Usury - Knowledge (XXG)

1117:

deliberately compel debtors to pay it. By these statutes they impose heavy burdens on those claiming the return of usurious payments, employing also various pretexts and ingenious frauds to hinder the return. We, therefore, wishing to get rid of these pernicious practices, decree with the approval of the sacred council that all the magistrates, captains, rulers, consuls, judges, counsellors or any other officials of these communities who presume in the future to make, write or dictate such statutes, or knowingly decide that usury be paid or, if paid, that it be not fully and freely restored when claimed, incur the sentence of excommunication. They shall also incur the same sentence unless within three months they delete from the books of their communities, if they have the power, statutes of this kind hitherto published, or if they presume to observe in any way these statutes or customs. Furthermore, since money-lenders for the most part enter into usurious contracts so frequently with secrecy and guile that they can be convicted only with difficulty, we decree that they be compelled by ecclesiastical censure to open their account books, when there is question of usury. If indeed someone has fallen into the error of presuming to affirm pertinaciously that the practice of usury is not sinful, we decree that he is to be punished as a heretic; and we strictly enjoin on local ordinaries and inquisitors of heresy to proceed against those they find suspect of such error as they would against those suspected of heresy. (canon 29)

1208: 1183:, argued charging of interest is wrong because it amounts to "double charging", charging for both the thing and the use of the thing. Aquinas said this would be morally wrong in the same way as if one sold a bottle of wine, charged for the bottle of wine, and then charged for the person using the wine to actually drink it. Similarly, one cannot charge for a piece of cake and for the eating of the piece of cake. Yet this, said Aquinas, is what usury does. Money is a medium of exchange, and is used up when it is spent. To charge for the money and for its use (by spending) is therefore to charge for the money twice. It is also to sell time since the usurer charges, in effect, for the time that the money is in the hands of the borrower. Time, however, is not a commodity for which anyone can charge. In condemning usury Aquinas was much influenced by the recently rediscovered philosophical writings of 1145:(...) We declare and define, with the approval of the Sacred Council, that the above-mentioned credit organisations, established by states and hitherto approved and confirmed by the authority of the Apostolic See, do not introduce any kind of evil or provide any incentive to sin if they receive, in addition to the capital, a moderate sum for their expenses and by way of compensation, provided it is intended exclusively to defray the expenses of those employed and of other things pertaining (as mentioned) to the upkeep of the organizations, and provided that no profit is made therefrom. They ought not, indeed, to be condemned in any way. Rather, such a type of lending is meritorious and should be praised and approved. It certainly should not be considered as usurious; (...) 1675: 557: 454: 374: 764:

Interest rates were set privately and were largely unrestricted by law. Investment was always regarded as a matter of seeking personal profit, often on a large scale. Banking was of the small, back-street variety, run by the urban lower-middle class of petty shopkeepers. By the 3rd century, acute currency problems in the Empire drove such banking into decline. The rich who were in a position to take advantage of the situation became the moneylenders when the increasing tax demands in the last declining days of the Empire crippled and eventually destroyed the peasant class by reducing tenant-farmers to

1600:, a Jew. Shylock customarily charges interest on loans, seeing it as good business, while Antonio does not, viewing it as morally wrong. When Antonio defaults on his loan, Shylock famously demands the agreed upon penalty: a measured quantity of muscle from Antonio's chest. This is the source of the metaphorical phrase "a pound of flesh" often used to describe the dear price of a loan or business transaction. Shakespeare's play is a vivid portrait of the competing views of loans and use of interest, as well as the cultural strife between Jews and Christians that overlaps it. 975: 1223:

having money and not by taking any risk or by doing any work or by any effort or sacrifice at all, which is usury. St Thomas quotes Aristotle as saying that "to live by usury is exceedingly unnatural". St Thomas allows, however, charges for actual services provided. Thus a banker or credit-lender could charge for such actual work or effort as he did carry out e.g. any fair administrative charges. The Catholic Church, in a decree of the

1398:

interest, laws that, like the clothes of infancy, are not to be scorned as absurd restrictions, merely because they are inapplicable now, and would not fit the modern growth of nations. At this day the State has repealed those laws, and the Church has officially signified that she no longer insists on them. Still she maintains dogmatically that there is such a sin as usury, and what it is, as defined in the Fifth Council of Lateran.

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and is worth less than the amount borrowed. When such a loan is created, the creditor bears the risk that the property will decline sharply in value (in which case the creditor is repaid with property worth less than the amount borrowed), and the debtor does not bear the risk of decrease in property value (because the debtor is guaranteed the right to use the property, regardless of value, to satisfy the debt.)

