437: 332: 270: 44: 17: 3130:

were mostly critical when writing of Charles, but French poets were willing to praise him.

1201:(or the head of the civil government of Rome). He accepted the office, at which a group of 641:

and occupied the Regno almost without resistance. His victory over Manfred's young nephew,

8560: 7711: 7498:

The Sicilian Vespers: A History of the Mediterranean World in the Later Thirteenth Century

7491: 7471: 7158: 2296: 2280: 2256: 2185: 2006: 1928: 1853: 1766: 1762: 1691: 1556: 1213: 1040: 1015: 1010: 903: 872: 868: 845: 726: 564: 40: 2291:

Skirmishes and raids continued to occur in southern Italy. Aragonese guerrillas attacked

1531:

Charles's wife, Beatrice of Provence, had died in July 1267. The widowed Charles married

1362:, the imperial family's supporters, forced the Pope to ask Charles to send his troops to 777:, Count of La Marche, in 1242 showed that he was no longer destined for a Church career. 7182:

Diplomacy in the Countries of the Angevin Dynasty in the Thirteenth–Fourteenth Centuries

3001:

by the local Guelphs in 1269, but without the pope's consent. He died childless in 1278.

2389:

January. He was buried in a marble sepulchre in Naples, but his heart was placed at the

1319:

in Albania) – by right of conquest. His troops seized Corfu before the end of the year.

7911: 7884: 7853: 7785: 7781: 7663: 7325: 7118: 3206: 3035: 2050: 1907: 1888: 1868: 1775: 1750: 1731: 1702: 1695: 1594: 1584: 1454: 1438: 1209: 1198: 1126: 899: 875:

upon reaching the age of majority, but John died in 1232. Louis IX knighted Charles at

746:

Charles depicted alongside his composition "Li granz desire et la douce pensée" in the

667: 662: 654: 650: 521: 517: 513: 214: 210: 136: 7134: 3069:, stated that Charles had been the most powerful Christian monarch in the late 1270s. 1412: 975:

April 1250. The Egyptians released Louis, Charles and Alphonse in exchange of 800,000

769:, from 1237. About four years later he was put into the care of his youngest brother, 125: 8477: 8177: 8110: 7517:

Takayama, Hiroshi (2004). "Law and monarchy in the south". In Abulafia, David (ed.).

7496: 7467: 7445: 7218: 7150: 3078: 3043: 2267: 2082: 1892: 1791: 1613: 1395: 1165: 936: 720: 627: 619: 66: 7450:

The Lands of St. Peter: The Papal State in the Middle Ages and the Early Renaissance

1730:, but he continued to forge alliances in the Balkan Peninsula. The Bulgarian ruler, 1681: 1311:, and their children were captured. Charles laid claim to her dowry – the island of 7867: 7404: 3164: 3147: 1826: 1521: 1489: 1379: 1352: 1226: 7240: 3081:

argues that his "agglomeration of lands was in the process of forming an empire".

1955:

from making an alliance against Charles with Margaret of Provence and her nephew,

7306:

Hollander, Robert (2004). "Notes". In Hollander, Jean; Hollander, Robert (eds.).

7223:

Charles I of Anjou: Power, Kingship and State-Making in Thirteenth-Century Europe

1555:

to Sicily to force the rebels there into submission, but they could only capture

1164:

annulled the 1253 grant of Sicily to Edmund of Lancaster. Alexander's successor,

863:

Being a younger child, destined for a church career, Charles had not received an

3184: 2141: 1359: 1241: 1173: 1046: 984: 736: 1264:, but changed his strategy after learning of a muster of Manfred's forces near 3127: 2944: 2168: 1962:

Charles announced his resignation from the senatorship and the vicariate on 30

1628: 1492:. Most of his retainers were summarily executed, but Conradin and his friend, 1481: 1378:

for seven years, Charles hurried to Tuscany. Charles's expansionism along the

1371: 1138: 1134: 1018:

acknowledged Charles as their lord, but retained their self-governing bodies.

887: 572: 159: 7594: 7558: 7142: 2343:

Reggio Calabria, Charles had to lift the siege and retreat from Calabria on 3

2283:, baillif. Pope Martin declared the war against the Sicilians a crusade on 13 52:. It serves as a testing spot and page development space for the user and is 8388: 3157: 3118: 3093: 2000: 1671: 1623:

November, Al-Mustansir agreed to fully compensate Louis' son and successor,

1609: 1564: 1273: 1146: 1071: 988: 3058: 2956:

she died in July 1267, she had willed the usufruct of Provence to Charles.

1316: 1085:

Queen Blanche, who had administered France during Louis' crusade, died on 1

1058:

Emperor Frederick II, who was also the ruler of Sicily, died in 1250. The

8639: 2973:, her younger sister, married Philip, the titular Latin emperor, in 1273. 2364: 2271: 2208: 2058: 2054: 2022: 1818: 1787: 1563:

the commander of the army in Sicily in August 1269. L'Estandart captured

1426: 1417: 1367: 1130: 1026: 956: 864: 821: 642: 611: 603: 560: 2355: 1817:

as his deputy in Piedmont in October 1274, but Artois could not prevent

1078:

October 1253 that he would not accept the Regno, the Pope offered it to

816:), to believe that they had been unlawfully disinherited. Their mother, 3108: 2026: 1931:, surrendered the town without resistance. Although initially only the 1715: 1675: 1645: 1568: 1473: 1458: 1383: 1363: 1288: 1194: 895: 801: 675: 658: 580: 555:, and the nobility. Charles received Anjou and Maine from his brother, 452: 2013:, Duke of Athens, had to lend money to him to finance their salaries. 1433:, returned to the island and stirred up a revolt. At Capece's request 8507: 8257: 3039: 2374: 2316: 2303:

a crusade and conferred the kingdom upon Philip III of France's son,

2292: 2113: 1477: 1304: 1292: 1261: 976: 880: 626:, southern Italy to well north of Naples and was known as the Regno. 623: 610:. In 1263, after years of negotiations, he accepted the offer of the 320: 189: 7924: 7201:

The Eagles of Savoy: The House of Savoy in Thirteenth-Century Europe

2288:

day, declaring a victory over their absent opponent, and departing.

1571:, only Capece resisted, but he also had to surrender in early 1270. 3010:, Charles's youngest daughter, was given in marriage to the future 1782:

Michael VIII's personal envoy announced at the Council of Lyon on 6

1746:

and Catholic churches with the assistance of Emperor Michael VIII.

1616:

had decimated the French army. Louis died the day Charles arrived.

1055:, to enable the use of the local currency in smaller transactions. 914: 711:. The date of his birth has not survived, but he was probably born 488:(early 1226/1227 – 7 January 1285), commonly called 3092:, developed a new political theory. Traditional interpretators of 3048: 2963:, the eldest daughter of Charles and Beatrice, became the wife of 2943: 2354: 2328: 2240: 2140: 1836: 1680: 1411: 1375: 1312: 1265: 1240: 1118: 1030: 1020: 960: 913: 891: 876: 741: 732: 576: 2263:, in November. In the same month, the Pope excommunicated Peter. 634:

and assisted Charles in raising funds for the military campaign.

7245:

The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526

1822: 1122: 8511: 8261: 7928: 4636: 4634: 1998: 1734:, was the first to conclude a treaty with him in 1272 or 1273. 1050: 773:. His participation in his brothers' military campaign against 2393:

in Paris. His corpse was moved to a chapel of the newly built

2251:) while Peter and his descendants ruled the island of Sicily. 1678:

to the French crown if their rulers died without descendants.

25: 1066:, but Richard did not want to fight against Frederick's son, 2255:

leading an army of 600 French knights to join his father at

1726:

The conflict with Genoa prevented Charles from invading the

1137:

and other nearby towns acknowledged his rule. The rulers of

715:

in early 1227. Charles was Louis' only surviving son to be "

7085: 7083: 7010: 7008: 6983: 6981: 6848: 6846: 6844: 6807: 6805: 6732: 6730: 6705: 6703: 6701: 6628: 6626: 6624: 6611: 6609: 6572: 6570: 6568: 6555: 6553: 6551: 6538: 6536: 6534: 6532: 6519: 6517: 6396: 6394: 6392: 6390: 6388: 6348: 6346: 6258: 6256: 6231: 6229: 6204: 6202: 6200: 6198: 6185: 6183: 6181: 6179: 6139: 6137: 6135: 6074: 6072: 6023: 6021: 6019: 5994: 5992: 5967: 5965: 5963: 5961: 5912: 5910: 5873: 5871: 5869: 5779: 5777: 5752: 5750: 5748: 5735: 5733: 5662: 5660: 5658: 5656: 5631: 5629: 5627: 5614: 5612: 5563: 5561: 5559: 5513: 5511: 5509: 5507: 5482: 5480: 5478: 5476: 5427: 5425: 5423: 5421: 5419: 5417: 5317: 5315: 5313: 5300: 5298: 5296: 5271: 5269: 5267: 5265: 5263: 5238: 5236: 5234: 5232: 5034: 5032: 5019: 5017: 5015: 5013: 4976: 4974: 4972: 4959: 4957: 4955: 4911: 4909: 4896: 4894: 4892: 4824: 4822: 4820: 4818: 4781: 4779: 4777: 4764: 4762: 4760: 4711: 4709: 4696: 4694: 4692: 4690: 4688: 4663: 4661: 3231: 3229: 2987:, had fourteen children, which secured the survival of the 2983:

in 1272. Charles the Lame (as he was called) and his wife,

1445:, to invade Sicily from North Africa. Frederick's brother, 649:

in 1268 strengthened his rule. In 1270 he took part in the

6309: 6307: 5154: 5152: 5088: 5086: 5073: 5071: 4879: 4877: 4875: 4873: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4527: 4525: 4410: 4408: 4406: 4393: 4391: 4171: 4169: 4078: 4076: 4074: 4072: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3558: 3556: 8837:

Category:Prisoners and detainees of the Abbasid Caliphate

4366: 4364: 4362: 4301: 4299: 4274: 4272: 4247: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4228: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4220: 4207: 4205: 4156: 4154: 4129: 4127: 4125: 4123: 4110: 4108: 4106: 4093: 4091: 4059: 4057: 4032: 4030: 4028: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3882: 3857: 3855: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3734: 3732: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3531: 3529: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3369: 2177:, requiring the payment of 150% of the customary amount. 6363: 6361: 4512: 4510: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4184: 3991: 3989: 3344: 3342: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3265: 3263: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3244: 844:

Innocent IV accepted their proposal. Charles hurried to

5820: 5818: 5816: 5703: 5701: 5699: 5534: 5532: 5530: 5528: 5526: 5392: 5390: 5171: 5169: 5167: 5139: 5137: 4930: 4928: 4926: 4924: 3014:

in 1269, but Ladislaus preferred his mistresses to her.

1033:

significantly increased Charles's revenues in Provence.

637:

Charles was crowned king in Rome on 5 January 1266. He

94:"Charles of Anjou" redirects here. For other uses, see 79: 59: 6166: 6164: 5720: 5718: 5716: 4473: 4471: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3113:, was one of the books translated at Charles's order. 2373:. However, he fell seriously ill before travelling to 2153:

Always in need of funds, Charles could not cancel the

1723:

and the Ghibelline towns of Lombardy in October 1273.

