1706:„Hätte Erwin Rommel 1942 die Truppen seines Gegners, des britischen Feldmarschalls Montgomery, in Ägypten geschlagen und wäre anschließend bis nach Palästina vorgedrungen, hätte das Einsatzkommando den Auftrag erhalten, die Juden in Palästina zu töten. Das Einsatzkommando sollte nach dem Muster der NS-Einsätze in Osteuropa arbeiten; dabei waren hunderttausende von Juden in der Sowjetunion und anderen Ländern Osteuropas ermordet worden. Die Nationalsozialistischen Machthaber wollten sich die Deutschfreundlichkeit der palästinensischen Araber für ihre Pläne zunutze machen. ‚Bedeutendster Kollaborateur der Nationalsozialisten und zugleich ein bedingungsloser Antimsemit auf arabischer Seit war Haj Amin el-Husseini, der Mufti von Jerusalem‘, schreiben Mallmann und Cüppers. In seiner Person habe sich exemplarisch gezeigt, ‚welch entscheidende Rolle der Judenhass im Projekt der deutsch-arabischen Verständigung einnahm.‘ El-Husseini habe unter anderem bei mehreren Treffen mit Adolf Eichmann Details der geplanten Morde festgelegt.“ (‘If Erwin Rommel had defeated the troops of his opponent, the British Field Marshal Montgomery, in Egypt in 1942 and then advanced into Palestine, the task force (Einsatzkommando) would have received the order to kill the Jews in Palestine. The task force was meant to operate according to the model of the Nazi task forces in eastern Europe: in this process hundreds of thousands of Jews in the Soviet Union and other countries of eastern Europe had been murdered. The Nazi rulers wanted to make use of the pro-German sentiments of the Palestinian Arabs for their plans. “The most significant collaborator of the National Socialists, and at the same time an absolute anti-Semite, on the Arab side was Haj Amin al-Husayni, the Mufti of Jerusalem,” to quote Malmann and Cuppers. “What a decisive role hatred of the Jews occupied in the project of German–Arab understanding” was exemplified in the person of al-Husayni, who during several meetings with Adolf Eichmann had, among other things, established the details of the planned murders.") (
277:
twilight of
British rule in Palestine. The central charge is that Britain armed and secretly encouraged her Arab allies, and especially her client, King Abdullah of Jordan, to invade Palestine upon expiry of the British Mandate and do battle with the Jewish state as soon as it came into the world. For Ernest Bevin, the Foreign Secretary in the Labour Government headed by Clement Attlee, is reserved the role of chief villain in this alleged conspiracy. Ilan Pappé, using English, Arabic and Hebrew sources, has driven a coach and horses through the traditional Zionist rendition of British policy towards the end of the mandate, and I tried to follow along the trail that he had blazed The key to British policy during this period is summed up by Pappé in two words: Greater Transjordan. Bevin felt that if Palestine had to be partitioned, the Arab area could not be left to stand on its own but should be united with Transjordan. A Greater Transjordan would compensate Britain for the loss of bases in Palestine. Hostility to Hajj Amin al-Husayni, who had cast his lot with the Nazis during the Second World War, and hostility to a Palestinian state, which in British eyes was always equated with a Mufti state, were important and constant features of British policy after the war. By February 1948, Bevin and his Foreign Office advisers were pragmatically reconciled to the inevitable emergence of the Jewish state. What they were not reconciled to, was the emergence of a Palestinian state.
228:'En revanche, il est clair qu'il identifie progressivement son combat en Palestine à celui de l'Allemagne contre le judaisme mondial. La lecture de l'ensemble des passages de ses Mémoires consacrés à son séjour en Europe montre une assimilation du contenu de l'antisémitisme européen, avec les deux grandes thématiques de l'identification du judaisme avec le capitalisme financier (les Anglo-Saxons) et du coup de poignard dans le dos (les Juifs sont les responsables des deux conflits mondiaux). En revanche, une visione raciale de l'histoire du monde est totallement absente de sa perspective générale. Il a été reçu avec honneurs dans les milieux dirigeants du nazisme et il en fait un récit nettement complaisant. Il n'exprime aucun regret sur son attitude et sur ses choix, mais rappelle que l'extermination des Juifs d'Europe a été le fait des Allemands et qu'il ne porte aucune responsabilité dans la prise de décision comme dans ses modalités d'exécution. Dans l'ensemble de ses écrits postérieurs à 1945, il n'a pas d'attitudes négationnistes, alors qu'è l'époque du procès Eichmann (1960) des hommes politiques arabes de première importance adopteront ce type de discours.' pp.469-470
455:, disguised as a Bedouin, where he reconstituted the committee under his leadership. Al-Husayni retained the support of most Palestinian Arabs and used his power to punish the Nashashibis. The revolt did not only involve intercommunal violence between Arab Palestinians and Jews. Vendettas within the ranks of the former were not infrequent, and many Palestinians were strongly opposed to al-Husayni's line. Although few Palestinians supported Zionism, not all Palestinians supported al-Husayni. Some differed strongly with his attempt to monopolize Palestinian nationalism, and his dismissal of competing versions of this as 'treasonous', and their supporters as traitors. A local leader, Abu Shair, meeting an emissary from the rebel headquarters in Damascus, who bore a list of people to be assassinated during the uprising, told Da'ud al-Husayni:
249:
European
Christians. The assertion that Palestinians were complicit in the Holocaust was mostly based on the case of the Mufti of Jerusalem, a pre-World War II Palestinian nationalist leader who, to escape imprisonment by the British, sought refuge during the war in Germany. The Mufti was in many ways a disreputable character, but post-war claims that he played any significant part in the Holocaust have never been sustained. This did not prevent the editors of the four-volume Encyclopedia of the Holocaust from giving him a starring role. The article on the Mufti is more than twice as long as the articles on Goebbels and Goering, longer than the articles on Himmler and Heydrich combined, longer than the article on Eichmann--of all the biographical articles, it is exceeded in length, but only slightly, by the entry for Hitler. Peter Novick
265:, one of the leaders of the Palestinian Arab guerrilla war against the Jews during the late 1930s and the 1940s. Hassan Salameh’s hatred of the Jews, and of the British, led him to join his patron, Haj Amin al-Husseini, the mufti of Jerusalem, in Germany during World War 11. When towards the close of the war the mufti proposed a plan he hoped would wipe out a large part of the Jewish community in Palestine, Salameh was chosen to carry it out. Early on the morning of November 5, 1944, the Luftwaffe parachuted Salameh, another Palestinian, three German officers, and several large creates into the rocky, cave-pocked wastes of the Jordan Valley not far from Jericho. The crates held bags of poison intended for Tel Aviv’s water supply. The team’s mission was to kill the population of Tel Aviv.
