User:Sc.helm/Human rights in Turkey

3482:, respectively. The law prohibits strikes by civil servants, public workers engaged in the safeguarding of life and property, workers in the coal mining and petroleum industries, sanitation services, national defense, banking, and education; however, many workers in these sectors conducted strikes in violation of these restrictions with general impunity. The law requires that, in order to become a bargaining agent, a union must represent 50 percent plus one of the employees at a given work site and 10 percent of all the workers in that particular industry. Labor law prohibits union leaders from becoming officers of or otherwise performing duties for political parties and from working for or being involved in the operation of any profit-making enterprise 1860:, the military charged individuals with lack of discipline for activities that included performing Muslim prayers or being married to women who wore headscarves. In December 2008 the General Staff issued 24 dismissals, five of which pertained to alleged Islamic fundamentalism. According to the progress report 2008 of the European Union freedom of religion, freedom of worship continued to be generally respected. The Law on foundations adopted in February 2008 addresses, among other things, a number of property issues regarding non-Muslim minorities. 1990:

avoiding military service. COs who attract media attention or publish articles about their refusal to perform military service may also be punished to between six months’ and two years' imprisonment under Article 318 of the Turkish Criminal Code for "alienating the people from the armed forces". In 2004, a new Criminal Code was introduced (Law No 5237). Under the previous Criminal Code, "alienating people from the armed forces" was punishable under Article 155 with a similar term of imprisonment.

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Article 14 of the European Convention of Human Rights (ban of discrimination), many judgments concerning Article 2 (right to life) and Article 3 of the Convention (ban of torture) were taken on procedural grounds rather than testifying an involvement of State agencies. According to the European Commission on Enlargement of the EU Turkey continued to make progress on the execution of ECtHR judgments. All pecuniary compensation was paid on time, totalling €5.2 million in 2008.

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the reason. Another 15 deaths were attributed to hunger strikes while medical neglect was given as the reason for 26 deaths. On the basis of this list Helmut Oberdiek compiled a revised list for 20 years (12 September 1980 to 12 September 2000) and concluded that in 428 cases torture may have been the reason for the death of prisoners. In 2008 alone the Human Rights Foundation of Turkey reported of 39 deaths in prison. In some cases torture was involved.

2023:”. In September 2009 the Turkish press reported that the Turkish government is considering creating regulations regarding conscientious objectors. According to the amendment planned on the issue, those refusing to perform compulsory military service will no longer be forcibly drafted to the military while they are under detention and will be able to be defended by a lawyer while being tried. They will also be able to benefit from the Probation Law. 3312: 6216: 6226: 51: 1918:. The new wording (and sentences) for such an "offence" are now contained in Article 216 of Law 5237. The sentence that mere criticism should not be punishable under Article 159 of Law 765 (denigrating Turkishness, the Republic or the Grand National Assembly of Turkey) was added to the law text, although this had already been established in the case law. The "offence" is now described in 3418:) concerns would appear to be the need to reconcile the strong sense of national identity and the wish to preserve the unity and integrity of the State with the right of different minority groups within Turkey to express their own sense of ethnic identity, for example through the maintenance and development of linguistic and cultural aspects of that identity. 1997:, have also refused to perform military service. Members of Jehovah's Witnesses have regularly been sentenced to imprisonment under Article 63 of the Penal Code for avoiding military service. In recent years, Jehovah's Witnesses are reportedly regularly allowed to perform unarmed military service within the armed forces. They have complied with this. 3356:

told Human Rights Watch that in the last month Ebru had asked the Prosecutor's Office for protection from the man who had beaten her on several occasions and threatened to kill her. Lambda Istanbul was told that a few weeks ago police detained the man but released him two hours later. The same man is under police custody as the murder suspect.

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transgender people face beatings, robberies, police harassment, and the threat of murder. The interviews also exposed the physical and psychological violence lesbian and bisexual women and girls confront within their families. Human Rights Watch found that, in most cases, the response by the authorities is inadequate if not nonexistent.

3140:, since July 2003. The legal basis were the Regulation on the Language of Radio and Television Broadcasts of December 2002 In the beginning TV programs were restricted to 45 minutes per day; radio programs had a limit of 60 minutes per day. In June 2006 the restrictions were lifted for music and film programs in minority languages. 1882:. Articles 27 and 28 of the Constitution guarantee the "freedom of expression" and "unhindered dissemination of thought". Paragraph 2 of Article 27 affirms that "the right to disseminate shall not be exercised for the purpose of changing the provisions of Articles 1, 2 and 3 of Constitution", articles in question referring to the 1054:), the European Court has ruled against the decision to ban, finding Turkey in violation of articles 10 and 11 of the European Convention (freedom of expression and freedom of association). The ECtHR's decision concerning the Welfare Party has been criticized for lack of consistency with its other decisions, in particular by 1627:, wrote: While the number of cases of abductions or “disappearances” have decreased over the last few years, at the time of the Special Rapporteur’s visit such incidents still did occur, particularly in the remote areas of south-east Turkey, and there was deep concern at the recent disappearance of two persons. 3410:

number of killings were committed in Turkey against people of ethnic or religious minorities or different sexual orientation or social sexual identity. Article 216 of the Turkish Penal Code provides for a general ban of publicly inciting people to hatred and disgust and is far from meeting the necessities.

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Assyrians and Yazidis, from the minority status and these rights. Advocacy for protection of minorities' rights can lead to legal prosecutions as a number of provisions in Turkish law prohibits creation of minorities or alleging existence of minorites, such as Article 81 of the Law on Political Parties.

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Around a million people became displaced from towns and villages in south-eastern Turkey during the 1980s and 1990s as a result of the insurgent actions of the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK) and the counter-insurgency policies of the Turkish government. By some accounts, Turkey had the second largest

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Due to the large population of Turkish Kurds, successive governments have viewed the expression of a Kurdish identity as a potential threat to Turkish unity, a feeling that has been compounded since the armed rebellion initiated by the PKK in 1984. One of the main accusations of cultural assimilation

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Human rights defenders, writers, journalists and others were unjustly prosecuted under unfair laws and subjected to arbitrary decisions by judges and prosecutors. Courts also acted disproportionately when shutting down websites on the basis of posted items. People expressing dissenting views remained

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Since 1989, 74 people have refused to perform compulsory military service in Turkey. Only six of them have been tried for being a conscientious objector or sent to the military unit they were assigned to after being captured. COs may be punished under Article 63 of the Turkish Military Penal Code for

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was the disregard to the right to life and the increase in torture cases and deaths due to torture. The HRFT published two reports on Deaths in Custody (14 and 15 years since the military take over) presenting a list of 419 deaths in custody (in 15 years) with a suspicion that torture might have been

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some progress on observance of international human rights law. However, implementation of some ECtHR judgments requiring legislative amendments has been outstanding for several years. Further efforts are needed to strengthening the institutional framework on human rights, in particular as regards the

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In the 1970s and 1980s the Articles 141 (membership of communist organizations), 142 (communist or separatist propaganda) and 163 (membership of or propaganda for anti-secular organizations) of Law 765 (the Turkish Penal Code, TPC) were most frequently used to punish peaceful opposition. On 12 April

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Most of the disappearances concerned persons of Kurdish ethnic origin and occurred in the provinces of Diyarbakir and Siirt, in south-east Anatolia, where the armed and security forces are combating the PKK and where a state of emergency is in force. Some of the reported disappearances took place in

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Following the adoption of the amendments to Article 301, Turkish courts had forwarded, by September 2008, 257 cases to the Minister of Justice for prior authorisation. The Minister had reviewed 163 cases and refused to grant permission to proceed in 126 cases. The Minister of Justice authorised the

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Since 2005 incidents of torture seem to be on the rise. According to an October report by the Prime Ministry's Human Rights Presidency (HRP), the number of torture and cruel treatment cases reported in the first six months of the year surpassed the number reported in the first half of 2007. The HRP

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Newroz 1992: The Newroz festivities left at least 91 people dead in three towns of the southeast, Cizre, Sirnak and Nusaybin, and 9 others elsewhere in the region, and according to Helsinki Watch, 'all or nearly all of the casualties resulted from unprovoked, unnecessary and unjustified attacks by

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Law 765 (the old penal code) that entered into force on 1 March 1926 restricted freedom of expression, despite several amendments. Law 5237 that replaced the old penal code on 1 June 2005 preserved several provisions that restrict freedom of thought and expression. A number of special laws such as

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Based on the data of the Interior Ministry, the daily “Zaman” reported that between 1987-2001 a total of 2,914 political killings, 1,334 of the in the responsibility area of the police and 1,580 in area of the gendarmerie, were committed in the Eastern and Southern Eastern Anatolia Regions. 457 of

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During 1992 there was an extremely disturbing increase in the number of suspicious deaths in southeast Turkey. Hundreds of people were killed by unknown assailants; many of those people were leaders or in positions of responsibility in the Kurdish community -- doctors, lawyers, teachers, political

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said on 13 March 2009. News reports and members of a Turkish human rights group said that an assailant stabbed and killed Ebru, 28, in her home in the center of Istanbul. Members of Lambda Istanbul, which works for the rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and transsexual (LGBTT) people,

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In some places on the Internet a list attributed to the HRA can be found (but not on the website of the HRA). It is said that the original list contained 839 names, but that adding further names the list covered 1,251 names in the end.. In a revised list that covers only the time between 1980 and

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The mass violations of human rights in the mainly Kurdish-populated southeast and eastern regions of Turkey in the 1990s took the form of enforced disappearances and killings by unknown perpetrators which the state authorities showed no willingness to solve. In a press release on 1 September 2009

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Between 1 November 1998 and 31 December 2008 the ECtHR received 24,945 applications from Turkey. It declared 2,237 cases admissible and 13,615 inadmissible. During the same time it reached 1,905 judgments finding at least one violation in 1,652 cases. While there are hardly any decision regarding

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In July 2008 Beşir Atalay, Minister of the Interior, answered a request by CHP for Adıyaman province, Şevket Köse. He said that 314,000 people had applied for aid in order to return to their village. As of May 2008 151,469 people had returned to their villages in 14 provinces. They had been paid

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The law provides for freedom of association. Under the law persons organizing an association do not need to notify authorities beforehand, but an association must provide notification before interacting with international organizations or receiving financial support from abroad, and must provide

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After the European Court of Human Rights had passed more than 100 judgments finding a violation of Article 10 of the European Convention of Human Rights some changes were made to existing legislation. Article 8 of the ATL was abolished by Law 4928 of 30 July 2003. Another frequently used Article

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The Migrants’ Association for Social Cooperation and Culture (GÖÇ-DER) was founded in Istanbul in 1997. Branches were later established in Diyarbakir, Van and Hakkari. GÖÇ-DER has been sued five times for its activities. Four of them ended in acquittal. One case demanding the closure of GÖÇ-DER

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During 2008 there has been an increase in "hate crimes" in Turkey originating from racism, nationalism and intolerance. Despite provisions in the Constitution and the laws there have been no convictions for a hate crime so far, from either racism or discrimination. Since the beginning of 2006 a

1247:, presented a report on a visit to Turkey. The report presented details on operations against prisoners (26 September 1999, 10 prisoners killed in a prison in Ankara; 19 December 2000, an operation in 20 prisons launched throughout Turkey resulted in the death of 30 inmates and two gendarmes). 1933:

Other legal provisions that restrict freedom of expression include Articles 215, 216 and 217 of the Turkish Criminal Code, that criminalise offences against public order, and the Anti-Terror Law have been applied to prosecute and convict those expressing non-violent opinions on Kurdish issues.

