1032:"A self-idea of this sort seems to have three principled elements: the imagination of our appearance to the other person; the imagination of our appearance to the other person; the imagination of his judgment of that appearance; and some sort of self-feeling, such as pride or mortification. The comparison with a looking-glass hardly suggests the second element, the imagined judgment which is quite essential. The thing that moves us to pride or shame is not the mere mechanical reflection of ourselves, but an imputed sentiment, the imagined effect of this reflection upon another's mind." (Cooley, 1902, p.153)
1256:"Individuals come to "know" their own attitudes, emotions, and other internal states partially by inferring them from observations of their own overt behavior and/or the circumstances in which this behavior occurs. Thus, to the extent that internal cues are weak, ambiguous, or uninterpretable, the individual is functionally in the same position as an outside observer, an observer who must necessarily rely upon those same external cues to infer the individual's inner states." (Bem, 1972, p.2)
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Whether the assimilation or contrast effect prevails depends on the psychological closeness, with people feeling psychologically disconnected with their social surroundings being more likely to show contrast effects. Assimilation effects occur when the subject feels psychologically connected to their
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Felson believes this is due to communication barriers and imposed social norms which place limits on the information people recieve from others. This is especially true when the feedback would be negative; people rarely give one-another negative feedback, so people rarely conclude that another person
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Accurate self-knowledge can also be instrumental in maximizing feelings of self-worth. Success is one of the number of things that make people feel good about themselves, and knowing what we are like can make successes more likely, so self-knowledge can again be adaptive. This is due to the fact that
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Self-knowledge about the traits one possesses can be accessed without the need for episodic retrieval. This is shown through study of individuals with neurological impairments that make it impossible to recollect trait-related experiences, yet whom can still make reliable and accurate trait-ratings
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why they do what they do. When this occurs, they infer the causes of their behavior by analyzing their behavior in the conext in which it occured. Outside observers of the behavior would reach a similar conclusion as the individual performing it. The individuals then draw logical conclusions about
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than others. In both cases, thoughts about the self still serve to enhance feelings of self-worth. The universal need is not a need to think about oneself in any specific way, rather a need to maximize one's feelings of self-worth. This is the meaning of the self enhancement motive with respect to
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Many theorists believe that we have a motive to protect the self-concept (and thus our self-knowledge) from change. This motive to have consistency leads people to look for and welcome information that is consistent with what they believe to be true about themselves; likewise, they will avoid and
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The sequence of reflected appraisals may accurately characterize patterns in early childhood due to the large amount of feedback infants recieve from their parents, yet it appears to be less relevant later in life. This is due to the fact that people are not passive, as the model assumes. People
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People compare attributes with others and draw inferences about what they themselves are like. However, the conclusions a person ultimately draws depend on whom in particular they compare themselves with. The need for accurate self-knowledge was originally thought to guide the social comparison
366:. However, self-awareness may in itself be a necessary condition for self-knowledge to be sought after and developed in the first place. Self-awareness alone is not enough for a being to be considered self-conscious; young infants and even animals display elements of simple self-awareness and
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does not refer to concept-based knowledge stored about a specific experience like episodic memory. Instead it includes the memory of meanings, understandings, general knowledge about the world, and factual information etc. This makes semantic knowledge independent of context and personal
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A stranger's ratings about a participant are more correspondent to the participant's self-assessment ratings when the stranger has been subject to the participant's thoughts and feelings than when the stranger has been subject to the participant's behavior alone, or a combination of the
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Accuracy needs influence the way in which people search for self-knowledge. People frequently wish to know the truth about themselves without regard as to whether they learn something positive or negative. There are three considerations which underlie this need:
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refers to the fact that people seem motivated to experience positive emotional states and to avoid experiencing negative emotional states. People are motivated to feel good about themselves in order to maximize their feelings of self-worth, thus enhancing their
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are an important source of self-knowledge, especially when people make attributions for positive and negative events. The key elements in self-perception theory are explanations people give for their actions, these explanations are known as causal
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People regard themselves as at the opposite end of the spectrum of a given trait to the people in their company. However, this effect has come under criticism as to whether it is a primary effect as it seems to share space with the
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Self-verification theory assumes that social interactions will proceed more smoothly and profitably when other people view us the same was as we view ourselves. This provides a second reason to selectively seek self-verifying
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Evans, J., Wilson, B., Wraight, E. P., & Hodges, J. R. (1993). Neuropsychological and SPECT scan findings during and after transient global amnesia: Evidance for the differential impairment of remote episodic memory.