543:. They expressed their approval of the anti-Jewish boycott in Germany and asked Wolff not to send any Jews to Palestine.. Wolff subsequently wrote in his annual report for that year that the Arabs' political naïvity led them to fail to recognize the link between German Jewish policy and their problems in Palestine, and that their enthusiasm for Nazi Germany was devoid of any real understanding of the phenomenon.. The various proposals by Palestinian notables like al-Husayni were rejected consistently over the years out of concern to avoid disrupting Anglo-German relations, in line with Germany's policy of not imperilling their economic and cultural interests in the region by a change in their policy of neutrality, and respect for English interests. Hitler's
1027:
in two words: Greater
Transjordan. Bevin felt that if Palestine had to be partitioned, the Arab area could not be left to stand on its own but should be united with Transjordan. A Greater Transjordan would compensate Britain for the loss of bases in Palestine. Hostility to Hajj Amin al-Husayni, who had cast his lot with the Nazis during the Second World War, and hostility to a Palestinian state, which in British eyes was always equated with a Mufti state, were important and constant features of British policy after the war. By February 1948, Bevin and his Foreign Office advisers were pragmatically reconciled to the inevitable emergence of the Jewish state. What they were not reconciled to, was the emergence of a Palestinian state.'
237:
with the 'stab in the back' theory in Nazi propaganda that Jews were behind both world wars. But his perspective lacks any touch of a racial vision of world history (fundamental to Nazi and
Fascist ideology). In the postwar period, he, unlike many prominent Arab leaders, never denied the Holocaust. He had nothing to do with it, it was something Germany did, and he did not regret the choices he made. No one is under an obligation to accept al-Husayni's views. One is obliged to register them correctly, and then annotate them with whatever judgements historians made (Schwanitz says he 'feigns' to be surprised, Laurens thinks this an authentic expression of Husayni's experience at the time Nishidani (talk) 14:05, 22 June 2008 (UTC)
485:
this period further Jewish immigration would depend on Arab consent. Besides local unrest, another key factor in bringing about a decisive change in
British policy was Nazi Germany's preparations for a European war, which would develop into a worldwide conflict. In British strategic thinking, securing the loyalty and support of the Arab world assumed an importance of some urgency. While Jewish support was unquestioned, Arab backing in a new global conflict was by no means assured. By promising to phase out Jewish immigration into Palestine, Britain hoped to win back support from wavering Arabs.. Al-Husayni nonetheless felt that the concessions did not go far enough, and he rejected the new policy.
1621:,Robert Laffont-Bouquins, Paris 1998 pp.547-561, which, on p.556 reproduces these remarks from the conversation:'The suppression of the Jewish national homeland is part of my battle . .They wish to build a central state which will become the base for their activities and destructive purposes. They wish to abolish other states, all the nations of the world. One thing is certain, the Jews will not undertake constructive work in Palestine. Their propaganda is full of lies. Everything that has been built in Palestine since prehistorical times is the work of Arabs and not of Jews. Their nature does not allow them to be builders and I've decided to find at all costs a precise and
87:'It should be quite clear that this relation (arose) not, as a number of authors have nonetheless argued, because of a presumed affinity of their ideology with that of the Nazis or Fascists, no such thing existed, but by virtue of the wholly political logic (of events) that saw in the enemies (in deed or potentially) of their own enemies their own friends, particularly if the latter have already provided evidence - and this was, precisely, the case with Germany, and all the more so, with Italy -of being interested, in terms of the same political logic, in giving support to their cause'(Renzo de Felice,
578:(August 1937), to whom he professed his belief that America was remote from imperialist ambitions and therefore able to understand that Zionism 'represented a hostile and imperialist aggression directed against an inhabited country’. In a further interview with Wadsworth on Aug 31, he expressed his fears that Jewish influence in the United States might persuade the country to side with Zionists.. In the same period he courted the French government by expressing a willingness to assist them in the region.
860:
children accompanied by 500 adults had managed to reach
Palestine. He asked that the Foreign Minister "to do his utmost" to block all such proposals and this request was complied with.. A year later, on the 25th July, 1944, he wrote to the Hungarian foreign minister to register his objection to the release of certificates for 900 Jewish children and 100 adults for transfer from Hungary, fearing they might end up in Palestine. He suggested that if such transfers of population were deemed necessary, then:-
511:
freedom-loving Arabs, especially in
Palestine, against Jewish interlopers. In the recognition of this enemy and of the common struggle against it lies the firm foundation of the natural alliance that exists between the National Socialist Greater Germany and the freedom-loving Muslims of the whole world. In this spirit I am sending you on the anniversary of the infamous Balfour declaration my hearty greetings and wishes for the successful pursuit of your struggle until the final victory.'
74:'E questo, sia ben chiaro, non -come pure è stato sostenuto da vari autori - per una presunta affinità della loro ideologia con quelle nazista e fascista, che non esisteva, ma in forza della logica tutta politica che vede nei nemici (in atto o potenziali) dei propri nemici i propri amici, specie se essi hanno già dato prova - e questo era appunto il caso della Germania ed ancor più dell'Italia - di essere interessati, nella stessa logica politica, a sostenere la loro causa'
1593:'It is clear that the Jews have accomplished nothing in Palestine and their claims are lies. Everything that has been achieved in Palestine is due to the Arabs and not the Jews. I (Hitler) have decided to find a solution to the Jewish problem, approaching it step by step without holding back. In this regard, I am about to make a just and indispensable appeal, firstly to all the European countries and, later, to countries outside of Europe'. Henry Laurens,
377:. After the start of the revolt, most of that money was used to finance the activities of his representatives throughout the country. To Italy's consul-general in Jerusalem Mariano de Angelis, he explained in July that his decision to get directly involved in the conflict arose from the trust he reposed in Mussolini's backing and promises. Upon al-Husayni's initiative, the leaders of Palestinian Arab clans formed the
524:, taking them at face value, and interpreted his role within the Palestinian conflict to be one motivated almost exclusively by anti-Semitism. Al-Husayni in this genre of books is seen almost exclusively as a founding figure in the rise of Islamic fanaticism. This tradition has been largely redimensioned towards a more nuanced account, and survives only in minor works, such as the recent book by Dalin and Rothsmann.
973:
1654:
in Berlin. If this fallen idol makes an occasional appearance in
Eichmann's office correspondence it is because Eichmann's superiors at the Foreign Office found the Mufti a very useful sacred cow, always to be invoked when the reception of Jewish refugees in Palestine was under discussion. Dieter Wisliceny even believed that Eichmann regarded the Mufti as a colleague in a much expanded post-war Final Solution.'
116:وفي المانيا سعيت جاهدآ لتقديم العون المتواضع الذي استطيعه لقضيتنا الفلسطينية و لسائر الأقطار العربية و بعض الأقطار الاسلامية, و لدعوة كافة المخلصين لقضية فلسطين و القضايا العربية, الى التعاون مع المانيا, لا من اجل المانيا و لا ايمانآ بالنازية التي لا اعتنق مبائدها و لم تخطر لي ببال, بل لأني كنت, و لا ازال, على يقين بأن لو انتصرت المانيا و المحور لما بقي للصهيونيين من أثر في فلسطين و البلاد العربية
783:‘Germany has resolved, step by step, to ask one European nation after the other to solve its Jewish problem, and at the proper time, direct a similar appeal to non-European nations as well'. When Germany had defeated Russia and broken through the Caucasus into the Middle East, it would have no further imperial goals of its own and would support Arab liberation. . . But Hitler did have one goal.
832:
Wisliceny's statement about this conversation between the Mufti and the
Accused. In our view it is not important whether this conversation took place in the Accused's office or elsewhere. On the other hand, we cannot determine decisive findings with regard to the Accused on the basis of the notes appearing in the Mufti's diary which were submitted to us.".