326:, and the secular codes arising from them, did not forbid usury. These societies regarded inanimate matter as alive, like plants, animals and people, and capable of reproducing itself. Hence if you lent 'food money', or monetary tokens of any kind, it was legitimate to charge interest. Food money in the shape of olives, dates, seeds or animals was lent out as early as c. 5000 BC, if not earlier. ...Among the 1061:" , and in lending money ask the hundredth of the sum , the holy and great Synod thinks it just that if after this decree any one be found to receive usury, whether he accomplish it by secret transaction or otherwise, as by demanding the whole and one half, or by using any other contrivance whatever for filthy lucre's sake, he shall be deposed from the clergy and his name stricken from the list. (canon 17). 45: 1354:§1543: If a fungible thing is given to another so that it becomes his, and later it must be restored in the same sort, no profit can by made by reason of the contract; but in the loan of a fungible thing, it is not by itself illicit to reap a legal profit, unless it can be shown to be immoderate of itself, and even greater profit if there is a just and proportionate title so supporting. 1499:

and give up outstanding interest if you are (true) believers. If you do not, then beware of a war with Allah and His Messenger! But if you repent, you may retain your principal—neither inflicting nor suffering harm. If it is difficult for someone to repay a debt, postpone it until a time of ease. And if you waive it as an act of charity, it will be better for you, if only you knew. (

852:, the practice of charging interest to non-Jews has been restricted to cases when there is no other means of subsistence. "If we nowadays allow interest to be taken from non-Jews, it is because there is no end to the yoke and the burden king and ministers impose on us, and everything we take is the minimum for our subsistence, and anyhow we are condemned to live in the midst of the 942:...financial oppression of Jews tended to occur in areas where they were most disliked, and if Jews reacted by concentrating on moneylending to non-Jews, the unpopularity—and so, of course, the pressure—would increase. Thus the Jews became an element in a vicious circle. The Christians, on the basis of the Biblical rulings, condemned interest-taking absolutely, and from 687: 792:...of whom, when inquiry was made, what was the best policy in the management of one's property, he answered "Good grazing." "What was next?" "Tolerable grazing." "What third?" "Bad grazing." "What fourth?" "Tilling." And when he who had interrogated him inquired, "What do you think of lending at usury?" Then Cato answered, "What do you think of murder?" 201:) is the practice of making loans that are seen as unfairly enriching the lender. The term may be used in a moral sense—condemning taking advantage of others' misfortunes—or in a legal sense, where an interest rate is charged in excess of the maximum rate that is allowed by law. A loan may be considered usurious because of excessive or abusive 142: 1901:

In a partnership or joint venture where money is lent, the creditor only provides the capital yet is guaranteed a fixed amount of profit. The debtor, however, puts in time and effort, but is made to bear the risk of loss. Muslim scholars argue that such practice is unjust. As an alternative to usury,

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Allah has made interest fruitless and charity fruitful. And Allah does not like any ungrateful evildoer. Indeed, those who believe, do good, establish prayer, and pay alms-tax will receive their reward from their Lord, and there will be no fear for them, nor will they grieve. O believers! Fear Allah,

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Those who consume interest will stand (on Judgment Day) like those driven to madness by Satan’s touch. That is because they say, "Trade is no different than interest." But Allah has permitted trading and forbidden interest. Whoever refrains—after having received warning from their Lord—may keep their

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now calls an "economy that kills." To sin is to say "no" to God and God's presence by harming others, ourselves, or all of creation. Charging interest is indeed sinful when doing so takes advantage of a person in need as well as when it means investing in corporations involved in the harming of God's

1291:

opposed several forms of usury, publishing and republishing multiple treatises on the subject. Christians, Luther argued, should not act in self-defense, should give when asked, and in the lowest degree should lend, expecting nothing in return. On those grounds, making a loan with anticipated profits

1116:

Serious suggestions have been made to us that communities in certain places, to the divine displeasure and injury of the neighbour, in violation of both divine and human law, approve of usury. By their statutes, sometimes confirmed by oath, they not only grant that usury may be demanded and paid, but

1388:

In great cities commerce rapidly ripened, and was well on towards maturity five centuries ago. Then the conditions that render interest lawful, and mark if off from usury, readily came to obtain. But those centres were isolated. (...) Here you might have a great city, Hamburg or Genoa, an early type

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for an amount of more than 4,000 florins reveals at any rate that the Rome branch dealt more or less extensively in this product for which there was a demand among the high churchmen of the Curia who did a great deal of entertaining and liked to display their magnificence." p. 205, also see p. 199,