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People have goals that lead them to seek, notice, and interpret information about themselves. These goals begin the quest for self-knowledge. There are three primary motives that lead us in the search for self-knowledge:
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We feel more comfortable and secure when we believe that others see us in the same way that we see ourselves. Actively seeking self-verifying feedback helps people avoid finding out that they are wrong about their
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People are able to maintain a sense of self that is supported by semantic knowledge of personal facts in the absence of direct access to the memories that describe the episodes on which the knowledge is based.
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process information from the social world. Once a person's ideas about themselves take shape, these also influence the manner in which new information is gathered and interpreted, and thus the cycle continues.
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The theory has been applied to a wide range of phenomena. Under particular conditions, people have been shown to infer their attitudes, emotions, and motives, in the same manner described by the theory.
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Knowing what one is really like can sometimes help an individual to achieve their goals. The basic fundamental goal to any living thing is survival, therefore accurate self knowledge can be adaptive to
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Whether introspection always fosters self-insight is not entirely clear. Thinking too much about why we feel the way we do about something can sometimes confuse us and undermine true self-knowledge.
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affects the way people think about themselves. People with high self-esteem are more likely to be thinking of themselves in positive terms at a given time than people suffering low self-esteem.
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The physical world is generally a highly visible, and quite easily measurable source of information about one's self. Information one may be able to obtain from the physical world may include:
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in 1983 to put a name to the aforementioned phenomena. The theory states that once a person develops an idea about what they are like, they will strive to verify the accompanying self-views.
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Individuals think of themselves in many different ways, yet only some of these ideas are active at any one given time. The idea that is specifically active at a given time is known as the
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These factors of self-verification theory create controversy when persons suffering from low-self esteem are taken into consideration. People who hold negative self-views about themselves
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leaving her unable to recall any events that occured prior to the development of amnesia. However, her memory for general facts about her life during the period of amnesia remained intact.
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Semantic memory enables an individual to know information, including information about their selves, without having to consciously recall the experiences that taught them such knowledge.
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Episodic memory is not the only drawing point for self-knowledge, contrary to long-held beliefs. Self-knowledge must therefore be expanded to include the semantic component of memory.
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self-knowledge is neither the only, nor most important factor that guides the social comparison process, the need to feel good about ourselves affects the social comparison process.
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about oursleves). This implies physiological properties such as hair color, race, and height etc.; and psychological properties like beliefs, values, and dislikes to name but a few.
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think of themselves is the most important personal factor that influences current self-representation. This is especially true for attributes that are important and self-defining.
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Klein, S. B., & Loftus, J. (1993). The mental representation of trait and autobiographical knowledge about the self. (As cited in
Sedikedes, C., & Brewer, M. B. (Eds.),
1026:", which describes how we see ourselves reflected in other peoples' eyes. He argued that a person's feelings towards themselves are socially determined via a three-step process:
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Even when attributes can be assessed with reference to the physical world, the knowledge that we gain is not necessarily the knowledge we are seeking. Every measure is simply a
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Sedikedes, C., & Strube, M. J. (1997). Self-evaluation: To thine own self be good, to thine own self be sure, to thine own self be true, and to thine own self be better.
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The comparative nature of self-views means that people rely heavily on the social world when seeking information about their selves. Two particular processes are important:
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Lepper, M. R., Greene, D., & Nisbett, R. E. (1973). Undermining of children's intrinsic interest with extrinsic rewards: A test of the "overjustification" hypothesis.
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When we are happy we tend to think more about our positive qualities and attributes, whereas when we are sad our negative qualities and attributes become more accessible.
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In this case, self-enhancement needs lead people to seek information about themselves in such a way that they are likely to conclude that they truly possess the quaities.
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proposes that whether people are thinking about themselves in terms of either their social groups or various personal identities depends partly on the social context.
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in order to verify their self-views. This is in stark contrast to self-enhancement motives that suggest a person is driven by the desire to feel good about themselves.
