296:
very low pressures, only experiments which used very large voltages produced positive results, as a product of a greater chance of ionization of the extremely limited number of available air molecules, and a greater force from each ion from
Coulomb's Law; experiments which used lower voltages have a lower chance of ionization and a lower force per ion. Common to positive results is that the force observed is small in comparison to experiments conducted at standard pressure. This is likely to be the result of the massively reduced number of ions produced by the experiment, although this could also be interpreted to be a different force entirely.
288:
neutral particles is reduced. Whether this increases or decreases the maximum momentum of the ionized air is not typically measured, although the force acting upon the electrodes reduces, until the glow discharge region is entered. The reduction in force is also a product of the reducing breakdown voltage of air, as a lower potential must be applied between the electrodes, thereby reducing the force dictated by
Coulomb's Law.
234:
305:
167:, anti-gravity, and government conspiracy theorists where There are claims that all major aerospace companies in the 1950s including Martin, Convair, Lear, Sperry, Raytheon were working on it, that the technology became highly classified in the early 1960s, that it is used to power the B-2 bomber, and that it can be used to generate "
183:) to a retelling of Brown's early work with the effect, implying the electrogravitics effect was being used by UFOs. The researcher and author Paul LaViolette has produced many self-published books on electrogravitics, making many claims over the years including his view that the technology could have helped to avoid another
287:
As air pressure is removed from the system, several effects combine to reduce the force and momentum available to the system. The number of air molecules around the ionizing electrode is reduced, decreasing the quantity of ionized particles. At the same time, the number of impacts between ionized and
107:
where he claimed the capacitors were producing a mysterious force that interacted with the pull of gravity. He envisioned a future where, if his device could be scaled up, "Multi-impulse gravitators weighing hundreds of tons may propel the ocean liners of the future" or even "fantastic 'space cars'"
295:
Below the glow discharge region, the breakdown voltage increases again, whilst the number of potential ions decreases, and the chance of impact lowers. Experiments have been conducted and found to both prove and disprove a force at very low pressure. It is likely that the reason for this is that at
283:
However, this effect works using either polarity for the electrodes: the small or thin electrode can be either positive or negative, and the larger electrode must have the opposite polarity. On many experimental sites it is reported that the thrust effect of a lifter is actually a bit stronger when
252:
are used with a high voltage between them, ranging from a few kilovolts and up to megavolt levels, where one electrode is small or sharp, and the other larger and smoother. The most effective distance between electrodes occurs at an electric potential gradient of about 10 kV/cm, which is just below
291:
During the glow discharge region, the air becomes a conductor. Though the applied voltage and current will propagate at nearly the speed of light, the movement of the conductors themselves is almost negligible. This leads to a
Coulomb force and change of momentum so small as to be zero.
253:
the nominal breakdown voltage of air between two sharp points, at a current density level usually referred to as the saturated corona current condition. This creates a high field gradient around the smaller, positively charged electrode. Around this electrode, ionization occurs, that is,
102:
with the tube’s positive electrode facing up, the tube's mass seemed to decrease, when facing down the tube's mass seemed to increase. Brown showed this effect to his college professors and even newspaper reporters and told them he was convinced that he had managed to influence gravity
279:
and recently also in EHD cooling systems. The velocity achievable by such setups is limited by the momentum achievable by the ionized air, which is reduced by ion impact with neutral air. A theoretical derivation of this force has been proposed (see the external links below).
144:, i.e. as a true anti-gravity technology that can "create a force that depends upon an object’s mass, even as gravity does". Many claims as to the validity of electrogravitics as an anti-gravity force revolve around research and videos on the internet purported to show
284:
the small electrode is the positive one. This is possibly an effect of the differences between the ionization energy and electron affinity energy of the constituent parts of air; thus the ease of which ions are created at the 'sharp' electrode.