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is secured by the value of property (usually real estate) owned by the debtor. However, unlike other loans, which oblige the debtor to repay the amount borrowed, a non-recourse loan is fully satisfied merely by the transfer of the property to the creditor, even if the property has declined in value

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The Money Lenders Ordinance (Cap. 163) prohibits lending at an effective interest rate beyond 48% unless exempted. Offenders are liable "on summary conviction to a fine of $ 500,000 and to imprisonment for 2 years", or "on conviction on indictment to a fine of $ 5,000,000 and to imprisonment for 10

1568:

One of the forbidden usury models in Islam is to take advantage when lending money. Examples of forbidden loans, such as a person borrowing 1000 dollars and the borrower is required to return 1100 dollars. The above agreement is a form of transaction which is a burden for people who borrow, because

1222:

Outlawing usury did not prevent investment, but stipulated that in order for the investor to share in the profit he must share the risk. In short he must be a joint-venturer. Simply to invest the money and expect it to be returned regardless of the success of the venture was to make money simply by

763:

During this period, moneylending primarily involved private loans given to individuals who were consistently in debt or temporarily so until harvest time. This practice was typically carried out by extremely wealthy individuals willing to take on high risks if the potential profit seemed promising.

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The nature of the sin called usury has its proper place and origin in a loan contract... demands, by its very nature, that one return to another only as much as he has received. The sin rests on the fact that sometimes the creditor desires more than he has given..., but any gain which exceeds the

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likewise teaches giving rather than loaning money to those who need it: "And if you lend to those from whom you expect repayment, what credit is that to you? Even sinners lend to sinners, expecting to be repaid in full. But love your enemies, do good to them, and lend to them, expecting nothing in

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The annual rates of interest on loans varied in the range of 4–12 percent, but when the interest rate was higher, it typically was not 15–16 percent but either 24 percent or 48 percent. They quoted them on a monthly basis, and the most common rates were multiples of twelve. Monthly rates tended to

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commands, "If any one has taken anything, whether much or little, by way of loan from Jews, and if he dies before that debt is paid, the debt shall not carry usury so long as the heir is under age, from whomsoever he may hold. And if that debt falls into our hands, we will take only the principal

1397:

In such a situation the legislator has to choose between forbidding interest here and allowing usury there; between restraining speculation and licensing oppression. The mediaeval legislator chose the former alternative. Church and State together enacted a number of laws to restrain the taking of

1957:

Zinskauf was a financial instrument, similar to an annuity, that rose to prominence in the Middle Ages. The decline of the Byzantine Empire led to a growth of capital in Europe, so the Catholic Church tolerated zinskauf as a way to avoid prohibitions on usury. Since zinskauf was an exchange of a

1881:

State law in Texas also includes a provision for contracting for, charging, or receiving charges exceeding twice the amount authorized (A/K/A "double usury"). A person who violates this provision is liable to the obligor as an additional penalty for all principal or principal balance, as well as

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Japan has various laws restricting interest rates. Under civil law, the maximum interest rate is between 15% and 20% per year depending upon the principal amount (larger amounts having a lower maximum rate). Interest in excess of 20% is subject to criminal penalties (the criminal law maximum was

721:

for goods, it is unjust to charge a fee to someone after giving them money. This is because transferring ownership of property implies the right to use that property for its purpose: "Accordingly if a man wanted to sell wine separately from the use of the wine, he would be selling the same thing

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may charge interest of up to 9% per month (i.e., 108% per year, however, if the loan extends more than the normal short-term pawn shop loan, the 9% per month rate compounded can make the annual rate in excess of 180%, before then most of these transaction would result in any goods pawned being

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should not be admitted to communion of the altar or receive christian burial if they die in this sin. Whoever receives them or gives them christian burial should be compelled to give back what he has received, and let him remain suspended from the performance of his office until he has made

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of commercial enterprise, and, fifty miles inland, society was in infancy, and the great city was as part of another world. Hence the same transaction, as described by the letter of the law, might mean lawful interest in the city, and usury out in the country – the two were so disconnected.

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fixed amount of money for annual income it was considered a sale rather than a loan. Martin Luther made zinskauf a subject of his Treatise on Usury and his Sermon on Trade and Usury and criticized clerics of the Catholic Church for violating the spirit if not the letter of usury laws.

1242:(profits given up) which allowed for the lender to charge interest "to compensate him for profit foregone in investing the money himself." This idea is very similar to opportunity cost. Many scholastic thinkers who argued for a ban on interest charges also argued for the legitimacy of 1001:"condemns the practice of charging interest on a poor person because a loan should be an act of compassion and taking care of one’s neighbor"; it teaches that "making a profit off a loan from a poor person is exploiting that person (Exodus 22:25–27)." Similarly, charging of interest ( 1517:

We forbade the Jews certain foods that had been lawful to them for their wrongdoing, and for hindering many from the Way of Allah, taking interest despite its prohibition, and consuming people’s wealth unjustly. We have prepared for the disbelievers among them a painful punishment.