1089:, Fayard, Paris vol.2 2002 pp.292,297f. One such discovery, in the port of Haifa, in October 1935, of a shipment of arms from Germany, with the apparent authorization of the Nazi MInistry for Internal Affairs, and destined for the Haganah, led to great agitation and played into the hands of those Arabs who pressed for more radical activities.
988:. Beginning in 1941, Al-Husayni visited Bosnia, and convinced Muslim leaders that a Muslim S.S. division would be in the interest of Islam. In spite of these and other propaganda efforts, only half of the expected 20,000 to 25,000 Muslims volunteered." Al-Husayni was involved in the organization and recruitment of
1232:
to the Jews is a traitor, what would one say of a man whose policies led to the loss of
Palestine? Isn’t he the biggest of traitors?'. Again, when Abd al-Qader appeared in the village of Surif, in the Hebron district, to speak before the village elders, there were some who said to him: 'You murdered
695:
and immediately contacted Italian military intelligence. The mufti claimed to be head of a secret Arab nationalist organization with offices in all Arab countries. On condition that the Axis powers "recognize in principle the unity, independence, and sovereignty, of an Arab state of a Fascist nature,
547:
essentially precluded significant assistance to Arab leaders . Italy also made the nature of its assistance to the Palestinians contingent on the outcome of its own negotiations with England, and cut off aid when it appeared that the English were ready to admit the failure of their pro-Zionist policy
484:
The rebellion itself lasted until 1939, when it was finally quelled by British troops. It forced Britain to make substantial concessions to Arab demands. Jewish immigration was to continue but under restrictions, with a quota of 75,000 places spread out over the following five years. On the expiry of
188:
I was surprised to hear this number, and I knew nothing about it before. Then Himmler asked me: by the way, how do you plan to solve the Jewish case in your country. I answered: we want nothing from them but to return to the countries they came from. Himmler said: we will never allow them to get back
1653:
for Jewish immigration into Palestine from Germany. As for contacting the Arab rebels in Palestine, or their leader the Mufti, Eichmann was turned back by the British authorities at the Egyptian border. It is doubtful whether Eichmann made contact with the Mufti even in 1942, when the latter resided
1026:
Ilan Pappé, using English, Arabic and Hebrew sources, has driven a coach and horses through the traditional Zionist rendition of British policy towards the end of the mandate, and I tried to follow along the trail that he had blazed The key to British policy during this period is summed up by Pappé
106:
I have considered Germany to be a friendly country, because it was not a colonizing country, and it never harmed any Arab or Islamic country, and because it was fighting our colonialist and Zionist enemies, and because the enemy of your enemy is your friend. And I was certain that Germany's victory
61:
al-Husayni is a Muslim leader, Muslim teachings and Fascist teachings don't go along. al-Husayni says in his diaries "I have considered Germany a friendly country because the enemy of your enemy is your friend" and "I sought cooperation with Germany not for the sake of Germany, and not believing in
393:
responded by engaging in negotiations with al-Husayni and the Committee. The talks, however, soon proved fruitless. The mufti issued a series of warnings, threatening the 'revenge of God Almighty' unless the Jewish immigration were to stop, and the general strike began, paralyzing the government,
276:
The first bone of contention concerns British policy in Palestine between 29 November 1947 and 14 May 1948. Zionist historiography, reflecting the suspicions of Zionist leaders at that time, is laden with charges of hostile plots that are alleged to have been hatched against the Yishuv during the
236:
Laurens therefore argues that the overall cast of his memoirs shows Husayni did gradually assimilate his antizionist battles in Palestine with Germany's challenge to (the specious threat of (a) world Jewry, in that he associated Judaism with financial capitalism as embodied in the English and (b)
209:
The fact is, when I sent those letters to the Nazi leaders, and to the referred to countries, I did not intend to exterminate the Jews, but I was trying hard to stop the flooding of the offensive Jewish immigration that was aiming to flood Palestine and expel its people. Which did happen later on
26:
Proposal for rewriting, something along these lines The evidence both for his antisemitism and German/Nazi contacts should be reorganized from the chaotic repetitive blobs (organized by source) to allow a clear event by event, utterance by utterance, account of his war years with the Axis powers.
964:Ägypten to exterminate Palestinian Jews and that they wanted Arab support to prevent the emergence of a Jewish state. In their book the researchers concluded that, "the most important collaborator with the Nazis and an absolute Arab anti-Semite was Haj Amin al-Husseini, the mufti of Jerusalem.'
859:
commandos to exterminate the Jews in Palestine, if Rommel managed to break through the British lines in Egypt. Husayni did intervene on May 13, 1943, with the German Foreign Office to block possible transfers of Jews from Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania, after reports reached him that 4000 Jewish
619:
on a secret mission which, according to British sources, included a plan to 'capture or kill' the Mufti. The Irgun version is that they were approached by the British for a sabotage mission and added a plan to capture the Mufti as a condition of their cooperation. The mission was abandoned when
248:
The claims of Palestinian complicity in the murder of the European Jews were to some extent a defensive strategy, a preemptive response to the Palestinian complaint that if Israel was recompensed for the Holocaust, it was unjust that Palestinian Muslims should pick up the bill for the crimes of
122:
And in Germany I worked hard to provide my humble assistance to our Palestinian cause and to all Arab countries and some Islamic countries, and to call on all those sincerely committed to our Palestinian and Arab causes to cooperate with Germany, not for the sake of Germany and not believing in
397:
As the time passed, it turned out that those were the Arabs deprived of their usual sources of income who bore the brunt of the cost of the strike; . Under these circumstances, the Mandatory government was looking for an intermediary who might help persuade the Arab Higher Committee to end the
203:فالواقع اني عندما أرسلت تلك المذكرات الى المسؤولين من رجال الرايخ الألماني, والدول المشار اليها, لم أكن ابتغي ابادة اليهود, لكني كنت أسعى جاهدآ لمنع طوفان الهجرة اليهودية العدوانية الرامية الى اغراق فلسطين و اخراج أهلها منها, كما حدث بعد ذلك فعلآ بمساعدة بريطانيا و الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية.
940:) around three million of them". In his memoirs, Husayni wrote he was astonished to hear this. Schwanitz doubts the sincerity of his surprise since, he argues, Husayni had publicly declared that Muslims should follow the example Germans set for a "definitive solution to the Jewish problem"..