1701:

Charles hurried to Rome to attend the enthronement of

622:. This kingdom included, in addition to the island of 3138:

rebuked Charles for invading the Regno. The trouvère

2218:

The burghers of the major Sicilian towns established

2077:

Pope Martin excommunicated Emperor Michael VIII on 10

2049:

rose up against the Pope, but Charles's troops under

1966:

August 1278. He was succeeded by the Pope's brother,

1670:. After Philip III objected, he took the case to the 1297:

Muslim colony established during Frederick II's reign

963:

in November. During their advance Louis's biographer

753:

Louis VIII died in November 1226 and his eldest son,

130:

Charles is installed as King of Sicily in Rome (1265)

7568:

Twice-Told Tales: Brunetto Latino and Dante Aligheri

2979:, Charles's eldest son and namesake was granted the 2215:, who succeeded him in Acre, had limited authority. 1690:

liberties in February 1272. He adopted the title of

1535:

in November 1268. She was co-heiress to her father,

1409:, in exchange for one third of the conquered lands. 8574: 8545: 8216: 8170: 8159: 8129: 8015: 7989: 7973: 7962: 2105:, the titular Latin emperor, made an alliance with 1993:

from William II of Villehardouin, who had died on 1

1600:

The French crusaders embarked at Aigues-Mortes on 2

670:authorised Charles to launch a crusade against the 473: 463: 451: 410: 339: 327: 314: 306: 302: 294: 284: 276: 269: 261: 251: 243: 236: 228: 220: 209: 178: 168: 158: 150: 135: 118: 7495: 991:, but Charles returned to France in October 1250. 1875:July the cardinals elected Charles's old friend, 1761:. According to a popular legend, immortalised by 1674:of Paris. In 1284 the court ruled that appanages 1284:, Manfred's army was defeated and he was killed. 1229:ten days later. He was installed as senator on 21 7184:. Accademia d'Ungheria in Roma. pp. 57–77. 3077:writes that he wanted to dominate the west; and 2368: 2172: 2154: 1867:June 1276. After the cardinals assembled in the 1335: 724: 8825:Category:13th century in the Kingdom of Albania 8816:Category:Burials at the Basilica of Saint-Denis 2997:, Charles and Beatrice's next son, was elected 1366:. Charles's troops ousted the Ghibellines from 820:, claimed that Raymond Berengar had willed the 3018:The widowed Charles first proposed himself to 1919:to administer the Kingdom of Jerusalem as his 1774:, who had been elected king of Germany by the 1631:, enabled Charles to mint new coins, known as 943:August 1248. After spending several months in 839:for his alleged "crimes against the Church"), 8523: 8273: 7940: 2087:laid siege to the Byzantine fortress of Berat 1632: 1091:Margaret II, Countess of Flanders and Hainaut 969:fighting against the Egyptians at Al Mansurah 588:Margaret II, Countess of Flanders and Hainaut 8: 3142:dedicated an unfinished epic poem, entitled 3106: 2160: 1905: 1049:. He ordered the issue of new coins, called 1038: 48:. A user sandbox is a subpage of the user's 7521:. Oxford University Press. pp. 58–81. 7519:Italy in the Central Middle Ages, 1000-1300 1757:March 1274, before departing to attend the 1644:November. A storm dispersed their fleet at 8828:Category:Christians of the Seventh Crusade 8530: 8516: 8508: 8280: 8266: 8258: 8243:1383–1396: purely nominal control, Achaea 8167: 7970: 7947: 7933: 7925: 7610: 3030:The works of two 13th-century historians, 3004:Robert, Charles's third son, died in 1265. 1810:, but the Pope had a low opinion of Hugh. 800:, allegedly because he had given generous 532:, and in 1277 he purchased a claim to the 124: 115: 8834:Category:Children of Louis VIII of France 8831:Category:Christians of the Eighth Crusade 7062: 1156:Emperor Frederick II's illegitimate son, 852:January 1246. Provence was a part of the 630:declared a crusade against the incumbent 370: 8798:Category:13th-century monarchs of Naples 7101: 7089: 7074: 7050: 7038: 7026: 7014: 6987: 6972: 6960: 6948: 6936: 6924: 6912: 6900: 6888: 6876: 6864: 6852: 6835: 6823: 6811: 6796: 6784: 6772: 6760: 6736: 6709: 6692: 6680: 6668: 6656: 6644: 6632: 6615: 6600: 6588: 6576: 6559: 6542: 6523: 6508: 6496: 6484: 6472: 6460: 6448: 6436: 6400: 6379: 6352: 6337: 6325: 6313: 6298: 6286: 6274: 6262: 6247: 6235: 6220: 6208: 6189: 6155: 6143: 6114: 6102: 6078: 6063: 6051: 6039: 6027: 6010: 5998: 5983: 5971: 5952: 5940: 5928: 5916: 5901: 5889: 5877: 5860: 5807: 5795: 5783: 5768: 5756: 5739: 5690: 5678: 5666: 5647: 5635: 5618: 5603: 5591: 5579: 5567: 5550: 5517: 5498: 5486: 5467: 5455: 5443: 5431: 5408: 5381: 5357: 5333: 5321: 5304: 5275: 5254: 5242: 5223: 5211: 5199: 5187: 5158: 5104: 5092: 5077: 5062: 5050: 5038: 5023: 5004: 4992: 4980: 4963: 4946: 4915: 4900: 4883: 4864: 4852: 4840: 4828: 4809: 4797: 4785: 4768: 4751: 4739: 4727: 4715: 4700: 4679: 4667: 4652: 4625: 4613: 4596: 4584: 4572: 4560: 4548: 4531: 4501: 4450: 4426: 4414: 4397: 4382: 4370: 4353: 4341: 4329: 4317: 4305: 4290: 4278: 4251: 4232: 4211: 4175: 4160: 4145: 4133: 4114: 4097: 4082: 4063: 4048: 4036: 4019: 4007: 3980: 3956: 3908: 3896: 3873: 3861: 3846: 3834: 3817: 3805: 3781: 3769: 3750: 3738: 3723: 3704: 3673: 3656: 3627: 3574: 3562: 3547: 3535: 3520: 3508: 3496: 3472: 3460: 3383: 3333: 3321: 3304: 3281: 3269: 3254: 3235: 3097:gold in a year—to masters of law at the 3053:Charles as count of Provence (statue by 1829:, forcing them to withdraw to Provence. 886:While Charles was absent from Provence, 528:(1278–1285). In 1272, he was proclaimed 399: 7368:The Routledge Companion to the Crusades 7308:Purgatorio, Dante (A verse translation) 7163:The Crusades: The War for the Holy Land 7121:(2000). "Charles of Anjou reassessed". 6424: 4640: 4263: 4196: 3995: 3968: 3225: 3176: 3065:Around 1310, the Florentine historian, 2967:in 1265, but she died four years later. 2053:stopped the spread of the rebellion at 2017:acknowledged Charles's suzerainty on 14 1640:Charles and Philip departed Tunis on 10 1370:in April 1267. After being elected the 703:Charles was the youngest child of King 678:, ready to begin the campaign when the 366: 6412: 6367: 6090: 5345: 4516: 3134:wrote a poem against the salt tax and 2338:Charles left Naples for Calabria on 24 2101:July 1281 Charles and his son-in-law, 1806:had already rejected her in favour of 1508:, who had married Manfred's daughter, 653:organised by Louis IX, and forced the 6999: 6748: 6721: 5848: 5836: 5707: 5369: 5143: 5116: 2935: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2909: 2907: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2858: 2856: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2814: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2734: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2670: 2668: 2663: 2650: 2648: 2643: 2641: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2550: 2524: 2486: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2464: 2462: 2457: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2435: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2408: 1997:May 1278. He appointed the unpopular 1299:– paid homage to him. His commander, 7: 8807:Category:Characters in The Decameron 7269:. The University of Michigan Press. 6170: 6126: 5824: 5724: 5538: 5396: 5287: 5175: 5128: 4934: 4489: 4477: 4462: 4438: 3944: 3793: 3644: 3610: 3598: 3586: 3201:was established on the ruins of the 2381:December. He made his last will on 6 1989:Charles had meanwhile inherited the 1394:, Prince of Achaea, and the titular 674:. Charles's ships were gathering at 101: 7697:as king in Southern Italy from 1285 7349:The Franks in the Aegean, 1204-1500 3932: 3920: 3484: 3431: 3419: 3407: 3395: 3360: 3348: 3105:'s medical encyclopaedia, known as 2089:. A Byzantine army of relief under 1685:Charles's empire in the early 1270s 520:(1246–1285) in France; he was also 7452:. University of California Press. 2226:May. Charles issued an edict on 10 2145:Charles's Sicilian seal (from the 1923:. San Severino landed at Acre on 7 1798:about purchasing her claim to the 1753:died unexpectedly near Naples on 7 1416:Charles's sixteen-year-old enemy, 979:and the surrender of Damietta on 6 563:. He accompanied Louis during the 24: 1441:, allowed Manfred's former ally, 1260:January 1266. He marched towards 883:(or regents) to administer them. 788:died in August 1245, bequeathing 96:Charles of Anjou (disambiguation) 8804:Category:Capetian House of Anjou 7547:Histoires des Sciences Médicales 7476:. Wayne State University Press. 1329:Frederick I, Margrave of Meissen 1303:, took control of the island of 1248:: Charles defeats his opponent, 1208:In the spring of 1264 Cardinals 1029:. Salt pans at the delta of the 602:. Charles forced the rebellious 583:—to acknowledge his suzerainty. 91:King of Sicily from 1266 to 1285 58:Create or edit your own sandbox 29: 7566:Holloway, Julia Bolton (1993). 3150:glorified his victories in the 2057:. Charles also sent an army to 1927:June 1277. Hugh III's bailiff, 1420:, is executed in Naples (1268). 1315:and the region of Durazzo (now 1268:. He led his troops across the 1221:He embarked at Marseilles on 10 395: 362: 7602:New International Encyclopedia 7502:. Cambridge University Press. 7411:. Cambridge University Press. 7389:. Edinburgh University Press. 7203:. Princeton University Press. 3199:Latin Empire of Constantinople 2452:Ramon Berenguer IV of Provence 1843:Palace of the Popes in Viterbo 1786:July that he had accepted the 1494:Frederick I, Margrave of Baden 786:Raymond Berengar V of Provence 508:(1246–1248, 1256–1285) in the 1: 7387:The Muslims of Medieval Italy 7135:10.1016/s0304-4181(99)00012-3 3103:Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi 2063:Thomas I, Marquess of Saluzzo 1025:Salt crystals in a puddle in 918:The crusaders' defeat in the 841:Count Raymond VII of Toulouse 81:Submit your draft for review! 