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see what outcomes they have in common, and find places where they may need improvement, based on the achievement of outcomes at other institutions. The ability to compare easily across institutions allows students to move between institutions with relative ease. The institutions can compare outcomes to determine what credits to award the student. The clearly articulated outcomes should allow institutions to assess the student’s achievements rapidly, leading to more movement of students. These outcomes also work for a school to work transition. A potential employer can look at records of the potential employee to determine what outcomes they have achieved. They can then determine if the potential employee has the skills necessary for the job.
270:, such as inexpensive, multiple-choice computer-scored questions with single correct answers, to quickly rank students on ability. These tests do not give criterion-based judgments as to whether students have met a single standard of what every student is expected to know and do: they merely rank the students in comparison with each other. In this system, grade-level expectations are defined as the performance of the median student, a level at which half the students score better and half the students score worse. By this definition, in a normal population, half of students are expected to perform above grade level and half the students below grade level, no matter how much or how little the students have learned.
496:. It mandated certain measurements as a condition of receiving federal education funds. States are free to set their own standards, but the federal law mandates public reporting of math and reading test scores for disadvantaged demographic subgroups, including racial minorities, low-income students, and special education students. Various consequences for schools that do not make "adequate yearly progress" are included in the law. In 2010 President Obama proposed improvements for the program. In 2012 the U.S. Department of Education invited states to request flexibility waivers in exchange for rigorous plans designed to improve students education in the state.
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scale, in either the United States or
Australia. An evaluation of Australian schools found that implementing OBE was difficult. Teachers felt overwhelmed by the amount of expected achievement outcomes. Educators believed that the curriculum outcomes did not attend to the needs of the students or teachers. Critics felt that too many expected outcomes left students with shallow understanding of the material. Many of Australia’s current education policies have moved away from OBE and towards a focus on fully understanding the essential content, rather than learning more content with less understanding.
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become too involved, bogging the system down, so that important improvements get lost with other changes that are being suggested. Instructors will also find that their work is increased; they must work to first understand the outcome, then build a curriculum around each outcome they are required to meet. Instructors have found that implementing multiple outcomes is difficult to do equally, especially in primary school. Instructors will also find their work load increased if they chose to use an assessment method that evaluates students holistically.
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to a loss of understanding and learning for students, who may never be shown how to use the knowledge they have gained. Instructors are faced with a challenge, they must learn to manage an environment that can become fundamentally different from what they are accustomed to, in regards to giving assessments they must be willing to put in the time required to create a valid, reliable assessment, that ideally would allow students to demonstrate their understanding of the information, while remaining objective.
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generally tracks and reports not just a single overall grade for a subject, but also give information about several specific outcomes within that subject. For example, rather than just getting a passing grade for mathematics, a student might be assessed as level 4 for number sense, level 5 for algebraic concepts, level 3 for measurement skills, etc. This approach is valuable to schools and parents by specifically identifying a student's strengths and weaknesses.
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indicates that the teacher believes that a student has learned enough of the current material to be able to succeed in the next level of work. A student technically cannot flunk in this system: a student who needs to review the current material will simply not achieve the next level at the same time as most of his same-age peers. This acknowledges differential growth at different stages, and focuses the teacher on the individual needs of the students.
221:(top student gets the best grade, worst student always fails (even if they know all the material), everyone else is evenly distributed in the middle) is never accepted in OBE or standards-based education. Instead, a student's performance is related in absolute terms: "Jane knows how to write the letters of the alphabet" or "Jane answered 80% of questions correctly" instead of "Jane answered more questions correctly than Mary."
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individual learning. Another aspect of involvement is parental, and community involvement, while developing curriculum, or making changes to it. OBE outcomes are meant to be decided upon within a school system, or at a local level. Parents and community members are asked to give input in order to uphold the standards of education within a community, and to ensure that students will be prepared for life after school.
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teaching is involved. Each team member, or year in school, will have a clear understanding of what needs to be accomplished in each class, or at each level, allowing students to progress. Those designing and planning the curriculum are expected to work backwards once an outcome has been decided upon, they must determine what knowledge and skills will be required to reach the outcome.
471:(NQF) went into effect in 1997. In 2001 people realized that the intended effects were not being seen. By 2006 no proposals to change the system had been accepted by the government, causing a hiatus of the program. The program came to be viewed as a failure and a new curriculum improvement process was announced in 2010, slated to be implemented between 2012 and 2014.