103:
electronically. Brown developed this into large high voltage capacitors that would produce a tiny propulsive force causing the capacitor to jump in one direction when the power was turned on. In 1929 Brown published "How I Control
Gravity," in
52:, who spent most of his life trying to develop it and sell it as a propulsion system. Through Brown's promotion of the idea it was researched for a short while by aerospace companies in the 1950s. Electrogravitics is popular with
89:
Electrogravitics had its origins in experiments started in 1921 by Thomas
Townsend Brown (USA) (who coined the name) while he was still in high school. He discovered an unusual effect while experimenting with a
480:
Paul
Schatzkin, Defying Gravity: The Paraellel Universe of T. Townsend Brown, 2005-2006-2007-2008 - Tanglewood Books, Chapter 13: Notes from the Rabbit Hole #3: "He Made Things Up" (online excerpts)
67:
Instead of being an anti-gravity force, this effect has been found to be caused by ionized particles exerting a force between two asymmetrical electrodes that produces a type of ion drift or
207:
commented that electrogravitics development seemed to be "much ado about nothing, started by a bunch of engineers who didn't know enough physics". Preiss stated that electrogravitics, like
407:
128:, demonstrating a working apparatus to an audience of scientists and military officials in 1952. Research in the phenomenon was popular in the mid-1950s, at one point the
949:
Paul A. LaViolette, "Secrets of
Antigravity Propulsion: Tesla, UFOs, and Classified Aerospace Technology". Bear & Company, Rochester VT (2008), Paperback: 512 pages,
140:
Certain fringe researchers claim that conventional physics cannot adequately explain the phenomenon. The effect is seen as an example of something much more exotic than
412:
631:
Bad UFOs: Skepticism, UFOs, and The
Universe Thursday, A Skeptic at the 2012 International UFO Congress - Part 5 of 5. - March 1, 2012, by Robert Sheaffer
398:' devices. Other ionic US patents of interest: 2022465, 2182751, 2282401, 2295152, 2460175, 2636664, 2765975, 3071705, 3177654, 3223038, 3120363, 3130945
152:
being generated in air. Followups on the claims (R. L. Talley in a 1990 US Air Force study, NASA scientist
Jonathan Campbell in a 2003 experiment, and
268:, where they are neutralized again. This produces an equally scaled opposing force in the lower electrode. This effect can be used for propulsion (see
329:
156:
in a 2004 paper) have found that no thrust could be observed in a vacuum, consistent with the phenomenon of ion wind. Campbell pointed out to a
520:
Thomas F. Valone, Progress in
Electrogravitics and Electrokinetics for Aviation and Space Travel - Integrity Research Institute, Washington DC
443:
The Canonical Hamiltonian The Intersection Of Chip Design and Physics by Hamilton Carter, Thomas Townsend Brown: Part IV of the Holiday Serial
120:. Brown claimed Biefeld as his mentor and co-experimenter. After World War II Brown sought to develop the effect as a means of propulsion for
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to Mars. Somewhere along the way, Brown came up with the name Biefeld–Brown effect, named after his former teacher, professor of astronomy
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Historically numerous patents have been granted for various applications of the effect, from electrostatic dust precipitation, to
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Thomas Valone, Electrogravitics II: Validating Reports on a New Propulsion Methodology, Integrity Research Institute, page 52-58
395:
184:
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placed advertisements looking for scientists who were "interested in gravity", but rapidly declined in popularity thereafter.
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reporter that creating a true vacuum similar to space for the test requires tens of thousands of dollars in equipment.
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are stripped from the atoms in the surrounding medium; they are literally pulled right off by the electrode's charge.
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In The Beginning - Australian Skeptics - The first five years of the Skeptic Edited by Barry Williams, page 147
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activistpost.com, Sunday, April 1, 2012 Electrogravitics – A Simplified Description, Amaterasu Solar
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394:— was granted to G.E. Hagen in 1964, for apparatus more or less identical to the later so-called '
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Chapter Six UFOs and Electrogravity Propulsion, Did Tesla Discover the Secrets of Antigravity?
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211:, is "a science without a single specimen for study". The effect is widely referred to as
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Tajmar, M. (2004). "Biefeld-Brown Effect: Misinterpretation of Corona Wind Phenomena".
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Tajmar, M. (2004). "Biefeld-Brown Effect: Misinterpretation of Corona Wind Phenomena".
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835:— Introduction on EHD thrusters, ionocrafts, lifters and lots of related information
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Secrets of Antigravity Propulsion: Tesla, UFO's and Classified Aerospace Technology
733:"Exploratory Research on the Phenomenon of the Movement of High Voltage Capacitors"
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The Hunt for Zero Point: Inside the Classified World of Antigravity Technology
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892:. Integrity Research Instititue; 2Rev Ed edition (July 1, 2005). 160 pages.
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alienscientist.com, Biefeld-Brown Effect Controversy, Tajmar ESA Experiments
871:. Integrity Research Institute; 2nd ed edition (November 1995). 102 pages.
490:
730:
Buehler D.R., Journal of Space Mixing, April 2004, vol. 2, pp. 1–22,
254:
203:
in his 1985 on the current science and future of the Solar System titled
149:
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working in a vacuum, therefor not receiving propulsion from ion drift or
121:
48:. The name was coined in the 1920s by the discoverer of the phenomenon,
890:
Electrogravitics II: Validating Reports on a New Propulsion Methodology
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in the medium, which are attracted to the negative smooth electrode by
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Electrogravitics has been characterized as non-scientific/paranormal.