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can have accurate and detailed semantic knowledge of what they are like as a person, for example which particular personality traits and characteristics they possess.
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Wilson, T. D., Lisle, D., Schooler, J., Hodges, S. D., Klaaren, K. J., & LaFleur, S. J. (1993). Introspecting about reasons can reduce post-choice satisfaction.
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Tulving, E., Schacter, D. L., McLachlan, D. R., & Moscovitch, M. (1988). Priming of semantic autobiographical knowledge: A case study of retrograde amnesia.
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Individuals have been shown to maintain a sense of self despite catastrophic impairments in episodic recollection. For example subject W.J., who suffered dense
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Klein, S. B., Loftus, J., & Kihlstrom, J. F. (1996). Self-knowledge of an amnesia patient: Toward a neuropsychology of personality and social psychology.
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People can deliberately activate particular self-views. We select appropriate images of ourselves depending on what role we wish to play in a given situation.
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Schlenker, B. R., & Weigold, M. F. (1989). Goals and the self-identification process: Constructing desired identities. (As cited in Brown, J. D. (1998).
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The
Assimilation effect states that people evaluate themselves more positively when they are in the company of others who are exemplary on some dimension.
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I'm down to the accuracy section but Aiden has kindly nominated me to write on the blog how to get pictures onto your articles, so I'm off to do that now.
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The extent of the effect depends on personal variables. For example people with high self-esteem do not show this effect, and sometimes do the opposite.
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Phew, took the weekend off cause I can't figure out how to put a picture I made into my article. Just got down to the
Motives section. Gonna plough on.
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Swann, W. B., Jr. (1983). Self-verification: Bringing social reality into harmony with the self. (As cited in Suls, J., & Greenwald, A. G. (Eds.),
814:. Not everyone has been shown to persue a self-consistency motive; but it has played an important role in verious other influential theories, such as
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Occasionally people simply want to reduce any uncertainty. They may want to know for the sheer intrinsic pleasure of knowing what they are truly like.
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McGuire, W. J., & McGuire, C. V. (1981). The spontaneous self-concept as affected by personal distinctiveness. (As cited in Brown, J. D. (1998).
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Sedikides, C. (1995). Central and peripheral self-conceptions are differentially influenced by mood: Tests of the different sensitivity hypothesis.
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This kind of declarative memory privides an individual with a personal narrative and a view of their selves as existing throughout a period of time.
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This suggests that a separate type of knowledge contributes to the self-concept, as W.J.'s knowledge could not have come from her episodic memory.
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Swann, W. B., Jr. (1990). To be adored or to be known? The interplay of self-enhancement and self-verification. (As cited in Brown, J. D. (1998).
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Fazio et al. found that selective memory for prior events can temporarily activate self-representations which, once activated, guide our behavior.
188:. I'm going to be writing all the text up at the bottom of my page, then copy and paste it over to the self-knowledge page once I'm finished.
54:. Be aware that the page may be outdated and that the user whom this page is about may have no personal affiliation with any site other than
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Kihlstrom, J. F., & Klein, S. B. (1994). The self as a knowledgeable structure. (As cited in
Sedikedes, C., & Brewer, M. B. (Eds.),
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Epstein, S. (1980). The self-concept: A review and the proposal of an integrated theory of personality. (As cited in Brown, J. D. (1998).
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in that its motives guide our search to gain greater clarity and assurance that our own self-concept is an accurate representation of our
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Kihlstrom, J. F., & Klein, S. B. (1997). Self-knowledge and self-awareness. (As cited inn
Sedikedes, C., & Brewer, M. B. (Eds.),
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is the autobiographical memory that individuals possess which contains events, associated emotions, and knowledge around a given context.
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Minoriy groups are more distinctive, so group identity should be more salient amoung minority group members than majority group members.
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A similar dissociation occurred in K.C. who suffered a total loss of episodic memory, but still knew a variety of facts about himself.
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How a person think of themselves depends largely on the social role they are playing. Social roles influence our personal identities.
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Other physiological factors such as hunger, lack of sleep, and hormonal changes can also alter the way people think about themselves.