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generation to the new generation of students, and to provide students with an environment in which to learn, with little attention (beyond the classroom teacher) to whether or not any student ever learns any of the material. It was enough that the school presented an opportunity to learn. Actual achievement was neither measured nor required by the school system.
185:, return on investment. Generally, outcomes are expected to be concretely measurable, that is, "Student can run 50 meters in less than one minute" instead of "Student enjoys physical education class." A complete system of outcomes for a subject area normally includes everything from mere recitation of fact ("Students will name three tragedies written by
813:"The Harmful Effects of Algorithms in Grades 1--4", by Constance Kamii & Ann Dominick in The Teaching and Learning of Algorithms in School Mathematics (NCTM Yearbook, 1998):"The teaching of algorithms is based on the erroneous assumption that mathematics is a cultural heritage that must be transmitted to the next generation." (p.132)
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adopted an outcomes based approach to teaching and learning in 2005. No specific approach was created leaving universities to design the approach themselves. Universities were also left with a goal of ensuring an education for their students that will contribute to social and economic development, as
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Outcome-based methods have been adopted in education systems around the world, at multiple levels. Australia and South Africa adopted OBE policies in the early 1990’s but have since been phased out. The United States has had an OBE program in place since 1994 that has been adapted over the years.
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Parental involvement, as discussed in the benefits section can also be a drawback, if parents and community members are not willing to express their opinions on the quality of the education system, they system may not see a need for improvement, and not change to meet student’s needs. Or parents may
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Student involvement in the classroom is a key part of OBE, students are expected to do their own learning, so that they gain a full understanding of the material. Increased student involvement allows students to feel responsible for their own learning, and hopefully they will achieve more from their
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OBE-oriented teachers think about the individual needs of each student and give opportunities for each student to achieve at a variety of levels. Thus, in theory, weaker students are given work within their grasp and exceptionally strong students are extended. In practice, managing independent study
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OBE has been practiced in
Malaysia since the 1950’s; however, as of 2008 OBE is being implemented at all levels of education, especially tertiary education. This change is a result of the belief that the education system used prior to OBE inadequately prepared graduates for life outside of school.
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Education outcomes can lead to a constrained nature of teaching and assessment. Assessing liberal outcomes such as creativity, respect for self and others, responsibility, and self-sufficiency, can become problematic. There is not a measureable, observable, or specific way to determine if a student
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When determining if an outcome has been achieved assessments may become too mechanical, looking only to see if the student has acquired the knowledge. The ability to use and apply the knowledge in different ways may not be focused on. This focus on determining if the outcome has been achieved leads
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The definitions of the outcomes decided upon are subject to interpretation by those implementing them. Across different programs or even different instructors outcomes could be interpreted differently, leading to a difference in education, even though the same outcomes were said to be achieved. By
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OBE provides an opportunity for comparison across institutions. On an individual level, institutions can look at what outcomes a student has achieved to decide what level the student would be at within a new institution. On an institutional level, institutions can compare themselves, by checking to
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In this approach, students and their parents are better able to track progress from year to year, since the levels are based on criteria that remain constant for a student's whole time at school. However, this experience is perceived by some as a flaw in the system: While it is entirely normal for
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A commitment not only to provide an opportunity of education, but to require learning outcomes for advancement. Promotion to the next grade, a diploma, or other reward is granted upon achievement of the standards, while extra classes, repeating the year, or other consequences entail upon those who
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government. This policy was believed to be a democratization of education, people would have a say in what they wanted the outcomes of education to be. It was also believed to be a way to increase education standards and increase the availability of education. The
National Qualifications Framework
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In the early 90’s all states and territories in
Australia developed intended curriculum documents largely based on OBE for their primary and secondary schools. Criticism arose shortly after implementation . Critics argued that evidence existed that OBE could be implemented successfully on a large
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This emphasis on recognizing positive achievements, and comparing the student to his own prior performance, has been accused by some of "dumbing down" education (and by others as making school much too hard), since it recognises achievement at different levels. Even those who would not achieve a
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Outcome-based education (OBE) is a method of instructions that bases every part of the educational system around outcomes. These outcomes are things that all students should be able to do at the end of their learning experience. There is no specified style of teaching or assessment in OBE instead
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In one alternate grading approach, a student is awarded "levels" instead of letter grades. From
Kindergarten to year 12, the student will receive either a Foundational level (which is pre-institutional) or be evidenced at levels 1 through to 8. In the simplest implementation, earning a "level"
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was created in 1989, it is an agreement to accept undergraduate engineering degrees that were obtained using OBE methods. As of 2014 the signatories
