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At the suggestion of the RDF/OWL developers, a practical mKR language interface was developed for the
Stanford University TAP knowledge base and the OpenCyc knowledge base. A simple mKR language interface was also developed for Amazon.com and Google. mKE (my Knowledge Explorer) was enhanced to read
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The readability problem is clearly evident in the
Semantic Web environment, and is typified by the contrast between XML and N3 (aka Notation 3). When writing formal documents, XML is the usual choice. But when people are working together informally, and striving for ease of understanding, N3 is a
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The mKR language solved both problems by combining a restricted natural language with a strong epistemology. This solution might have evolved many years earlier, if not for academia's widespread bias against Ayn Rand. The mKR treatment of actions and methods extends Ayn Rand's brief treatment of
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Language is a process of communication between people, and is inextricably enmeshed in the knowledge that those people have about the world. That knowledge is not a neat collection of definitions and axioms, complete, concise and consistent. Rather it is a collection of concepts designed to
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In other words, Winograd is saying that it is impossible to formulate good definitions. Conceptual Graphs appeared to provide a good foundation for defintions. However, visual graphs are just too simple; a written language is needed to express the complexities of the real world. A foundation for
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In 2002, the developers of mKR and RDF compared the two languages in a W3C email forum. This forum produced a better understanding of both languages, but did not lead to any significant changes in either language. The developers later compared the mKR and OWL languages; this time a significant
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manipulate ideas. It is in fact incomplete, highly redundant, and often inconsistent. There is no self-contained set of "primitives" from which everything else can be defined. Definitions are circular, with the meaning of each concept depending on the other concepts.
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The epistemology problem is not as clearly evident, but it has been a thorn in the side of
Artificial Intelligence researchers for decades. Terry Winograd, one of the successful early researchers in Natural Language processing, said:
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The most recent changes in mKE (my
Knowledge Explorer) provide command-line options to initialiize the knowledge base with concepts from a language chosen by the user. Language options include RDF, OWL, OpenCyc, TAP, Amazon, Google.
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Looking at previous generations of
Artificial Intelligence languages, there are two features that are clearly missing: easy readability; a solid epistemological foundation for definitions and context.
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change was made in the OWL language. Property
Restrictions were added to emulate the genus-differentia definitions of the mKR language.
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context was even more elusive; researchers could not agree on a definition of context.
134:, North Holland Publishing Company and American Elsevier Publishing Company, Inc.
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RE: KR & W3C (was KR & Issue/bug tracking terms in RDFS?)
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Context in
Knowledge Representation and Natural Language
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160:, MIT, November 8-10, unpublished proceedings
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184:Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology
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173:, The Icon Newsletter No. 52, page 6.
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186:, Expanded Second Edition, Meridian.
96:Notation3 (N3) A readable RDF syntax
84:The Annotated XML Specification 1.0
147:, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Inc.
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132:Conceptual Information Processing
156:1997, AAAI 1997 Fall Symposium,
249:2008, KEHOME/help/koptions.html
195:2002, mKE vs. RDF discussions,
145:Principles of Semantic Networks
119:Understanding Natrual Language
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238:McCullough Knowledge Explorer
169:1997, Richard H. McCullough,
143:1991, John F. Sowa, Editor,
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236:, RDF Editors and Tools,
121:, Academic Press, page 26
130:1975, Roger C. Schank,
94:1998, Tim Berners-Lee,
117:1972, Terry Winograd,
232:2003, David Beckett,
219:2002, Seth Russell,
206:2002, Danny Ayers,
171:Knowledge Explorer
106:2002, N3 example,
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63:RDF files.
71:References
55:actions.
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31:History
22:Sandbox
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