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in Islam, lending and borrowing are social transactions aimed at helping others, not like a sale and purchase agreement that is allowed to be profitable. Hence, a rule of thumb used by Islamic scholars is, "Every loan (qardh) which gives additional benefits is called usury."

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of any kind, and was considered wrong, or was made illegal. During the Sutra period in India (7th to 2nd centuries BC) there were laws prohibiting the highest castes from practicing usury. Similar condemnations are found in religious texts from Buddhism, Judaism

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One cannot condone the sin of usury by arguing that the gain is not great or excessive, but rather moderate or small; neither can it be condoned by arguing that the borrower is rich; nor even by arguing that the money borrowed is not left idle, but is spent

884:

Thou shalt not lend upon interest to thy brother: interest of money, interest of victuals, interest of any thing that is lent upon interest. Unto a foreigner thou mayest lend upon interest; but unto thy brother thou shalt not lend upon interest; that the

950:. Catholic autocrats frequently imposed the harshest financial burdens on the Jews. The Jews reacted by engaging in the one business where Christian laws actually discriminated in their favor, and became identified with the hated trade of moneylending. 1798:

On a federal level, Congress has never attempted to federally regulate interest rates on purely private transactions, but on the basis of past U.S. Supreme Court decisions, arguably the U.S. Congress might have the power to do so under the interstate

660:; however, not all Jews were expelled: it was easy to avoid expulsion by converting to Christianity. Many other crowned heads of Europe expelled Jewish people, although again converts to Christianity were no longer considered Jewish. Many of these 1292:(and with required repayment and hence little risk for the lender) is a form of self-service that goes against love of neighbor. Defining "lend" as lending without interest or fee, Luther encourages lending for the purpose of aiding the borrower. 1718:

On the federal level, Canada's Criminal Code limits the interest rate to 60% per year. The law is broadly written and Canada's courts have often intervened to remove ambiguity. In Quebec, the maximum annual interest rate allowed by law is 35%.

1091:

Nearly everywhere the crime of usury has become so firmly rooted that many, omitting other business, practise usury as if it were permitted, and in no way observe how it is forbidden in both the Old and New Testament. We therefore declare that

1362:, the previous assumptions about the very nature of money have been challenged, and the Church had to update its understanding of what constitutes usury to also include the new reality. Thus, the Church refers, among other things, to the fact 1772:

If a lender charges above the lawful interest rate, a court will not allow the lender to sue to recover the unlawfully high interest, and some states will apply all payments made on the debt to the principal balance. In some states, such as

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rationalism. Aristotle's argument is that interest is unnatural, since money, as a sterile element, cannot naturally reproduce itself. Thus, usury conflicts with natural law just as it offends Christian revelation: see

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that hath withdrawn his hand from the poor, that hath not received interest nor increase, hath executed Mine ordinances, hath walked in My statutes; he shall not die for the iniquity of his father, he shall surely

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Whatever loans you give, seeking interest at the expense of people’s wealth, will not increase with Allah. But whatever charity you give, seeking the pleasure of Allah—it is they whose reward will be multiplied.

1408: 1822: 1810:(RICO Statute), and its definition of "unlawful debt", which makes it a potential federal felony to lend money at an interest rate more than twice the local state usury rate and then try to collect that debt. 1207: 3548: 701:

In the 16th century, short-term interest rates dropped dramatically (from around 20–30% p.a. to around 9–10% p.a.). This was caused by refined commercial techniques, increased capital availability, the

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Islam strongly encourages charity and direct investment in which the creditor shares whatever profit or loss the business may incur (in modern terms, this amounts to an equity stake in the business).

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lent money to the Vatican, which was lax about repayment. Rather than charging interest, "the Medici overcharged the pope on the silks and brocades, the jewels and other commodities they supplied."

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specified that the rubric for allowing interest does not apply to Christians or Muslims, because their faith systems have a common ethical basis originating from Judaism. The medieval commentator

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instructed church administrators to set aside funds to be "invested profitably". It permitted lending with interest under normal legal conditions as long as excessive interest was not charged.