3046:who visited Naples in 1267. 2948:Charles and his first wife, 1666:, because he was Alphonse's 1070:. Then the Pope proposed to 983:May. During their voyage to 492:, was a member of the royal 8819:Category:Counts of Provence 7680:as king on Sicily from 1282 7123:Journal of Medieval History 3136:Raimon de Tors de Marseilha 1000:Conflicts and consolidation 771:Alphonse, Count of Poitiers 443:Elisabeth, Queen of Hungary 417: 318:7 January 1285 (aged 57–59) 107:Knowledge:Featured articles 54:not an encyclopedia article 8855: 8822:Category:Princes of Achaea 8801:Category:Albanian monarchs 7289:Byzantium and the Crusades 7247:. I.B. Tauris Publishers. 6799:, pp. 96–97, 102–103. 3032:Bartholomaeus of Neocastro 2134: 2041:control of the town. On 22 1582: 1519: 1326: 796:to his youngest daughter, 639:annihilated Manfred's army 590:, against her eldest son, 433:Charles II, King of Naples 93: 8495: 8295: 8241: 7918: 7909: 7901: 7891: 7882: 7874: 7860: 7851: 7848: 7838: 7829: 7821: 7811: 7802: 7794: 7779: 7766: 7755: 7747: 7736: 7728: 7718: 7709: 7704: 7687: 7670: 7661: 7653: 7648: 7613: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2854: 2852: 2830: 2826: 2820: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2753: 2751: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2689: 2687: 2661: 2659: 2626: 2624: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2548: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2522: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2455: 2433: 2197:Church of the Holy Spirit 2184:Popular stories credited 1984:Count Otto IV of Burgundy 1879:, pope, but he died on 18 1848:Pope Gregory X died on 10 1736:John I Doukas of Thessaly 1721:William VII of Montferrat 1543:. Pope Clement died on 29 1541:Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy 1488:Conradin was captured at 955:June 1249. They captured 767:Robert I, Count of Artois 682:rebellion broke out on 30 123: 103:Template:Featured article 8840:Category:Counts of Malta 8813:Category:Counts of Maine 8810:Category:Counts of Anjou 8016:Angevin (various houses) 7596:"Charles of Anjou" 7426:Nicholas, David (1992). 2190:Charles, Duke of Salerno 2125: 2036:Pope Nicholas died on 22 1863:Pope Innocent died on 30 1749:The renowned theologian 1407:Michael VIII Palaiologos 1392:William of Villehardouin 1374:(ruler) of Florence and 661:), but his influence on 7620:Capetian House of Anjou 7553:(Special 17): 278–281. 7385:Metcalfe, Alex (2009). 7199:Cox, Eugene L. (1974). 6775:, pp. 70, 233–234. 3012:Ladislaus IV of Hungary 2989:Capetian House of Anjou 2981:Principality of Salerno 2073:End of the Church union 1999: 1895:, who was elected on 20 1885:Giovanni Gaetano Orsini 1804:High Court of Jerusalem 1461:in late August. At the 1435:Muhammad I al-Mustansir 1250:Manfred, King of Sicily 1097:by her first marriage, 1051: 496:and the founder of the 428:Beatrice, Latin Empress 7310:. First Anchor Books. 7165:. Simon and Schuster. 3107: 3062: 2952: 2369: 2360: 2173: 2161: 2155: 2150: 2047:Guido I da Montefeltro 2015:Nicephoros I of Epirus 1991:Principality of Achaea 1906: 1845: 1759:Second Council of Lyon 1686: 1660:Marquisate of Provence 1633: 1439:Hafsid caliph of Tunis 1421: 1336: 1280:February 1266. In the 1253: 1106:Boniface of Castellane 1039: 1034: 959:and decided to attack 931: 808:(Louis IX's wife) and 750: 725: 655:Hafsid Caliph of Tunis 8458:Parthenopean Republic 3052: 2947: 2391:Couvent Saint-Jacques 2358: 2147:Cabinet des Médailles 2144: 2126:The empire's collapse 2091:Michael Tarchaneiotes 1917:Roger of San Severino 1877:Ottobuono de' Fieschi 1840: 1712:captain of the people 1684: 1520:Further information: 1463:Battle of Tagliacozzo 1415: 1244: 1188:Conquest of the Regno 1095:conflict with her son 1024: 920:Battle of Al Mansurah 917: 904:his brother's crusade 759:Roman Catholic Church 745: 647:Battle of Tagliacozzo 498:second House of Anjou 8795:Category:1285 deaths 8792:Category:1227 births 7832:Count of Forcalquier 7805:Count of Forcalquier 7625:Cadet branch of the 7615:Big Joenner/sandbox 7366:Lock, Peter (2006). 7347:Lock, Peter (1995). 7053:, pp. 205, 208. 7041:, pp. 205, 207. 6975:, pp. 215, 217. 6724:, pp. 107, 109. 6475:, pp. 238, 244. 5257:, pp. 156, 158. 5007:, pp. 157, 161. 4682:, pp. 118, 124. 4643:, pp. 270, 272. 3398:, pp. 142, 147. 3363:, pp. 146, 151. 3099:University of Naples 3090:Marino de Caramanico 2950:Beatrice of Provence 2904:Philip III of France 2736:Margaret of Provence 2665:Beatrice of Provence 2645:Alphonse of Poitiers 2430:Louis VIII of France 2321:a short, sharp fight 2199:on Easter Monday (30 2065:, annihilated it at 1942:Pope John died on 20 1800:Kingdom of Jerusalem 1625:Philip III of France 1591:Geoffrey of Beaulieu 1539:, the eldest son of 1516:Mediterranean empire 1443:Frederick of Castile 1068:Conrad IV of Germany 928:Alphonse of Poitiers 829:Emperor Frederick II 824:of Provence to her. 814:Henry III of England 705:Louis VIII of France 541:Louis VIII of France 539:The youngest son of 534:Kingdom of Jerusalem 468:Louis VIII of France 384:Margaret of Burgundy 369:; died 351:Beatrice of Provence 200:mainland territories 7332:. Clarendon Press. 7077:, pp. 210–211. 7029:, pp. 203–204. 6951:, pp. 219–220. 6939:, pp. 114–115. 6903:, pp. 119–120. 6867:, pp. 114–116. 6695:, pp. 183–184. 6671:, pp. 181–182. 6603:, pp. 254–255. 6439:, pp. 236–237. 6382:, pp. 235–236. 6340:, pp. 229–230. 6328:, pp. 109–110. 6277:, pp. 226–227. 6158:, pp. 214–215. 5955:, pp. 103–104. 5771:, pp. 190–191. 5693:, pp. 192–193. 5650:, pp. 183–184. 5594:, pp. 181–182. 5501:, pp. 172–173. 5470:, pp. 171–172. 5458:, pp. 138–139. 5384:, pp. 168–169. 5214:, pp. 150–151. 4995:, pp. 143–144. 4867:, pp. 120–121. 4730:, pp. 114–115. 4575:, pp. 99, 103. 4504:, pp. 94, 137. 4453:, pp. 89, 134. 4429:, pp. 100–101. 4344:, pp. 163–164. 3820:, pp. 156–157. 3601:, pp. 177–178. 3577:, pp. 580–581. 3351:, pp. 145–146. 3153:Romance of the Rose 3071:Luchetto Gattilusio 3055:Louis-Joseph Daumas 3020:Margaret of Hungary 2932:Edward I of England 2811:Robert II of Artois 2672:Eleanor of Provence 2370:subventio generalis 2174:subventio generalis 2156:subventio generalis 2103:Philip of Courtenay 1957:Edward I of England 1933:Knights Hospitaller 1815:Robert II of Artois 1561:William l'Estandart 1506:Peter III of Aragon 1480:and other towns in 1388:conclude agreements 1338:subventio generalis 1307:. Manfred's widow, 1246:Battle of Benevento 1153:did homage to him. 1080:Edmund of Lancaster 1064:Richard of Cornwall 1007:Archbishop of Arles 731:. He was the first 323:, Kingdom of Naples 8539:Monarchs of Sicily 8289:Monarchs of Naples 7919:Succeeded by 7864:Conrad Monaldeschi 7771:Title last held by 7570:. Peter Lang Inc. 6647:, pp. 9, 232. 3211:Emperors of Nicaea 3144:The King of Sicily 3132:Bertran d'Alamanon 3124:Pierre d'Angicourt 3063: 2953: 2911:Peter I of Alençon 2703:Louis IX of France 2652:Charles I of Anjou 2638:Robert I of Artois 2437:Blanche of Castile 2361: 2301:war against Aragon 2151: 2119:County of Tonnerre 2067:Borgo San Dalmazzo 2011:John I de la Roche 1915:Charles appointed 1846: 1808:Hugh III of Cyprus 1772:Rudolf of Habsburg 1687: 1664:County of Poitiers 1653:Attempts to expand 1533:Margaret of Nevers 1422: 1349:Conrad Monaldeschi 1301:Philip of Montfort 1254: 1225:May and landed at 1035: 932: 924:Louis IX of France 781:Provence and Anjou 775:Hugh X of Lusignan 751: 748:Chansonnier du Roi 717:born in the purple 709:Blanche of Castile 594:, in exchange for 586:Charles supported 557:Louis IX of France 545:Blanche of Castile 478:Blanche of Castile 110: 8783: 8782: 8576:Kingdom of Sicily 8505: 8504: 8499:Monarch of Sicily 8488: 8469: 8453: 8349: 8336: 8320: 8255: 8254: 8249:Navarrese Company 8237: 8236: 8164: 8155: 8154: 8130:Navarrese-Genoese 7967: 7956:Princes of Achaea 7923: 7922: 7892:Succeeded by 7861:Succeeded by 7849:Preceded by 7839:Succeeded by 7812:Succeeded by 7758:Count of Provence 7719:Succeeded by 7700: 7688:Succeeded by 7683: 7671:Succeeded by 7577:978-0-82041-954-1 7528:978-0-19-924704-2 7509:978-1-107-60474-2 7483:978-0-8143-2651-0 7437:978-0-582-01678-1 7428:Medieval Flanders 7418:978-0-521-13089-9 7396:978-0-7486-2007-4 7377:978-0-415-39312-6 7358:978-0-582-05139-3 7339:978-0-19-821925-5 7317:978-0-385-49700-8 7298:978-0-582-25370-4 7276:978-0-472-08260-5 7254:978-1-86064-061-2 7232:978-1-78093-767-0 7210:978-0-691-05216-8 7191:978-963-315-046-7 7172:978-1-84983-688-3 6838:, pp. 21–22. 5119:, pp. 14–15. 5107:, pp. 39–40. 4441:, pp. 35–36. 4385:, pp. 98–99. 4148:, pp. 82–83. 4022:, pp. 75–76. 4010:, pp. 77–78. 3876:, pp. 74–75. 3511:, pp. 12–13. 3336:, pp. 11–12. 3284:, pp. 3, 10. 3238:, pp. 10–11. 