199:. However, in 1963, Rainer Zangerl reported additional large shoulder girdle elements Case did not mention, indicating that the specimen had likely been prepared further since Case's description. Zangerl also suspected that multiple individuals were represented in the material assigned to UW 5485, noting in particular the gastralia; in 1991 Glenn Storrs noted that some isolated elements cataloged with this specimen were duplicates of those in the main skeleton. Furthermore, due to the limestone blocks not all fitting together, Zangerl suspected that parts of the specimen had been lost, but Glenn Storrs demonstrated in 1991 that this was not the case.
474:, are long and extend outwards and downwards. The tail vertebrae have constricted, cylindrical bodies. Those close to the hips are not very elongated, though they become increasingly elongated towards the tip of the tail. From the base to the tip of the tail, the shape of the neural spines changes from quadrangular to round and reclined to absent. The first 14 tail vertebrae bear caudal ribs, which resemble longer, unexpanded sacral ribs. The caudal ribs are either fused or very firmly attached to the vertebrae. V-shaped bones known as
514:. The front edge of the scapula has an undualting profile, while the scapular blade is slender and backswept. There is a notch between the blade and the thick, rough portion of the scapula involved in the shoudler joint. The coracoids are a pair large, subrectangular, plate-like bones, with weakly concave front and back edges. There are no notches on the coracoids, which are thickest where they meet along the midline. The shoulder joint is somewhat inclined forwards. The coracoids have dense bone structure and in life would have had
31:
269:
four partial skeletons and additional isolated remains, were also recovered, though they had not yet been prepared. FMNH PR480 had not been fully prepared either, though
Zangerl still considered the available information important enough and the preparation difficult enough to publish preliminary research.
457:
each articulate with the vertebral bodies with two articular surfaces. The tips of the cervical ribs bear two prongs, one pointing forwards and the other pointing backwards. While fairly similar to those in the neck, the trunk vertebrae are larger than those in the other regions. The trunk vertebrae
268:
published, based on the holotype and the new specimen FMNH PR480, found near
Freeland, Wyoming. This new specimen includes hip and hindlimb bones, not preserved in the holotype, as well as vertebrae from the middle of the torso to the tip of the tail. At least twelve more individuals, consisting of
510:. As preserved, the interclavicle appears to be small and triangular, concave in front and pointed at the back. The shape of the clavicles suggest that there may have been long projections from the sides of the interclavicle. The remainder of the shoulder girdle consists of the sturdy scapulae and
1003:. The nasals are located on top of the snout and are quite extensive, reaching far back on the skull roof. The frontals form both the front edges of the supratemporal fenestrae and the terraces in front of them. The remainder of the rims of the supratemporal fenestrae are formed by bones known as
417:. There are especially large teeth at the front of the lower jaw, splayed outwards and to the front, while those below the maxillae are smaller and upright. The teeth are pointed and recurved, with striations running from their tips to their bases. There are no cutting edges on the teeth. The
798:
SPCV 10306 and the additional assigned specimen SPCV 10305. The holotype is the more complete of the two, being a partial articulated skeleton consisting of a three-dimensionally preserved skull as well as trunk, shoulder, and forelimb bones. SPCV 10305 is a crushed skull. Both specimens are
485:
are positioned along the underside of the trunk. They consist of V-shaped elements along the midline with rod-like elements to the sides. Two sets of gastralia seem to be present per the length of a vertebra. Pronged ends may be present on the midline elements, which Storrs interpreted as a
400:
where they meet in front at an acute angle. The symphysis is the sturdiest part of the mandible, and is rather short and scoop-like in shape. There is a ridge on the inner surface of each side of the mandible. In front of the jaw joint, there is a prominent
339:
from the north side of Muddy
Mountain, in addition to fragments found throughout the general region of Casper. The partial skeleton was cataloged at the Field Museum as FMNH 2018. This time, chemical methods were used to make preparation easier. A
858:
was contested by
Michael Masich in 2010. Furthermore, he noted that the species was differentiated by the configuration of bones in the skull, which can be influenced by the quality of a specimen's preservation and how well it was
458:
have robust sideways extensions known as transverse processes, about as long as the quadrangular neural spines are tall. The trunk vertebrae also posses an extra set of articulations, formed by protuberances and sockets known as
1134:
was not. A modified version of this analysis run by
Gabriele Bindellini and coauthors in 2021, who found different configurations for the classification of the shastasaurids. Some of their analyses found shastasaurids to form a
1019:
from reaching the rim. Each parietal was described by Chen and coauthors as bearing a prominent ridge, behind which there is a shelf-like surface. However, Ji and coauthors stated in 2015 that this feature was not present in
138:. After the initial discovery, Allsen and Horace Thomas returned to the site and collected more material. Recovery of the specimen was hampered by it having been jumbled and broken up in the dump. This skeleton was the first
1153:, though this was not always the case. Furthermore, other analyses run by these authors found shastasaurids to not be a natural grouping, instead being a series of branches each more closely related to other merriamosaurs.