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since all citizens are equal before the law. Although the Treaty of Lausanne, before the proclamation of the Republic, guarantees some rights to non-Muslim minorities, in practise Turkey has recognised only Armenians, Greeks and Jews as minorities and excluded other non-Muslim groups, such as

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The government limited freedom of expression through the use of constitutional restrictions and numerous laws, including articles of the penal code prohibiting insults to the government, the state, the "Turkish nation," or the institution and symbols of the republic. Limitations on freedom of

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The UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities was signed by the Turkish Republic on 30 March 2007. The convention was discussed in TBMM (Turkish Grand National Assembly) on 8 May 2008 and it was ratified on 3 December 2008. In July 2005 Law 5378 on Disabled People was enacted.

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comes from the state's historic suppression of the Kurdish language. Kurdish publications created throughout the 1960s and 1970's were shut down under various legal pretexts. Following the military coup of 1980, the Kurdish language was officially prohibited from government institutions. The

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On 21 May 2008 Human Rights Watch published a 123-page report documenting a long and continuing history of violence and abuse based on sexual orientation and gender identity in Turkey. Human Rights Watch conducted more than 70 interviews over a three-year period, documenting how gay men and

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the number of applications to NGOs in relation to cases of torture and ill-treatment has increased, in particular outside official places of detention, notably during apprehension, transfer, or in the open with no detention registered... There is a lack of prompt, impartial and independent

1910:(or Anti-Terror Law, ATL) entered into force. It abolished these provisions, but retained part of Article 142 TPC in Article 8 ATL. Journalists, politicians, human rights defenders and trade unionists were convicted under this provision, often simply for having used the word "Kurdistan". 3454:

On 12 April 2006, Human Rights Watch researcher Jonathan Sugden was detained by police in Bingöl, while he was carrying out research in the predominately Kurdish southeast of the country into the possibilities for IDPs to return and abuses allegedly involving the Turkish gendarmerie and

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has criticized the decision, claiming it had been closed only on procedural grounds. On 28 November 2008, the Supreme Court of Appeals overturned an Istanbul court's decision ordering the closure of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender solidarity organization, Lambda Istanbul.

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The Foundation for social, economic and political research (TESAV) has detailed information on the closure of political parties. They list ten political parties (instead of two) that were closed before the Constitutional Court was established. The details are (in collapsible tables)

2072:." Restrictions may only be introduced on the grounds of national security, and public order, or prevention of crime commitment, public health and public morals or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others. Article 3 of Law 2911 on demonstrations and meeting provides, " 1735:

In 2008 allegations of ill-treatment in prisons and during transfer continued. Small-group isolation remained a problem across the prison system for people accused or convicted of politically motivated offences. The Human Rights Foundation of Turkey registered 39 deaths in prison.

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Until March 2008 a total of 26 political parties had been banned, two of them before the Constitutional Court (the place where such decisions are taken) was established on 25 April 1962. This figure does not include the 18 political parties that were banned immediately after the

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reported that, in the first half of the year, 178 persons reported cruel treatment and 26 reported torture, up from 79 reports of cruel treatment and 17 reports of torture during the same period in 2007. In the report on progress of November 2008 the European Commission stated, "

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Mural depicting human rights in Turkey. The listed rights are: consumption rights, the right of a clean environment, the right to obtain information, the right to life, voting rights, the right to education, freedom of thought, right to health, equality, habeas

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criticized the treatment of the mentally ill in a report called "Behind Closed Doors: Human Rights Abuses in the Psychiatric Facilities, Orphanages and Rehabilitation Centers of Turkey". As a result of this criticism, Turkey's largest psychiatric hospital, the

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held weekly protests against "disappearances" between May 1995 and 1999. They had to suspend their action on 13 March 1999after week 200, because of intense pressure, detention and ill-treatment. In March 2009 the Saturday Mothers took their action up again.

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Antalya, Izmir and Istanbul. Most of the cases followed the same pattern: the missing persons had allegedly been arrested at their homes on charges of belonging to the PKK and taken to the police station but their detention was later denied by the authorities

856:(ECtHR). In 1987, Turkey accepted the right to apply individually to the ECtHR (Article 25 of the European Convention on Human Rights = ECHR) and 1990 recognised the compulsory jurisdiction of the European Court of Human Rights under Article 46 of the ECHR. 2049:

There has been some progress in the efforts to strengthen the safeguards for freedom of expression, which is a priority of the Accession Partnership. However, only a consistent track record of implementation will show whether or not the revised article is

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have the right to exemption from military service, if they so request, only if their "condition" is verified by medical and psychological tests, which often involves presenting humiliating, belittling graphic proof of homosexuality, and anal examination.

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the percentage of women is 9.1 (17.3 percent is the average in the world). In 1975 the percentage was 10.9 and in 2006 it was 16.3. Only 5.58 percent of mayors are women and in the whole of Turkey there is one governor (among 81) and 14 local governors.

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After severe criticism from NGOs and European institutions Article 301 was once again amended on 30 April 2008. The amendments introduced a requirement for permission to be obtained from the Justice Minister in order to launch a criminal investigation.

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criminal investigations to continue in 37 cases. This included one case which was initiated following a statement made by a Turkish writer on the Armenian issue shortly after the assassination of the Turkish journalist of Armenian origin, Hrant Dink.

1788:, which is under the authority of the Prime Ministry. The Directory regulates the operation of the country's 77,777 registered mosques and employs local and provincial imams, who are civil servants. Sunni imams are nominated and paid by the state. The 1605:

In Turkey, the military campaign against Kurdish secessionists in Eastern Anatolia has been accompanied by numerous enforced disappearances, which also gave rise to judgments of the European Court of Human Rights. There were only a handful of cases of

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In August 2009, Turkish government begun restoring names of Kurdish villages, as well as considering allowing religious sermons to be made in Kurdish as part of reforms to answer the grievances of the ethnic minority and advance its EU candidacy.

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political prisoners tried in military courts were held in military prisons and were thus subjected to military discipline. Prisoners were obliged to participate in daily roll-calls, the singing of marches and drills in the open air. In particular,

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A 2008 poll by the Women Entrepreneurs Association of Turkey showed that almost half of urban Turkish women believe economic independence for women is unnecessary reflecting, in the view of psychologist Leyla Navaro, a heritage of patriarchy.

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and Hezbollah. Although he had witnessed about 80 actions of Hezbollah in Adıyaman province the then Minister for the Interior had said that there was nothing by that name. This in turn had made him believe that the State supported Hezbollah.

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for both heterosexual and homosexual sex is eighteen. On the other hand, the criminal code has vaguely worded prohibitions on "public exhibitionism" and "offenses against public morality" that are sometimes used to discriminate against the

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Since 2002, as part of its reforms aimed at European Union integration and under pressure to further the rights of Kurds, Turkey passed laws allowing Kurdish radio and television broadcasts as well the option of private Kurdish education.

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In 2007, there were 2830 applications lodged against the Republic of Turkey before the ECtHR and consequently 331 judgments on the merits have been issued affirming 319 violations and 9 non-violations. In 2008, Turkey ranked second after

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Diyarbakir is still pending after the Court of Cassation cancelled the decision of Diyarbakir Judicial Court No. 1 not to band the association. This court has to hear the case again and scheduled the next hearing for 2 February 2010.

1732:) became notorious for the routine beatings which accompanied attempts to enforce military discipline among civilians. In addition, so-called "inaugural-beatings" had been institutionalized in almost all prisons in Turkey. 1116:

The right to life may not only be threatened by execution of death penalties. In particular during the 1990s there have been many instances of extra-judicial executions, (political) killings by unidentified perpetrators

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Since October 1984 death penalties have not been executed in Turkey. Turkey abolished the sentence for peace time offences in 2002 and for all offences in 2004. The sentence was replaced by aggravated life imprisonment

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in Turkey in the 1980s, but a high number of deaths in custody. The opposite was true for the 1990s, when the number of people who "disappeared" after having been abducted by agents of the States rapidly increased.

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The killing of Ebru Soykan, a prominent transgender human rights activist, on March 10, 2009, shows a continuing climate of violence based on gender identity that authorities should urgently take steps to combat,

1328:(World Peace Day) the Human Rights Association stated that until the end of 2008 a total of 2,949 people had been killed by unknown perpetrators and 2,308 people had become victims of extra-judicial executions. 3413:

Turkey does not appear to be the scene of large-scale or overt expressions of racism against individuals in the strictest sense of term. However, one of the main challenges facing Turkey in the field of ECRI's

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National service is the right and duty of every Turk. The manner in which this service shall be performed, or considered as performed, either in the Armed Forces or in public service, shall be regulated by

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that is not based on ethnicity. Consequently, the word "Turkish" legally refers to all citizens of Turkey, though individual interpretation can be more limited. According to the constitution, there are no

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For the number of associations, trade unions, political parties and cultural centres that were closed down or raided the Human Rights Association presented the following figure for the years 1999 to 2008:

1335:) was founded in 1993 and worked for about two years. Many members complained that they had not been assisted and their work had been undermined. One member of the commission, Eyüp Aşık, stated that the 1681:(HRA) protested against this evaluation and pointed at recent figures and definitions of systematic torture by the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and the UN Committee against Torture. 3837: 1614:

On 28 December 1998 the UN Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances issued a Report on the visit to Turkey by two members of the Working Group from 20-26 September 1998. It stated

3474:"without obtaining permission" and "to possess the right to become a member of a union and to freely withdraw from membership" (Article 51). Articles 53 and 54 affirm the right of workers to 2160:"without obtaining permission" and "to possess the right to become a member of a union and to freely withdraw from membership" (Article 51). Articles 53 and 54 affirm the right of workers to 2076:." Nevertheless Amnesty International stated in 2009 that the right to freedom of peaceful assembly was denied, and law enforcement officials used excessive force to disperse demonstrations. 3042:, "everyone bound to the Turkish state through the bond of citizenship is a Turk". The Constitution affirms the principle of the indivisibility of the Turkish Nation and of constitutional 4827: 1817:

Exact figures on the non-Islamic population in Turkey are not available. Some sources estimate the Christian population between three and five percent. Their communities mainly exist in

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leaders, journalists, human rights activists, businessmen... Human rights activists were among the victims. Thirteen of the suspicious killings since January 1992 were of journalists.

4119: 3961: 3335:, a LGBT organization founded in 1996, was dissolved in May 2008 following a court decision. The prosecution argued that its objectives went against "the law and morality", but 4173: 755: 657: 549: 441: 353: 265: 177: 3289:

In 2008, critics have pointed out that Turkey has become a major market for foreign women who are coaxed and forcibly brought to the country by international mafia to work as

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have regularly called upon Turkey to legally recognise the right to conscientious objection. In March 2004, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe stated that: “

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312/2 of the TPC (incitement to hatred and enmity) was amended by Law 4744 of 9 February 2002. The new version narrowed the use of this Article by introducing the condition

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expression applied to the Internet, and courts and an independent board ordered telecommunications providers to block access to Web sites on approximately 1,475 occasions.

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in the list of countries with the largest number of human rights violation cases open at the European Court of Human Rights, with 9,000 cases pending as of August 2008.

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Most labor experts in the country estimated that approximately 20 percent of the wage and salary workers in the labor force were unionized. Turkey has had a standard

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Despite Turkey’s geostrategic position, the Assembly demands that Turkey recognises the right to conscientious objection and introduce an alternative civilian service

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community. As of 2006, Turkey neither has a law permitting homosexuals to get married, nor does it have a law against the discrimination of Turkey's LGBT community.