3146:, to Charles and 3122:(the latter with 2965:Robert of Béthune 2941: 2940: 2459:Beatrice of Savoy 2305:Charles of Valois 2249:Kingdom of Naples 1502:Conrad of Antioch 1358:Victories by the 1182:James I of Aragon 1178:Republic of Genoa 1176:in favour of the 1162:Pope Alexander IV 1115:Raymond I of Baux 1111:Dauphin of Vienne 1060:Kingdom of Sicily 965:Jean de Joinville 858:Holy Roman Empire 827:The Hohenstaufen 818:Beatrice of Savoy 688:Kingdom of Naples 632:Manfred of Sicily 616:Kingdom of Sicily 553:Beatrice of Savoy 510:Holy Roman Empire 502:Count of Provence 483: 482: 238:Count of Provence 89: 88: 65:Other sandboxes: 63: 8846: 8547:County of Sicily 8532: 8525: 8518: 8509: 8486: 8467: 8451: 8347: 8334: 8318: 8282: 8275: 8268: 8259: 8168: 8162: 7971: 7965: 7949: 7942: 7935: 7926: 7902:Preceded by 7878:Henry of Castile 7875:Preceded by 7822:Preceded by 7795:Preceded by 7748:Preceded by 7739:Prince of Achaea 7729:Preceded by 7694: 7677: 7654:Preceded by 7644: 7637: 7628:Capetian dynasty 7611: 7606: 7598: 7581: 7562: 7532: 7513: 7501: 7492:Runciman, Steven 7487: 7463: 7441: 7422: 7405:Nicol, Donald M. 7400: 7381: 7362: 7343: 7321: 7302: 7285:Harris, Jonathan 7280: 7263:Fine, John V. A. 7258: 7236: 7214: 7195: 7176: 7159:Asbridge, Thomas 7154: 7105: 7099: 7093: 7087: 7078: 7072: 7066: 7060: 7054: 7048: 7042: 7036: 7030: 7024: 7018: 7012: 7003: 6997: 6991: 6985: 6976: 6970: 6964: 6958: 6952: 6946: 6940: 6934: 6928: 6922: 6916: 6910: 6904: 6898: 6892: 6886: 6880: 6874: 6868: 6862: 6856: 6850: 6839: 6833: 6827: 6821: 6815: 6809: 6800: 6794: 6788: 6782: 6776: 6770: 6764: 6758: 6752: 6746: 6740: 6734: 6725: 6719: 6713: 6707: 6696: 6690: 6684: 6678: 6672: 6666: 6660: 6654: 6648: 6642: 6636: 6630: 6619: 6613: 6604: 6598: 6592: 6586: 6580: 6574: 6563: 6557: 6546: 6540: 6527: 6521: 6512: 6506: 6500: 6494: 6488: 6482: 6476: 6470: 6464: 6458: 6452: 6446: 6440: 6434: 6428: 6422: 6416: 6410: 6404: 6398: 6383: 6377: 6371: 6365: 6356: 6350: 6341: 6335: 6329: 6323: 6317: 6311: 6302: 6296: 6290: 6284: 6278: 6272: 6266: 6260: 6251: 6245: 6239: 6233: 6224: 6218: 6212: 6206: 6193: 6187: 6174: 6168: 6159: 6153: 6147: 6141: 6130: 6124: 6118: 6112: 6106: 6100: 6094: 6088: 6082: 6076: 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3708: 3702: 3677: 3671: 3660: 3654: 3648: 3642: 3631: 3625: 3614: 3608: 3602: 3596: 3590: 3584: 3578: 3572: 3566: 3560: 3551: 3545: 3539: 3533: 3524: 3518: 3512: 3506: 3500: 3494: 3488: 3482: 3476: 3470: 3464: 3458: 3435: 3429: 3423: 3417: 3411: 3405: 3399: 3393: 3387: 3381: 3364: 3358: 3352: 3346: 3337: 3331: 3325: 3319: 3308: 3302: 3285: 3279: 3273: 3267: 3258: 3252: 3239: 3233: 3214: 3203:Byzantine Empire 3195: 3189: 3181: 3140:Adam de la Halle 3112: 3067:Giovanni Villani 2999:king of Sardinia 2985:Maria of Hungary 2406: 2405: 2395:Naples Cathedral 2388: 2384: 2380: 2372: 2363:Charles went to 2346: 2341: 2334: 2326: 2310: 2286: 2277: 2261:Peter of Alençon 2246: 2229: 2225: 2205:Sicilian Vespers 2202: 2176: 2164: 2158: 2137:Sicilian Vespers 2131:Sicilian Vespers 2100: 2080: 2044: 2039: 2020: 2004: 1996: 1965: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1937:Mamluks of Egypt 1926: 1911: 1903: 1898: 1887:, dominated the 1882: 1874: 1866: 1859: 1851: 1796:Maria of Antioch 1785: 1756: 1728:Byzantine Empire 1708: 1643: 1637:, in the Regno. 1636: 1622: 1607: 1603: 1546: 1499: 1472:The burghers of 1468: 1341: 1309:Helena of Epirus 1279: 1259: 1237: 1232: 1224: 1197:elected Charles 1088: 1077: 1054: 1044: 982: 974: 954: 942: 854:Kingdom of Arles 851: 833:Pope Innocent IV 735:to be named for 730: 685: 680:Sicilian Vespers 672:Byzantine Empire 608:Kingdom of Arles 526:Prince of Achaea 524:(1266–1285) and 504:(1246–1285) and 494:Capetian dynasty 490:Charles of Anjou 421: 403: 401: 397: 374: 372: 368: 364: 333:Naples Cathedral 271:Prince of Achaea 190:island of Sicily 146: 128: 116: 85: 84: 82: 71:Template sandbox 57: 33: 32: 26: 18:User:Big Joenner 8854: 8853: 8849: 8848: 8847: 8845: 8844: 8843: 8786: 8784: 8779: 8570: 8541: 8536: 8506: 8501: 8491: 8291: 8286: 8256: 8251: 8233: 8229:Maria Maddalena 8212: 8161: 8160:Titular princes 8151: 8125: 8011: 7985: 7964: 7958: 7953: 7915: 7912:Senator of Rome 7907: 7897: 7888: 7885:Senator of Rome 7880: 7870: 7866: 7857: 7854:Senator of Rome 7844: 7835: 7827: 7817: 7808: 7800: 7789: 7772: 7761: 7753: 7742: 7734: 7724: 7715: 7712:King of Albania 7693: 7676: 7668:1266–1282/1285 7667: 7659: 7638: 7632: 7631: 7623: 7616: 7609: 7593: 7589: 7584: 7578: 7565: 7544: 7540: 7538:Further reading 7535: 7529: 7516: 7510: 7490: 7484: 7473:The Jewish Mind 7466: 7460: 7444: 7438: 7425: 7419: 7403: 7397: 7384: 7378: 7365: 7359: 7346: 7340: 7326:Housley, Norman 7324: 7318: 7305: 7299: 7283: 7277: 7261: 7255: 7239: 7233: 7217: 7211: 7198: 7192: 7179: 7173: 7157: 7119:Abulafia, David 7117: 7113: 7108: 7100: 7096: 7088: 7081: 7073: 7069: 7061: 7057: 7049: 7045: 7037: 7033: 7025: 7021: 7013: 7006: 6998: 6994: 6986: 6979: 6971: 6967: 6959: 6955: 6947: 6943: 6935: 6931: 6923: 6919: 6911: 6907: 6899: 6895: 6887: 6883: 6875: 6871: 6863: 6859: 6851: 6842: 6834: 6830: 6822: 6818: 6810: 6803: 6795: 6791: 6783: 6779: 6771: 6767: 6759: 6755: 6747: 6743: 6735: 6728: 6720: 6716: 6708: 6699: 6691: 6687: 6679: 6675: 6667: 6663: 6655: 6651: 6643: 6639: 6631: 6622: 6614: 6607: 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4277: 4270: 4262: 4258: 4250: 4239: 4231: 4218: 4210: 4203: 4195: 4182: 4174: 4167: 4159: 4152: 4144: 4140: 4132: 4121: 4113: 4104: 4096: 4089: 4081: 4070: 4062: 4055: 4047: 4043: 4035: 4026: 4018: 4014: 4006: 4002: 3994: 3987: 3979: 3975: 3967: 3963: 3955: 3951: 3943: 3939: 3931: 3927: 3919: 3915: 3907: 3903: 3895: 3880: 3872: 3868: 3860: 3853: 3845: 3841: 3833: 3824: 3816: 3812: 3804: 3800: 3792: 3788: 3780: 3776: 3768: 3757: 3749: 3745: 3737: 3730: 3722: 3711: 3703: 3680: 3672: 3663: 3655: 3651: 3643: 3634: 3626: 3617: 3609: 3605: 3597: 3593: 3585: 3581: 3573: 3569: 3561: 3554: 3546: 3542: 3534: 3527: 3519: 3515: 3507: 3503: 3495: 3491: 3483: 3479: 3471: 3467: 3459: 3438: 3430: 3426: 3418: 3414: 3406: 3402: 3394: 3390: 3382: 3367: 3359: 3355: 3347: 3340: 3332: 3328: 3320: 3311: 3303: 3288: 3280: 3276: 3268: 3261: 3253: 3242: 3234: 3227: 3223: 3218: 3217: 3196: 3192: 3182: 3178: 3173: 3028: 2942: 2403: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2359:Charles's death 2353: 2344: 2339: 2332: 2324: 2311:February 1284. 2308: 2297:Roger of Lauria 2284: 2281:Guy of Dramelay 2275: 2257:Reggio Calabria 2244: 2236: 2234:War with Aragon 2227: 2223: 2200: 2186:John of Procida 2139: 2133: 2128: 2098: 2078: 2075: 2042: 2037: 2018: 2007:Galeran of Ivry 1994: 1963: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1929:Balian of Arsuf 1924: 1908:livres tournois 1901: 1896: 1880: 1872: 1864: 1857: 1854:Pope Innocent V 1849: 1835: 1833:Papal elections 1783: 1776:prince-electors 1767:Steven Runciman 1763:Dante Alighieri 1754: 1706: 1692:King of Albania 1655: 1641: 1620: 1605: 1601: 1587: 1581: 1559:. Charles made 1553:Guy of Montfort 1544: 1529: 1524: 1518: 1497: 1466: 1331: 1325: 1277: 1257: 1235: 1230: 1222: 1190: 1099:John of Avesnes 1086: 1075: 1011:Bishop of Digne 1002: 997: 995:Wider ambitions 980: 972: 952: 940: 912: 910:Seventh Crusade 849: 846:Aix-en-Provence 783: 727:Chronica Majora 701: 696: 683: 663:papal elections 565:Seventh Crusade 530:King of Albania 447: 415: 414: 406: 405: 393: 389: 386: 376: 360: 356: 353: 335: 319: 310:Early 1226/1227 205: 140: 139: 131: 113: 99: 92: 80: 78: 77: 75: 74: 30: 22: 21: 20: 12: 11: 5: 8852: 8850: 8781: 8780: 8778: 8777: 8772: 8767: 8762: 8760:Victor Amadeus 8757: 8752: 8747: 8742: 8737: 8732: 8727: 8722: 8717: 8712: 8707: 8702: 8697: 8692: 8687: 8682: 8677: 8672: 8667: 8662: 8657: 8652: 8647: 8642: 8637: 8632: 8627: 8622: 8617: 8612: 8607: 8602: 8597: 8592: 8587: 8581: 8579: 8572: 8571: 8569: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8552: 8550: 8543: 8542: 8537: 8535: 8534: 8527: 8520: 8512: 8503: 8502: 8496: 8493: 8492: 8490: 8489: 8480: 8475: 8470: 8461: 8454: 8445: 8439: 8433: 8427: 8421: 8415: 8409: 8403: 8397: 8391: 8386: 8381: 8376: 8371: 8366: 8360: 8355: 8350: 8342: 8337: 8329: 8324: 8313: 8308: 8303: 8296: 8293: 8292: 8287: 8285: 8284: 8277: 8270: 8262: 8253: 8252: 8242: 8239: 8238: 8235: 8234: 8232: 8231: 8226: 8220: 8218: 8217:Capece Galeota 8214: 8213: 8211: 8210: 8205: 8200: 8195: 8190: 8185: 8180: 8174: 8172: 8165: 8157: 8156: 8153: 8152: 8150: 8149: 8144: 8139: 8133: 8131: 8127: 8126: 8124: 8123: 8118: 8113: 8108: 8097: 8092: 8083: 8078: 8073: 8068: 8057: 8052: 8047: 8030: 8025: 8019: 8017: 8013: 8012: 8010: 8009: 8004: 7999: 7993: 7991: 7987: 7986: 7984: 7983: 7977: 7975: 7968: 7963:Ruling princes 7960: 7959: 7954: 7952: 7951: 7944: 7937: 7929: 7921: 7920: 7917: 7908: 7903: 7899: 7898: 7893: 7890: 7881: 7876: 7872: 7871: 7862: 7859: 7850: 7846: 7845: 7840: 7837: 7828: 7823: 7819: 7818: 7813: 7810: 7801: 7796: 7792: 7791: 7782:Count of Anjou 7778: 7770: 7764: 7763: 7754: 7749: 7745: 7744: 7735: 7730: 7726: 7725: 7720: 7717: 7708: 7702: 7701: 7689: 7685: 7684: 7672: 7669: 7664:King of Sicily 7660: 7655: 7651: 7650: 7649:Regnal titles 7646: 7645: 7643:7 January 1285 7624: 7617: 7614: 7608: 7607: 7590: 7588: 7587:External links 7585: 7583: 7582: 7576: 7563: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7533: 7527: 7514: 7508: 7488: 7482: 7468:Patai, Raphael 7464: 7458: 7446:Partner, Peter 7442: 7436: 7423: 7417: 7401: 7395: 7382: 7376: 7363: 7357: 7344: 7338: 7322: 7316: 7303: 7297: 7281: 7275: 7259: 7253: 7237: 7231: 7225:. Bloomsbury. 7219:Dunbabin, Jean 7215: 7209: 7196: 7190: 7177: 7171: 7155: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7106: 7104:, p. 212. 7094: 7092:, p. 211. 7079: 7067: 7065:, p. 159. 7063:Hollander 2004 7055: 7043: 7031: 7019: 7017:, p. 203. 7004: 7002:, p. 156. 6992: 6990:, p. 222. 6977: 6965: 6963:, p. 215. 6953: 6941: 6929: 6927:, p. 125. 6917: 6915:, p. 121. 6905: 6893: 6891:, p. 119. 6881: 6869: 6857: 6855:, p. 116. 6840: 6828: 6816: 6814:, p. 104. 6801: 6789: 6777: 6765: 6763:, p. 186. 6753: 6741: 6739:, p. 155. 6726: 6714: 6712:, p. 185. 6697: 6685: 6683:, p. 184. 6673: 6661: 6659:, p. 183. 6649: 6637: 6635:, p. 255. 6620: 6618:, p. 232. 6605: 6593: 6591:, p. 253. 6581: 6579:, p. 250. 6564: 6562:, p. 249. 6547: 6545:, p. 248. 