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Despite being largely unaware of how one person in particular is evaluating them, people are better at knowing what other people
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Nelson, L. J., & Miller, D. T. (1995). The distinctiveness effect in social categorization: You are what makes you unusual.
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Klein, S. B., Chan, R. L., & Loftus, J. (1999). Independence of episodic and semantic self-knowledge: The case from autism.
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Andersen, S. M. (1984). Self-knowledge and social inference: II. The diagnosticity of cognitive/affective and behavioral data.
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Memory for prior events influence how people think about themselves.ref>Kunda, Z. (1990). The case for motivated reasoning.
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This is not an encyclopedia article or the talk page for an encyclopedia article. If you find this page on any site other than
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Brown, J. D., & Mankowski, T. A. (1993). Self-esteem, mood, and self-evaluation: Changes in mood and the way you see you.
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Laird, J. D. (1974). Self-attribution and emotion: The effects of expressive behavior on the quality of emotional experience.
1122:. Although this may in fact occur, the influence of a common third variable could also produce an association between the two.
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Olson, J. M., & Hafer, C. L. (1990). Self-inference processes: Looking back and ahead. (As cited in Brown, J. D. (1998).
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Cermack, L. S., & O'Connor, M. (1983). The anteriograde retrieval ability of a patient with amnesia due to encephalitis.
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do something particularly well, thus protecting the person from persuing a dead-end dream that is likely to end in failure.
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Brown, J. D., & Smart, S. A. (1991). The self and social conduct: Linking self-representations to prosocial behavior.
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Roberts, B. W., & Donahue , E. M. (1994). One personality, multiple selves: Integrating personality and social roles.
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Self-concept is also known as the self-schema, made of innumerable smaller self-schemas that are "chronically accessible".
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Causal attributions provide answers to "Why?" questions by attributing a person's behavior (including our own) to a cause.
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People are also known to compare themselves with people who are slightly better off than they themselves are (known as an
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Have finished with the bulk of the text, going to add some things like 'see also' and stuff, then check for any mistakes.
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The social environment has an influence on the way people evaluate themselves as a result of social-comparison processes.
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than one's peers. However in some situations and cultures, feelings of self-worth are promoted by thinking of oneself as
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Brewer, M. B., & Weber, J. G. (1994). Self-evaluation effects of interpersonal versus intergroup social comparison.
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There are three sources of information available to an individual through which to search for knowledge about the self:
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Felson, R. B. (1993). The (somewhat) social self: How others affect self-appraisals. (As cited in Brown, J. D. (1998).
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Self-theories have traditionally failed to distinguish between different sources that inform self-knowledge, these are
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Kenny, D. A., & DePaulo, B. M. (1993). Do people know how others view them? An empirical and theoretical account.
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Participants in an introspection condition are less accurate when predicting their own future behavior than controls.
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I've added some little bits, now going to transfer it over to the official Self-knowledge page before I polish it up!
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Wilson, T. D., & LaFleur, S. J. (1995). Knowing what you'll do: Effects of analyzing reasons on self-prediction.
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describes our "inner world". There are three processes that influence how people acquire knowledge about themselves:
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The connection between our memory and our self-knowledge has been recognized for many years by leading minds in both
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Klein, S., Cosmides, L., & Costabile, K. (2003). Preserved knowledge of self in a case of
Alzheimer's dementia.
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Wilson, T. D., & Hodges, S. D. (1992). Attitudes as temporary constructions. (As cited in Brown, J. D. (1998).
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Rogers, T. B., Kuiper, N. A., & Kirker, W. S. (1977). Self-reference and the encoding of personal information.
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The current self-representation influences information processing, emotion, and behavior and is influenced by both
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This means that any measurement only merits meaning when it is expressed in respect to the measurements of others.
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Trope, Y. (1986). Self-enhancement, self-assessment, and achievement behavior. (As cited in Brown, J. D. (1998).
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In many situations and cultures, feelings of self-worth are promted by thinking of oneself as highly capable or
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This evidence for the dissociation between episodic and semantic self-knowledge has made several things clear:
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for a creature to become truly self-conscious. It is the knowledge of one's self and one's properties and the
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Fazio, R. H., Effrein, E. A., & Falender, V. J. (1981). Self-perception following social interaction.