501:
each consist of two processes oriented roughly orthogonally to each other, forming an L-shape. The outer process is thin and flat while the inner process is short and robust, bearing a groove for the articulation of the
412:
are all the same shape, though they vary in size. In the upper jaw, the teeth at the front are splayed outwards, while those further back point downwards. There are large, fang-like teeth at the front of the
300:. Furthermore, the bones were too dense to be permeated with chemical protectants from the acid. The density of the rock was similar enough to that of the bones that hidden elements could not be viewed using
469:
The hip vertebrae resemble the trunk vertebrae and fit together firmly. In some individuals they are unfused, in others, there may be a limited amount of fusion. The sacral ribs, which articulate with the
356:
was then used to remove the weakened matrix, with the specimens being subjected to repeated cycles of treatment with Waller solution and acid. To avoid damaging the bones, they were coated with
445:(hip), and likely about 40 caudal (tail) vertebrae, for a total of around at least 85. The largest neck vertebrae are those closest to the trunk, with size decreasing towards the skull. The
1367:
Dal Sasso & Pinna, 1996 (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria) from the Middle
Triassic Besano Formation of Monte San Giorgio, Italy/Switzerland: taxonomic and palaeobiological implications"
377:. It is wide and flat, measuring about 13 centimeters (5.1 in) long and 7.5 centimeters (3.0 in) broad at its widest. The snout is short and is not constricted, with the
957:, which housed the eyes in life, are large and fairly round openings, and the portion of the skull behind them is narrow. The smaller paired openings at the top of the skull, the
1031:
is about 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) long. Exactly how many vertebrae the trunk contained is not certain, but Chen and coauthors estimated that there were between 46 and 65. The
1047:
are short, wide bones with a strong ridge on their upper sides. Each foreflipper contains four digits. The front edges of the bones in the frontmost digit bear notches.
945:
is a medium-sized ichthyosaur, based on the size of its lower jaw, measuring about 70 centimetres (2.3 ft) long. More than two thirds of length of the skull in
284:
fossils found by this expedition, though except for two partial skeletons, all other specimens were fragmentary. After excavation, the specimens were brought to the
1265:
Ji, C.; Jiang, D. Y.; Motani, R.; Rieppel, O.; Hao, W. C.; Sun, Z. Y. (2015). "Phylogeny of the
Ichthyopterygia incorporating recent discoveries from South China".
175:
were used to grind down the matrix instead. This specimen, cataloged as No. 51000 at the time but later renumbered UW 5485, is still the most complete specimen of
304:. Therefore, despite being so painstaking, mechanical preparation had to be used to reveal the specimens, some of which had been damaged by previous attempts.
763:
Passaglia, K.L.; McCarroll, S.M. (1996). "Three-dimensional preparation of fossil vertebrates using the Waller method and acid preparation techniques".
478:
articulate with the undersides of the tail vertebrae, and first occur beneath the fifth or seventh caudal vertebrae, depending on the specimen.
736:
Blum, S.D.; Maisey, J.G.; Rutzky, I.S. (1989). "A method for chemical reduction and removal of ferric iron applied to vertebrate fossils".
249:. Case had never worked with nothosaurs before, but subsequent researchers nevertheless considered Case's descriptions to be quite good.
979:
The configuration of the skull bones is preserved in the specimens, but it is uncertain how accurately. The toothbearing bones known as
918:
has also been considered a distinct species. Cheng Ji and coauthors conducted a phylogenetic study of ichthyosaurs in 2015, including
76:
Finished writing a draft article? Are you ready to request review of it by an experienced editor for possible inclusion in
Knowledge?
459:
903:
and also proposed that the two species were synonymous. In a subsequent paper, Shang and Li Chun reaffirmed this synonymy, finding
1043:, another pair of shoulder bones involved in the shoulder joint, have concave front and back edges, resembling fans in shape. The
402:
256:, and went looking for more specimens in 1948. This expedition found multiple specimens in Natrona County, and sent them to the
261:
881:
until it could be studied in more detail. In a 2012 study, Shang Qing-Hua and coauthors restudied the anatomy of the skull of
257:
991:, bones which form part of the orbital rim. The prefrontals are blocked from touching a pair of skull roof bones known as
869:
851:, to contain these new fossils. The name of the species refers to a hill, Wolonggang, rich in well-preserved fossils.