6528: 6526:, p. 247. 6513: 6511:, p. 246. 6501: 6499:, p. 243. 6489: 6487:, p. 245. 6477: 6465: 6463:, p. 238. 6453: 6451:, p. 241. 6441: 6429: 6417: 6405: 6403:, p. 236. 6384: 6372: 6357: 6355:, p. 232. 6342: 6330: 6318: 6303: 6291: 6289:, p. 227. 6279: 6267: 6265:, p. 226. 6252: 6250:, p. 221. 6240: 6238:, p. 107. 6225: 6223:, p. 220. 6213: 6211:, p. 254. 6194: 6192:, p. 109. 6175: 6160: 6148: 6146:, p. 107. 6131: 6129:, p. 120. 6119: 6117:, p. 210. 6107: 6105:, p. 207. 6095: 6093:, p. 203. 6083: 6081:, p. 206. 6068: 6066:, p. 106. 6056: 6054:, p. 101. 6044: 6042:, p. 108. 6032: 6030:, p. 105. 6015: 6013:, p. 157. 6003: 6001:, p. 109. 5988: 5986:, p. 161. 5976: 5974:, p. 104. 5957: 5945: 5943:, p. 103. 5933: 5931:, p. 103. 5921: 5919:, p. 102. 5906: 5904:, p. 212. 5894: 5882: 5880:, p. 193. 5865: 5863:, p. 194. 5853: 5841: 5829: 5827:, p. 193. 5812: 5810:, p. 192. 5800: 5798:, p. 141. 5788: 5786:, p. 191. 5773: 5761: 5759:, p. 190. 5744: 5742:, p. 196. 5729: 5712: 5695: 5683: 5681:, p. 186. 5671: 5669:, p. 185. 5652: 5640: 5638:, p. 183. 5623: 5621:, p. 139. 5608: 5606:, p. 182. 5596: 5584: 5572: 5570:, p. 179. 5555: 5553:, p. 178. 5543: 5541:, p. 119. 5522: 5520:, p. 173. 5503: 5491: 5489:, p. 172. 5472: 5460: 5448: 5446:, p. 170. 5436: 5434:, p. 168. 5413: 5411:, p. 169. 5401: 5399:, p. 118. 5386: 5374: 5362: 5360:, p. 166. 5350: 5338: 5336:, p. 167. 5326: 5324:, p. 138. 5309: 5307:, p. 161. 5292: 5290:, p. 186. 5280: 5278:, p. 137. 5259: 5247: 5245:, p. 156. 5228: 5216: 5204: 5202:, p. 146. 5192: 5180: 5178:, p. 185. 5163: 5148: 5133: 5131:, p. 184. 5121: 5109: 5097: 5082: 5067: 5065:, p. 145. 5055: 5053:, p. 162. 5043: 5041:, p. 106. 5028: 5026:, p. 150. 5009: 4997: 4985: 4983:, p. 143. 4968: 4966:, p. 142. 4951: 4949:, p. 195. 4939: 4937:, p. 183. 4920: 4918:, p. 196. 4905: 4903:, p. 122. 4888: 4869: 4857: 4845: 4843:, p. 120. 4833: 4831:, p. 124. 4814: 4812:, p. 293. 4802: 4800:, p. 136. 4790: 4788:, p. 119. 4773: 4771:, p. 182. 4756: 4744: 4742:, p. 115. 4732: 4720: 4718:, p. 114. 4705: 4703:, p. 118. 4684: 4672: 4670:, p. 109. 4657: 4655:, p. 135. 4645: 4630: 4628:, p. 292. 4618: 4616:, p. 105. 4601: 4589: 4577: 4565: 4563:, p. 105. 4553: 4551:, p. 103. 4536: 4534:, p. 101. 4521: 4519:, p. 202. 4506: 4494: 4492:, p. 170. 4482: 4480:, p. 114. 4467: 4465:, p. 168. 4455: 4443: 4431: 4419: 4417:, p. 100. 4402: 4400:, p. 134. 4387: 4375: 4358: 4356:, p. 158. 4346: 4334: 4322: 4310: 4295: 4293:, p. 136. 4283: 4268: 4256: 4237: 4216: 4201: 4180: 4178:, p. 133. 4165: 4150: 4138: 4119: 4102: 4087: 4085:, p. 132. 4068: 4053: 4051:, p. 131. 4041: 4024: 4012: 4000: 3985: 3973: 3961: 3949: 3947:, p. 111. 3937: 3935:, p. 286. 3925: 3923:, p. 285. 3913: 3901: 3878: 3866: 3851: 3849:, p. 157. 3839: 3822: 3810: 3798: 3796:, p. 109. 3786: 3774: 3755: 3743: 3728: 3709: 3678: 3661: 3649: 3647:, p. 108. 3632: 3630:, p. 194. 3615: 3613:, p. 178. 3603: 3591: 3579: 3567: 3565:, p. 580. 3552: 3540: 3525: 3513: 3501: 3489: 3487:, p. 160. 3477: 3465: 3436: 3434:, p. 153. 3424: 3422:, p. 152. 3412: 3410:, p. 147. 3400: 3388: 3365: 3353: 3338: 3326: 3309: 3286: 3274: 3259: 3240: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3216: 3215: 3207:Fourth Crusade 3190: 3183:The historian 3175: 3174: 3172: 3169: 3036:Saba Malaspina 3027: 3024: 3016: 3015: 3005: 3002: 2992: 2974: 2968: 2939: 2937: 2936: 2934: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2908: 2906: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2860: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2787: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2755: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2691: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2681: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2669: 2667: 2662: 2660: 2658: 2656: 2654: 2649: 2647: 2642: 2640: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2612: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2565: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2552: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2476: 2475: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2466: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2456: 2454: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2434: 2432: 2427: 2425: 2423: 2421: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2404: 2402: 2399: 2352: 2349: 2235: 2232: 2213:Odo Poilechien 2135:Main article: 2132: 2129: 2127: 2124: 2095:John Synadenos 2085:, had already 2074: 2071: 1980:Duke Robert II 1972:Charles Martel 1889:papal conclave 1869:Lateran Palace 1834: 1831: 1788:Catholic creed 1751:Thomas Aquinas 1732:Konstantin Tih 1703:Pope Gregory X 1696:Gazzo Chinardo 1694:and appointed 1658:including the 1654: 1651: 1595:Saba Malaspina 1585:Eighth Crusade 1583:Main article: 1580: 1579:Eighth Crusade 1577: 1528: 1525: 1517: 1514: 1455:imperial vicar 1324: 1321: 1282:ensuing battle 1189: 1186: 1125:in July 1259. 1093:had come into 1001: 998: 996: 993: 911: 908: 900:Barral of Baux 856:and so of the 837:excommunicated 782: 779: 700: 697: 695: 692: 668:Pope Martin IV 651:Eighth Crusade 522:King of Sicily 514:Count of Anjou 481: 480: 475: 471: 470: 465: 461: 460: 455: 449: 448: 446: 445: 440: 435: 430: 424: 422: 408: 407: 391: 387: 382: 381: 380: 379: 358: 354: 349: 348: 347: 346: 343: 341: 337: 336: 331: 329: 325: 324: 316: 312: 311: 308: 304: 303: 300: 299: 296: 292: 291: 286: 282: 281: 278: 274: 273: 267: 266: 263: 259: 258: 253: 249: 248: 245: 241: 240: 234: 233: 230: 226: 225: 222: 218: 217: 211:Count of Anjou 207: 206: 204: 203: 193: 182: 180: 176: 175: 170: 166: 165: 164:5 January 1266 162: 156: 155: 152: 148: 147: 137:King of Sicily 133: 132: 129: 121: 120: 90: 87: 86: 55: 36: 34: 23: 15: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8851: 8842: 8841: 8838: 8835: 8832: 8829: 8826: 8823: 8820: 8817: 8814: 8811: 8808: 8805: 8802: 8799: 8796: 8793: 8790: 8787: 8776: 8775:Ferdinand III 8773: 8771: 8768: 8766: 8763: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8748: 8746: 8743: 8741: 8738: 8736: 8733: 8731: 8728: 8726: 8723: 8721: 8718: 8716: 8713: 8711: 8708: 8706: 8703: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8691: 8688: 8686: 8685:Frederick III 8683: 8681: 8678: 8676: 8673: 8671: 8668: 8666: 8663: 8661: 8658: 8656: 8653: 8651: 8648: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8633: 8631: 8628: 8626: 8623: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8613: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8573: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8544: 8540: 8533: 8528: 8526: 8521: 8519: 8514: 8513: 8510: 8500: 8494: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8465: 8462: 8460: 8459: 8455: 8449: 8446: 8443: 8440: 8437: 8434: 8431: 8428: 8425: 8422: 8419: 8416: 8413: 8410: 8407: 8404: 8401: 8398: 8395: 8394:Ferdinand III 8392: 8390: 8387: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8301: 8298: 8297: 8294: 8290: 8283: 8278: 8276: 8271: 8269: 8264: 8263: 8260: 8250: 8246: 8240: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8221: 8219: 8215: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8183:Carlo Antonio 8181: 8179: 8176: 8175: 8173: 8169: 8166: 8158: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8134: 8132: 8128: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8090: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8040: 8037: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8020: 8018: 8014: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7994: 7992: 7990:Villehardouin 7988: 7982: 7979: 7978: 7976: 7972: 7969: 7961: 7957: 7950: 7945: 7943: 7938: 7936: 7931: 7930: 7927: 7914: 7913: 7906: 7905:Matteo Orsini 7900: 7896: 7895:Matteo Orsini 7887: 7886: 7879: 7873: 7869: 7865: 7856: 7855: 7847: 7843: 7834: 7833: 7826: 7820: 7816: 7807: 7806: 7799: 7793: 7788: 7787: 7783: 7777: 7776: 7769: 7765: 7760: 7759: 7752: 7746: 7741: 7740: 7733: 7727: 7723: 7714: 7713: 7707: 7703: 7699: 7698: 7692: 7686: 7682: 7681: 7675: 7666: 7665: 7658: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7635: 7630: 7629: 7622: 7621: 7612: 7604: 7603: 7597: 7592: 7591: 7586: 7579: 7573: 7569: 7564: 7560: 7556: 7552: 7548: 7543: 7542: 7537: 7530: 7524: 7520: 7515: 7511: 7505: 7500: 7499: 7493: 7489: 7485: 7479: 7475: 7474: 7469: 7465: 7461: 7459:0-520-02181-9 7455: 7451: 7447: 7443: 7439: 7433: 7429: 7424: 7420: 7414: 7410: 7406: 7402: 7398: 7392: 7388: 7383: 7379: 7373: 7370:. Routledge. 7369: 7364: 7360: 7354: 7350: 7345: 7341: 7335: 7331: 7327: 7323: 7319: 7313: 7309: 7304: 7300: 7294: 7290: 7286: 7282: 7278: 7272: 7268: 7264: 7260: 7256: 7250: 7246: 7242: 7238: 7234: 7228: 7224: 7220: 7216: 7212: 7206: 7202: 7197: 7193: 7187: 7183: 7178: 7174: 7168: 7164: 7160: 7156: 7152: 7148: 7144: 7140: 7136: 7132: 7129:(1): 93–114. 7128: 7124: 7120: 7116: 7115: 7110: 7103: 7102:Dunbabin 1998 7098: 7095: 7091: 7090:Dunbabin 1998 7086: 7084: 7080: 7076: 7075:Dunbabin 1998 7071: 7068: 7064: 7059: 7056: 7052: 7051:Dunbabin 1998 7047: 7044: 7040: 7039:Dunbabin 1998 7035: 7032: 7028: 7027:Dunbabin 1998 7023: 7020: 7016: 7015:Dunbabin 1998 7011: 7009: 7005: 7001: 6996: 6993: 6989: 6988:Dunbabin 1998 6984: 6982: 6978: 6974: 6973:Dunbabin 1998 6969: 6966: 6962: 6961:Dunbabin 1998 6957: 6954: 6950: 6949:Dunbabin 1998 6945: 6942: 6938: 6937:Dunbabin 1998 6933: 6930: 6926: 6925:Dunbabin 1998 6921: 6918: 6914: 6913:Dunbabin 1998 6909: 6906: 6902: 6901:Dunbabin 1998 6897: 6894: 6890: 6889:Dunbabin 1998 6885: 6882: 6879:, p. 79. 6878: 6877:Takayama 2004 6873: 6870: 6866: 6865:Dunbabin 1998 6861: 6858: 6854: 6853:Dunbabin 1998 6849: 6847: 6845: 6841: 6837: 6836:Dunbabin 1998 6832: 6829: 6826:, p. 59. 