5419: 5254: 1108:, had been jailed in 1994, allegedly for being a member of the outlawed PKK, but officiously for having spoken Kurdish in public during her parliamentary oath. 3973: 4102: 1785: 1745: 4243:: File of Torture: Deaths in Detention Places or Prisons (12 September 1980 to 12 September 1995, Ankara, March 1996 ISBN 975-7217-09-03, pages 51 to 68 2125:

Funeral of Vedat Aydin in Diyarbakir in June 1991, 15 people were shot dead The annual report of the HRFT reported that seven demonstrators were killed.

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One ECtHR judgment sentenced Turkey to a 103,000 euros fine for its decisions about the Yüksekova Gang (aka "the gang with uniforms"), related to the

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Demonstration in Digor because of the 9th anniversary of the beginning of the armed fight of the PKK on 15 August 1984. 15 demonstrators were killed.

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Reports of torture and other ill-treatment rose during 2008, especially outside official places of detention but also in police stations and prisons

1019:, Turkey was sentenced to 33 million euros in 567 different cases between 1990—when Turkey effectively allowed individual applications to the 748: 650: 542: 434: 346: 258: 170: 2176:

and dissolved on 16 October 1981. The Grand National Assembly of Turkey passed Law 2533 on 19 June 1992 allowing these parties to be opened again.

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Though Turkey is a land of vast ethnic, linguistic and religious diversity – home not only to Turks, Kurds and Armenians, but also, among others,

4487: 4230:: File of Torture: Deaths in Detention Places or Prisons (12 September 1980 to 12 September 1995, Ankara, March 1996 ISBN 975-7217-09-03, page 20 4201: 6150: 5577: 5357: 3385: 1826: 1065:

clandestine gendarmerie intelligence unit. The EHCR also sentenced in 2006 Turkey to a 28,500 Euros fine for the JİTEM murder of 72-years-old

67: 3938:, prepared by the Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights for the General Assembly of the Council of Europe; accessed on 13 September 2009 1719:

Turkey has repeatedly been criticized for poor prison conditions and in particular for not solving the problem of overcrowding. Following the

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had been behind many of these killings and added that the State had had three effective arms in the fight against terrorism: special teams,

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The Human Rights Association Mazlumder presented figures on killing by unknown assailants and suspicious death for the years 2005 to 2008:

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at risk, with individuals threatened with violence by unknown individuals or groups. Police bodyguards were provided in a number of cases

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the Law 5816 (offences against the memory of Atatürk), Press Law and the Law on Political Parties also restrict freedom of expression.

6181: 1982:, but he was later released in March 2006. However, he is still a convict and shall be arrested on sight. In a related case, journalist 1967: 849: 4931: 5784: 5597: 4372:

The report of Amnesty International Turkey: Human Rights Denied appeared in November 1988 (AI Index: EUR/44/65/88); the report can be

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The File on Torture that was included in the newsletter of September 1987 is not available any more. A copy of images can be found as

3109:. If Turkey were to become a signatory to this treaty, it would have to accept and subsidise the education of minorities in their own 1350:(HRW) first called for an investigation of links between Hezbollah and the security forces in 1992. In a separate report HRW stated: " 5940: 5622: 5274: 4693: 4240: 4227: 4164: 3898: 3769: 3228: 2107: 1251: 1163: 3853: 4266: 2131:

20 people died in Gazi and 1 May quarter of Istanbul during an unrest that started with shots on coffee shop frequented by Alevis.

1254:(HRA) presented the following figures on doubtful deaths/deaths in custody/extra judicial execution/torture by paid guard village 6191: 2657: 1919: 5476: 6145: 6050: 5812: 5709: 5704: 5505: 4435: 4321: 3251: 3013: 1092:

9000 € from the Turkish government, ruling Turkey had violated her rights of free expression. Zana, who had been recognized as

4718: 4386: 3935: 1085:, as the ECtHR ordered Turkey to give financial compensation to a person expelled from the Turkish-controlled side of Cyprus. 3893:

Quote taken from the English version of the Annual Report 2001 of the Human Rights Foundation of Turkey, Ankara 2003, p. 68,

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published a first report on extra-judicial executions in Turkey. In the following years the problem became more serious. The

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was tried and acquitted by a Turkish court for supporting Tarhan and advocating conscientious objection as a human right.

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paid for by the Social Security. Modifications to the Civil Code in 1926 gave the right to women to initiate and obtain a

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Protocol No. 2 to the European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and inhuman or Degrading Treatment of Punishment

5141: 4464: 6186: 5990: 5985: 5880: 5769: 5407: 4059: 3091:. Since September 2002 minorities have the right to operate private courses that teach any language spoken in Turkey. 2276: 1623:." In her report of 18 December 2001 the UN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, Ms. 1015:

Turkey's human rights record has long continued to attract scrutiny, both internally and externally. According to the

3545: 4029: 6110: 6085: 6000: 5980: 5930: 5900: 5890: 5659: 5562: 4106: 3278:. To combat this, the government and various other foundations are engaged in education campaigns in Southeastern 6196: 6075: 6070: 5950: 5674: 5246:

Directorate for Movements of Persons, Migration and Consular Affairs; Asylum and Migration Division (July 2001).

4911: 3398: 1016: 5739: 5699: 5679: 4640:, paper presented at the Middle East Studies Association in Washington, DC in December 1995 by Lord Eric Avebury 4399: 3617: 6140: 6090: 6045: 6025: 6015: 5915: 5872: 5848: 5802: 5749: 5724: 5582: 4893: 4755: 3798: 3216: 2070:

Everyone has the right to hold unarmed and peaceful meetings and demonstration marches without prior permission

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Religious education is compulsory in primary and secondary education (Article 24 of the Constitution). Mainly

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went to Turkey in September 2004 and maintained that torture was no longer systematic practice in Turkey. The

3552: 6115: 6030: 6010: 5895: 5885: 5779: 5729: 5689: 5642: 5637: 5627: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5587: 5572: 5567: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5542: 4932:

Ratifications of European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages by the members of the Council of Europe

3486: 3087:

Until reforms that started in 2002, there were legal restrictions on publishing in languages other than the

3025: 2447: 1943: 4988: 3641: 3224: 820:

Protocol No. 12 to the 1950 European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms

810:

Protocol No. 11 to the 1950 European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms

800:

Protocol No. 10 to the 1950 European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms

516:

International Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes Against International Protected Persons

331: 6160: 6095: 6060: 5995: 5975: 5965: 5925: 5910: 5905: 5807: 5774: 5764: 5744: 5734: 5719: 5714: 5694: 5664: 5632: 5617: 5592: 5528: 4055: 3785: 3590:

Report of State Party - Turkey by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner of Human Rights, 2001

3502: 3227:

as its President. However, representation of women in political and decision making bodies is low. In the

3188: 3181: 3180:, including the right to elect and be elected locally (in 1930) and nation wide (in 1934). Therefore, the 3031: 3028:

and Jews, the history of the state is one of severe repression of minorities in the name of nationalism. (

2083: 1979: 1842: 1830: 1093: 1036: 790:

Protocol No. 9 to the 1950 European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms

722:

Protocol No. 8 to the 1950 European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms

118: 71: 40: 3910: 2134:

Funeral of PKK militants at the end of March 2006: 13 people were killed in Diyarbakir and further places

712:

Protocol No.7 to the 1950 European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms

702:

Protocol No.6 to the 1950 European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms

692:

Protocol No.5 to the 1950 European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms

624:

Protocol No.4 to the 1950 European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms

614:

Protocol No.3 to the 1950 European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms

604:

Protocol No.2 to the 1950 European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms

6201: 6120: 6080: 6055: 6035: 5970: 5945: 5935: 5920: 5759: 5684: 5654: 3666: 3475: 3306: 2161: 1691: 1662: 1159: 1152: 1097: 4089: 3865: 3602: 2079:

Deaths due to excessive police force during demonstrations have a long history in Turkey. They include

1974:, the first conscientious objector to be imprisoned for his objection. Another conscientious objector, 4416: 4308: 4214: 3455:

government-armed local defense units called “village guards.” He was deported to London the next day.

1959:

are the only European countries that have not introduced any legislation on conscientious objection.

6040: 6005: 5960: 5955: 5864: 5395: 3693: 3490: 3463: 3176:

In the 1930s, Turkey became one of the first countries in the world to give full political rights to

3039: 2517: 2149: 1875: 1869: 1759: 1607: 1340: 1243:

On 18 December 2001 the UN Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, Ms.

1141: 138: 5308: 4616: 4373: 4072: 1166:

determined the following figures on extra-judicial executions in Turkey for the years 1991 to 2001:

39:

This page is under construction and no official part of Knowledge. It may be used for a revision of

6170: 5841: 5049: 4085: 3113:, and that for at least all the period of mandatory education. To this day 21 member states of the 1822: 1670: 1105: 1028: 114: 110: 86: 6225: 4797:

Submission to the European Union and the Government of Turkey, Minority Rights Group International

3577: 3426: 3368: 2007:

Mehmet Bal: He was repeatedly imprisoned in 2002, 2003 and 2008 He was allegedly beaten in prison.

1359:

the killings in areas of the police and 1,291 in areas of the gendarmerie had not been clarified.

388:

European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment

5225: 5199: 4280:

country report 2005 of the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor in US Department of State

3719: 3352: 3336: 3220: 3133: 1846: 1347: 1078: 1055: 146: 130: 106: 5194: 5031: 4658: 1857: 1140:). According to Article 9 of Law 5275 on the Execution of Sentences these prisoners are held in 1074: 4447: 3878: 1319:

In 2008 the human rights organization Mazlum Der counted 25 extra-judicial killings in Turkey.