656:. In 1290, all Jews were to be expelled from England, allowed to take only what they could carry; the rest of their property became the Crown's. Usury was cited as the official reason for the 2546: 1930:(founded in 2005), for example, do not get paid any interest, although Kiva's partners in the country where the loan is used may charge interest to the end-users to whom the loans are made. 2494:

Cicero: A Sketch of His Life and Works : a Commentary on the Roman Constitution and Roman Public Life, Supplemented by the Sayings of Cicero Arranged for the First Time as an Anthology

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return. Then your reward will be great, and you will be sons of the Most High; for He is kind to the ungrateful and wicked. Be merciful, just as your Father is merciful. - Luke 6:34-36 NIV

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In thee have they taken gifts to shed blood; thou hast taken interest and increase, and thou hast greedily gained of thy neighbours by oppression, and hast forgotten Me, saith the Lord GOD.

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Theological historian John Noonan argues that "the doctrine was enunciated by popes, expressed by three ecumenical councils, proclaimed by bishops, and taught unanimously by theologians."

1548:

Verily your blood, your property are as sacred and inviolable as the sacredness of this day of yours, in this month of yours, in this town of yours. Behold! Everything pertaining to the

1431:

articulated this well: "Can I talk about the people living off usury ... not knowing the way that their infertile money has bred more money by wise investment in God knows what devilish

905:

Then I consulted with myself, and contended with the nobles and the rulers, and said unto them: 'Ye lend upon pledge, every one to his brother.' And I held a great assembly against them.

879:

Take thou no interest of him or increase; but fear thy God; that thy brother may live with thee. Thou shalt not give him thy money upon interest, nor give him thy victuals for increase.

844:. (This concept of "charity" differs from the modern Western understanding of "charity". The latter is typically understood as a spontaneous act of goodwill and a marker of generosity; 1552:

is under my feet completely abolished. Abolished are also the blood-revenges of the Days of Ignorance. The first claim of ours on blood-revenge which I abolish is that of the son of

1865:

Some members of Congress have tried to create a federal usury statute that would limit the maximum allowable interest rate, but the measures have not progressed. In July 2010, the

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For, that is the real meaning of usury: when, from its use, a thing which produces nothing is applied to the acquiring of gain and profit without any work, any expense or any risk.

3766: 1841:. Among the Act's provisions, it exempted federally chartered savings banks, installment plan sellers and chartered loan companies from state usury limits. Combined with the 1737:

29.2% until it was lowered by legislation in 2010). Default interest on late payments may be charged at up to 1.46 times the ordinary maximum (i.e., 21.9% to 29.2%), while

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and cannot earn our living in any other manner except by money dealings with them; therefore the taking of interest is not to be prohibited" (Tos. to BM 70b S.V. tashikh).

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has argued that pivotal change in the English-speaking world came with lawful rights to charge interest on lent money, particularly the 1545 act, "An Act Against Usurie" (

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and therefore may never be treated as a thing. Interest can diminish the human person to a thing to be manipulated for money. In an article for The Catholic Worker,

2820: 1439:, missiles, or vanities, when housing and employment ... for the poor were needed, and money could have been invested there?" Her thoughts were a precursor to what 637: 4170: 3491: 3552: 1688:"When money is lent on a contract to receive not only the principal sum again, but also an increase by way of compensation for the use, the increase is called 314:

Certain negative historical renditions of usury carry with them social connotations of perceived "unjust" or "discriminatory" lending practices. The historian

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put it, "Since the possession of an object is generally useful, I may require the price of that general utility, even when the object is of no use to me."

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previous gains, and their case is left to Allah. As for those who persist, it is they who will be the residents of the Fire. They will be there forever. (

2409: 3433: 1790:. That term is sometimes also applied to the practice of making consumer loans without a license in jurisdictions that requires lenders to be licensed. 1590:

Interest on loans, and the contrasting views on the morality of that practice held by Jews and Christians, is central to the plot of Shakespeare's play

1419:. Theology professor Kevin Considine argues that usury remains a sin if it takes advantage of the needy or where the source of the interest is sinful 874:

If thou lend money to any of My people, even to the poor with thee, thou shalt not be to him as a creditor; neither shall ye lay upon him interest.

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extended this principle to non-Jews who show consideration for Jews, saying they should be treated with the same consideration when they borrow.

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collecting and moneylending. Natural tensions between creditors and debtors were added to social, political, religious, and economic strains.

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A great deal of Jewish legal scholarship in the Early and High Middle Ages was devoted to making business dealings fair, honest and efficient.

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decision. The court held that the word "interest" used in the 1863 banking law included fees and, therefore, states could not regulate fees.

3876:: "Loans made through Kiva's website do not earn any interest. Kiva's loans are not an investment and are not recommended as an investment." 1926:

charities (where lenders make small sums of money available on zero-interest terms). Persons lending money to on-line micro-lending charity

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Sabbath Laws and Sabbath Duties: Considered in Relation to Their Natural and Scriptural Grounds, and to the Principles of Religious Liberty

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condemned the practice of charging interest as "detestable to God and man, damned by the sacred canons, and contrary to Christian charity.