6825: 6824:Dunbabin 1998 6820: 6817: 6813: 6812:Abulafia 2000 6808: 6806: 6802: 6798: 6797:Abulafia 2000 6793: 6790: 6787:, p. 70. 6786: 6785:Dunbabin 1998 6781: 6778: 6774: 6773:Dunbabin 1998 6769: 6766: 6762: 6761:Dunbabin 1998 6757: 6754: 6751:, p. 97. 6750: 6745: 6742: 6738: 6737:Runciman 1958 6733: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6718: 6715: 6711: 6710:Dunbabin 1998 6706: 6704: 6702: 6698: 6694: 6693:Dunbabin 1998 6689: 6686: 6682: 6681:Dunbabin 1998 6677: 6674: 6670: 6669:Dunbabin 1998 6665: 6662: 6658: 6657:Dunbabin 1998 6653: 6650: 6646: 6645:Dunbabin 1998 6641: 6638: 6634: 6633:Runciman 1958 6629: 6627: 6625: 6621: 6617: 6616:Dunbabin 1998 6612: 6610: 6606: 6602: 6601:Runciman 1958 6597: 6594: 6590: 6589:Runciman 1958 6585: 6582: 6578: 6577:Runciman 1958 6573: 6571: 6569: 6565: 6561: 6560:Runciman 1958 6556: 6554: 6552: 6548: 6544: 6543:Runciman 1958 6539: 6537: 6535: 6533: 6529: 6525: 6524:Runciman 1958 6520: 6518: 6514: 6510: 6509:Runciman 1958 6505: 6502: 6498: 6497:Runciman 1958 6493: 6490: 6486: 6485:Runciman 1958 6481: 6478: 6474: 6473:Runciman 1958 6469: 6466: 6462: 6461:Runciman 1958 6457: 6454: 6450: 6449:Runciman 1958 6445: 6442: 6438: 6437:Runciman 1958 6433: 6430: 6427:, p. 20. 6426: 6421: 6418: 6415:, p. 68. 6414: 6409: 6406: 6402: 6401:Runciman 1958 6397: 6395: 6393: 6391: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6380:Runciman 1958 6376: 6373: 6370:, p. 67. 6369: 6364: 6362: 6358: 6354: 6353:Runciman 1958 6349: 6347: 6343: 6339: 6338:Runciman 1958 6334: 6331: 6327: 6326:Dunbabin 1998 6322: 6319: 6316:, p. 97. 6315: 6314:Abulafia 2000 6310: 6308: 6304: 6301:, p. 80. 6300: 6299:Takayama 2004 6295: 6292: 6288: 6287:Runciman 1958 6283: 6280: 6276: 6275:Runciman 1958 6271: 6268: 6264: 6263:Runciman 1958 6259: 6257: 6253: 6249: 6248:Runciman 1958 6244: 6241: 6237: 6236:Abulafia 2000 6232: 6230: 6226: 6222: 6221:Runciman 1958 6217: 6214: 6210: 6209:Runciman 1958 6205: 6203: 6201: 6199: 6195: 6191: 6190:Dunbabin 1998 6186: 6184: 6182: 6180: 6176: 6173:, p. 94. 6172: 6167: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6156:Runciman 1958 6152: 6149: 6145: 6144:Dunbabin 1998 6140: 6138: 6136: 6132: 6128: 6123: 6120: 6116: 6115:Runciman 1958 6111: 6108: 6104: 6103:Runciman 1958 6099: 6096: 6092: 6087: 6084: 6080: 6079:Runciman 1958 6075: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6064:Abulafia 2000 6060: 6057: 6053: 6052:Dunbabin 1998 6048: 6045: 6041: 6040:Abulafia 2000 6036: 6033: 6029: 6028:Dunbabin 1998 6024: 6022: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6011:Dunbabin 1998 6007: 6004: 6000: 5999:Abulafia 2000 5995: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5984:Dunbabin 1998 5980: 5977: 5973: 5972:Dunbabin 1998 5968: 5966: 5964: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5953:Dunbabin 1998 5949: 5946: 5942: 5941:Abulafia 2000 5937: 5934: 5930: 5929:Dunbabin 1998 5925: 5922: 5918: 5917:Dunbabin 1998 5913: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5902:Runciman 1958 5898: 5895: 5892:, p. 36. 5891: 5890:Dunbabin 1998 5886: 5883: 5879: 5878:Runciman 1958 5874: 5872: 5870: 5866: 5862: 5861:Runciman 1958 5857: 5854: 5851:, p. 27. 5850: 5845: 5842: 5839:, p. 26. 5838: 5833: 5830: 5826: 5821: 5819: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5808:Runciman 1958 5804: 5801: 5797: 5796:Dunbabin 1998 5792: 5789: 5785: 5784:Runciman 1958 5780: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5769:Runciman 1958 5765: 5762: 5758: 5757:Runciman 1958 5753: 5751: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5740:Runciman 1958 5736: 5734: 5730: 5727:, p. 93. 5726: 5721: 5719: 5717: 5713: 5710:, p. 23. 5709: 5704: 5702: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5691:Runciman 1958 5687: 5684: 5680: 5679:Runciman 1958 5675: 5672: 5668: 5667:Runciman 1958 5663: 5661: 5659: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5648:Runciman 1958 5644: 5641: 5637: 5636:Runciman 1958 5632: 5630: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5619:Dunbabin 1998 5615: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5604:Runciman 1958 5600: 5597: 5593: 5592:Runciman 1958 5588: 5585: 5582:, p. 97. 5581: 5580:Dunbabin 1998 5576: 5573: 5569: 5568:Runciman 1958 5564: 5562: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5551:Runciman 1958 5547: 5544: 5540: 5535: 5533: 5531: 5529: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5518:Runciman 1958 5514: 5512: 5510: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5499:Runciman 1958 5495: 5492: 5488: 5487:Runciman 1958 5483: 5481: 5479: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5468:Runciman 1958 5464: 5461: 5457: 5456:Dunbabin 1998 5452: 5449: 5445: 5444:Runciman 1958 5440: 5437: 5433: 5432:Runciman 1958 5428: 5426: 5424: 5422: 5420: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5409:Runciman 1958 5405: 5402: 5398: 5393: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5382:Runciman 1958 5378: 5375: 5372:, p. 18. 5371: 5366: 5363: 5359: 5358:Runciman 1958 5354: 5351: 5348:, p. 62. 5347: 5342: 5339: 5335: 5334:Runciman 1958 5330: 5327: 5323: 5322:Dunbabin 1998 5318: 5316: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5305:Runciman 1958 5301: 5299: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5284: 5281: 5277: 5276:Dunbabin 1998 5272: 5270: 5268: 5266: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5255:Runciman 1958 5251: 5248: 5244: 5243:Runciman 1958 5239: 5237: 5235: 5233: 5229: 5226:, p. 82. 5225: 5224:Dunbabin 1998 5220: 5217: 5213: 5212:Runciman 1958 5208: 5205: 5201: 5200:Runciman 1958 5196: 5193: 5190:, p. 91. 5189: 5188:Dunbabin 1998 5184: 5181: 5177: 5172: 5170: 5168: 5164: 5161:, p. 90. 5160: 5159:Dunbabin 1998 5155: 5153: 5149: 5146:, p. 15. 5145: 5140: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5125: 5122: 5118: 5113: 5110: 5106: 5105:Dunbabin 1998 5101: 5098: 5095:, p. 39. 5094: 5093:Dunbabin 1998 5089: 5087: 5083: 5080:, p. 17. 5079: 5078:Dunbabin 1998 5074: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5063:Runciman 1958 5059: 5056: 5052: 5051:Runciman 1958 5047: 5044: 5040: 5039:Dunbabin 1998 5035: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5024:Runciman 1958 5020: 5018: 5016: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5005:Dunbabin 1998 5001: 4998: 4994: 4993:Runciman 1958 4989: 4986: 4982: 4981:Runciman 1958 4977: 4975: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4964:Runciman 1958 4960: 4958: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4947:Dunbabin 1998 4943: 4940: 4936: 4931: 4929: 4927: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4916:Dunbabin 1998 4912: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4901:Runciman 1958 4897: 4895: 4893: 4889: 4886:, p. 80. 4885: 4884:Dunbabin 1998 4880: 4878: 4876: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4865:Runciman 1958 4861: 4858: 4855:, p. 84. 4854: 4853:Dunbabin 1998 4849: 4846: 4842: 4841:Runciman 1958 4837: 4834: 4830: 4829:Runciman 1958 4825: 4823: 4821: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4810:Metcalfe 2009 4806: 4803: 4799: 4798:Dunbabin 1998 4794: 4791: 4787: 4786:Runciman 1958 4782: 4780: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4769:Dunbabin 1998 4765: 4763: 4761: 4757: 4754:, p. 99. 4753: 4752:Dunbabin 1998 4748: 4745: 4741: 4740:Runciman 1958 4736: 4733: 4729: 4728:Runciman 1958 4724: 4721: 4717: 4716:Runciman 1958 4712: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4701:Runciman 1958 4697: 4695: 4693: 4691: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4680:Runciman 1958 4676: 4673: 4669: 4668:Runciman 1958 4664: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4653:Dunbabin 1998 4649: 4646: 4642: 4637: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4626:Metcalfe 2009 4622: 4619: 4615: 4614:Runciman 1958 4610: 4608: 4606: 4602: 4599:, p. 99. 4598: 4597:Runciman 1958 4593: 4590: 4587:, p. 87. 4586: 4585:Dunbabin 1998 4581: 4578: 4574: 4573:Runciman 1958 4569: 4566: 4562: 4561:Abulafia 2000 4557: 4554: 4550: 4549:Runciman 1958 4545: 4543: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4532:Runciman 1958 4528: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4513: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4502:Dunbabin 1998 4498: 4495: 4491: 4486: 4483: 4479: 4474: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4459: 4456: 4452: 4451:Dunbabin 1998 4447: 4444: 4440: 4435: 4432: 4428: 4427:Runciman 1958 4423: 4420: 4416: 4415:Runciman 1958 4411: 4409: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4398:Dunbabin 1998 4394: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4383:Runciman 1958 4379: 4376: 4373:, p. 98. 4372: 4371:Runciman 1958 4367: 4365: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4354:Dunbabin 1998 4350: 4347: 4343: 4342:Dunbabin 1998 4338: 4335: 4332:, p. 77. 4331: 4330:Takayama 2004 4326: 4323: 4320:, p. 57. 4319: 4318:Dunbabin 1998 4314: 4311: 4308:, p. 56. 4307: 4306:Dunbabin 1998 4302: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4291:Runciman 1958 4287: 4284: 4281:, p. 89. 4280: 4279:Dunbabin 1998 4275: 4273: 4269: 4266:, p. 16. 4265: 4260: 4257: 4254:, p. 96. 4253: 4252:Runciman 1958 4248: 4246: 4244: 4242: 4238: 4235:, p. 91. 4234: 4233:Runciman 1958 4229: 4227: 4225: 4223: 4221: 4217: 4214:, p. 90. 4213: 4212:Runciman 1958 4208: 4206: 4202: 4199:, p. 19. 4198: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4176:Dunbabin 1998 4172: 4170: 4166: 4163:, p. 87. 