Australia, Canada, Taiwan, Hong Kong, India, Ireland, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, Russia, Singapore, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Turkey, the
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With a clear sense of what needs to be accomplished instructors will be able to structure their lessons around the student’s needs. OBE does not specify a specific method of instruction, so instructors are free to teach their students in whatever way seems best. Instructors will also be able to
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Under OBE, teachers can use any objective grading system they choose, including letter grades. In fact, many schools adopt OBE methods and use the same grading systems that they have always used. However, for the purposes of graduation, advancement, and retention, a fully developed OBE system
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The focus on outcomes creates a clear expectation of what needs to be accomplished by the end of the course. Students will understand what is expected of them and teachers will know what they need to teach during the course. Clarity is especially important over years of schooling and when team
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In fact, under the traditional model, student performance is expected to show a wide range of abilities. The failure of some students is accepted as a natural and unavoidable circumstance. The highest-performing students are given the highest grades and test scores, and the lowest performing
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system and economy, students are given grades and rankings compared to each other. Content and performance expectations are based primarily on what was taught in the past to students of a given age. The basic goal of traditional education was to present the knowledge and skills of the old
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has pushed for this change because of the number of unemployed graduates. Findings in 2006 state that nearly 70% of graduates from public universities were considered unemployed. A further study of those graduates found that they felt they lacked, job experience, communication skills, and
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In 2005 Hong Kong adopted an outcome based approach for its universities. Malaysia implemented OBE in all of their public schools systems in 2008. The
European Union has proposed an education shift to focus on outcomes, across the EU. In an international effort to accept OBE The
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Each educational agency is responsible for setting its own outcomes. Under the OBE model, education agencies may specify any outcome (skills and knowledge), but not inputs (field trips, arrangement of the school day, teaching styles). Some popular models of outcomes include the
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outlining specific outcomes, a holistic approach to learning is lost. Learning can find itself reduced to something that is specific, measurable, and observable. As a result, outcomes are not yet widely recognized as a valid way of conceptualizing what learning is about.
189:") to complex analysis and interpretation ("Student will analyze the social context of a Shakespearean tragedy in an essay"). Writing appropriate and measurable outcomes can be very difficult, and the choice of specific outcomes is often a source of local controversies.
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some students to work on the same level of outcomes for more than one year parents and students have been socialized into the expectation of a constant, steady progress through schoolwork. Parents and students therefore interpret the normal experience as failure.
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that includes eight levels of qualification within higher education, covering three sectors; skills, vocational and technical, and academic. Along with meeting the standards set by the MQA, universities set and monitor their own outcome expectations for students
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calls for a shift towards learning outcomes in primary and secondary schools throughout the EU. Students are expected to learn skills that they will need when they complete their education. It also calls for lessons to have a stronger link to employment through
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from New
Zealand and Australia, as well as the labor movement that critiqued the apartheid education system. With no strong alternative proposals, the idea of outcome-based education, and a national qualification framework, became the policy of the
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for these students. The program also sets goals for learning foreign languages, and for teachers continued education. It also highlights the importance of using technology, especially the internet, in learning to make it relevant to students.
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programs for thirty or more individuals is difficult. Adjusting to students' abilities is something that good teachers have always done: OBE simply makes the approach explicit and reflects the approach in marking and reporting.
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model. Teachers are meant to guide and help the students understand the material in any way necessary, study guides, and group work are some of the methods instructors can use to facilitate students learning.
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defined by the community in which the university resides. With little to no direction or feedback from the outside university’s will have to determine if their approach is achieving its goals on their own.
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In 1983 a report from the
National Commission on Excellence in Education declared that American education standards were eroding, that young people in the United States were not learning enough. In 1989
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An important by-product of this approach is that students are assessed against external, absolute objectives, instead of reporting the students' relative achievements. The traditional model of
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has achieved these outcomes. Due to the nature of specific outcomes, OBE may actually work against its ideals of serving and creating individuals that have achieved many outcomes.
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457:, Initial support for the program derived from anti-apartheid education policies. The policy also gained support from the labor movements that borrowed ideas about
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Castleberry, Thomas. 2006. "Student
Learning Outcomes Assessment within the Texas State University MPA Program." Applied Research Project. Texas State University.
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rather than "inputs," such as how many hours students spend in class, or what textbooks are provided. Outcomes may include a range of skills and knowledge,
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Kennedy, Kerry (2011). "Conceptualising quality improvement in higher education: policy, theory and practice for outcomes based learning in Hong Kong".