831:
at his 1961 trial in Jerusalem. Eichmann stated that he had only been introduced to the Mufti during an official reception, along with all other department heads. In the final judgement, the Jerusalem court stated: "In the light of this partial admission by the Accused, we accept as correct
320:
in Haifa. Whatever their relations, the latter's independent activism appears to have led to a rupture between the two. . By 1935 al-Husayni did take control of one clandestine organization, of whose nature he had not been informed until the preceding year , which had been set up in 1931 by
771:. He asked Hitler for a public declaration that "recognized and sympathized with the Arab struggles for independence and liberation, and that would support the elimination of a national Jewish homeland". Hitler refused to make such a public announcement, saying that it would strengthen the
510:
right|thumb|222px|November 2, 1943 Himmler's telegram to Mufti: 'To the Grand Mufti: The National Socialist movement of Greater Germany has, since its inception, inscribed upon its flag the fight against the world Jewry. It has therefore followed with particular sympathy the struggle of
539:, the pro-Zionist Heinrich Wolff, sent a telegram to Berlin reporting al-Husayni's belief that Palestinian Muslims were enthusiastic about the new regime and looked forward to the spread of Fascism throughout the region. Wolff met Al-Husayni and many sheiks again, a month later, at
368:
of the northern al-Qassam group, with links to the Nashashibis. After Farhan's arrest and execution, al-Husayni seized the initiative by negotiating an alliance with the al-Qassam faction. Apart from some foreign subsidies, including a substantial amount from Italy, he controlled
1573:, 1889-1945 p. 310. In his note to the text p.539 n.107, Browning records that Fritz Grobba's recollection is slightly different and less specific: 'At the moment of Arab liberation, Germany had no interest there other than the destruction of the power protecting the Jews’(
65:
Fe Felice on period writes that a certain tradition of sympathy for Germany existed since WW1, since Germany was then an ally of the Ottomans and then notes that in recurring to German assistance one should not interpret this as in itself a sign of fascist tendencies
1223:
A member of the Darweesh clan recalls that, 'The mufti and his men said that my father was a traitor. But my father tried to prevent the war. He said to the mufti: The war you are declaring will lead to the loss of Palestine. We need to negotiate. The mufti said
672:
and the severance of diplomatic relations with the Axis powers, al-Husayni fled to Italy with the Italian diplomats who provided him with an Italian service passport. To avoid recognition, al-Husayni changed his appearance by shaving his beard and dying his hair.
103:(A)واعتبرت المانيا بلدآ صديقآ لأنها لم تكن دولة مستعمرة ولم يسبق لها أن تعرضت بسوء لأية دولة عربية أو اسلامية, ولأنها كانت تقاتل أعداءنا من مستعمرين و صهيونيين, ولان عدو عدوك صديقك, و كنت موقنآ, أن انتصار المانيا سينقذ بلادنا حتمآ من خطر الصهيونية و الاستعمار
438:
group on September 26, al-Husayni was deposed from the presidency of the Muslim Supreme Council, the Arab Higher Committee was declared illegal, and six warrants for the arrest of its leaders were issued, as being 'morally responsible'. Of them only
182:فاستغربت هذا الرقم و لم أكن أعلم شيئآ عن ذلك من قبل, وقد سألني هملر, لهذه المناسبة, كيف تفكرون في تصفية القضية اليهودية في بلادكم؟ فأجبته: اننا لا نريد منهم الا ان يعودوا الى البلاد التي جاؤوا الينا منها, فقال: لن نسمح لهم بالعودة الى ألمانيا أبدآ.
819:, stated after the war that he had actively encouraged the extermination of European Jews, and that he had had an elaborate meeting with Eichmann at his office, during which Eichmann gave him an intensive look at the current state of the “
846:
concludes that "actually there is no evidence that the Mufti's presence was a factor at all; the Wisliceny hearsay is not merely uncorroborated, but conflicts with everything else that is known about the origins of the Final Solution."
123:
Nazism, whose principles I don't subscribe to and never thought of, but rather because I was, and still am, certain that had Germany and the Axis countries won, then Zionists would not have remained in Palestine and the Arab countries.
943:
In September 1943, intense negotiations to rescue 500 Jewish children from the town of Arbe in Croatia collapsed due to the objection of the Mufti who blocked the children's departure to Turkey because they would end up in Palestine.
1625:. I shall first call on all the states of Europe, and then on those outside of Europe, to work together to put a definitive end to world Judaism, which represents a dangerous threat for the entire world'. Cited also, Henry Laurens,
581:
Though in the ensuing war, the Mufti was strongly pro-Axis, this did not reflect the position of the entire Palestinian leadership. Al-Husayni's cousin Jemal, for example, was in favour of cutting a deal with Britain for Palestine.
1237:
and you should be fought before we kill the Jews'. Abd al-Qadar replied that he killed traitors. He was told: 'You are a criminal and you uncle (Hajj Amin) is a criminal and you are all an assembly of traitors'. Hillel Cohen,
268:
The British mandate police learned of the air drop within a day after it took place. They quickly tracked down and arrested two of the Germans and the other Arab and seized the poison. Salameh, however, got away.’ David A.Korn,
851:
also called Wisliceny's testimony into doubt: "There is no independent documentary confirmation of Wisliceny's statements, and it seems unlikely that the Nazis needed any such additional encouragement from the outside."
1259:
936:, in the summer of 1943, while confiding some German war secrets, inveighed against Jewish "war guilt", and, speaking of Germany’s persecution of the Jews said that "up to now we have exterminated (in Arabic,
864:"it would be indispensable and infinitely preferable to send them to other countries where they would find themselves under active control, as for example Poland, thus avoiding danger and preventing damage."
425:
where the British deemed it inadvisable to touch him. He stayed there for three months, directing the revolt from within. Four days after the assassination of the Acting District Commissioner for that area
996:
410:. As Wauchope warned of an impending military campaign and simultaneously offered to dispatch a Royal Commission of Inquiry to hear the Arab complaints, the Arab Higher Committee called off the strike on
219:
Passage E.::The whole passage is translated by Henry Laurens, La Question de Palestine vol.2 Fayard, Paris 2002 p.469. Laurens regards it as having all the appearance of an authentic memory and sums up.
723:
Germany and Italy recognize the right of the Arab countries to solve the question of the Jewish elements, which exist in Palestine and in the other Arab countries, as required by the national and ethnic
146:
Then I told him (Mussolini): our resistance to the "Homeland for the Jewish people" was not motivated by our religious fanaticism, but was rather (a matter of) defending our existence and countries"
1119:, Einaudi, Turin 1990, vol.1 pp.210-11, citing L.Goglia, 'Il Mufti e Mussolini: alcuni documenti diplomatici italiani sui rapporti tra nazionalismo palestinese e fascismo negli anni trenta' in
166:
Our battle with the Zionists and the colonialists who support them is a battle that was forced upon us, we had no choice in it, and we have no choice but to accept the challenge of the enemies.
925:
in a manner befitting our national and racial aspirations and according to the scientific methods innovated by Germany in the handling of its Jews. The answer I got was: 'The Jews are yours'."
611:, was at the time feeling out the Nazis in Beirut about a possible collaboration between the Jewish underground and Germany to throw the British out of Palestine), including its former leader
1029:
Avi Shlaim, ‘The Debate About 1948,’International Journal of Middle East Studies, 27:3, 1995, 287-304. Reprinted in Ilan Pappé, ed., The Israel/Palestine Question (London: Longman, 1999)
748:
and other German officials. In the final draft, which differed only marginally from al-Husayni's original proposal, the Axis powers declared their readiness to approve the elimination (
574:. Promised arms shipments never eventuated This was not the only diplomatic front on which Al-Husayni was active. A month after his visit to Döhle, he met with the American Consul
62:
Fascism that I don't believe in its principles, but because I believe that if Germany wins the war, Zionists will not stay in Palestine." Imad marie (talk) 11:54, 21 June 2008 (UTC)
696:
including Iraq, Syria, Palestine, and Transjordan", he offered support in the war against Britain and stated his willingness to discuss the issues of "the Holy Places, Lebanon, the
1228:– 'when the sword talks, there is no place for talking'. They say that my father sold land and that makes him a traitor. He didn’t sell. But tell me this, if a man who sold 400
1802:
1022:'Arabs, rise as one man and fight for your sacred rights. Kill the Jews wherever you find them. This pleases God, history, and religion. This saves your honor. God is with you.'