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Morse, S., & Gergen, K. J. (1970). Social comparison, self-consistency, and the concept of the self.
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Collins, R. L. (1996). For better or worse: The impact of upward social comparisons on self-evaluations.
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differs slightly from how other theories have previously defined self-enhancement needs, for example the
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The imagined evaluation leads us to feel good or bad, in accordance with the judgement we have conjured.
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Recent events can cue particular views of the self, either as a direct result of failure, or via mood.
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reject information which presents inconsistencies with their beliefs. This phenomenon is also known as
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Many attributes are not measurable in the physical world, such as kindness, cleverness and sincerity.
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Research has only revealed limited support for the models and various arguments raise their heads:
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A basic schematic representation of memory showing the 'locations' of semantic and episodic memory.
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selves respectively, as they refer to the emotional and behavioral components of the self-concept.
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involves looking inwards and directly consulting our attitudes, feelings and thoughts for meaning.
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Studies have shown there is a memory advantage for information encoded with reference to the self.
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People tend to think of themselves in ways that distinguish them from their social surroundings.
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of themselves, and even revise these judgements based on new experiences they cannot even recall.
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to describe the information that an individual draws upon when finding an answer to the question
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occur when a person observes how others respond to them. The process was first explained by the
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Most of our personal identities are therefore sealed in comparative terms from the social world.
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Finkelstein, N. W., & Ramey, C. T. (1977). Learning to control the environment in infancy.
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to the level of that attribute in, say, the general population or another specific individual.
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and psychology , yet the precise specification of the relation remains a point of controversy.
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Wood, J. V. (1989). Theory and research concerning social comparisons of personal attributes.
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Swann, W. B., Jr., Stein-Seroussi, A., & Giesler, R. B. (1992). Why people self-verify.
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Brown, J. D. (1991). Accuracy and bias in self-knowledge. (As cited in Brown, J. D. (1998).
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behavior; for example "If nobody wants to spend time with me it must be because I'm boring".
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Baldwin, M. W. (1994). Primed relational schemas as a sourse of self-evaluative reactions.
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Imagining how one appears to others has an effect on how they one thinks about themselves.
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Chemical imbalances in the brain can trigger positive and negative thoughts about oneself.
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Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., Oakes, P. J., Reicher, S. D., & Wetherell, M. S. (1987).
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process, and researchers assumed that comparing with others who are similar to us in the
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The more distinctive the attribute, the more likely it will be used to describe oneself.
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One particular goal that influences activation of self-views is the desire to feel good.
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I'm down to reflected appraisals, this is taking so much longer than I had anticipated.
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who have difficulty recognizing their own family have shown evidence of self-knowledge.
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Have finished writing-up all my notes from books and am about to commence wikifying! --
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Self-Appraisals - Our ideas about what we are like based on the perceived appraisals.
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Markus, H., & Kunda, Z. (1986). Stability and malleability of the self-concept.
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Markus, H., & Kunda, Z. (1986). Stability and malleability of the self-concept.
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Self-recognition in chimpanzees and man: A developmental and comparative perspective
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Consulting one's own thoughts and feelings can result in meaningful self-knowledge.
524:, which contains memory of facts. Declarative memory is the explicit counterpart to
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Group status interacts with group size to affect the salience of social identities.
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Weiner, B. (1985). An attributional theory of achievement motivation and emotion.
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Snyder, M. (1979). Self-monitoring processes (As cited in Brown, J. D. (1998).
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Helgeson, V. S., & Mickelson, K. D. (1995). Motives for social comparison.
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People are not generally good at knowing what an individual thinks about them.
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Two considerations are thought to drive the search for self-verifing feedback:
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Kunda, Z., & Santioso, R. (1989). Motivated changes in the self-concept.
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Bem, D. J. (1972). Self-perception theory. (As cited in Brown, J. D. (1998).
1319:. Other theorists have referred to the same thing in several different ways:
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Wilson's work is based on the assumption that people are not always aware of
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Steele, C. M., & Spencer, S. J. (1992). The primacy of self-integrity.
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Wills, T. A. (1981). Downward comparison principles in social psychology.