31: 5268: 5081: 4771: 4730: 4689: 4491: 4045:; Index Number: EUR 44/017/1998 Date Published: 1 November 1998; accessed on 15 September 2009 3894: 3765: 3271: 3212: 3160: 3148: 3114: 2012: 1983: 1879: 1656: 1455:

The Human Rights Association (HRA) presents the following figures for the years 1999 to 2008:

1336: 150: 63: 3099:. As concerns the Kurdish language, all such courses were closed down in 2004 by the owners. 1993:

Some members of religious denominations who forbid their members to bear arms, in particular

1362:

The following figures were presented in the annual reports of the HRFT between 1990 and 2001

862:

In October 2009 the European Commission on Enlargement to the European Union attested Turkey

4993: 4578: 4160: 3646: 3137: 3125: 3092: 3088: 3068: 3021: 1971: 5345: 4878: 1978:, was sentenced to four years in prison by a military court in 2005 for refusing to do his 5076: 4605: 4389:

by the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, February 1996; accessed on 11 October 2009

4339: 4016: 3489:

based on European models since the 1930s. Furthermore, since 1999, Turkey has a state-run

3332: 3129: 3048: 1066: 82: 5378: 5220: 5168: 3923: 3714: 3204: 1802:" (places of gathering) have no legal status as places of worship in the state. However, 1784:

is taught. The government oversees Muslim religious facilities and education through its

4172:

The named reference "US2008" was defined multiple times with different content (see the

3322:

sexual relationships between consenting adults in private is not a crime in Turkey. The

1661:

The widespread and systematic use of torture in torture in Turkey was first observed by

408:

Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment

5146: 4832: 4279: 3390: 3323: 3311: 3290: 3263: 3259: 3200: 3192: 3110: 3096: 2016: 1850: 1803: 1688:

investigation into allegations of human rights violations by members of security forces

1674: 1101: 1082: 4906: 4357: 2074:

Everybody has the right to hold unarmed and peaceful assembly without prior permission

594:

Protocol to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms

310:

Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women

6219: 5346:"European Union Calls on Turkey to Improve Rights of People with Mental Disabilities" 5022:

Turkish, prepared by the Human Rights Agenda Association; accessed on 14 October 2009

4949: 3479: 3384:

In one particular case, an advocacy group for people with mental disabilities called

3275: 3267: 3240: 3156: 3143:

Since January 2006 the official TV channel TRT has established an additional channel

2553: 2165: 1975: 1883: 1725: 1624: 1244: 1051: 1046:

The ECtHR has heard nine cases against Turkey concerning political party bans by the

155: 142: 98: 5452: 4788: 4706: 4589: 4454:

on The Right to Conscientious Objection in Europe: A Review of the Current Situation

4003: 3124:

has been broadcasting short programmes in a number of minority languages, including

5054: 4542: 4531: 4520: 4420: 2829: 134: 94: 17: 5489: 5019: 3811: 3715:

Turkey: Party Case Shows Need for Reform - Ruling Party Narrowly Escapes Court Ban

3529: 1669:. Until 2002 the organization continued to speak of systematic torture in Turkey. 1639:

1999 Helmut Oberdiek reached a figure of 818 cases of "disappearances" in Turkey.

153:. In addition, Turkey has signed a number of treaties, shown in the tables below: 50: 5247: 4637: 4593: 4508: 4253: 3999: 3752: 6229: 5333: 5320: 5103: 4852: 4837: 3471: 3429:; Documentation prepared by the Democratic Turkey Forum, cases between 2007-2009 3371:; Documentation prepared by the Democratic Turkey Forum, cases between 2007-2009 3207:

in 1995. It is also the first country which had a woman as the President of its

3043: 2157: 2034:

Critical and open debate increased, even as restrictions on free speech continue

1763: 243: 5128: 3535: 4163:, released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor as part of the 3742:(in Turkish on pages of the Turkish Government); accessed on 10 September 2009 3512: 3319: 3017: 1956: 1887: 1089: 1070: 4889: 3936:

Draft Resolution (Doc. 10679) of 19 September 2005 on Enforced disappearances

3739: 3095:

is still the only language that can be used in schools and universities as a

865:

establishment of an independent human rights institution and of an Ombudsman.

733: 419: 232:

Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

141:, Part Two of which guarantees "fundamental rights and freedoms" such as the 5439:

The report of Istanbul GÖÇ-DER (in English and Turkish) can be found on the

4770:, Report of Minorities Rights Group International, December 2007, 48 pages, 4756:

The statistics of the Human Rights Association are also available in English

4431: 4133:

Report A/48/44/Add.1 of 15 November 1993 of the UN Committee against Torture

3651: 2068:

Article 34 of the 1982 Constitute (as amended on October 17, 2001) states, "

1891: 635: 506:

International Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft

97:

violations over the years. There is an ongoing debate in the country on the

90: 4109:

in the European Parliament of 6 October 2004; accessed on 14 September 2009

1774:

Alevi are the minority, estimated at 17 percent of the Muslim population.

1331:

A parliamentarian commission to research killings by unknown perpetrators (

496:

International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism

300:

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women

5497: 5464: 5108: 4857: 4807: 3948: 3394: 3283: 3279: 3236: 2114:

Turkish security forces against peaceful Kurdish civilian demonstrators'.

1951:”. This in principle would allow for a non-military alternative. Turkey, 1895: 1818: 1781: 1145: 1062: 43:

at a later stage. Anyone is invited to contribute (apart from spammers).

5396:

Handbook of the Human Rights Agenda Association on Hate Crimes in Turkey

5833: 4954: 4619:, Article by Hacer Yildirim Foggo, Turkish, accessed on 12 October 2009 3724: 3697: 3467: 3244: 2153: 1952: 1807: 1755: 527: 102: 5420:

The Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre in its country report 2008

5142:"The Countertraffickers: Rescuing the victims of the global sex trade" 4679:

HRFT, Annual Report 1993, Ankara June 1994, (English version) page 114

1630: 584:

Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms

5492:

an official site of the Justice Ministry; accessed on 22 October 2009

5230: 4649:

HRFT: Annual Report 1993, Ankara June 1994, (English version) page 41

4468: 3152: 3009: 1838: 1834: 1794: 1771: 1751: 1729: 1148:

and are allowed to exercise in a neighbouring yard one hour per day.

4295: 3603:

http://insanhaklarimerkezi.bilgi.edu.tr/data/raporlar_avrupa/985.doc

3557: 3530:

US Department of State: Bureau for Democracy, Human Rights and Labor

5440: 5032:

UN Joint Program for the Development of Women and Children's Rights

4553: 3601:

Mentioned in Resolution 985 (1992) reproduced as a word-file under

3315:

Istanbul Gay Pride Parade, 2008, Istiklal Street, Beyoğlu, Istanbul

1077:

judgment, concerning the assassination of a trade-unionist; or the

4670:

Annual Report 1991, Ankara January 1992, (Turkish version) page 62

4628:

Annual Report 1991, Ankara January 1992, (Turkish version) page 62

3310: 3177: 3144: 3005: 1849:

only the Armenian, Greek and Jewish communities are recognized as

1789: 1778: 1767: 1629: 49: 486:

International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombing

5332:

The English text of this law can be found on the website of the

5234: 5050:"'If the inquisitor was working today, he would commit suicide'" 4840: 4472: 3727: 3654: 3443:

in the world, whose plight has attracted international concern.

3328: 5837: 5501: 3868:

was published on 16 January 2000; accessed on 12 September 2009

737: 639: 531: 423: 335: 320:

United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime

247: 159: 4617:

The independent correspondence network BIANET on 20 March 2003

3493:, introduced by Law 4447 obligatory for all declared workers. 3196: 3102: 1634:

Special bus placed close to the action of the Saturday mothers

212:

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

3764:

Source: Report for 2001, published on 10 March 2003, Ankara,

2110:(HRFT) reported that one demonstrator was killed in Nusaybin. 5430:

U.S. Committee for Refugees, World Refugee Survey 1998, p.9.

4532:

Related article of War Resisters International on Mehmet Bal

4202:

Report of the EU Commission - Enlargement of 5 November 2008

3235:

Since 1985, Turkish women have the right to freely exercise

30: 4743: 4709:; published by the Democratic Forum in German, week 14/2006 4659:

German press statement of a delegation to South-East Turkey

4017:

Annual Report 1999 of the Human Rights Foundation of Turkey

5195:"Half of women say they do not need economic independence" 3827:

Index Number: EUR 44/008/2007, Date Published: 5 July 2007

3753:

Turkey: Extra-judicial Executions (AI Index: EUR 44/45/90)

3199:. Turkey was one of the first countries to elect a female 2117:

Newroz 1993: Three people were killed in Adana and Batman.

2106:

Newroz 1991: 31 people shot dead The annual report of the

2089:

Further casualties on 1 May Labour Day (all in Istanbul):

2004:

Halil Savda: He was sentenced to 21,5 months' imprisonment

81:(EU). Acute human rights issues include in particular the 4543:

War Resisters International on Mehmet Bal's ill-treatment

3879:

The Kurds of Turkey: Killings, Disappearances and Torture

1970:

that prohibits degrading treatment in a case relating to

1706:

An important characteristics of the period following the

4879:

http://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSLK427538

3951:, report compiled in 2007, accessed on 12 September 2009 3247:; a right still not recognized in Malta, an EU country. 363:

Protection from Torture, Ill-Treatment and Disappearance

77:

The issue of human rights is of high importance for the

1837:(a syncretistic faith) can be found. In the big cities 476:

International Convention Against the Taking of Hostages

5379:

http://www.mdri.org/mdri-web-2007/PR/033106_MDRIPR.pdf

3924:

http://www.mazlumder.org/dosyalar/2005-2008bilabco.doc

3801:

is available in English; accessed on 10 September 2009

3105:

have called on Turkey to adopt the definitions of the

1073:, in 1992 in Diyarbakir. Other cases include the 2000 873: 4521:

Article of War Resisters International on Halil Savda

2423: 2189: 1023:(ECtHR)—and 2006. Most abuses were done in the 137:

commitments, some of which are expressed in the 1982

4814:. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1995. 4167:

on February 25, 2009; accessed on 16 September 2009

3239:

in the first 10 weeks of pregnancy and the right to

1050:. In all but one case (which concerned the Islamist 222:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

6169: 6129: 5871: 5793: 5535: 5221:

Turkey: Court Shows Bias, Dissolves Lambda Istanbul

5129:

Human Trafficking & Modern-day Slavery - Turkey

4282:, dated 8 March 2006, accessed on 17 September 2006 3909:Figures were taken from the Turkish version of the 3107:

European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages

852:(1954) places Turkey under the jurisdiction of the 819: 809: 799: 789: 721: 711: 701: 691: 623: 613: 603: 593: 583: 515: 505: 495: 485: 475: 407: 397: 387: 319: 309: 299: 231: 221: 211: 4019:(English, page 338); accessed on 15 September 2009 3416:European Commission against Racism and Intolerance 2086:of 1 May 1977, death toll varies between 34 and 42 1946:. Article 72 of the Turkish Constitution states: “ 4907:"In Turkey's Kurdish southeast, pock-marked hope" 4432:Backgrounder to conscientious objection in Turkey 4376:. Freedom of expression are the page (images 3-6) 3258:regions, older attitudes prevail among the local 3167:Discrimination (apart from ethnic discrimination) 4989:"TRT to air programs for Alevis during Muharram" 4688:HRFT: Annual Report 1995, Ankara February 1997, 1966:ruled that Turkey had violated Article 3 of the 26: 5490:http://www.mevzuat.adalet.gov.tr/html/1097.html 5453:Information from the website of the association 4298:; online edition, accessed on 18 September 2009 3974:Full text of the Report of the UN Working Group 1829:; in southeastern Turkey other groups like the 4254:http://ob.nubati.net/Turkey:_Deaths_in_Custody 1088:The ECtHR also awarded in 2005 Kurdish deputy 5849: 5513: 5255:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 4974:An inoffical translation can be found on the 4746:had direct links to the documents in Turkish. 4352: 4350: 4348: 3667:Cases against Turkey before the ECtHR in 2007 3642:JİTEM’s illegal actions cost Turkey a fortune 1916:if the incitement might endanger public order 1762:. The two main Islamic streams in Turkey are 749: 651: 543: 435: 347: 259: 171: 8: 4073:Illustrated Reports of Amnesty International 4000:cover article on the right to life in Turkey 3117:out of 49 have proceeded with ratification. 1333:faili meçhul cinayetleri araştırma komisyonu 125:Commitment to international human rights law 5277:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4786:Nurcan Kaya and Clive Baldwin (July 2004), 4568:2009 Annual Report of Amnesty International 3922:The report in Turkish can be downloaded at 3889: 3887: 3881:, March 1993, accessed on 12 September 2009 3825:The Entrenched Culture of Impunity Must End 2000:Further instances of imprisonment included 1856:According to the human rights organization 1081:case in 1996, which set a precedent in the 5856: 5842: 5834: 5520: 5506: 5498: 4943: 4941: 4939: 4768:A Quest for Equality: Minorities in Turkey 4504: 4502: 4500: 3293:, especially in big and touristic cities. 2103:; usually on or around 21 March each year 1750:Although its population is overwhelmingly 1746:User:Sc.helm/Freedom of religion in Turkey 1728:and Mamak Military Prisons (the latter in 756: 742: 734: 658: 644: 636: 550: 536: 528: 442: 428: 420: 354: 340: 332: 266: 252: 244: 178: 164: 156: 5169:"Turkey's sex trade entraps Slavic women" 5077:"Taking the 'honor' out of killing women" 4563: 4561: 4387:Issue Paper on the Situation of the Kurds 4269:(Turkish); accessed on 17 September 2009( 4215:report reflecting the development in 2008 4197: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4155: 4153: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4006:in English; accessed on 13 September 2009 3866:backgrounder: What is Turkey's Hizbullah? 3780: 3778: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3630: 3628: 3626: 5391: 5389: 5387: 4482: 4480: 4413:this page of the Democratic Turkey Forum 4368: 4366: 4324:(Turkish); accessed on 20 September 2009 4290: 4288: 4122:(Turkish); accessed on 14 September 2009 4041:See the Report of Amnesty International 4032:(Turkish); accessed on 16 September 2009 3989:(Turkish); accessed on 13 September 2009 3613: 3611: 3541:Progress Reports on Turkey (1998 - 2005) 3062:Human rights of Kurdish people in Turkey 2866: 1810:municipalities ruled in 2008 that Alevi 1538: 1457: 1364: 1256: 1168: 870:European Court of Human Rights judgments 5323:is part of the Prime Ministry in Turkey 5290: 5288: 5015: 5013: 5011: 4822: 4820: 4638:Turkey's Kurdish Policy in the Nineties 4338:The report of Amnesty International on 4296:Turkey: The Istanbul Devrimci Sol Trial 3962:Human Rights Association of 15 May 1995 3569: 2146:detailed documents on such activities. 1708:12 September 1980 military intervention 5358:Mental Disability Rights International 5266: 5020:Questions and Answers on Women's Right 4721:, Turkish; accessed on 12 October 2009 4590:Text of the Constitution in Wikisource 4334: 4332: 4330: 4320:2008 Annual Report to be found on the 4043:Turkey: Listen to the Saturday Mothers 3848: 3846: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3386:Mental Disability Rights International 3195:, state or private, on the grounds of 2185:closed before the Constitutional Court 1673:, Commissioner for Enlargement of the 70:, according to Article 90 of the 1982 5381:press release of MDRI of 31 March 206 4719:Article in Samanyolu of 16 March 2008 3838:press release is available in Turkish 837:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 66:treaties, which take precedence over 7: 4976:pages of the Democratic Turkey Forum 4411:For a (German) list of offences see 4322:pages of the Democratic Turkey Forum 4309:2009 Report of Amnesty International 4062:; both accessed on 15 September 2009 3799:comparative balance sheet of the HRA 3676: 3674: 3560:you can search for Reports on Turkey 3553:Human Rights Watch Reports on Turkey 3397:, abolished the use of "unmodified" 3270:populations, where women still face 3155:dialects of Kurdish and also in the 1942:There is currently no provision for 1138:ağırlaştırılmış müebbet hapis cezası 79:negotiations with the European Union 5477:press release of Human Rights Watch 4731:Yeni Özgür Politka of 17 March 2008 4452:Quaker Council for European Affairs 4168: 3812:full report in Turkish as word-file 3694:Helmut Oberdiek in his private Wiki 3578:page of the University of Minnesota 3536:European Commission for Enlargement 3159:. There were plans to broadcast in 1968:European Convention on Human Rights 1814:are considered places of worship. 850:European Convention on Human Rights 93:Kurdish group, has caused numerous 5321:Administration for Disabled People 5104:"Turkish girls in literacy battle" 4950:"Kürtçe yayında sınırlar kalkıyor" 4853:"Turkey passes key reform package" 4707:weekly summary of events in Turkey 4415:(DTF). The DTF also has a page on 4340:Prosecution of Religious Activists 4120:press release of 10 September 2004 3755:was accessed on 10 September 2009 3451:about 530 million Turkish pounds. 3274:, forced marriages, and so-called 2418:closed by the Constitutional Court 1841:and other communities such as the 187:International Bill of Human Rights 24: 5488:For the full text of the law see 5334:Administration for Diabled People 4465:Chamber Judgement Ulke vs. Turkey 4241:Human Rights Foundation of Turkey 4228:Human Rights Foundation of Turkey 3949:The Right to Life: Disappearances 3877:Quotes taken from the HRW Report 3823:Report by Amnesty International: 3698:additional article on his website 3680:Statistics compiled by using the 3576:The information was taken from a 3229:Grand National Assembly of Turkey 2662:Türkiye Birleşik Komünist Partisi 2108:Human Rights Foundation of Turkey 1164:Human Rights Foundation of Turkey 1121:) and cases of "disappearances". 6224: 6215: 6214: 5307:An online edition of the report 5140:Finnegan, William (2008-05-05). 4554:HRW Annual Report 2009 on Turkey 4294:Report of Amnesty International 4161:2008 Human Rights Report: Turkey 3976:; accessed on 13. September 2009 2027:Quotes on Free Opinion in Turkey 1786:Directorate of Religious Affairs 696:14 May 1971 (s), 20 Dec 1971 (r) 490:20 May 1999 (s), 30 May 2002 (r) 324:13 Dec 2000 (s), 25 Mar 2003 (r) 226:15 Aug 2000 (s) 23 Sept 2003 (r) 5465:Source found on 14 October 2009 5075:Wilkinson, Tracy (2007-01-09). 4905:Schleifer, Yigal (2007-11-08). 4311:; accessed on 20 September 2009 4256:; accessed on 17 September 2009 4252:Text and lists can be found at 4204:; accessed on 16 September 2009 4135:; accessed on 14 September 2009 4092:; accessed on 14 September 2009 4075:; accessed on 14 September 2009 3964:; accessed on 12 September 2009 3926:; accessed on 12 September 2009 3913:; accessed on 12 September 2009 3840:, accessed on 11 September 2009 3814:; accessed on 10 September 2009 3788:; accessed on 10 September 2009 3605:; accessed on 10 September 2009 3580:; accessed on 10 September 2009 3286:and education levels of women. 3038:According to Article 66 of the 1004: 996: 988: 980: 972: 964: 956: 948: 940: 932: 924: 916: 908: 900: 875: 618:6 May 1963 (s), 25 Mar 1968 (r) 608:6 May 1963 (s), 25 Mar 1968 (r) 588:4 Now 1950 (s), 18 May 1954 (r) 314:8 Sep 2000 (s), 29 Oct 2002 (r) 6182:British Indian Ocean Territory 5408:First report of ECRI on Turkey 5309:“We Need a Law for Liberation” 4758:; accessed on 12 October 2009. 4358:Background to the Legal System 4342:was published in November 1987 4217:was accessed on 17 August 2009 3947:Article by Helmut Oberdiek on 2483:Turkey Progressive Ideal Party 1964:European Court of Human Rights 1758:country per Article 24 of the 1048:Constitutional Court of Turkey 1021:European Court of Human Rights 854:European Court of Human Rights 62:are protected by a variety of 1: 5479:; accessed on 14 October 2009 5455:; accessed on 14 October 2009 5443:; accessed on 14 October 2009 5441:website of Diyarbakir GÖÇ-DER 5398:; accessed on 14 October 2009 5298:; accessed on 14 October 2009 5273:: CS1 maint: date and year ( 5167:Smith, Craig S (2005-06-28). 5038:; accessed on 14 October 2009 4978:; accessed on 22 October 2009 4733:; accessed on 12 October 2009 4661:; accessed on 12 October 2009 4509:Country report of the Quakers 4402:; accessed on 11 October 2009 4360:; accessed on 11 October 2009 3558:Amnesty International Library 3491:unemployment insurance system 2713:Özgürlük ve Demokrasi Partisi 2658:Turkey United Communist Party 2095:1996: 3 demonstrators killed. 1690:." In the 2009 annual report 598:20 Mar 1952 (s), 22.06.53 (r) 510:16 Dec 1970 (s), 17.04.73 (r) 402:10 May 1995 (s), 17.09.97 (r) 25: 5174:International Herald Tribune 5102:Dymond, Jonny (2004-10-18). 5048:Moss, Stephen (2005-04-05). 4436:War Resisters' International 4028:See an article in the daily 3620:announced on 14 October 2009 3441:internally displaced persons 3147:that is broadcasting in the 2916: 2911: 2906: 2901: 2896: 2891: 2886: 2881: 2876: 2871: 2869: 2781:Demokrasi ve Değişim Partisi 2236:Peasants and Villagers Party 1250:For the years 2000-2008 the 1131:Capital punishment in Turkey 814:28.02.96 (s), 5 May 1998 (r) 804:28.02.96 (s), 5 May 1998 (r) 4948:Erdem, Zihni (2006-06-11). 