736:. In three days, the declaration, slightly amended by the Italian foreign ministry, received the formal approval of Mussolini and was forwarded to the German embassy in Rome. On
447:. Al-Husayni was not among the indicted but, fearing imprisonment, on October 13-14, after sliding under cover of darkess down a rope from the Haram's wall, he himself fled via
803:
and the systematic annihilation of the European Jews. The Mufti's own diary, seized after the war, and his later recollectionsrecall the encounter in slightly different terms.
199:(F) Page 197, al-Husayni talking about himself sending letters to Nazi leaders and other leaders in the years 1943/1944 asking them to stop the Jewish immigration to Palestine:
719:
Back in the summer of 1940 and again in February 1941, al-Hussayni submitted to the German government a draft declaration of German-Arab cooperation, containing a clause:
1649:
Eichmann had, indeed, been sent to Palestine in 1937, but that was on office business at a time when he was not even a commissioned officer. Apparently it concerned the
1046:
Shai Lachman, 'Arab Rebellion and Terrorism in Palestine 1929-39: The Case of Sheikh Izz al-Din al-Qassam and His Movement' in Elie Kedourie and Sylvia G. Haim (eds.),
1342:
842:
that, "The trial revealed only that all rumours about Eichmann's connection with Haj Amin el Husseini, the former Mufti of Jerusalem, were unfounded."
51:(6(Chronological list of strategies involving plans to enlist Nazi help in attacking Jews in Palestine (3 of them).(a) poisoning water supplies (b) (c)
820:
559:
Though Italy did offer substantial aid, some German assistance also trickled through. After asking the new German Consul-General, Hans Döhle on the
361:
785:
Germany’s objective would then be solely the destruction of the Jewish element residing in the Arab sphere under the protection of British power
789:
Das deutsche Ziel würde dann lediglich die Vernichtung des im arabischen Raum unter der Protektion der britischen Macht lebenden Judentums sein
160:وأن معركتنا مع الصهيونيين ومن يدعمهم و يؤيدهم من المستعمرين هي معركة مفروضة علينا فرضا, وليس لنا فيها خيار, فلا مناص لنا من قبول تحدي الأعداء
906:
He is also said to have requested that Jerusalem be bombed by the German air force, a request that puts doubts on his religiosity, since, in
732:
Now, encouraged by his meeting with the Italian leader, al-Husayni prepared a draft declaration, affirming the Axis support for the Arabs on
421:
In July 1937 British police were sent to arrest al-Husayni for his part in the Arab rebellion, but, tipped off, he managed to escape to the
984:
as a broadcaster in propaganda targeting Arab public opinion. He recruited Muslim volunteers for the German armed forces operating in the
716:. According to the mufti's account, the meeting went amicably with the Italian leader expressing his hostility to the Jews and Zionism.
900:, "The laboratory report stated that each container held enough poison to kill 25,000 people, and there were at least ten containers."
950:
by two researchers, Klaus Michael Mallmann and Martin Cüppers indicated that in the event of the British being defeated in Egypt by
648:
for a holy war against Britain a month later, in May. Forty days later, British troops occupied the country, and al-Husayni fled to
1506:
99:
There is some useful information in al-Husayni's memoirs that can be included in this article: His view of Nazism (page 164):
791:). In short, Jews were not simply to be driven out of the German sphere but would be hunted down and destroyed even beyond it,.’
516:
Early post-war historiography made much of al-Husayni's contacts with Nazi leaders, exploited the testimonies of one witness at
855:
Some recent research, however, apparently argues that al-Husayni did work with Eichmann for the dispatch of a special corps of
48:(5) Chronological list of occasions where he made utterances, or intervened to stop Jews from being sent in swaps to Palestine.
1582:
509:
1638:
779:, but asked al-Husayni to 'to lock . . .deep in his heart' the following points, which Browning summarizes as follows, that
917:"Our fundamental condition for cooperating with Germany was a free hand to eradicate every last Jew from Palestine and the
570:
briefly made an exception to its policy and gave some limited aid. But this was aimed to exert pressure on England over
389:
of Arab workers and businesses, demanding an end to the Jewish immigration. The British High Commissioner for Palestine
1076:, Rutgers University Press, New Jersey and London - 2005.p.104. Rosen notes that, by 1934 it had 63 cells (400 youths).
947:
Recent Nazi documents uncovered in the German Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Military Archive Service in Freiburg
345:. Rumours, and occasional discovery of caches and shipments of arms, strengthened military preparations on both sides.
140:ولما قلت له: ان مقاومتنا للوطن القومي اليهودي لم تكن بحافز من التعصب الديني بل كانت دفاعآ عن كياننا, و ذودآ عن بلادنا,
575:
704:". The Italian foreign ministry approved the mufti's proposal, recommending to give him a grant of one million
676:
Throughout the war, al-Husayni repeatedly made requests in Berlin to 'the German government to bomb Tel Aviv.'
390:
31:(1)Testimonies at Nuremberg and arguments he was a key figure in Holocaust programme, down to Arendt and others
1598:
745:
326:
1827:
1123:, Nov.-Dec.1986 pp.1201ff. Earlier in January 1936 Italy had given the Mufti £12,000 of a promised £25,000
1000:
989:
760:
586:
302:
1353:
Wolff's wife was Jewish, and he was forced to resign in 1936. Hans Döhle replaced him. See Leni Yahil,
929:
427:
402:
as mediator because of his dependence on the British and friendship with the Zionists, but accepted the
378:
322:
1758:
Ami Isseroff and Peter FitzGerald-Morris, 'The Iraq Coup Attempt of 1941, the Mufti, and the Farhud,'
1650:
897:
1823:
1788:
1772:
Wolfgang G. Schwanitz 'Amin al-Husaini and the Holocaust. What Did the Grand Mufti Know?' May 8, 2008
951:
399:
309:
1028:
549:
492:
477:, but his deteriorating relationship with the French and Syrian authorities led him to withdraw to
362:
a wave of protest strikes and attacks against both the British authorities and Jews was unleashed
278:
1567:
The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939-March 1942
796:
418:
arrived in Palestine in November, al-Husayni testified before it as chief witness for the Arabs.
178:(E)Page 127, al-Husayni's reaction after Himmler tells him that they have killed 3 million Jews:
1849:
1655:
1578:
1445:
Ami Isseroff and Peter FitzGerald-Morris, 'The Iraq Coup of 1941, The Mufti and the Farhud';
901:
873:
600:
1813:
The Black Book of Bosnia by Nader Mousavizadeh, (Editor), Basic Books, New York, 1996, p. 23
1707:
933:
877:
816:
709:
521:
517:
473:
He remained in Lebanon for two years, under French surveillance in the Christian village of
440:
1874:
1862:
1771:
1132:
1112:
961:
811:
The Mufti was in Berlin during the war, but later denied knowing of the Holocaust. One of
653:
641:
488:
415:
374:
467:
Many Palestinian Arabs refused to fight in 1948 because of their hatred for al-Husayni.