1195:. Aquinas argued that in the case of usury, as in other aspects of Christian revelation, Christian doctrine is reinforced by Aristotelian 706:, and other reasons. The lower rates weakened religious scruples about lending at interest, although the debate did not cease altogether. 752:

who operated as large banking firms do today. Anybody that had any available liquid assets and wished to lend it out could easily do so.

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Forasmuch as many enrolled among the Clergy, following covetousness and lust of gain, have forgotten the divine Scripture, which says, "

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He that putteth not out his money on interest, nor taketh a bribe against the innocent. He that doeth these things shall never be moved.

2696: 694: 4789: 4212:. Vol. The Second Part of the Second Part. Translated by Fathers of the English Dominican Province (Second and Revised ed.). 3717: 1423:

It might initially seem like little is at stake when it comes to interest, but this is an issue of human dignity. A person is made in

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interest or time price differential. A person who is liable is also liable for reasonable attorney's fees incurred by the obligor.

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at which loans can be made. In the United States, the primary legal power to regulate usury rests primarily with the states. Each

652:, in order to seize the assets of the violators. Scores of English Jews were arrested, 300 were hanged and their property went to 275:

Usury (in the original sense of any interest) was denounced by religious leaders and philosophers in the ancient world, including

3028:, "Of Cheating, Which Is Committed in Buying and Selling." Translated by The Fathers of the English Dominican Province. pp. 1–10 1319: 2435: 2767: 1334:. To prevent any claims of doctrine violation, work-arounds would sometimes be employed. For example, in the 15th century, the 4543: 4393: 4150: 4025: 3885: 2512: 66: 1624:, the title character, who is a usurer, is described as both "petty and great – a miser and a philosopher..." The character 926:

As Jewish people were ostracized from most professions by local rulers during the Middle Ages, the Western churches and the

3676: 3507: 1168:, led the shift in thought that labelled charging interest the same as theft. Previously usury had been seen as a lack of 1849:

does not regulate rates, except for some mortgages, but requires uniform or standardized disclosure of costs and charges.

1466:(usury) is forbidden in Islam. As such, specialized codes of banking have developed to cater to investors wishing to obey 807: 225: 2407:

The economy of the Roman Empire in the first two centuries A.D., An examination of market capitalism in the Roman economy

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prohibits Jews from charging interest except when making loans to foreigners. Typically, a loan is considered a form of

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The Effect of Consumer Interest Rate Deregulation on Credit Card Volumes, Charge-Offs, and the Personal Bankruptcy Rate

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of any kind, and the canon forbade the clergy to lend money at interest rates even as low as 1 percent per year. Later

267:). Christian religious prohibitions on usury are predicated upon the belief that charging interest on a loan is a sin. 4161: 3601: 2516: 1458: 3489: 218:

In many historical societies including ancient Christian, Jewish, and Islamic societies, usury meant the charging of

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Interest and inflation free money : creating an exchange medium that works for everybody and protects the earth

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O believers! Do not consume interest, multiplying it many times over. And be mindful of Allah, so you may prosper. (

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in a poor community whose aim was collective survival, but which is not obliged to be charitable towards outsiders.

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does not ban all interest taking (proving interest-taking is not an inherently immoral act, same principle as with

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case, the Supreme Court further limited states' power to regulate credit card fees and extended the reach of the

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thy God may bless thee in all that thou puttest thy hand unto, in the land whither thou goest in to possess it.

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decision that applied to National Banks, this effectively overrode all state and local usury laws. The 1968

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twice, or he would be selling what does not exist, wherefore he would evidently commit a sin of injustice."

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enumerated thirteen situations in which charging interest was not immoral. The most important of these was

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The Fifth Lateran Council, in the same declaration, gave explicit approval of charging a fee for services

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clause. This was problematic because the charging of interest (although not all interest – see above for

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The 1917 or Pio-Benedictine code of canon law: in English translation with extensive scholarly apparatus

3047: 2859: 1596:. Antonio is the merchant of the title, a Christian, who is forced by circumstance to borrow money from 1371: 1327: 1300: 1122: 569: 561: 466: 458: 386: 378: 315: 3847: 1227:, expressly allowed such charges in respect of credit-unions run for the benefit of the poor known as " 1121:

Up to the 16th century, usury was condemned by the Catholic Church, but not really defined. During the

259:

in medieval Europe, as well as the Reformed Churches, regarded the charging of interest at any rate as

95: 4361: 4350: 3602:"Beware of usury and charging excessive interest under the amended Money Lenders Ordinance (Cap. 163)" 3529: 3301: 342:, interest was legal and often fixed by the state. But the Hebrew took a different view of the matter. 4538: 4518: 4296: 2239: 2027: 1846: 1834:

to charge the legal rate of interest in their state regardless of the borrower's state of residence.