830:
was named in 2007 by Chen Xiao-hong, Cheng Long, and Martin Sander. They found it to be quite similar to the
Canadian
620:
167:. This limestone was very hard, more so than the bones, and very dense as well. Because of this, it was difficult to
873:, another ichthyosaur from the same place and time, but refrained from synonymizing them, provisionally reassigning
264:). As with Case's specimen, preparing the fossils was difficult and very time-consuming. In 1963, he had a study on
1039:
as long, narrow bones; however, Ji and coauthors noted that their shape was in part due to them being broken. The
843:, thereby extending both the geographic and temporal range of the genus. However, there were differences between
584:
70:
835:
1332:
1091:
was related to other ichthyosaurs, and refrained from assigning it to a family. Maisch, who in 2010 assigned
958:
386:
385:(openings for the eyes) are partially angled upwards. Behind the orbits are larger paired openings known as
179:. The skeleton is curled into a loop and twisted about 180°. In 1936, Case reported that it consisted of a
1087:
on account of the shape of its humerus, but argued that further study would be necessary to determine how
360:. Additional preparation of the holotype and some of the other Field Museum specimens was also performed.
202:
In 1936, a paper describing the specimen was published by Case, who determined that it represented a new
131:
1223:
381:(openings for the nostrils) located located about halfway along its length. The external nares and the
487:
397:
341:
143:
49:
1300:
Shang, Q.H.; Zhao, W.D.; Li, C. (2012). "New observations on the cranial osteology of Late
Triassic
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was reviewed by Storrs in a monograph published in 1991. At this point, the only unknown parts of
1282:
1184:
961:, are preceeded by depressions extending from their front edges. The jaws are lined with conical
860:
434:
276:
was still not completely known, so in the summer 1983, more specimens were sought around Casper.
168:
449:
in the neck are about as tall as they are long. The second neck vertebra has a small triangular
506:. The interclavicle supported the clavicles, which lacked firm contact with each other and the
1398:
1032:
950:
446:
142:
fossil to be found in the Alcova Limestone. The head of the State Geologic Survey of Wyoming,
44:
17:
1388:
1378:
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like that of Ji an colleagues; however, the relationships within this group were uncertain.
1012:
953:. The openings for the nostrils are narrow, with a furrow extending forwards from each. The
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442:
438:
135:
674:
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819:
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288:. As with the two previous studies, preparation was still difficult. Since the bones were
196:
172:
134:
discovered various pieces of the specimen spread among the rubble in a quarry dump in the
123:
40:
1083:
could be classified in the group Shastasauridae. They tentatively assigned the genus to
1393:
1362:
1123:
1111:
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378:
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from cliffs along Corral Creek on Milne Ranch near Muddy Mountain yielded most of the
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171:. Traditional tools such as needles were found to be insufficient, so wheels made of
66:
1361:
Bindellini, G.; Wolniewicz, A.S.; Miedema, F.; Scheyer, T.M.; Dal Sasso, C. (2021).
1286:
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had some significant differences from each other, and cast doubt on the notion that
709:
Case and the phylogenetic interrelationships of Triassic stem-group Sauropterygia".
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form most of the snout. The other pair of toothbearing bones in the upper jaw, the
887:
749:
454:
450:
345:
313:
237:
93:
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922:
in their analysis. Their work further rejected the assignment of this species to
245:, which translates to "northwest-quarter reptile of Alcova", with UW 5485 as the
218:
nothosaur had been positively identified; while some vertebrae and ribs from the
1224:"Phylogeny, systematics, and origin of the Ichthyosauria – the state of the art"
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was sometimes found to form part of a small group in Shastasauridae along with
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An expedition during the summer of 1996 recovered another partial skeleton of
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389:. While higher, Case reconstructed the back part of the skull as too tall.
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in the trunk have only one surface for articulation with the vertebrae.
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589:(Diapsida: Sauropterygia) and the Triassic Alcova Limestone of Wyoming"
507:
414:
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127:
1189:(Reptilia: Ichthyosauria) from the Late Triassic in Guanling, Guizhou"
1011:, and postfrontals; with the contact of the latter two preventing the
1044:
471:
325:
628:
University of Michigan Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology
1122:
to belong to Shastasauridae, in turn part of a larger group called
1337:(Reptilia: Ichthyosauria) from the Triassic Guanling Biota, China"
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962:
847:
and the new Chinese material, so the authors named a new species,
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309:
305:
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987:, each bear a projection that rises to contact the corresponding
405:; behind the jaw joint, there is a large retroarticular process.