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Electrogravitics Systems: Reports on a New Propulsion Methodology
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that transfers its momentum to surrounding neutral particles, an
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770:. Rochester, Vermont: Bear & Company. pp. 84–85, 89.
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187:. There are also claims that electrogravitics was invented by
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Defying Gravity: The Parallel Universe of T. Townsend Brown
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NASA CR-2004-213312 Asymmetrical Capacitors for propulsion
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NASA CR-2004-213312 Asymmetrical Capacitors for propulsion
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A page of YouTube talks and demonstrations by supporters.
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602:
388:, and also for flight. A particularly notable patent —
36:
is claimed to be an unconventional type of effect or
932:. Broadway; 1 edition (August 13, 2002). 304 pages
408:
United States gravity control propulsion initiative
181:The Philadelphia Experiment: Project Invisibility
833:Blaze Labs Research: What is an EHD thruster?
413:List of topics characterized as pseudoscience
8:
839:NASA: Asymmetrical Capacitors for Propulsion
240:The effect is generally believed to rely on
849:Army Research Laboratory, Thomas B. Bahder:
794:– authorized biography on T. Townsend Brown
56:, who have made claims that it is powering
800:– book by Jane's Aviation editor Nick Cook
502:Mallove, Eugene (September–October 2002).
260:This leaves a cloud of positively charged
248:near sharp points and edges. Usually, two
827:Biefeld Brown effect electrohydrodynamics
175:devoted an entire chapter of his book on
163:Electrogravitics has become popular with
814:Electrogravitics at American Antigravity
356:— Electrokinetic transducer (1962-01-23)
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372:— Electrokinetic apparatus (1965-06-01)
364:— Electrokinetic generator (1962-02-20)
348:— Electrokinetic apparatus (1960-08-16)
244:, which allows air molecules to become
820:UFO How-To Volume II: Electrogravitics
98:vacuum tube where, if he placed on a
7:
321:T. T. Brown was granted a number of
912:Handbook of Electrostatic Processes
804:Projet Montgolfier Reports, 1955–58
766:Paul A. LaViolette, Ph.D. (2008).
680:"Force on an Asymmetric Capacitor"
340:— Electrostatic motor (1934-09-25)
221:, a counterpart to the well-known
24:
380:— Electric generator (1965-07-20)
851:Force on an Asymmetric Capacitor
552:Thompson, Clive (August 2003).
461:Thompson, Clive (August 2003).
185:Space Shuttle Columbia disaster
751:. Adventures Unlimited Press.
75:or more widely referred to as
1:
554:"The Antigravity Underground"
463:"The Antigravity Underground"
646:. Bantam Books. p. 27.
177:The Philadelphia Experiment
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25:
735:. Space-mixing-theory.com
504:"The "Lifter" Phenomenon"
40:propulsion created by an
73:electrokinetic phenomena
26:Not to be confused with
822:Excerpts from the book.
798:The Hunt for Zero Point
130:Glenn L. Martin Company
28:Gravitoelectromagnetism
962:] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ]
747:Vassilatos G. (2000).
318:
237:
219:electro-fluid-dynamics
810:– Video of the effect
642:Byron Preiss (1985).
391:U.S. patent 3,120,363
377:U.S. patent 3,196,296
369:U.S. patent 3,187,206
361:U.S. patent 3,022,430
353:U.S. patent 3,018,394
345:U.S. patent 2,949,550
337:U.S. patent 1,974,483
310:U.S. patent 3,120,363
307:
236:
105:Science and Invention
50:Thomas Townsend Brown
224:magnetohydrodynamics
214:electrohydrodynamics
78:electrohydrodynamics
54:conspiracy theorists
915:. CRC Press, 1995.
716:2004AIAAJ..42..315T
585:2004AIAAJ..42..315T
217:(EHD) or sometimes
110:Paul Alfred Biefeld
325:on his discovery:
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114:Denison University
62:B-2 Stealth Bomber
955:978-1-59143-078-0
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909:Jen-shih Chang,
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38:anti-gravity
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644:The Planets
205:The Planets
169:free energy
739:2010-09-14
710:(2): 315.
579:(2): 315.
419:References
250:electrodes
209:exobiology
126:spacecraft
69:ionic wind
926:Nick Cook
688:9 October
255:electrons
146:Ionocraft
402:See also
330:GB300311
150:ion wind
122:aircraft
60:and the
712:Bibcode
581:Bibcode
323:patents
300:Patents
246:ionized
85:Origins
81:(EHD).
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136:Claims
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262:ions
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165:UFO
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