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to know what they are really like. This view holds particularly strong in
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Other theorists have talken the term to mean that people are motivated to
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In 1963, John W. Kinch adapted Cooley's model to explain how a person's
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our attitudes, feelings and motives. With self-perception processes we
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This link is particularly strong for people suffering low self-esteem.
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Crocker, J., & Wolfe, C. T. (2001). Contingencies of self-worth.
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463:. The analitical interpretation of our own memory can also be called
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Self-knowledge and its structure affect how events we experience are
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Some of the effect will be direct, from the chemicals in the drugs.
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Link to Dr. Swann's
Homepage where you can find many of his works.
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influences the accessibility of positive and negative self-views.
417:; for this reason the cognitive self is also referred to as the
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For my wikiproject I'm going to be re-writing and improving the
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Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes.
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Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes.
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The size of the group affects the salience of group-identities.
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Preserved and impaired self-knowledge in amnesia: A case study
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Situational
Factors that Influence Current Self-Representation
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Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory.
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Group identities are more salient in the intergroup contexts.
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Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence
Erlbaum Associates. ISBN: 089859197X
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Similar to introspection, but with an important difference:
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Charles H. Cooley in 1902 as part of his discussion of the "
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in fact promoted by thinking of oneself in favorable terms.
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Personal
Factors that Influence Current Self-Representation
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People also gain self-knowledge by making attributions for
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Actual Appraisals - What other people actually think of us.
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Kinch, J. W. (1963). A formalized theory of self-concept.
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Percieved Appraisals - Our perception of these appraisals.
421:. The cognitive self is made up of everything we know (or
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This is harder than I thought, gonna blow my brains out!!
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Evidence also exists that shows how patients with severe
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The affective and executive selves are also known as the
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to seek such knowledge that guide the development of the
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And are less satisfied with their choices and decisions.
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about thamselves in highly favorable terms, rather than
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Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 56,
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Tulving, E. (1989). Remembering and knowing the past.
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Giving reasons but not feelings disrupts self-insight.
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We imagine how we appear in the eyes of anther person.
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self-enhancement needs can be met by knowing that one
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Klein, S. B., Kihlstrom, J. F., 7 Loftus, J. (2000).
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London: Edmund Parker. (Original work published 1690)
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There is also substantial evidence that the need for
370:/contingency. However it requires a greater level of
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Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press. ISBN: 1841690430
2630:Sedikides, C., & Spencer, S. J. (Eds.) (2007).
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113:
103:
2618:Individual self, relational self, collective self.
1919:Individual self, relational self, collective self.
1841:Individual self, relational self, collective self.
1828:Individual self, relational self, collective self.
1083:This model is also of a phenomenological approach.
518:. Both episodic and semantic memory are facets of
2595:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41,
2582:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60,
2556:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66,
2543:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 16,
2465:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69,
2452:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64,
2439:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51,
2426:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51,
2361:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 28,
2348:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 29,
2296:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68,
2270:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46,
2140:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62,
2127:Social psychological perspectives on the self, 2,
1444:Some of the effect will be mediated through mood.
1044:We then imagine how that person is evaluating us.
485:Is There a Specialized Memory for Self-Knowledge?
2625:Psychological perspectives on the self (Vol. 1).
1854:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35
1843:(pp. 35-36). Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press)
1830:(pp. 35-36). Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press)
1482:Distinctiveness also influences the salience of
1088:Arguments Against the Reflected Appraisal Models
1038:In simplefied terms, Cooley's three stages are:
655:Motives that Guide our Search for Self-Knowledge
2309:Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 19,
2205:Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21,
1102:dislikes them or is evaluating them negatively.
2569:Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 13,
2491:Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 25,
2063:Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 29
901:Strength - By measuring how much one can lift.
1921:(pp. 36). Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press)
1656:False theories shape autobiographical memory.
981:Complications of the Social Comparison Theory
743:In Western societies, feelings of self-worth
596:Semantic Self as the Source of Self-Knowledge
8:
2634:New York: Psychology Press. ISBN: 1841694398
83:
2616:Sedikides, C., & Brewer, M. B. (2001).
1114:The reflected appraisal model assumes that
1065:about themselves develop rather than their
455:, and what conclusions we draw from how we
439:Self-Knowledge and its Relation with Memory
2385:Jones, E. E., & Gerard, H. B. (1967).