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that outlines specific, measurable outcomes. The standards included in the frameworks are usually chosen through the area's normal political process.
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A commitment that all students of all groups will ultimately reach the same minimum standards. Schools may not "give up" on unsuccessful students.
488:: Educate America Act was signed in March 1994. The goal of this new reform was to show that results were being achieved in schools. In 2001 the
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form, so long as the assessments actually measure whether the student knows the required information or can perform the required task.
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recognize diversity among students by using various teaching and assessment techniques during their class. OBE is meant to be a
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passing grade in a traditional age-based approach can be recognized for their concrete, positive, individual improvements.
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Allais, Stephanie (2007). "Education service delivery: the disastrous case of outcomes-based qualifications frameworks".
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Tam, Maureen (2014). "Outcomes-based approach to quality assessment and curriculum improvement in higher education".
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classes, opportunities, and assessments should all be based around helping students achieve the specified outcomes.
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presented a new strategy to decrease youth employment rate, which is close to 23% across the European Union. The
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students are given low grades. (Local laws and traditions determine whether the lowest performing students were
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The key features which may be used to judge if a system has implemented an outcomes-based education systems are:
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720:"Implementation of Outcome-Based Education in Universiti Putra Malaysia: A Focus on Students' Learning Outcomes"
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Kaliannan, Maniam; Chandran, Suseela Devi (2012). "Empowering Students through Outcome-Based Education (OBE)".
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1002:"A Historical Analysis of the Post-Apartheid Dispensation Education in South Africa (1994-2011)"
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Pennsylvania Parents Commission Video Presentation: "Who controls our children?" by Peg Luksik
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that determines whether students have achieved the stated standard. Assessments may take
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and the nation’s governors set national goals to be achieved by the year 2000.
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Back to Basics Reform: or...OBE *Skinnerian International Curriculum?
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1036:"Outcome-Based Education: Has It Become More Affliction Than Cure?"
538:. Arlington Virginia: American Asociation of Schol Administrators.
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People in Western Australia lobbying against Outcomes Education
891:"The 'new paradigm' of outcomes-based education in perspective"
573:"Australia's adoption of outcomes based education – a critique"
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636:"GOALS 2000--THE CLINTON ADMINISTRATION EDUCATION PROGRAM"
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Probe Ministries Outcome Based Education by Don Closson
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International Business & Economics Research Journal
760:"Commission presents new Rethinking Education strategy"
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qualifications relevant to the current job market. The
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The emphasis in an OBE education system is on measured
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Tydskrif vir Gesinsekologie en Verbruikerswetenskappe
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OUTCOMES BASED/ OUTCOMES FOCUSED EDUCATION OVERVIEW
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Journal of Higher Education Policy & Management
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Outcome-Based Education: Critical Isues and Answers
454:government as part of its Curriculum 2005 program.
1468:List of standardized tests in the United States
1413:Principles and Standards for School Mathematics
213:Approaches to grading, reporting, and promoting
203:Principles and Standards for School Mathematics
245:Differences with traditional education methods
73:A High School class in Cape Town, South Africa
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1000:Mouton, M; Louw, G.P.; Strydom, G.L. (2012).
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718:Mohayidin, Mohd Ghazali (2008).
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468:African National Congress
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107:Please help
102:verification
99:
81:What is OBE?
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1263:Marc Tucker
1253:Jean Piaget
1216:Individuals
1089:Background
352:Involvement
311:Involvement
288:Flexibility
262:or made to
187:Shakespeare
1485:curriculum
1426:assessment
1388:Goals 2000
1045:18 October
1019:17 October
985:23 October
799:2 February
774:2013-02-12
741:23 October
641:18 October
551:31 October
545:0876521839
517:References
494:Goals 2000
486:GOALS 2000
343:Generality
325:Definition
302:Comparison
1314:Inclusion
962:154247059
923:help page
702:153870737
618:154518108
452:apartheid
432:framework
404:Hong Kong
369:Australia
44:user page
1277:Theories
1097:. 1993.
768:Archived
500:See also
416:Malaysia
197:and the
179:outcomes
173:Outcomes
121:May 2011
39:Kjatczak
1518:Phonics
1513:Lecture
919:Donnely
279:Clarity
1503:Grades
1348:Values
1108:Lanyrd
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461:, and
1005:(PDF)
958:S2CID
894:(PDF)
730:(4).
698:S2CID
614:S2CID
576:(PDF)
536:(PDF)
249:In a
16:<
1074:ISBN
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1015:(11)
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