1827: 1813:

It is a federal offense to use violence or threats to collect usurious interest (or any other sort).

1125:, in the 10th session (in the year 1515), the Council for the first time gave a definition of usury: 697:

work against usury from 1869. Usury is condemned in 19th-century Missouri Synod doctrinal statements.

645: 2194: 958:

have mitigated the allowances for usury toward non-Jews. For instance, the 15th-century commentator

4651: 3463: 2346: 1982: 1927: 1615: 1416: 1308: 1161: 641: 33: 4291: 4221: 2685: 1204:. As such, Aquinas taught "that interest is inherently unjust and one who charges interest sins." 77: 4533: 4513: 4386: 4140: 3975: 3534: 3106: 3098: 2879: 2871: 2389: 1992: 1977: 1854: 1817: 1701: 1192: 1070: 1029:

23:19 prohibits the taking of interest in the form of money or food when lending to a "brother".

840: 725: 718: 657: 296: 4598: 3737: 4743: 4618: 4478: 4146: 4127: 4117: 4100: 4090: 4073: 4063: 4039: 4031: 4021: 3999: 3991: 3983: 3380: 3320: 3280: 2520: 2492: 2309: 2299: 2157: 2134: 2130: 2022: 1972: 1939: 1579: 1261: 1247: 1105: 163: 1769:

that dictates how much interest can be charged before it is considered usurious or unlawful.

1370:), as well as the prevalence of bonds and loans paying interest. Because of this, as the old 205:

or other factors defined by the laws of a state. Someone who practices usury can be called a

4248: 3090: 3025: 1774: 1312: 1235: 1188: 1169: 849: 264: 175: 3954: 3936: 3205: 2393: 2295: 2289: 2224: 1653:

of interest payments but on the fact that excess capital was no longer devoted to artistic

1603:

By the 18th century, usury was more often treated as a metaphor than a crime in itself, so

4763: 4681: 4656: 4588: 4583: 4558: 4435: 4236: 4015: 3892: 3792: 3495: 3133: 3059: 2771: 2691: 2439: 2413: 1896: 1800: 1635: 1584: 1541: 1473: 1412: 1228: 1180: 1002: 959: 947: 836: 829: 672: 256: 240: 230: 146: 4276: 2261: 1270:(1745), operating in the pre-industrial mindset , gives the reasons why usury is sinful: 3785: 2240:"Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood (Samma Vaca, Samma Kammanta, Samma Ajiva)" 1560:

of the pre-Islamic period is abolished, and the first of our usury I abolish is that of

4784: 4696: 4666: 4646: 4548: 4488: 4440: 4425: 4417: 4367:

Thomas Geoghegan on "Infinite Debt: How Unlimited Interest Rates Destroyed the Economy"

4201: 4052:

No Return: Jews, Christian Usurers, and the Spread of Mass Expulsion in Medieval Europe

4011: 3773: 3124: 2987: 2082: 2037: 2012: 1604: 1381: 1176: 1138: 785: 757: 714: 665: 510: 419: 304: 288: 244: 2958: 2932: 1358:

The Catholic Church has always condemned usury, but in modern times, with the rise of

4778: 4758: 4726: 4722: 4641: 4458: 4379: 4217: 4181: 3374: 3160: 3110: 2883: 2432: 2329:

Noonan, John T., Jr. 1993. "Development of Moral Doctrine." 54 Theological Stud. 662.

2124: 1967: 1923: 1758: 1288: 1149: 1033: 998: 713:

on usury meant that it was a sin to charge interest on a money loan. As set forth by

202: 3651: 3537:

1985, c. C-46, s. 347, as amended by 1992, c. 1, s. 60(F) and 2007, c. 9, s. 1

2764: 1806:

Congress imposed a federal criminal penalty for unlawful interest rates through the

4691: 4686: 4671: 4661: 4613: 4593: 4565: 4185: 3415: 3218: 2730: 2478: 2461: 2002: 1440: 1304: 1266: 930:, they were pushed into marginal occupations considered socially inferior, such as 915: 749: 710: 597: 252: 248: 102: 32:"Debt trap" redirects here. For the coercive international financial practice, see 4341:

S.C. Mooney's Response to Dr. Gary North's critique of Usury: Destroyer of Nations

3721: 3515: 4730: 4633: 4608: 4523: 4473: 4300:. St. Louis, Mo.: Concordia Publishing House. p. 796. ark:/13960/t6q008m7q. 2017: 1919: 1679: 1650: 1428: 1335: 1196: 1026: 963: 813: 780: 703: 335: 327: 323: 44: 4355: 3923:

From Irenaeus to Grotius: A Sourcebook in Christian Political Thought, 100-1625

3081:

Roover, Raymond (Autumn 1967). "The Scholastics, Usury, and Foreign Exchange".