4090:Bianet of 19 September 2002 4030:Radikal of 31 December 2002 3960:See a press release of the 3434:Internally Displaced People 2710:Freedom and Democracy Party 6255: 4890:Turkish text of the by-law 4696:(English version) page 193 4374:accessed as scanned images 3987:Radikal of 6 December 2008 3854:Radikal of 24 October 2008 3740:online edition of Law 5275 3682:official data of the ECtHR 3304: 3059: 2778:Democracy and Change Party 2486:Türkiye İleri Ülkü Partisi 1867: 1743: 1654: 1128: 765:Protocols 9-12 of the ECHR 726:04.02.86 (s), 19.09.89 (r) 500:27.09.01 (s), 28.06.02 (r) 451:Terrorism and Human Rights 412:25.01.88 (s), 02.08.88 (r) 392:11.01.88 (s), 26.02.88 (r) 6210: 5248:"Turkey/Military service" 4912:Christian Science Monitor 4060:France24 of 16 March 2009 4004:cases of "disappearances" 3911:comparative balance sheet 3487:state-run pensions system 3223:, also has a woman judge 2730:Sosyalist Türkiye Partisi 2298:Democratic Workers' Party 2259:Türkiye Sosyalist Partisi 1827:Greek-Orthodox Christians 1153:Extra-judicial executions 1100:and had been awarded the 876: 771: 673: 667:Protocols 5-8 of the ECHR 565: 457: 369: 281: 193: 5931:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 4400:Resolution ResDH(2004)38 4131:See paragraph 36 of the 3508:1980 Turkish coup d'état 3219:, the supreme court for 3217:Turkish Council of State 2851:Halkın Demokrasi Partisi 2848:People's Democracy Party 2815:Demokratik Kitle Partisi 2696:Sosyalist Birlik Partisi 2466:Workers – Peasants Party 2055:US Department of State: 2039:Amnesty International: " 1845:exist. According to the 1721:1980 Turkish coup d'état 1679:Human Rights Association 1667:1971 Turkish coup d'état 1252:Human Rights Association 6192:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 5529:Human rights in Europe 5294:Quoted for instance at 4812:Turkey: A Country Study 4806:Helen Chapin Metz, ed. 4579:Country report for 2008 4107:European People's Party 3786:full report as pdf-file 3618:2009 Report on Progress 2239:Çiftçi ve Köylü Partisi 1944:conscientious objection 1938:Conscientious objection 1920:Article 301 of Law 5237 1908:Fight against Terrorism 1119:faili meçhul cinayetler 109:as well as freedoms of 5578:Bosnia and Herzegovina 5036:Türkiye'de Kadın Olmak 4894:inofficial translation 4789:"Minorities in Turkey" 4592:. The Turkish text of 4165:US Department of State 3503:Human rights in Europe 3316: 3241:contraceptive medicine 3032:Demographics of Turkey 2727:Socialist Turkey Party 2539:Türkiye Emekçi Partisi 2341:İslam Demokrat Partisi 2338:Islamic Democrat Party 2256:Turkey Socialist Party 2141:Freedom of Association 2084:Taksim Square massacre 1898:nature of the state. 1635: 1094:prisoner of conscience 1027:, in the frame of the 60:Human rights in Turkey 56: 41:Human rights in Turkey 35: 5865:Human rights in Asia 4606:the Turkish Knowledge 4490:in the Turkish daily 4056:Bianet of 18 May 2004 3466:affirms the right of 3458: 3427:Hate Crimes in Turkey 3369:Hate Crimes in Turkey 3314: 3307:LGBT rights in Turkey 3256:Southeastern Anatolia 2812:Democratic Mass Party 2693:Socialist Union Party 2676:People's Labour Party 2575:Türkiye Huzur Partisi 2536:Turkey Labourer Party 2503:Büyük Anadolu Partisi 2469:İşçi - Çiftçi Partisi 2448:Turkey Workers' Party 2416:2. Political parties 2301:Demokrat İşçi Partisi 2183:1. political parties 2152:affirms the right of 2092:1989: 1 person killed 2032:Human Rights Watch: " 1962:In January 2006, the 1906:1991 Law 3713 on the 1880:freedom of expression 1864:Freedom of Expression 1692:Amnesty International 1663:Amnesty International 1633: 1160:Amnesty International 1146:high security prisons 1098:Amnesty International 1029:conflict with the PKK 107:freedom of expression 87:conflict with the PKK 53: 34: 6106:United Arab Emirates 4744:the website of TESAV 3546:Progress Report 2009 3476:bargain collectively 3221:administrative cases 3209:Constitutional Court 3189:Turkish Constitution 3040:Turkish Constitution 2572:Turkey Comfort Party 2518:National Order Party 2500:Great Anatolia Party 2452:Türkiye İşçi Partisi 2162:bargain collectively 2122:Different occasions 1870:Censorship in Turkey 1760:Turkish Constitution 559:Regional Conventions 275:Women's Human Rights 139:Turkish Constitution 133:has entered various 68:domestic legislation 6133:limited recognition 5794:States with limited 5296:Gays Without Border 4494:of 8 September 2009 4421:statistics for 2008 3772:, page 49 (Turkish) 3071:is not recognized. 2679:Halkın Emek Partisi 2522:Milli Nizam Partisi 2101:Newroz celebrations 2064:Freedom of Assembly 1995:Jehovah’s Witnesses 1843:Jehovah's Witnesses 1740:Freedom of Religion 1106:European Parliament 878:Number of decisions 839:was signed in 1949. 5226:Human Rights Watch 5200:Turkish Daily News 4267:Annual Report 2008 3720:Human Rights Watch 3393:state hospital in 3353:Human Rights Watch 3337:Human Rights Watch 3317: 3187:Article 10 of the 3083:Minority languages 2358:Fatherland's Party 1874:Article 26 of the 1847:Treaty of Lausanne 1636: 1348:Human Rights Watch 1125:Capital punishment 1079:Loizidou v. Turkey 1056:Human Rights Watch 780:for ratification; 682:for ratification; 574:for ratification; 466:for ratification; 378:for ratification; 290:for ratification; 202:for ratification; 147:security of person 131:Republic of Turkey 57: 36: 6238: 6237: 6175:other territories 5831: 5830: 5082:Los Angeles Times 4826:Toumani, Meline. 3532:(country reports) 3376:Disabled citizens 3272:domestic violence 3250:Nevertheless, in 3115:Council of Europe 3020:, Caferis, Roma, 2997: 2996: 2861: 2860: 2764:Demokrasi Partisi 2414: 2413: 2168:, respectively. 2047:European Union: " 2013:Council of Europe 1715:Prison conditions 1702:Deaths in Custody 1657:Torture in Turkey 1598: 1597: 1534: 1533: 1453: 1452: 1337:Turkish Hezbollah 1323:Unsolved Killings 1317: 1316: 1241: 1240: 1158:On 15 March 1990 1112:The Right to Life 1013: 1012: 885: 829: 828: 731: 730: 633: 632: 525: 524: 417: 416: 329: 328: 241: 240: 151:right to property 64:international law 47: 46: 6246: 6228: 6218: 6217: 6187:Christmas Island 5873:Sovereign states 5858: 5851: 5844: 5835: 5536:Sovereign states 5522: 5515: 5508: 5499: 5493: 5486: 5480: 5473: 5467: 5462: 5456: 5450: 5444: 5437: 5431: 5428: 5422: 5417: 5411: 5405: 5399: 5393: 5382: 5375: 5369: 5368: 5366: 5365: 5350:Disability World 5342: 5336: 5330: 5324: 5318: 5312: 5305: 5299: 5292: 5283: 5282: 5272: 5264: 5262: 5261: 5252: 5243: 5237: 5218: 5212: 5211: 5209: 5208: 5191: 5185: 5184: 5182: 5181: 5164: 5158: 5157: 5155: 5154: 5137: 5131: 5126: 5120: 5119: 5117: 5116: 5099: 5093: 5092: 5090: 5089: 5072: 5066: 5065: 5063: 5062: 5045: 5039: 5029: 5023: 5017: 5006: 5005: 5003: 5002: 4985: 4979: 4972: 4966: 4965: 4963: 4962: 4945: 4934: 4929: 4923: 4922: 4920: 4919: 4902: 4896: 4887: 4881: 4876: 4870: 4869: 4867: 4866: 4849: 4843: 4824: 4815: 4804: 4798: 4796: 4792: 4784: 4778: 4765: 4759: 4753: 4747: 4742:In October 2009 4740: 4734: 4728: 4722: 4716: 4710: 4703: 4697: 4686: 4680: 4677: 4671: 4668: 4662: 4656: 4650: 4647: 4641: 4635: 4629: 4626: 4620: 4614: 4608: 4602: 4596: 4587: 4581: 4576: 4570: 4565: 4556: 4551: 4545: 4540: 4534: 4529: 4523: 4518: 4512: 4506: 4495: 4484: 4475: 4461: 4455: 4444: 4438: 4429: 4423: 4417:verdicts in 2008 4409: 4403: 4396: 4390: 4383: 4377: 4370: 4361: 4354: 4343: 4336: 4325: 4318: 4312: 4305: 4299: 4292: 4283: 4276: 4270: 4263: 4257: 4250: 4244: 4237: 4231: 4224: 4218: 4211: 4205: 4199: 4180: 4179: 4178: 4177: 4157: 4136: 4129: 4123: 4116: 4110: 4099: 4093: 4086:Günter Verheugen 4084:Letter of AI to 4082: 4076: 4069: 4063: 4052: 4046: 4039: 4033: 4026: 4020: 4013: 4007: 3996: 3990: 3983: 3977: 3971: 3965: 3958: 3952: 3945: 3939: 3933: 3927: 3920: 3914: 3907: 3901: 3891: 3882: 3875: 3869: 3862: 3856: 3850: 3841: 3834: 3828: 3821: 3815: 3808: 3802: 3795: 3789: 3782: 3773: 3762: 3756: 3749: 3743: 3736: 3730: 3712: 3701: 3690: 3684: 3678: 3669: 3664: 3658: 3640:Duvakli, Melik. 3638: 3621: 3615: 3606: 3599: 3593: 3592:- See section 84 3587: 3581: 3574: 3464:The Constitution 3284:rate of literacy 3069:Kurdish alphabet 2867: 2609:Yeşiller Partisi 2424: 2190: 2174:1980 coup d'état 2150:The Constitution 1980:military service 1972:Osman Murat Ulke 1671:Günter Verheugen 1644:Saturday Mothers 1608:"disappearances" 1601:"Disappearances" 1539: 1458: 1365: 1257: 1169: 1142:individual cells 1017:Foreign Ministry 877: 874: 758: 751: 744: 735: 660: 653: 646: 637: 552: 545: 538: 529: 444: 437: 430: 421: 356: 349: 342: 333: 268: 261: 254: 245: 180: 173: 166: 157: 27: 6254: 6253: 6249: 6248: 6247: 6245: 6244: 6243: 6239: 6234: 6206: 6174: 6165: 6146:Northern Cyprus 6132: 6125: 5867: 5862: 5832: 5827: 5813:Northern Cyprus 5795: 5789: 5710:North Macedonia 5531: 5526: 5496: 5487: 5483: 5474: 5470: 5463: 5459: 5451: 5447: 5438: 5434: 5429: 5425: 5418: 5414: 5406: 5402: 5394: 5385: 5376: 5372: 5363: 5361: 5344: 5343: 5339: 5331: 5327: 5319: 5315: 5306: 5302: 5293: 5286: 5265: 5259: 5257: 5250: 5245: 5244: 5240: 5219: 5215: 5206: 5204: 5193: 5192: 5188: 5179: 5177: 5166: 5165: 5161: 5152: 5150: 5139: 5138: 5134: 5127: 5123: 5114: 5112: 5101: 5100: 5096: 5087: 5085: 5074: 5073: 5069: 5060: 5058: 5047: 5046: 5042: 5030: 5026: 5018: 5009: 5000: 4998: 4987: 4986: 4982: 4973: 4969: 4960: 4958: 4947: 4946: 4937: 4930: 4926: 4917: 4915: 4904: 4903: 4899: 4888: 4884: 4877: 4873: 4864: 4862: 4851: 4850: 4846: 4825: 4818: 4805: 4801: 4794: 4787: 4785: 4781: 4766: 4762: 4754: 4750: 4741: 4737: 4729: 4725: 4717: 4713: 4704: 4700: 4687: 4683: 4678: 4674: 4669: 4665: 4657: 4653: 4648: 4644: 4636: 4632: 4627: 4623: 4615: 4611: 4603: 4599: 4588: 4584: 4577: 4573: 4566: 4559: 4552: 4548: 4541: 4537: 4530: 4526: 4519: 4515: 4507: 4498: 4485: 4478: 4462: 4458: 4445: 4441: 4430: 4426: 4410: 4406: 4397: 4393: 4384: 4380: 4371: 4364: 4355: 4346: 4337: 4328: 4319: 4315: 4306: 4302: 4293: 4286: 4277: 4273: 4264: 4260: 4251: 4247: 4238: 4234: 4225: 4221: 4212: 4208: 4200: 4183: 4171: 4169: 4158: 4139: 4130: 4126: 4117: 4113: 4100: 4096: 4083: 4079: 4070: 4066: 4053: 4049: 4040: 4036: 4027: 4023: 4014: 4010: 4002:and details on 3997: 3993: 3984: 3980: 3972: 3968: 3959: 3955: 3946: 3942: 3934: 3930: 3921: 3917: 3908: 3904: 3892: 3885: 3876: 3872: 3863: 3859: 3851: 3844: 3835: 3831: 3822: 3818: 3809: 3805: 3796: 3792: 3783: 3776: 3763: 3759: 3750: 3746: 3737: 3733: 3713: 3704: 3691: 3687: 3679: 3672: 3665: 3661: 3639: 3624: 3616: 3609: 3600: 3596: 3588: 3584: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3526: 