4162: 4161:Runciman 1958 4157: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4146:Runciman 1958 4142: 4139: 4136:, p. 82. 4135: 4134:Runciman 1958 4130: 4128: 4126: 4124: 4120: 4117:, p. 81. 4116: 4115:Runciman 1958 4111: 4109: 4107: 4103: 4100:, p. 79. 4099: 4098:Runciman 1958 4094: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4083:Dunbabin 1998 4079: 4077: 4075: 4073: 4069: 4066:, p. 78. 4065: 4064:Runciman 1958 4060: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4049:Dunbabin 1998 4045: 4042: 4039:, p. 76. 4038: 4037:Runciman 1958 4033: 4031: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4020:Runciman 1958 4016: 4013: 4009: 4008:Dunbabin 1998 4004: 4001: 3998:, p. 18. 3997: 3992: 3990: 3986: 3983:, p. 76. 3982: 3981:Takayama 2004 3977: 3974: 3971:, p. 17. 3970: 3965: 3962: 3959:, p. 63. 3958: 3957:Runciman 1958 3953: 3950: 3946: 3941: 3938: 3934: 3929: 3926: 3922: 3917: 3914: 3911:, p. 79. 3910: 3909:Dunbabin 1998 3905: 3902: 3899:, p. 75. 3898: 3897:Runciman 1958 3893: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3874:Runciman 1958 3870: 3867: 3864:, p. 38. 3863: 3862:Dunbabin 1998 3858: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3847:Nicholas 1992 3843: 3840: 3837:, p. 37. 3836: 3835:Dunbabin 1998 3831: 3829: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3818:Nicholas 1992 3814: 3811: 3808:, p. 16. 3807: 3806:Dunbabin 1998 3802: 3799: 3795: 3790: 3787: 3784:, p. 58. 3783: 3782:Runciman 1958 3778: 3775: 3772:, p. 57. 3771: 3770:Runciman 1958 3766: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3756: 3753:, p. 46. 3752: 3751:Dunbabin 1998 3747: 3744: 3741:, p. 47. 3740: 3739:Dunbabin 1998 3735: 3733: 3729: 3726:, p. 48. 3725: 3724:Dunbabin 1998 3720: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3710: 3707:, p. 74. 3706: 3705:Runciman 1958 3701: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3679: 3676:, p. 43. 3675: 3674:Dunbabin 1998 3670: 3668: 3666: 3662: 3659:, p. 50. 3658: 3657:Dunbabin 1998 3653: 3650: 3646: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3628:Dunbabin 1998 3624: 3622: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3607: 3604: 3600: 3595: 3592: 3589:, p. 10. 3588: 3583: 3580: 3576: 3575:Asbridge 2012 3571: 3568: 3564: 3563:Asbridge 2012 3559: 3557: 3553: 3550:, p. 30. 3549: 3548:Dunbabin 1998 3544: 3541: 3538:, p. 78. 3537: 3536:Takayama 2004 3532: 3530: 3526: 3523:, p. 13. 3522: 3521:Dunbabin 1998 3517: 3514: 3510: 3509:Dunbabin 1998 3505: 3502: 3499:, p. 12. 3498: 3497:Dunbabin 1998 3493: 3490: 3486: 3481: 3478: 3475:, p. 44. 3474: 3473:Dunbabin 1998 3469: 3466: 3463:, p. 73. 3462: 3461:Runciman 1958 3457: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3428: 3425: 3421: 3416: 3413: 3409: 3404: 3401: 3397: 3392: 3389: 3386:, p. 42. 3385: 3384:Dunbabin 1998 3380: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3357: 3354: 3350: 3345: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3334:Dunbabin 1998 3330: 3327: 3324:, p. 72. 3323: 3322:Runciman 1958 3318: 3316: 3314: 3310: 3307:, p. 11. 3306: 3305:Dunbabin 1998 3301: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3282:Dunbabin 1998 3278: 3275: 3272:, p. 71. 3271: 3270:Runciman 1958 3266: 3264: 3260: 3257:, p. 10. 3256: 3255:Dunbabin 1998 3251: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3236:Dunbabin 1998 3232: 3230: 3226: 3220: 3212: 3209:in 1204. The 3208: 3204: 3200: 3194: 3191: 3186: 3180: 3177: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3161: 3159: 3155: 3154: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3120: 3114: 3111: 3110: 3109:Kitab al-Hawi 3104: 3100: 3095: 3091: 3086: 3082: 3080: 3079:Jean Dunbabin 3076: 3075:Gérard Sivéry 3072: 3068: 3060: 3056: 3051: 3047: 3045: 3044:Thomas Tuscus 3041: 3037: 3033: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3013: 3009: 3006: 3003: 3000: 2996: 2993: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2975: 2972: 2969: 2966: 2962: 2959: 2958: 2957: 2951: 2946: 2938: 2933: 2912: 2905: 2875: 2872: 2864: 2862: 2861: 2828: 2824: 2822: 2818: 2816: 2812: 2788: 2779: 2777: 2767: 2765: 2756: 2737: 2716: 2714: 2704: 2692: 2685: 2683: 2682: 2673: 2666: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2646: 2639: 2613: 2610: 2602: 2600: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2580: 2578: 2570: 2568: 2556: 2554: 2553: 2546: 2538: 2536: 2528: 2526: 2520: 2508: 2506: 2490: 2488: 2477: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2467: 2460: 2453: 2438: 2431: 2407: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2392: 2376: 2371: 2366: 2357: 2350: 2348: 2336: 2330: 2322: 2318: 2312: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2289: 2282: 2273: 2269: 2268:judicial duel 2264: 2262: 2258: 2252: 2250: 2242: 2233: 2231: 2221: 2216: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2198: 2193: 2191: 2187: 2182: 2178: 2175: 2170: 2166: 2163: 2157: 2148: 2143: 2138: 2130: 2123: 2120: 2115: 2110: 2108: 2104: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2083:Hugh of Sully 2072: 2070: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2034: 2033:—to Charles. 2032: 2028: 2024: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2003: 2002: 1992: 1987: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1968:Matteo Orsini 1960: 1958: 1940: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1922: 1918: 1913: 1910: 1909: 1894: 1893:Pope John XXI 1890: 1886: 1878: 1870: 1861: 1855: 1844: 1839: 1832: 1830: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1811: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1792:papal primacy 1789: 1780: 1777: 1773: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1752: 1747: 1745: 1741: 1740:Stefan Uroš I 1737: 1733: 1729: 1724: 1722: 1717: 1713: 1704: 1699: 1697: 1693: 1683: 1679: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1652: 1650: 1647: 1638: 1635: 1630: 1626: 1617: 1615: 1614:typhoid fever 1611: 1598: 1596: 1592: 1586: 1578: 1576: 1572: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1548: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1526: 1523: 1515: 1513: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1495: 1491: 1486: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1470: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1450: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1431:Conrad Capece 1428: 1419: 1414: 1410: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1397: 1396:Latin Emperor 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1356: 1354: 1350: 1344: 1340: 1339: 1330: 1322: 1320: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1285: 1283: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1228: 1218: 1215: 1214:Guy Foulquois 1211: 1210:Simon of Brie 1206: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1187: 1185: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1169: 1167: 1166:Pope Urban IV 1163: 1159: 1154: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1083: 1081: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1056: 1053: 1048: 1043: 1042: 1032: 1028: 1023: 1019: 1017: 1012: 1008: 999: 994: 992: 990: 986: 978: 970: 966: 962: 958: 950: 947:they invaded 946: 938: 937:Aigues-Mortes 929: 925: 921: 916: 909: 907: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 884: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 861: 859: 855: 847: 842: 838: 835:had recently 834: 830: 825: 823: 819: 815: 812:(the wife of 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 780: 778: 776: 772: 768: 762: 760: 756: 749: 744: 740: 738: 734: 729: 728: 723:noted in his 722: 721:Matthew Paris 718: 714: 710: 706: 698: 693: 691: 689: 681: 677: 673: 669: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 635: 633: 629: 628:Pope Urban IV 625: 621: 620:Hohenstaufens 617: 614:to seize the 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 584: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 537: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 479: 476: 472: 469: 466: 462: 459: 456: 454: 450: 444: 441: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 425: 423: 420: 419: 413: 409: 385: 378: 377: 352: 345: 344: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 290: 287: 283: 279: 275: 272: 268: 264: 260: 257: 254: 250: 246: 242: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 216: 212: 208: 201: 197: 194: 191: 187: 184: 183: 181: 177: 174: 171: 167: 163: 161: 157: 153: 149: 144: 141:Contested by 138: 134: 127: 122: 117: 114: 111: 108: 104: 97: 83: 73: 72: 68: 61: 53: 51: 47: 46: 42: 35: 28: 27: 19: 8788: 8785: 8720:Ferdinand II 8670:Frederick II 8655:Constance II 8483:Ferdinand IV 8464:Ferdinand IV 8456: 8448:Ferdinand IV 8379:Ferdinand II 8244: 8102: 8088: 8062: 8041: 8035: 7910: 7883: 7868:Luca Savelli 7852: 7830: 7803: 7780: 7773: 7767: 7756: 7737: 7710: 7705: 7696: 7695: 7679: 7678: 7662: 7640: 7633: 7626: 7618: 7600: 7567: 7550: 7546: 7518: 7497: 7472: 7449: 7427: 7408: 7386: 7367: 7348: 7329: 7307: 7288: 7266: 7244: 7222: 7200: 7181: 7162: 7126: 7122: 7097: 7070: 7058: 7046: 7034: 7022: 6995: 6968: 6956: 6944: 6932: 6920: 6908: 6896: 6884: 6872: 6860: 6831: 6819: 6792: 6780: 6768: 6756: 6744: 6717: 6688: 6676: 6664: 6652: 6640: 6596: 6584: 6504: 6492: 6480: 6468: 6456: 6444: 6432: 6425:Housley 1982 6420: 6408: 6375: 6333: 6321: 6294: 6282: 6270: 6243: 6216: 6151: 6122: 6110: 6098: 6086: 6059: 6047: 6035: 6006: 5979: 5948: 5936: 5924: 5897: 5885: 5856: 5844: 5832: 5803: 5791: 5764: 5686: 5674: 5643: 5599: 5587: 5575: 5546: 5494: 5463: 5451: 5439: 5404: 5377: 5365: 5353: 5341: 5329: 5283: 5250: 5219: 5207: 5195: 5183: 