453:, while those of the other neck vertebrae are quadrangular. The
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297:
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within Ichthyosauria is uncertain. Chen and coauthors assigned
895:, an assignment not accepted by other authors. They considered
463:
188:
25:
818:. These fossils were discovered near the village of Xinpu in
650:
Zangerl, Rainer (1963). "Preliminary results of a restudy of
1118:
In their 2015 phylogenetic analysis, Ji and coauthors found
316:. Based on these new specimens and restudy of older ones,
312:
were used to make casts when bones were only preserved as
1035:
are shaped like disks. Chen and coauthors described the
79:
59:
930:. However, they also found it to not be assignable to
232:, this specimen was reidentified as pertaining to the
118:
was found in the summer of 1935, in Jackson Canyon in
675:"The metamorphic series of Shasta County, California"
373:
The holotype is the only specimen that preserves the
146:, sent the specimen in November of the same year to
593:Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Matural History
926:, failing to find unique features linking it to
352:from the rock, making it more easily dissolved.
1130:was also found to belong to this group, though
481:A series of dense, interlocking bones known as
1071:in their initial description. They noted that
348:(known as Waller solution) was used to remove
8:
1183:Chen, X.H.; Cheng, L.; Sander, P.M. (2007).
854:The assignment of this species to the genus
156:The bones of the specimen were preserved in
48:. A user sandbox is a subpage of the user's
654:Case, the only known New World nothosaur".
1059:-like ichthyosaur, the exact placement of
621:"A nothosaur from the Triassic of Wyoming"
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907:to fall within the range of variation of
711:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
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169:remove the rock surrounding the bones
122:near Goose Egg Ranch and the city of
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839:, and therefore assigned it to that
195:, and portions of the forelimbs and
885:, which they assigned to the geuns
879:Guizhouichthyosaurus wolonggangense
861:extracted from the surrounding rock
1267:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
765:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
738:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
723:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1998.tb00568.x
24:
995:by two other pairs of bones, the
790:There are two known specimens of
965:of varying sizes, with striated
462:. The long, curved, unthickened
226:had previously been assigned to
58:Create or edit your own sandbox
29:
1304:and their evolutionary trend".
867:represented the same animal as
262:Field Museum of Natural History
241:. Case named the new nothosaur
806:from the lower portion of the
750:10.1080/02724634.1989.10011745
585:"Anatomy and relationships of
421:are large and set in sockets.
258:Chicago Natural History Museum
1:
1333:"On the sexual dimorphism of
1331:Shang, Q. H.; Li, C. (2013).
1279:10.1080/02724634.2015.1025956
1027:The trunk of the holotype of
332:(one of the shoulder bones).
81:Submit your draft for review!
214:. This was the first time a
130:student Don Allsen from the
943:"Callawayia" wolonggangense
897:"Callawayia" wolonggangense
883:Guizhouichthyosaurus tangae
870:Guizhouichthyosaurus tangae
780:"Callawayia" wolonggangense
54:not an encyclopedia article
1423:
1365:Besanosaurus leptorhynchus
792:"Callawyia" wolonggangense
252:Zangerl was interested in
296:, they would dissolve in
1318:10.1360/zd-2012-42-5-773
836:Callawayia neoscapularis
460:zygosphenes and zygantra
429:The vertebral column of
959:supratemporal fenestrae
899:to be quite similar to
387:supratemporal fenestrae
1344:Vertebrata PalAsiatica
1306:Scientia Sinica Terrae
1222:Maisch, M. W. (2010).
1055:While recognized as a
974:implanted into sockets
679:The Journal of Geology
656:Rocky Mountain Geology
114:The first specimen of
826:Province, China. The
707:Corosaurus alcovensis
705:Rieppel, O. (1998). "
652:Corosaurus alcovensis
587:Corosaurus alcovensis
583:Storrs, G.W. (1991).
243:Corosaurus alcovensis
132:University of Wyoming
1363:"Cranial anatomy of
1145:Guizhouichthyosaurus
1128:Guizhouichthyosaurus
1097:Guizhouichthyosaurus
949:is formed by a long
932:Guizhouichthyosaurus
863:. He suspected that
673:Smith, J.P. (1894).