3499: 3461: 3459:Workers' Rights 3436: 3407: 3378: 3333:Lambda Istanbul 3309: 3303: 3282:to improve the 3215:. In addition, 3174: 3169: 3122:state-owned TRT 3111:first languages 3085: 3064: 3058: 3049:minority rights 3002: 2834:Fazilet Partisi 2761:Democracy Party 2643:Diriliş Partisi 2592:Sosyalist Parti 2589:Socialist Party 2401:Müsavat Partisi 2143: 2066: 2029: 1940: 1872: 1866: 1748: 1742: 1717: 1704: 1665:(AI) after the 1659: 1653: 1603: 1325: 1156: 1133: 1127: 1114: 1075:Akkoç v. Turkey 879: 872: 830: 825: 815: 805: 795: 785: 776:for signature; 767: 762: 732: 727: 717: 707: 697: 687: 678:for signature; 669: 664: 634: 629: 619: 609: 599: 589: 579: 570:for signature; 561: 556: 526: 521: 511: 501: 491: 481: 471: 462:for signature; 453: 448: 418: 413: 403: 393: 383: 374:for signature; 365: 360: 330: 325: 315: 305: 304:20 Dec 1985 (a) 295: 286:for signature; 277: 272: 242: 237: 227: 217: 216:15 Aug 2000 (s) 207: 198:for signature; 189: 184: 127: 48: 22: 21: 20: 12: 11: 5: 6252: 6250: 6236: 6235: 6233: 6232: 6222: 6211: 6208: 6207: 6205: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6178: 6176: 6167: 6166: 6164: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6137: 6135: 6127: 6126: 6124: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5877: 5875: 5869: 5868: 5863: 5861: 5860: 5853: 5846: 5838: 5829: 5828: 5826: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5799: 5797: 5791: 5790: 5788: 5787: 5785:United Kingdom 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5598:Czech Republic 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5539: 5537: 5533: 5532: 5527: 5525: 5524: 5517: 5510: 5502: 5495: 5494: 5481: 5468: 5457: 5445: 5432: 5423: 5412: 5400: 5383: 5370: 5337: 5325: 5313: 5300: 5284: 5238: 5213: 5186: 5159: 5132: 5121: 5094: 5067: 5040: 5024: 5007: 4980: 4967: 4935: 4924: 4897: 4882: 4871: 4844: 4833:New York Times 4828:Minority Rules 4816: 4799: 4779: 4760: 4748: 4735: 4723: 4711: 4698: 4681: 4672: 4663: 4651: 4642: 4630: 4621: 4609: 4597: 4582: 4571: 4557: 4546: 4535: 4524: 4513: 4496: 4476: 4456: 4439: 4424: 4404: 4391: 4378: 4362: 4344: 4326: 4313: 4300: 4284: 4271: 4258: 4245: 4239:Report of the 4232: 4226:Report of the 4219: 4206: 4181: 4137: 4124: 4111: 4094: 4077: 4064: 4047: 4034: 4021: 4008: 3991: 3985:See the daily 3978: 3966: 3953: 3940: 3928: 3915: 3902: 3883: 3870: 3857: 3852:See the daily 3842: 3829: 3816: 3803: 3790: 3774: 3757: 3744: 3731: 3702: 3685: 3670: 3659: 3622: 3607: 3594: 3582: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3562: 3561: 3555: 3550: 3549: 3548: 3543: 3533: 3525: 3522: 3521: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3498: 3495: 3460: 3457: 3439:population of 3435: 3432: 3431: 3430: 3406: 3403: 3377: 3374: 3373: 3372: 3324:age of consent 3305:Main article: 3302: 3299: 3276:honor killings 3225:Sumru Çörtoğlu 3201:prime minister 3193:discrimination 3173: 3170: 3168: 3165: 3097:first language 3084: 3081: 3060:Main article: 3057: 3056:Kurdish people 3054: 3001: 2998: 2995: 2994: 2991: 2988: 2985: 2982: 2979: 2976: 2973: 2970: 2967: 2964: 2958: 2957: 2954: 2951: 2948: 2945: 2942: 2939: 2936: 2933: 2930: 2927: 2921: 2920: 2915: 2910: 2905: 2900: 2895: 2890: 2885: 2880: 2875: 2870: 2859: 2858: 2855: 2852: 2849: 2846: 2842: 2841: 2838: 2835: 2832: 2827: 2823: 2822: 2819: 2816: 2813: 2810: 2806: 2805: 2802: 2799: 2796: 2793: 2789: 2788: 2785: 2782: 2779: 2776: 2772: 2771: 2768: 2765: 2762: 2759: 2755: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2747:Demokrat Parti 2745: 2744:Democrat Party 2742: 2738: 2737: 2734: 2731: 2728: 2725: 2721: 2720: 2717: 2714: 2711: 2708: 2704: 2703: 2700: 2697: 2694: 2691: 2687: 2686: 2683: 2680: 2677: 2674: 2670: 2669: 2666: 2663: 2660: 2655: 2651: 2650: 2647: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2634: 2633: 2630: 2627: 2624: 2621: 2617: 2616: 2613: 2610: 2607: 2604: 2600: 2599: 2596: 2593: 2590: 2587: 2583: 2582: 2579: 2576: 2573: 2570: 2566: 2565: 2562: 2559: 2556: 2551: 2547: 2546: 2543: 2540: 2537: 2534: 2530: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2515: 2511: 2510: 2507: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2494: 2493: 2490: 2487: 2484: 2481: 2477: 2476: 2473: 2470: 2467: 2464: 2460: 2459: 2456: 2453: 2450: 2445: 2441: 2440: 2437: 2434: 2431: 2428: 2412: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2402: 2399: 2398:Equality Party 2396: 2392: 2391: 2388: 2385: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2372: 2371: 2368: 2365: 2362: 2359: 2356: 2352: 2351: 2348: 2345: 2342: 2339: 2336: 2332: 2331: 2328: 2325: 2322: 2319: 2316: 2312: 2311: 2308: 2305: 2302: 2299: 2296: 2292: 2291: 2288: 2285: 2282: 2281:Millet Partisi 2279: 2274: 2270: 2269: 2266: 2263: 2260: 2257: 2254: 2250: 2249: 2246: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2234: 2230: 2229: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2219:Demokrat Parti 2217: 2216:Democrat Party 2214: 2210: 2209: 2206: 2203: 2200: 2197: 2194: 2142: 2139: 2138: 2137: 2136: 2135: 2132: 2129: 2126: 2120: 2119: 2118: 2115: 2111: 2098: 2097: 2096: 2093: 2087: 2065: 2062: 2061: 2060: 2053: 2045: 2037: 2028: 2025: 2017:United Nations 2009: 2008: 2005: 1984:Perihan Mağden 1939: 1936: 1865: 1862: 1754:, Turkey is a 1741: 1738: 1716: 1713: 1703: 1700: 1675:European Union 1655:Main article: 1652: 1649: 1642:The so called 1602: 1599: 1596: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1577: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1558: 1557: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1532: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1495: 1494: 1491: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1476: 1473: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1451: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1435: 1432: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1408: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1377: 1374: 1371: 1341:village guards 1324: 1321: 1315: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1286: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1261: 1239: 1238: 1235: 1232: 1229: 1226: 1223: 1220: 1217: 1214: 1211: 1208: 1204: 1203: 1200: 1197: 1194: 1191: 1188: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1176: 1173: 1155: 1150: 1129:Main article: 1126: 1123: 1113: 1110: 1102:Sakharov Prize 1083:Cyprus dispute 1011: 1010: 1007: 1003: 1002: 999: 995: 994: 991: 987: 986: 983: 979: 978: 975: 971: 970: 967: 963: 962: 959: 955: 954: 951: 947: 946: 943: 939: 938: 935: 931: 930: 927: 923: 922: 919: 915: 914: 911: 907: 906: 903: 899: 898: 893: 887: 886: 871: 868: 860: 859: 858: 857: 843: 842: 841: 840: 827: 826: 823: 821: 817: 816: 813: 811: 807: 806: 803: 801: 797: 796: 794:6 Now 1990 (s) 793: 791: 787: 786: 772: 769: 768: 763: 761: 760: 753: 746: 738: 729: 728: 725: 723: 719: 718: 715: 713: 709: 708: 705: 703: 699: 698: 695: 693: 689: 688: 674: 671: 670: 665: 663: 662: 655: 648: 640: 631: 630: 627: 625: 621: 620: 617: 615: 611: 610: 607: 605: 601: 600: 597: 595: 591: 590: 587: 585: 581: 580: 566: 563: 562: 557: 555: 554: 547: 540: 532: 523: 522: 520:6 Mar 1998 (r) 519: 517: 513: 512: 509: 507: 503: 502: 499: 497: 493: 492: 489: 487: 483: 482: 479: 477: 473: 472: 458: 455: 454: 449: 447: 446: 439: 432: 424: 415: 414: 411: 409: 405: 404: 401: 399: 395: 394: 391: 389: 385: 384: 370: 367: 366: 361: 359: 358: 351: 344: 336: 327: 326: 323: 321: 317: 316: 313: 311: 307: 306: 303: 301: 297: 296: 282: 279: 278: 273: 271: 270: 263: 256: 248: 239: 238: 235: 233: 229: 228: 225: 223: 219: 218: 215: 213: 209: 208: 194: 191: 190: 185: 183: 182: 175: 168: 160: 126: 123: 83:Kurdish matter 45: 44: 37: 23: 15: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6251: 6242: 6231: 6227: 6223: 6221: 6213: 6212: 6209: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6179: 6177: 6172: 6168: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6156:South Ossetia 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6138: 6136: 6134: 6128: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5878: 5876: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5859: 5854: 5852: 5847: 5845: 5840: 5839: 5836: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5818:South Ossetia 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5800: 5798: 5792: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5670:Liechtenstein 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5540: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5523: 5518: 5516: 5511: 5509: 5504: 5503: 5500: 5491: 5485: 5482: 5478: 5472: 5469: 5466: 5461: 5458: 5454: 5449: 5446: 5442: 5436: 5433: 5427: 5424: 5421: 5416: 5413: 5409: 5404: 5401: 5397: 5392: 5390: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5374: 5371: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5341: 5338: 5335: 5329: 5326: 5322: 5317: 5314: 5310: 5304: 5301: 5297: 5291: 5289: 5285: 5280: 5276: 5270: 5256: 5249: 5242: 5239: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5214: 5202: 5201: 5196: 5190: 5187: 5176: 5175: 5170: 5163: 5160: 5149: 5148: 5143: 5136: 5133: 5130: 5125: 5122: 5111: 5110: 5105: 5098: 5095: 5084: 5083: 5078: 5071: 5068: 5057: 5056: 5051: 5044: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5028: 5025: 5021: 5016: 5014: 5012: 5008: 4996: 4995: 4994:Today's Zaman 4990: 4984: 4981: 4977: 4971: 4968: 4957: 4956: 4951: 4944: 4942: 4940: 4936: 4933: 4928: 4925: 4914: 4913: 4908: 4901: 4898: 4895: 4891: 4886: 4883: 4880: 4875: 4872: 4860: 4859: 4854: 4848: 4845: 4842: 4839: 4835: 4834: 4829: 4823: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4803: 4800: 4795:(299 KB) 4790: 4783: 4780: 4777: 4776:1 904584 63 2 4773: 4769: 4764: 4761: 4757: 4752: 4749: 4745: 4739: 4736: 4732: 4727: 4724: 4720: 4715: 4712: 4708: 4702: 4699: 4695: 4694:975-7217-13-1 4691: 4685: 4682: 4676: 4673: 4667: 4664: 4660: 4655: 4652: 4646: 4643: 4639: 4634: 4631: 4625: 4622: 4618: 4613: 4610: 4607: 4601: 4598: 4595: 4591: 4586: 4583: 4580: 4575: 4572: 4569: 4564: 4562: 4558: 4555: 4550: 4547: 4544: 4539: 4536: 4533: 4528: 4525: 4522: 4517: 4514: 4510: 4505: 4503: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4483: 4481: 4477: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4460: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4443: 4440: 4437: 4433: 4428: 4425: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4408: 4405: 4401: 4395: 4392: 4388: 4382: 4379: 4375: 4369: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4353: 4351: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4335: 4333: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4317: 