5124: 5112: 5100: 5058: 5046: 5000: 4988: 4942: 4860: 4848: 4836: 4805: 4793: 4747: 4735: 4723: 4675: 4648: 4641:Partner 1972 4621: 4592: 4580: 4568: 4556: 4497: 4485: 4458: 4446: 4434: 4422: 4378: 4349: 4337: 4325: 4313: 4286: 4264:Housley 1982 4259: 4197:Housley 1982 4141: 4044: 4015: 4003: 3996:Housley 1982 3976: 3969:Housley 1982 3964: 3952: 3940: 3928: 3916: 3904: 3869: 3842: 3813: 3801: 3789: 3777: 3746: 3652: 3606: 3594: 3582: 3570: 3543: 3516: 3504: 3492: 3480: 3468: 3427: 3415: 3403: 3391: 3356: 3329: 3277: 3193: 3179: 3165:Castel Nuovo 3162: 3151: 3148:Jean de Meun 3143: 3117: 3115: 3087: 3083: 3064: 3029: 3017: 2954: 2651: 2362: 2337: 2313: 2290: 2265: 2253: 2237: 2217: 2194: 2183: 2179: 2167: 2152: 2111: 2076: 2035: 1988: 1961: 1941: 1914: 1862: 1847: 1827:Col de Tende 1812: 1781: 1748: 1725: 1700: 1688: 1656: 1639: 1618: 1599: 1588: 1573: 1549: 1530: 1522:Frankokratia 1490:Torre Astura 1487: 1471: 1451: 1423: 1380:Papal States 1357: 1353:Luca Savelli 1345: 1332: 1286: 1255: 1219: 1207: 1191: 1170: 1155: 1103: 1084: 1057: 1036: 1003: 933: 885: 862: 826: 784: 763: 752: 713:posthumously 702: 636: 585: 538: 489: 485: 484: 458:Anjou-Sicily 416: 112: 105:is only for 100: 67:Main sandbox 64: 38: 8750:Charles III 8705:Ferdinand I 8625:Frederick I 8615:Constance I 8610:William III 8578:(1130–1816) 8549:(1071–1130) 8487:(3rd reign) 8468:(2nd reign) 8452:(1st reign) 8442:Charles VII 8369:Ferdinand I 8348:(2nd reign) 8335:(1st reign) 8327:Charles III 8163:(1642–1933) 8116:Charles III 8002:Geoffrey II 7966:(1205–1432) 7825:Beatrice II 7815:Beatrice II 7430:. Longman. 7351:. Longman. 7291:. Longman. 6413:Bárány 2010 6368:Bárány 2010 6091:Harris 2014 5346:Bárány 2010 4517:Harris 2014 3205:during the 3185:Peter Herde 3128:troubadours 2169:Purveyances 2051:Jean d'Eppe 2005:of Sicily, 1668:nearest kin 1360:Ghibellines 1343:merchants. 1174:Ventimiglia 1047:grain trade 794:Forcalquier 737:Charlemagne 506:Forcalquier 285:Predecessor 252:Predecessor 169:Predecessor 45:Big Joenner 8765:Charles IV 8745:Philip III 8730:Charles II 8595:William II 8436:Charles VI 8424:Philip III 8406:Charles IV 8400:Joanna III 8374:Alfonso II 8306:Charles II 8247:under the 8147:Centurione 8095:Philip III 8028:Charles II 8007:William II 7997:Geoffrey I 7974:Champlitte 7916:1281–1285 7889:1268–1278 7858:1263–1266 7842:Charles II 7836:1256–1285 7809:1246–1248 7798:Beatrice I 7790:1246–1285 7762:1246–1285 7743:1278–1285 7732:William II 7722:Charles II 7716:1272–1285 7691:Charles II 7241:Engel, Pál 7000:Patai 1977 6749:Engel 2001 6722:Engel 2001 5849:Nicol 1984 5837:Nicol 1984 5708:Nicol 1984 5370:Nicol 1984 5144:Nicol 1984 5117:Nicol 1984 3221:References 2977:Charles II 1629:Longobucco 1482:Basilicata 1399:Baldwin II 1327:See also: 1135:Savigliano 1052:provencaux 888:Marseilles 694:Early life 573:Marseilles 298:Charles II 265:Charles II 232:Charles II 196:Charles II 160:Coronation 8770:Charles V 8755:Philip IV 8740:Philip II 8710:Alfonso I 8700:Martin II 8650:Charles I 8640:Conrad II 8605:Roger III 8590:William I 8478:Joachim I 8430:Charles V 8418:Philip II 8389:Louis III 8384:Frederick 8363:Alfonso I 8353:Joanna II 8345:Ladislaus 8332:Ladislaus 8300:Charles I 8203:Francesco 8121:Ladislaus 8076:Catherine 8055:Ferdinand 8050:Philip II 8023:Charles I 7981:William I 7706:New title 7636:1226/1227 7559:0440-8888 7265:(2009) . 7151:159990935 7143:0304-4181 6171:Lock 1995 6127:Lock 2006 5825:Fine 2009 5725:Lock 1995 5539:Lock 2006 5397:Lock 2006 5288:Fine 2009 5176:Fine 2009 5129:Fine 2009 4935:Lock 2006 4490:Fine 2009 4478:Lock 2006 4463:Fine 2009 4439:Lock 1995 3945:Lock 2006 3794:Lock 2006 3645:Lock 2006 3611:Lock 2006 3599:Lock 2006 3587:Lock 2006 3158:Purgatory 3119:jeu-parti 3094:Roman law 3008:Elisabeth 2397:in 1296. 2149:in Paris) 1676:escheated 1672:Parlement 1610:dysentery 1565:Agrigento 1510:Constance 1500:October. 1274:Benevento 1270:Apennines 1203:cardinals 1147:Biandrate 989:Holy Land 699:Childhood 645:, at the 618:from the 604:Provençal 500:. He was 486:Charles I 295:Successor 280:1278–1285 262:Successor 247:1246–1285 229:Successor 224:1246–1285 179:Successor 154:1266–1285 145:from 1282 119:Charles I 50:user page 39:the user 8735:Philip I 8695:Martin I 8675:Peter II 8635:Conrad I 8630:Henry II 8585:Roger II 8566:Roger II 8473:Joseph I 8412:Philip I 8340:Louis II 8316:Joanna I 8245:de facto 8193:Restaino 8188:Leonardo 8142:Maria II 8045:Philip I 8033:Isabella 7751:Beatrice 7494:(1958). 7470:(1977). 7448:(1972). 7407:(1984). 7328:(1982). 7287:(2014). 7243:(2001). 7221:(1998). 7161:(2012). 3933:Cox 1974 3921:Cox 1974 3485:Cox 1974 3432:Cox 1974 3420:Cox 1974 3408:Cox 1974 3396:Cox 1974 3361:Cox 1974 3349:Cox 1974 2971:Beatrice 2365:Brindisi 2347:August. 2272:Bordeaux 2220:communes 2209:Calabria 2069:in May. 2059:Piedmont 2031:Panormos 2023:Butrinto 2001:senechal 1976:Clemence 1819:Vercelli 1744:Orthodox 1662:and the 1608:August, 1453:Charles 1427:Conradin 1418:Conradin 1368:Florence 1323:Conradin 1289:Saracens 1272:towards 1131:Cherasco 1027:Camargue 1016:burghers 1009:and the 957:Damietta 881:baillies 865:appanage 822:usufruct 806:Margaret 798:Beatrice 790:Provence 755:Louis IX 733:Capetian 643:Conradin 612:Holy See 561:appanage 549:Beatrice 256:Beatrice 37:This is 8665:James I 8660:Peter I 8645:Manfred 8620:Henry I 8600:Tancred 8556:Roger I 8322:Louis I 8178:Antonio 8086:Maria I 8060:Matilda 8039:Florent 7674:Peter I 7657:Manfred 7605:. 1905. 7111:Sources 2961:Blanche 2162:deniers 2027:Sopotos 1921:bailiff 1716:Ajaccio 1646:Trapani 1634:carlini 1569:Sciacca 1557:Augusta 1474:Potenza 1465:, on 23 1459:Abruzzo 1384:Viterbo 1372:Podestà 1364:Tuscany 1252:(1266). 1199:senator 1195:Guelphs 1158:Manfred 1151:Saluzzo 1139:Mondovì 1072:enfeoff 1041:gabelle 977:bezants 896:Avignon 810:Eleanor 802:dowries 676:Messina 659:Guelphs 596:Hainaut 581:Avignon 404: 392: 388: 375: 359: 355: 340:Spouses 289:William 186:Peter I 173:Manfred 143:Peter I 69:| 41:sandbox 8725:Joanna 8497:*Also 8358:René I 8311:Robert 8100:Joanna 8081:Robert 7768:Vacant 7639: 7574: 7557: 7525: 7506: 7480: 7456: 7434: 7415: 7393: 7374: 7355: 7336: 7314: 7295: 7273: 7251: 7229: 7207: 7188: 7169: 7149: 7141: 3188:1230s. 3059:Hyères 3040:Amalfi 3026:Legacy 2995:Philip 2401:Family 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375:Foggia 2345: 2340: 2333: 2325: 2317:Nisida 2309: 2307:, on 2 2293:Catona 2285: 2276: 2245: 2228: 2224: 2201: 2114:Troyes 2107:Venice 2099: 2079: 2061:, but 2043: 2038: 2019: 1995: 1964: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1925: 1902: 1897: 1881: 1873: 1865: 1858: 1850: 1802:. The 1784: 1755: 1707: 1642: 1621: 1606: 1602: 1545: 1498: 1478:Aversa 1467: 1437:, the 1403:Philip 1317:Durrës 1305:Sicily 1293:Lucera 1278: 1262:Naples 1258: 1236: 1231: 1223: 1087: 1076: 981: 973: 953: 945:Cyprus 941: 850: 831:(whom 684: 624:Sicily 474:Mother 464:Father 438:Philip 398: 365: 328:Burial 321:Foggia 8690:Maria 8680:Louis 8561:Simon 8224:Carlo 8208:Carlo 8198:Carlo 8171:Tocco 8137:Peter 8111:James 8066:Louis 7786:Maine 7641:Died: 7634:Born: 7147:S2CID 3171:Notes 2377:on 30 2351:Death 2329:Gaeta 2241:Collo 2055:Forlì 1705:on 27 1527:Italy 1447:Henry 1390:with 1376:Lucca 1313:Corfu 1266:Capua 1227:Ostia 1119:Cuneo 1031:Rhone 961:Cairo 949:Egypt 939:on 25 892:Arles 877:Melun 873:Maine 869:Anjou 600:marks 577:Arles 569:Egypt 559:, in 518:Maine 453:House 412:Issue 402:) 394:( 390: 373:) 361:( 357: 277:Reign 244:Reign 221:Reign 215:Maine 151:Reign 16:< 8715:John 8319:with 8106:Otto 8103:with 8091:Hugh 8089:with 8071:John 8063:with 8036:with 7784:and 7775:John 7572:ISBN 7555:ISSN 7523:ISBN 7504:ISBN 7478:ISBN 7454:ISBN 7432:ISBN 7413:ISBN 7391:ISBN 7372:ISBN 7353:ISBN 7334:ISBN 7312:ISBN 7293:ISBN 7271:ISBN 7249:ISBN 7227:ISBN 7205:ISBN 7186:ISBN 7167:ISBN 7139:ISSN 3197:The 3034:and 2331:on 6 2323:on 5 2274:on 1 2093:and 2029:and 1982:and 1841:The 1823:Gozo 1790:and 1738:and 1612:and 1351:and 1295:– a 1212:and 1149:and 1143:Ceva 1127:Alba 1123:Asti 985:Acre 951:on 5 926:and 894:and 871:and 792:and 707:and 592:John 579:and 543:and 516:and 418:More 400:1268 371:1267 367:1246 315:Died 307:Born 213:and 60:here 8042:and 7131:doi 3057:in 1537:Odo 1291:of 567:to 43:of 8485:* 8466:* 8450:* 7599:. 7551:17 7549:. 7145:. 7137:. 7127:26 7125:. 7082:^ 7007:^ 6980:^ 6843:^ 6804:^ 6729:^ 6700:^ 6623:^ 6608:^ 6567:^ 6550:^ 6531:^ 6516:^ 6387:^ 6360:^ 6345:^ 6306:^ 6255:^ 6228:^ 6197:^ 6178:^ 6163:^ 6134:^ 6071:^ 6018:^ 5991:^ 5960:^ 5909:^ 5868:^ 5815:^ 5776:^ 5747:^ 5732:^ 5715:^ 5698:^ 5655:^ 5626:^ 5611:^ 5558:^ 5525:^ 5506:^ 5475:^ 5416:^ 5389:^ 5312:^ 5295:^ 5262:^ 5231:^ 5166:^ 5151:^ 5136:^ 5085:^ 5070:^ 5031:^ 5012:^ 4971:^ 4954:^ 4923:^ 4908:^ 4891:^ 4872:^ 4817:^ 4776:^ 4759:^ 4708:^ 4687:^ 4660:^ 4633:^ 4604:^ 4539:^ 4524:^ 4509:^ 4470:^ 4405:^ 4390:^ 4361:^ 4298:^ 4271:^ 4240:^ 4219:^ 4204:^ 4183:^ 4168:^ 4153:^ 4122:^ 4105:^ 4090:^ 4071:^ 4056:^ 4027:^ 3988:^ 3881:^ 3854:^ 3825:^ 3758:^ 3731:^ 3712:^ 3681:^ 3664:^ 3635:^ 3618:^ 3555:^ 3528:^ 3439:^ 3368:^ 3341:^ 3312:^ 3289:^ 3262:^ 3243:^ 3228:^ 3160:. 2025:, 1986:. 1912:. 1900:18 1891:. 1512:. 1476:, 1145:, 1141:, 1133:, 1129:, 1113:. 1082:. 890:, 739:. 575:, 512:, 396:m. 363:m. 56:. 8531:e 8524:t 8517:v 8444:* 8438:* 8432:* 8426:* 8420:* 8414:* 8408:* 8402:* 8396:* 8365:* 8302:* 8281:e 8274:t 8267:v 7948:e 7941:t 7934:v 7580:. 7561:. 7531:. 7512:. 7486:. 7462:. 7440:. 7421:. 7399:. 7380:. 7361:. 7342:. 7320:. 7301:. 7279:. 7257:. 7235:. 7213:. 7194:. 7175:. 7153:. 7133:: 3061:) 2991:. 1234:5 930:. 202:) 198:( 192:) 188:( 109:. 98:. 62:.

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