2088:Self-consistency: A theory of personality.
82:
502:Self-Knowledge and the Division of Memory
1880:Journal of Experimental Psychology, 125,
1802:An essay concerning human understanding.
1276:our attitudes, feelings, and motives by
1241:The theory is concerned with how people
540:
2613:New York: McGraw Hill. ISBN: 0070083061
1767:
1573:Significant Others and Self-Evaluations
755:See "Self-Verification Theory" section.
1615:Specific Types of Knowledge Deficiency
772:Some people believe they have a moral
385:Self-knowledge is a component of the
7:
1441:(Prozac) can have a similar effect.
354:Self-knowledge is a prerequisite of
307:
283:
2663:WikiProject Psychology participants
1469:Social Context and Self-Description
1332:Aspects of the Working Self-Concept
63:. The original page is located at
2231:American Journal of Sociology, 68,
2218:Human nature and the social order.
1535:Social Context and Self-Evaluation
864:selectively seek negative feedback
14:
2648:Wikipedians in the United Kingdom
2387:Foundations of social psychology.
2220:New York: Charles Scribner's Sons
2114:A theory of cognitive dissonance.
1234:they feel the way they do. Bem's
703:Contingencies of Self-Worth Model
2532:Oxford, England: Basil Blackwell
1677:predictions of future knowledge.
469:, and is an important factor of
409:Self-knowledge is linked to the
311:
287:
1666:Deficiency of knowledge of the
1642:Deficiency of knowledge of the
1625:Deficiency in knowledge of the
1195:Arguments Against Introspection
838:This theory was put forward by
2129:33-66. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum)
1069:. :Kinch's three stages were:
904:Height - By measuring oneself.
274:) 22:59, 9 November 2009 (UTC)
263:) 19:49, 7 November 2009 (UTC)
252:) 23:09, 4 November 2009 (UTC)
241:) 19:18, 4 November 2009 (UTC)
230:) 22:10, 2 November 2009 (UTC)
219:) 21:14, 28 October 2009 (UTC)
208:) 17:57, 28 October 2009 (UTC)
1:
1250:why they behaved as they did.
1052:Note that this model is of a
898:Weight - By weighing oneself.
844:University of Texas at Austin
60:pedia
46:pedia
31:pedia
2504:Journals of Personality, 62,
2257:Psychological Bulletin, 114,
2179:Psychological Bulletin, 119,
1815:The principles of psychology
1598:Psychological Bulletin, 108,
1311:Activation of Self-Knowledge
362:as a raw subject) alongside
96:
2166:Psychologial Bulletin, 106,
1774:Gallup, G. G., Jr. (1979).
1717:Cognitive Dissonance Theory
1649:Knowledge from the present
1610:Self-Knowledge Deficiencies
1317:Current Self-Representation
1238:makes a similar assumption.
816:cognitive dissonance theory
449:, how they are selectively
2679:
2192:Psychological Bulletin 90,
2116:Evanston, IL: Row Peterson
1985:Psychological Review, 108,
1749:Self-Categorization Theory
1653:the knowledge of the past.
1490:Self-categorization theory
1222:
963:
825:
678:
576:
553:
389:, or more accurately, the
2517:Psychological Science, 6,
2374:Psychological Review, 92,
2101:Psychological Enquiry, 3,
1974:. Unpublished manuscript.
1817:(Vol. 1). New York: Holt.
1778:. New York: Plenum Press.
1673:Knowledge of the present
1219:Self-Perception Processes
1162:Self-Perception Processes
976:ways is more informative.
871:Sources of Self-Knowledge
358:(not to be confused with
88:
2658:Wikipedian psychologists
1725:Social Comparison Theory
1721:Self-Verification Theory
1326:Spontaneous Self-Concept
966:Social comparison theory
948:Social Comparison Theory
828:Self-verification theory
822:Self-Verification Theory
812:self-verification theory
318:This user is a member of
132:Education and employment
1906:Brain and Cognition, 8,
1893:American Scientist, 77,
1150:The psychological world
1145:The Psychological World
885:The Psychological World
57:Wiki
43:Wiki
28:Wiki
2216:Cooley, C. H. (1902).