4314: 4310: 4304: 4301: 4297: 4291: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4275: 4272: 4268: 4262: 4259: 4255: 4249: 4246: 4242: 4236: 4233: 4229: 4223: 4220: 4216: 4210: 4207: 4203: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4182: 4175: 4166: 4162: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4150: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4128: 4125: 4121: 4115: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4103:press release 4098: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4081: 4078: 4074: 4068: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4051: 4048: 4044: 4038: 4035: 4031: 4025: 4022: 4018: 4012: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3995: 3992: 3988: 3982: 3979: 3975: 3970: 3967: 3963: 3957: 3954: 3950: 3944: 3941: 3937: 3932: 3929: 3925: 3919: 3916: 3912: 3906: 3903: 3900: 3899:975-7217-38-7 3896: 3890: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3874: 3871: 3867: 3861: 3858: 3855: 3849: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3833: 3830: 3826: 3820: 3817: 3813: 3807: 3804: 3800: 3794: 3791: 3787: 3781: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3770:975-7217-38-7 3767: 3761: 3758: 3754: 3748: 3745: 3741: 3735: 3732: 3729: 3726: 3722: 3721: 3716: 3711: 3709: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3689: 3686: 3683: 3677: 3675: 3671: 3668: 3663: 3660: 3656: 3653: 3649: 3648: 3647:Today's Zaman 3643: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3614: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3598: 3595: 3591: 3586: 3583: 3579: 3573: 3570: 3564: 3559: 3556: 3554: 3551: 3547: 3544: 3542: 3539: 3538: 3537: 3534: 3531: 3528: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3501: 3500: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3488: 3483: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3442: 3433: 3428: 3424: 3421: 3420: 3419: 3417: 3411: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3387: 3382: 3375: 3370: 3366: 3363: 3362: 3361: 3357: 3354: 3348: 3345: 3341: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3325: 3321: 3313: 3308: 3300: 3298: 3294: 3292: 3287: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3248: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3233: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3185: 3184:was amended. 3183: 3179: 3171: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3158: 3157:Zaza language 3154: 3150: 3146: 3141: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3118: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3082: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3070: 3063: 3055: 3053: 3050: 3045: 3041: 3036: 3034: 3033: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3000:Ethnic rights 2999: 2992: 2989: 2986: 2983: 2980: 2977: 2974: 2971: 2968: 2965: 2963: 2960: 2959: 2955: 2952: 2949: 2946: 2943: 2940: 2937: 2934: 2931: 2928: 2926: 2923: 2922: 2919: 2914: 2909: 2904: 2899: 2894: 2889: 2884: 2879: 2874: 2868: 2865: 2856: 2853: 2850: 2847: 2844: 2843: 2839: 2836: 2833: 2831: 2828: 2825: 2824: 2820: 2817: 2814: 2811: 2808: 2807: 2803: 2800: 2797: 2794: 2791: 2790: 2786: 2783: 2780: 2777: 2774: 2773: 2769: 2766: 2763: 2760: 2757: 2756: 2752: 2749: 2746: 2743: 2740: 2739: 2735: 2732: 2729: 2726: 2723: 2722: 2718: 2715: 2712: 2709: 2706: 2705: 2701: 2698: 2695: 2692: 2689: 2688: 2684: 2681: 2678: 2675: 2672: 2671: 2667: 2664: 2661: 2659: 2656: 2653: 2652: 2648: 2645: 2642: 2640:Revival Party 2639: 2636: 2635: 2631: 2628: 2625: 2622: 2619: 2618: 2614: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2602: 2601: 2597: 2594: 2591: 2588: 2585: 2584: 2580: 2577: 2574: 2571: 2568: 2567: 2563: 2560: 2558:Refah Partisi 2557: 2555: 2554:Welfare Party 2552: 2549: 2548: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2535: 2532: 2531: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2519: 2516: 2513: 2512: 2508: 2505: 2502: 2499: 2496: 2495: 2491: 2488: 2485: 2482: 2479: 2478: 2474: 2471: 2468: 2465: 2462: 2461: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2449: 2446: 2443: 2442: 2438: 2435: 2432: 2429: 2426: 2425: 2422: 2421: 2419: 2409: 2406: 2403: 2400: 2397: 2394: 2393: 2389: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2373: 2369: 2366: 2363: 2361:Vatan Partisi 2360: 2357: 2354: 2353: 2349: 2346: 2343: 2340: 2337: 2334: 2333: 2329: 2326: 2323: 2321:Güden Partisi 2320: 2317: 2314: 2313: 2309: 2306: 2303: 2300: 2297: 2294: 2293: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2280: 2278: 2275: 2272: 2271: 2267: 2264: 2261: 2258: 2255: 2252: 2251: 2247: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2235: 2232: 2231: 2227: 2224: 2221: 2218: 2215: 2212: 2211: 2207: 2204: 2201: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2191: 2188: 2187:was founded: 2186: 2181: 2177: 2175: 2169: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2140: 2133: 2130: 2127: 2124: 2123: 2121: 2116: 2112: 2109: 2105: 2104: 2102: 2099: 2094: 2091: 2090: 2088: 2085: 2082: 2081: 2080: 2077: 2075: 2071: 2063: 2059: 2054: 2051: 2046: 2043: 2038: 2035: 2031: 2030: 2026: 2024: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2006: 2003: 2002: 2001: 1998: 1996: 1991: 1987: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1976:Mehmet Tarhan 1973: 1969: 1965: 1960: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1945: 1937: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1921: 1917: 1911: 1909: 1903: 1899: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1871: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1854: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1815: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1796: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1780: 1775: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1747: 1739: 1737: 1733: 1731: 1727: 1722: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1701: 1699: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1682: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1658: 1650: 1648: 1645: 1640: 1632: 1628: 1626: 1625:Asma Jahangir 1622: 1617: 1612: 1609: 1600: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1578: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1559: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1540: 1537: 1529: 1526: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1511: 1508: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1496: 1492: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1459: 1456: 1448: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1421: 1418: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1409: 1405: 1402: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1384: 1381: 1378: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1356: 1354: 1349: 1345: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1329: 1322: 1320: 1312: 1309: 1306: 1303: 1300: 1297: 1294: 1291: 1288: 1287: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1274: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1259: 1258: 1255: 1253: 1248: 1246: 1245:Asma Jahangir 1236: 1233: 1230: 1227: 1224: 1221: 1218: 1215: 1212: 1209: 1206: 1205: 1201: 1198: 1195: 1192: 1189: 1186: 1183: 1180: 1177: 1174: 1171: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1161: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1132: 1124: 1122: 1120: 1111: 1109: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1086: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1059: 1057: 1053: 1052:Welfare Party 1049: 1044: 1040: 1038: 1032: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1008: 1005: 1000: 997: 992: 989: 984: 981: 976: 973: 968: 965: 960: 957: 952: 949: 944: 941: 936: 933: 928: 925: 920: 917: 912: 909: 904: 901: 897: 894: 892: 889: 888: 883: 869: 867: 866: 855: 851: 847: 846: 845: 844: 838: 834: 833: 832: 831: 822: 818: 812: 808: 802: 798: 792: 788: 784:for accession 783: 779: 775: 770: 766: 759: 754: 752: 747: 745: 740: 739: 736: 724: 720: 714: 710: 704: 700: 694: 690: 686:for accession 685: 681: 677: 672: 668: 661: 656: 654: 649: 647: 642: 641: 638: 626: 622: 616: 612: 606: 602: 596: 592: 586: 582: 578:for accession 577: 573: 569: 564: 560: 553: 548: 546: 541: 539: 534: 533: 530: 518: 514: 508: 504: 498: 494: 488: 484: 478: 474: 470:for accession 469: 465: 461: 456: 452: 445: 440: 438: 433: 431: 426: 425: 422: 410: 406: 400: 396: 390: 386: 382:for accession 381: 377: 373: 368: 364: 357: 352: 350: 345: 343: 338: 337: 334: 322: 318: 312: 308: 302: 298: 294:for accession 293: 289: 285: 280: 276: 269: 264: 262: 257: 255: 250: 249: 246: 234: 230: 224: 220: 214: 210: 206:for accession 205: 201: 197: 192: 188: 181: 176: 174: 169: 167: 162: 161: 158: 154: 152: 148: 144: 143:right to life 140: 136: 132: 124: 122: 120: 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 99:right to life 96: 92: 89:, a militant 88: 84: 80: 75: 73: 69: 65: 61: 52: 42: 38: 33: 29: 28: 19: 6240: 6171:Dependencies 6101:Turkmenistan 6066:Saudi Arabia 5823:Transnistria 5484: 5471: 5460: 5448: 5435: 5426: 5415: 5403: 5373: 5362:. Retrieved 5360:. 2005-12-27 5353: 5349: 5340: 5328: 5316: 5311:is available 5303: 5258:. Retrieved 5241: 5224: 5216: 5205:. Retrieved 5203:. 2008-09-24 5198: 5189: 5178:. Retrieved 5172: 5162: 5151:. Retrieved 5145: 5135: 5124: 5113:. Retrieved 5107: 5097: 5086:. Retrieved 5080: 5070: 5059:. Retrieved 5055:The Guardian 5053: 5043: 5035: 5027: 4999:. Retrieved 4997:. 2008-12-30 4992: 4983: 4970: 4959:. Retrieved 4953: 4927: 4916:. Retrieved 4910: 4900: 4885: 4874: 4863:. Retrieved 4861:. 2002-08-03 4856: 4847: 4831: 4811: 4802: 4782: 4763: 4751: 4738: 4726: 4714: 4701: 4684: 4675: 4666: 4654: 4645: 4633: 4624: 4612: 4600: 4585: 4574: 4549: 4538: 4527: 4516: 4467:", Accessed 4459: 4442: 4427: 4407: 4394: 4381: 4316: 4307:Compare the 4303: 4274: 4261: 4248: 4235: 4222: 4209: 4170:Cite error: 4127: 4114: 4097: 4088:, quoted on 4080: 4067: 4054:Reported in 4050: 4037: 4024: 4011: 3994: 3981: 3969: 3956: 3943: 3931: 3918: 3905: 3873: 3860: 3832: 3819: 3806: 3793: 3760: 3747: 3734: 3718: 3688: 3662: 3645: 3597: 3585: 3572: 3484: 3472:labor unions 3462: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3437: 3422: 3412: 3408: 3401:procedures. 3383: 3379: 3364: 3358: 3349: 3342: 3318: 3295: 3288: 3249: 3234: 3205:Tansu Çiller 3186: 3182:Constitution 3175: 3142: 3119: 3101: 3086: 3077: 3073: 3065: 3037: 3029: 3003: 2961: 2924: 2917: 2912: 2907: 2902: 2897: 2892: 2887: 2882: 2877: 2872: 2862: 2830:Virtue Party 2798:Emek Partisi 2795:Labour Party 2626:Halk Partisi 2623:People Party 2420: 2417: 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