1748:
Walter Laqueur The Origins of Fascism: Islamic Fascism, Islamophobia, Antisemitism 2006
1421:
America's Palestine: Popular and Official Perceptions from Balfour to Israeli Statehood
922:
907:
856:
812:
800:
637:
571:
386:
262:
17:
848:
843:
835:
728:) interests of the Arabs, and as the Jewish question was solved in Germany and Italy.
948:
1718:
1255:
972:
957:
954:
776:
764:
705:
669:
612:
528:
407:
381:
under the mufti's chairmanship. The Committee called for nonpayment of taxes after
892:
to dump into the water system. The police caught the infiltrators in a cave near
910:'s words, "It is unlikely that a truly pious Muslim would have acted this way."
1747:
1251:
981:
885:
824:
768:
756:
596:
474:
107:
would definitely save our countries from the danger of Zionism and colonization.
1271:
1267:
1008:
918:
737:
733:
713:
697:
689:
633:
591:
444:
411:
1759:
1617:, Beirut 1986. Much of the latter material is now available in Henry Laurens,
1466:
1446:
995:
into several divisions of the Waffen SS and other units. The largest was the
1283:
Memories of Revolt:The 1936–1939 Rebellion and the Palestinian National Past
772:
665:
540:
536:
435:
330:
1609:
al-Husayni's own recollections of the period are contained in his memoirs,
364:
in Palestine. Initially, the riots were led by Farhan al-Sa'di, a militant
880:
assault on the second largest and predominantly Jewish city in Palestine,
1004:
881:
869:
828:
354:
1831:
1597:, vol.2 ibid.pp.664-5 n.47, citing the source from the archives of the
1569:. University of Nebraska Press, 2004 p.406, drawing on David Yisraeli,
1234:
1015:
992:
985:
893:
560:
532:
452:
431:
342:
1262:,(Hebrew, 2004), University of California Press, 2008 in Neve Gordon,
921:. I asked Hitler for an explicit undertaking to allow us to solve the
1510:
976:
Mufti Hajj Amin al-Husayni inspecting Waffen SS recruits from Bosnia.
741:
629:
567:
556:
ties with Italy after the passage of antisemitic racial legislation.
382:
317:
45:(4)Encounter with Italian fascists and German Nazis, Hitler, Himmler
1343:
Tom Segev, 'Review of Dalin and Rothmann', NYRB, September 26, 2008
308:
Shai Lachman suggests the Mufti may have helped finance attacks by
1296:
Army of Shadows, Palestinian Collaboration with Zionism, 1917-1948
1260:
Army of Shadows, Palestinian Collaboration with Zionism, 1917-1948
1240:
Army of Shadows, Palestinian Collaboration with Zionism, 1917-1948
1229:
1177:
Military Preparations of the Arab Community in Palestine 1945-1948
971:
889:
838:, who attended the complete Eichmann trial, concluded in her book
701:
661:
657:
645:
604:
553:
448:
443:
managed to escape to Syria: the remaining five were exiled to the
422:
365:
1613:, Damascus 1999 and in the conversations with Zuhair al-Mardini,
1835:
692:
685:
649:
616:
608:
563:
478:
403:
370:
357:
313:
1619:
Le Retour des exilés, la lutte pour la Palestine de 1869 à 1997
373:
and orphan funds that generated annual income of about 115,000
1298:, (Hebrew,2004) University of California Press, 2008 pp. 237ff
999:
of 21,065 men, which conducted operations against Communist
57:(8) Postwar attempts to have him put on trial for war crimes
1803:
Nazis planned Holocaust in Palestine: historians - Expatica
1684:
Medoff, Rafael (1996). The Mufti's Nazi Years Re-examined.
1790:
The Rescue of Jews in the Italian Zone of Occupied Croatia
1339:
Icon of Evil: Hitler’s Mufti and the Rise of Radical Islam
1003:
in the Balkans from February 1944 and participated in the
603:
approved such a plan. In May 1941, several members of the
1708:
http://www.uni-stuttgart.de/aktuelles/presse/2006/36.html
644:, to resign. From his base in Iraq, al-Husayni issued a
1673:
Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil.
1467:
The Iraq Coup Attempt of 1941, the Mufti, and the Farhud
1018:, 1944, while speaking on Radio Berlin, al-Husayni said:
394:
public transportation, Arab businesses and agriculture.
240:
Novick re post-war Zionist historiography on al-Husayni
1074:
Armies of the Young:Child Soldiers in War and Terrorism
840:
Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil
1285:, University of Arkansas Press, Fayetteville 2003 p.87
960:
the Nazis had planned to deploy a special unit called
744:, where he discussed the text of his declaration with
1575:
die Vernichtung der das Judentum protegierenden Macht
1355:
The Holocaust: The Fate of European Jewry, 1932-1945,
896:, and according to Jericho district police commander
459:’I don’t work for Husayniya (‘’Husayni-ism”) but for
337:). This and another paramilitary youth organization,
312:
who had been appointed, with Al-Husayni's approval,
283:, 27:3, 1995, 287-304. Reprinted in Ilan Pappé, ed.,
1137:
Mussolini l'alleato:1. L'Italia in guerra 1940-1945
1117:
Mussolini l'alleato:1. L'Italia in guerra 1940-1945
980:Throughout World War II, al-Husayni worked for the
795:This conversation took place two months before the
1388:, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2008 p.196
913:In his memoirs after the war, Husayni noted that
668:, after the occupation of Iran by Britain and the
1469:Isserof, Ami; Peter FitzGerald-Morris. MidEastWeb
595:(Jewish National Council in Palestine) that they
398:rebellion. Al-Husayni and the Committee rejected
89:Mussolini l'alleato. L'Italia in guerra 1940-1943
39:(2)Husayni's role in Farhun-Nazi uprising in Iraq
1212:Western Imperialism in the Middle east 1914-1958
932:notes that in his memoirs Husayni recalled that
1357:Oxford University Press, Oxford 1990 p.676 n.53
1111:£138,000 from 10 September 1936 to 15 June 1938
1824:"Hall Amin Al-Husayni: The Mufti of Jerusalem"
1522:
1520:
1565:Christopher Browning, with Jürgen Matthäus,
759:, al-Husayni met the German Foreign Minister
632:pro-Nazi Iraqi army officers, led by General
589:declined a proposal from the chairman of the
548:in Palestine.. AL-Husayni's great adversary,
500:Ties with the Axis Powers during World War II
261:Ali Hassan Salameh Ali Hassan was the son of
8:
752:) of the Jewish National Home in Palestine.
281:International Journal of Middle East Studies
216:Imad marie (talk) 13:26, 22 June 2008 (UTC)
35:Then an ordered list of the main evidence =
1552:
1550:
1048:Zionism and Arabism in Palestine and Israel
273:, Indiana University Press, 1993pp.,43-44
1760:http://www.mideastweb.org/Iraqaxiscoup.htm
1725:(1961) New Viewpoints, New York 1973 p.504
1507:"Denial of Holocaust nothing new in Iran."