2112:Festinger, L. (1957).
2090:New York: Island Press
2009:Rosenburg, M. (1979).
1789:Child Development, 48,
1737:Self-Perception Theory
1433:Certain drugs such as
1278:analyzing our behavior
1268:With introspection we
1259:
1236:self-perception theory
1225:Self-perception_theory
1035:
546:
322:WikiProject Psychology
156:Southampton University
16:Knowledge (XXG) editor
2609:Brown, J. D. (1998).
2013:New York: Basic Books
1945:Neuropsychologia, 21,
1932:Social Cognition, 17,
1753:Affective Forecasting
1681:Affective forecasting
1253:
1029:
544:
122:Current location
2011:Conceiving the self.
1867:Social Cognition, 21
1600:480-498</ref>
1564:social surroundings.
1329:Self-Identifications
1120:perceived appraisals
1016:Reflected appraisals
1010:Reflected Appraisals
954:Reflected Appraisals
2153:Human Relations, 7,
2050:Human Relations, 7,
1555:Assimilation Effect
1545:The Contrast Effect
1323:The Phenomenal Self
1293:Causal attributions
1287:Causal Attributions
1167:Casual Attributions
994:downward comparison
186:Self-Knowledge page
85:
73:ki/User:Garethlines
2086:Lecky, P. (1945).
1813:James, W. (1890).
1800:Locke, J. (1731).
1024:looking-glass self
890:The Physical World
879:The Physical World
610:retrograde amnesia
547:
521:declarative memory
452:retrieved/recalled
405:The Executive Self
402:The Affective Self
399:The Cognitive Self
356:self-consciousness
344:is a term used in
140:Psychology Student
50:you are viewing a
2623:Suls, J. (1982).
2480:USA: McGraw-Hill)
2415:USA: McGraw-Hill)
2402:USA: McGraw-Hill)
2337:USA: McGraw-Hill)
2324:USA: McGraw-Hill)
2285:USA: McGraw-Hill)
2246:USA: McGraw-Hill)
2077:USA: McGraw-Hill)
2039:USA: McGraw-Hill)
2026:USA: McGraw-Hill)
2000:USA: McGraw-Hill)
1116:actual appraisals
990:upward comparison
960:Social Comparison
527:procedural memory
350:"what am I like?"
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1054:phenomenological
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70:pedia.org/wi
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1745:Self-Esteem
1675:overinforms
1668:future self
1651:overinforms
1382:Self-esteem
1375:Self-Esteem
1342:situational
1136:selectively
1020:sociologist
909:Limitations
853:self-views.
805:Consistency
693:self-esteem
670:Consistency
268:Garethlines
257:Garethlines
246:Garethlines
235:Garethlines
224:Garethlines
213:Garethlines
202:Garethlines
84:Garethlines
52:mirror site
2642:Categories
1763:References
1504:Group Size
1439:Fluoxetine
1396:Mood state
1390:Mood State
1118:determine
782:philosophy
774:obligation
495:alzheimers
479:philosophy
466:metamemory
419:known self
346:psychology
137:Occupation
92:Wikipedian
25:This is a
2632:The self.
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1998:The self.
1961:1227-1230
1729:Sociology
1644:past self
1344:factors.
974:important
857:feedback.
792:survival.
738:Arguments
457:interpret
415:true self
372:cognition
145:Education
35:user page
1791:806-819.
1705:The Self
1692:See Also
1338:personal
1132:actively
1067:feelings
1063:thoughts
1001:accurate
778:theology
760:Accuracy
729:or even
699:feelings
667:Accuracy
195:Timeline
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1435:Lithium
1365:usually
1243:explain
1111:think.
1056:nature.
842:of the
799:can not
727:average
630:amnesia
446:encoded
153:College
99: —
97:♂
89:—
1709:Memory
723:better
536:stated
461:memory
433:active
376:desire
368:agency
95:
2298:21-35
2181:51-69
1409:Goals
731:worse
710:think
532:facts
279:Boxes
166:Email
1908:3-20
1437:and
1340:and
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1188:two.
1134:and
780:and
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512:and
459:the
431:and
429:felt
387:self
272:talk
261:talk
250:talk
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114:Born
104:Name
1232:why
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