488:congenital deformity
398:mandibular symphysis
1384:10.7717/peerj.11179
1335:Shastasaurus tangae
1302:Shastasaurus tangae
1141:"C." wolonggangense
1120:"C." wolonggangense
1099:, classified it in
1093:"C." wolonggangense
1065:"C." wolonggangense
1061:"C." wolonggangense
1029:"C." wolonggangense
1022:"C." wolonggangense
947:"C." wolonggangense
920:"C." wolonggangense
916:"C." wolonggangense
905:"C." wolonggangense
875:"C." wolonggangense
865:"C." wolonggangense
619:Case, E.C. (1936).
286:Yale Peabody Museum
220:Hosselkus Limestone
1185:"A new species of
849:C. wolonggangense
497:(collarbones) of
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816:Late Triassic
813:
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799:preserved in
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662:(2): 117–124.
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516:cartilaginous
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504:interclavicle
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455:cervical ribs
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1150:Besanosaurus
1148:
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1127:
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1096:
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1088:
1085:Shastasauria
1080:
1076:
1073:Shastasaurus
1072:
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1064:
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1057:shastasaurid
1054:
1028:
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1021:
1013:postorbitals
1001:postfrontals
978:
969:and grooved
946:
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888:Shastasaurus
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518:extensions.
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451:neural spine
430:
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346:sodium salts
336:
334:
328:, toes, and
321:
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238:Shastasaurus
236:
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176:
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115:
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101:
94:Besanosaurus
92:
67:Main sandbox
64:
45:Slate Weasel
38:
1106:Shonisaurus
1103:, alonside
981:premaxillae
938:Description
832:ichthyosaur
814:age of the
744:: 119–121.
717:(1): 1–41.
441:(trunk), 3
437:(neck), 23
425:Postcranium
419:tooth roots
364:Description
354:Formic acid
234:ichthyosaur
229:Nothosaurus
161:concretions
1377:: e11179.
1237:: 151–214.
1187:Callawayia
1132:Callawayia
1089:Callawayia
1081:Callawayia
1077:Callawayia
1069:Callawayia
1017:squamosals
989:prefrontal
924:Callawayia
856:Callawayia
685:: 588–612.
634:(1): 1–36.
522:References
499:Corosaurus
431:Corosaurus
410:Corosaurus
337:Corosaurus
322:Corosaurus
318:Corosaurus
282:Corosaurus
274:Corosaurus
266:Corosaurus
254:Corosaurus
224:California
177:Corosaurus
153:to study.
140:vertebrate
116:Corosaurus
103:Corosaurus
1041:coracoids
1005:parietals
914:However,
909:G. tangae
901:G. tangae
893:S. tangae
804:limestone
512:coracoids
495:clavicles
483:gastralia
324:were the
260:(now the
212:nothosaur
193:gastralia
185:vertebrae
158:limestone
151:E.C. Case
50:user page
39:the user
1403:33996277
1287:85621052
1037:scapulae
993:frontals
985:maxillae
934:either.
801:micritic
796:holotype
599:: 1–151.
508:scapulae
476:chevrons
435:cervical
415:maxillae
394:mandible
342:solution
247:holotype
37:This is
1394:8106916
828:species
824:Guizhou
812:Carnian
375:cranium
294:calcite
208:species
128:Geology
69:|
41:sandbox
1401:
1391:
1285:
1045:humeri
997:nasals
967:crowns
955:orbits
794:, the
771:: 57A.
472:pelvis
443:sacral
439:dorsal
383:orbits
326:palate
302:X-rays
1371:PeerJ
1340:(PDF)
1283:S2CID
1227:(PDF)
1192:(PDF)
971:roots
963:teeth
951:snout
841:genus
624:(PDF)
369:Skull
310:epoxy
306:Latex
292:with
278:Scree
204:genus
183:, 58
181:skull
165:shale
16:<
1399:PMID
1147:and
1109:and
1075:and
1015:and
999:and
493:The
464:ribs
350:iron
308:and
298:acid
206:and
189:ribs
60:here
1389:PMC
1379:doi
1314:doi
1275:doi
1095:to
1067:to
891:as
877:to
746:doi
719:doi
715:124
344:of
222:in
210:of
43:of
1397:.
1387:.
1373:.
1369:.
1348:51
1346:.
1342:.
1310:42
1308:.
1281:.
1271:36
1269:.
1243:^
1233:.
1229:.
1208:^
1200:34
1198:.
1194:.
1159:^
1126:.
1115:.
1024:.
1007:,
976:.
911:.
822:,
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767:.
740:.
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681:.
677:.
658:.
640:^
630:.
626:.
605:^
597:44
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591:.
529:^
490:.
191:,
187:,
126:.
56:.
1405:.
1381::
1375:9
1320:.
1316::
1289:.
1277::
1235:3
752:.
748::
742:9
725:.
721::
683:2
660:2
632:5
62:.
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