1447:http://www.mideastweb.org/iraqaxiscoup.htm
1408:The Third Reich and the Palestine Question
91:, vol.1., Einaudi, Turin, 1990 pp.212-213.
1423:, University of Florida Press, 2001 p.239
1386:Zionism and Anti-Semitism in Nazi Germany
821:Solution of the Jewish Question in Europe
599:al-Husayni, but in November of that year
305:, on which he was to serve as president.
1571:The Palestine Problem in German Politics
279:Avi Shlaim, ‘The Debate About 1948,’ in
1675:(1963) Viking Press, New York 1965 p.13
1039:
615:were released from prison and flown to
1870:
1858:
1847:
333:movement, called the 'Holy Struggle' (
1774:, citing Abd al-Karim al-Umar (ed.),
1723:The Destruction of the European Jews,
1337:David G. Dalin and John F. Rothmann,
620:Raziel was killed by a German plane.
7:
1623:final solution to the Jewish problem
1322:The Destruction of the European Jews
1226:idha takalam al-seif, uskut ya kalam
1214:, Oxford University Press 2006 p.169
341:, paralleled the clandestine Jewish
1615:Filastin wa al-Hajj Amin al-Husayni
1611:Mudhakkirat al-Hajj Amin al-Husayni
872:al-Husayni attempted to implement,
513:Reichsfuehrer S.S. Heinrich Himmler
329:and recruited from the Palestinian
54:(7)Organisation of Bosnian brigades
1869:Cite has empty unknown parameter:
1175:Text of decree in Haim Levenberg,
1139:, Einaudi, Turin 1990, vol.1 p.210
24:
1397:Renzo de Felice, ibid. pp.211-212
607:, (a break-off faction of which,
210:with the help of Britain and USA.
27:Something like this</(BR>
1793:, Shoah Resource Center, page 39
1514:. 8 January 2006. 27 May 2008.
1102:, Fayard, Paris vol.2 2002 p.376
1063:, Fayard, Paris vol.2 2002 p.297
1050:, Frank Cass. London, 1982 p.76
827:. This testimony was denied by
763:and was officially received by
535:, the German Consul-General in
301:In 1931 Al-Husayni founded the
251:The Holocaust in American Life,
42:(3) Flight to Italy and Germany
1686:The Journal of Israeli History
297:Political Activities 1930-1935
1:
1179:, Frank Cass London, 1993 p.8
552:had at the same time cut off
285:The Israel/Palestine Question
1639:Eichmann trial: The Judgment
1192:Viking, New York,1986 p.332
400:King Abdullah of Transjordan
1190:Chaim Weitzmann:A Biography
416:Royal Commission of Inquiry
1931:
1776:Memoirs of the Grand Mufti
1166:Sachar (2006), pp. 202-203
1157:Sachar (2006), pp. 200-201
1148:Sachar (2006), pp. 199-200
968:Propaganda and recruitment
1778:, Damascus in 1999, p.126
1535:Lewis (1999), pp. 151-152
1496:Lewis (1999), pp. 150-151
997:13th "Handschar" division
884:. According to him, five
527:In 1933, within weeks of
271:Assassination in Khartoum
1736:The Mufti and the Führer
1627:La Question de Palestine
1595:La Question de Palestine
1434:La Question de Palestine
1309:La Question de Palestine
1100:La Question de Palestine
1087:La Question de Palestine
1061:La Question de Palestine
740:, al-Husayni arrived in
712:, who met al-Husayni on
349:Arab revolt of 1936-1939
287:(London: Longman, 1999).
1599:Simon Wiesenthal Center
1366:Nicosia (2000) pp.85-86
680:In Nazi-occupied Europe
327:Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni
1914:Stillman (2000), p.143
1896:Pearlman (1947), p. 51
1857:Check date values in:
1828:Holocaust Encyclopedia
1328:, New York 1973 p.716.
1024:
977:
866:
793:
761:Joachim von Ribbentrop
730:
708:, and referred him to
684:Al-Husayni arrived in
587:British Foreign Office
465:
303:World Islamic Congress
255:
230:
93:
76:
1375:Nicosia, 2000 pp.86-7
1242:, ibid.pp. 257, 237
1020:
975:
930:Wolfgang G. Schwanitz
862:
781:
721:
652:where he was granted
457:
428:Lewis Yelland Andrews
379:Arab Higher Committee
323:Musa Kazim al-Husayni
246:
226:
85:
72:
1905:Sachar (1961), p.231
1887:Lewis (1999), p. 154
1697:Lewis (1999), p. 156
1556:Lewis (1999), p. 152
1544:Segev (2001), p. 463
1526:Lewis (1984), p.190.
1478:Lewis (1999), p. 150
1384:Francis R. Nicosia,
1341:, Random House 2008,
1121:Storia contemporanea
952:Generalfeldmarschall
746:Ernst von Weizsäcker
531:'s rise to power in
414:. When the promised
335:al-jihad al-muqaddas
310:Izz ad-Din al-Qassam
1734:Joseph Schechtman,
1660:The Final Solution,
1419:Lawrence Davidson,
1270:, March 24, 2008,
636:, forced the Iraqi
493:White Paper of 1939
391:Sir Arthur Wauchope
316:of the al-Istiqlal
1738:, ibid. pp.154-155
1651:Ha'avara Agreement
1487:Lewis (1995), 351.
978:
868:Among the acts of
797:Wannsee Conference
640:, the pro-British
628:In April 1941 the
624:In the Middle East
1688:, vol. 17. No. 3.
1629:vol.2 p.p.465-466
898:Fayiz Bey Idrissi
888:were sent with a
874:Michael Bar Zohar
601:Winston Churchill
585:In May 1940, the
566:for support, the
481:in October 1939.
406:foreign minister
1922:
1915:
1912:
1906:
1903:
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1894:
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1878:
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1871:|coauthors=
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1221:
1215:
1210:D.K.Fieldhouse,
1208:
1202:
1201:Mattar 1988 p.83
1199:
1193:
1186:
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1173:
1167:
1164:
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1103:
1096:
1090:
1083:
1077:
1070:
1064:
1057:
1051:
1044:
934:Heinrich Himmler
878:chemical warfare
817:Dieter Wisliceny
710:Benito Mussolini
576:George Wadsworth
550:Ze'ev Jabotinsky
522:Dieter Wisliceny
441:Jamal al-Husayni
375:Palestine pounds
1930:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1895:
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1801:
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1742:
1733:
1729:
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1713:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1692:
1683:
1679:
1671:Hannah Arendt,
1670:
1666:
1662:ibid. pp. 27-28
1648:
1644:
1637:
1633:
1608:
1604:
1592:
1588:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1548:
1543:
1539:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1518:
1505:Black, Edwin.
1504:
1500:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1452:
1444:
1440:
1432:Henry Laurens,
1431:
1427:
1418:
1414:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1392:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1365:
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1352:
1348:
1336:
1332:
1319:
1315:
1307:Henry Laurens,
1306:
1302:
1293:
1289:
1281:Ted Swedenburg,
1280:
1276:
1250:
1246:
1222:
1218:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1187:
1183:
1174:
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1165:
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1156:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1133:Renzo De Felice
1131:
1127:
1113:Renzo De Felice
1110:
1106:
1098:Henry Laurens,
1097:
1093:
1085:Henry Laurens,
1084:
1080:
1072:David M. Rosen
1071:
1067:
1059:Henry Laurens,
1058:
1054:
1045:
1041:
1037:
970:
962:Einsatzkommando
809:
799:settled on the
682:
654:legation asylum
642:Nuri Said Pasha
626:
507:
502:
489:Peel Commission
470:
434:members of the
351:
299:
22:
21:
20:
12:
11:
5:
1928:
1926:
1917:
1916:
1907:
1898:
1889:
1880:
1815:
1806:
1795:
1787:Daniel Carpi,
1780:
1764:
1751:
1740:
1727:
1711:
1699:
1690:
1677:
1664:
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1586:
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1459:
1450:
1438:
1425:
1412:
1399:
1390:
1377:
1368:
1359:
1346:
1330:
1326:New Viewpoints
1320:Raul Hilberg,
1313:
1300:
1287:
1274:
1244:
1216:
1203:
1194:
1181:
1168:
1159:
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1141:
1125:
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1091:
1078:
1065:
1052:
1038:
1036:
1033:
969:
966:
955:Erwin Rommel's
927:
926:
923:Jewish problem
908:Walter Laqueur
813:Adolf Eichmann
808:
805:
801:Final Solution
681:
678:
638:Prime Minister
625:
622:
572:Czechoslovakia
545:Englandpolitik
506:
503:
501:
498:
463:(nationalism)’
387:general strike
350:
347:
298:
295:
263:Hassan Salameh
259:
258:
257:
256:
234:
233:
232:
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18:User:Nishidani
15:
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1463:
1460:
1457:Mattar, 1984.
1454:
1451:
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1442:
1439:
1435:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1416:
1413:
1410:pp.105,185ff.
1409:
1403:
1400:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1381:
1378:
1372:
1369:
1363:
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1350:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1317:
1314:
1311:, vol.2 p.374
1310:
1304:
1301:
1297:
1294:Hillel Cohen,
1291:
1288:
1284:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1227:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1207:
1204:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1188:Norman Rose,
1185:
1182:
1178:
1172:
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1163:
1160:
1154:
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1142:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1126:
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1114:
1108:
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849:Bernard Lewis
845:
844:Rafael Medoff
841:
837:
836:Hannah Arendt
833:
830:
826:
822:
818:
815:'s deputies,
814:
807:The Holocaust
806:
804:
802:
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792:
790:
786:
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778:
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639:
635:
631:
630:Golden Square
623:
621:
618:
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468:
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153:
145:
144:
143:
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141:
135:
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121:
120:
119:
118:
117:
111:
105:
104:
102:
101:
100:
92:
90:
84:
83:
82:
81:
75:
71:
70:
69:
68:
67:
63:
56:
53:
50:
47:
44:
41:
38:
37:
36:
30:
29:
28:
19:
1910:
1901:
1892:
1883:
1839:. Retrieved
1818:
1809:
1798:
1789:
1783:
1775:
1767:
1754:
1743:
1735:
1730:
1722:
1719:Raul Hilberg
1714:
1702:
1693:
1685:
1680:
1672:
1667:
1659:
1656:G.Reitlinger
1645:
1634:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1594:
1589:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1540:
1531:
1509:
1501:
1492:
1483:
1474:
1462:
1453:
1441:
1433:
1428:
1420:
1415:
1407:
1402:
1393:
1385:
1380:
1371:
1362:
1354:
1349:
1338:
1333:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1308:
1303:
1295:
1290:
1282:
1277:
1263:
1256:Hillel Cohen
1254:, reviewing
1247:
1239:
1225:
1219:
1211:
1206:
1197:
1189:
1184:
1176:
1171:
1162:
1153:
1144:
1136:
1128:
1120:
1116:
1107:
1099:
1094:
1086:
1081:
1073:
1068:
1060:
1055:
1047:
1042:
1025:
1021:
1013:
979:
958:Afrika Korps
946:
942:
937:
928:
912:
905:
886:parachutists
867:
863:
854:
839:
834:
810:
794:
788:
784:
782:
777:Vichy France
775:against the
765:Adolf Hitler
754:
749:
731:
725:
722:
718:
683:
675:
670:Soviet Union
660:and then by
627:
613:David Raziel
590:
584:
580:
558:
544:
526:
512:
508:
486:
483:
472:
469:
466:
460:
458:
420:
408:Nuri as-Said
396:
352:
338:
334:
307:
300:
291:
290:
284:
280:
275:
270:
267:
260:
250:
247:
239:
235:
227:
218:
215:
202:
194:
181:
172:
171:
159:
151:
139:
130:Antisemitism
129:
128:
115:
98:
88:
86:
73:
64:
60:
34:
25:
1859:|date=
1436:vol.2 p.467
1264:Shadowplays
1252:Neve Gordon
982:Axis Powers
876:reports a
825:Third Reich
769:November 28
757:November 20
750:Beseitigung
597:assassinate
339:al-Futuwwah
189:to Germany.
1841:2007-10-19
1583:0803213271
1268:The Nation
1035:References
919:Arab world
738:November 6
734:November 3
714:October 27
698:Suez canal
690:October 11
634:Rashid Ali
592:Vaad Leumi
445:Seychelles
412:October 11
385:and for a
292:Begin here
152:Page 147:
1406:Nicosia.
1324:, (1961)
1001:partisans
823:” by the
773:Gaullists
666:October 8
656:first by
541:Nabi Musa
537:Palestine
518:Nuremberg
487:See also
436:al-Qassam
331:Boy Scout
173:Holocaust
132:Page 96:
1850:cite web
1235:mukhtars
1009:Yugoslav
1005:genocide
882:Tel Aviv
870:sabotage
829:Eichmann
726:völkisch
461:wataniya
432:Galilean
355:April 19
325:'s son,
253:pp.157-8
1832:June 25
1233:eighty
1016:March 1
1011:Jews.
993:Muslims
990:Bosnian
986:Balkans
894:Jericho
857:Einsatz
561:21 July
533:Germany
505:Pre-war
453:Lebanon
343:Haganah
195:• aaa
1581:
1511:SFGate
1230:dunams
938:abadna
742:Berlin
700:, and
568:Abwehr
529:Hitler
383:May 15
318:mosque
890:toxin
702:Aqaba
664:. On
662:Italy
658:Japan
646:fatwa
605:Irgun
554:Irgun
449:Jaffa
423:Haram
404:Iraqi
366:sheik
16:<
1875:help
1863:help
1836:2007
1579:ISBN
706:lire
693:1941
686:Rome
650:Iran
617:Iraq
609:Lehi
564:1937
479:Iraq
475:Zouk
371:waqf
358:1936
314:imam
1266:,
1258:'s
1031:.
1014:On
1007:of
903:.
787:. (
767:on
755:On
688:on
451:to
430:by
353:On
156:(D)
136:(C)
112:(B)
1867:;
1854::
1852:}}
1848:{{
1834:,
1830:.
1826:.
1721:,
1658:,
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1549:^
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520:,
491:,
360:,
1877:)
1873:(
1865:)
1861:(
1844:.
1762:.
724:(
495:.
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