3041: 4748: 4578: 4508: 4468: 3476: 2796: 2635: 2624: 2613: 2602: 2591: 2580: 2109: 2032: 1915: 1787: 1762: 1658: 1646: 1642: 1549: 1363: 1359: 1083:

decreed that persons who accepted interest on loans could receive neither the

1022: 745: 733: 686: 676: 211: 4345: 4261: 4077: 3350: 2821:"Ezekiel 18:8a - The Righteous Man Does Not Take Advance or Accrued Interest" 2646: 2567: 2524: 2154:

The Islamic Moral Economy: A Study of Islamic Money and Financial Instruments

4603: 4430: 4252: 4131: 3886:

Kiva FAQ: Do Kiva.org's Field Partners charge interest to the entrepreneurs?

3626: 2897: 2313: 1779: 1738: 1654: 1432: 1424: 1393:

He further gave the following view of the development of Catholic practice:

1184: 1084: 863: 729: 653: 649: 633: 584: 481: 339: 284: 4321:

Koehler, B. (2023). The Talmud on usury. Economic Affairs, 43(3), 423–435.

4043: 2364: 2206: 2138: 1481: 4205: 4003: 4753: 4573: 4104: 1952: 1911: 1537: 1367: 1323: 1066: 756:

range from simple fractions to 3–4 percent, perhaps because lenders used

661: 401: 331: 308: 219: 3147: 1556:, who was nursed among the tribe of Sa'd and killed by Hudhail. And the 3987: 3907:

Theology and Economic Ethics: Martin Luther and Arthur Rich in Dialogue

3102: 2875: 2006: 1766: 1620: 1597: 955: 935: 784:, relates the following conversation between an unnamed questioner and 680: 300: 255:

eventually allowed loans with carefully restricted interest rates, the

159: 141: 838:), a Hebrew word meaning "righteousness" but commonly used to signify 4463: 4322: 3137: 2508: 2340:"Official Doctrinal Statements of the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod" 1611:

was not as shocking as it would have appeared two centuries earlier.

1467: 1436: 1377: 1109: 1100:

satisfaction according to the judgment of his own bishop. (canon 25)

1050: 860: 775: 612: 517: 414: 292: 17: 4306: 3094: 3043:

Session Ten: On the reform of credit organisations (Montes pietatis)

1587:

places the usurers in the inner ring of the seventh circle of hell.

4035: 3126:

Church and the Usurers: Unprofitable Lending for the Modern Economy

2671:

The French Revolution and Human Rights: A Brief Documentary History

2394:

Sacred Economics: Money, Gift, and Society in the Age of Transition

1409:

Congregation of the Missionary Sons of the Immaculate Heart of Mary

3763:

Marquette Nat. Bank of Minneapolis v. First of Omaha Service Corp.

3420: 3055: 2839:"What does the Old Testament say about Loans and Interest? Part 3" 2089: 1987: 1873:

to regulate some credit practices but has no interest rate limit.

1823:

Marquette Nat. Bank of Minneapolis v. First of Omaha Service Corp.

1673: 1625: 1206: 1074: 973: 927: 867: 765: 685: 391:

An Acte agaynst Exchaunge and Rechaunge without the Kyngs Lycence.

280: 276: 140: 4087:

The idea of usury, from tribal brotherhood to universal otherhood

1869:, was signed into law by President Obama. The act provides for a 4450: 4402: 4285:. Vol. 12. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. pp. 388–391. 3995: 3051: 2765:

The Apology of the Augsburg Confession, Article 8, Of the Church

1463: 1454: 1112:

in 1311, and condemned all secular legislation that allowed it.

235: 4375: 4335:

What Love Is This? A Renunciation of the Economics of Calvinism

3264:. Vol. VI. St. Louis, Mo: B. Herder Book Co. p. 609. 931: 853: 263:(as well as charging a fee for the use of money, such as at a 260: 190: 187: 38: 4060:

In restraint of usury : the lending of money at interest

3279:. Église catholique. San Francisco (Calif.): Ignatius press. 1839:

Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act

184: 3549:"Section 347 of the Criminal Code: A Deeply Problematic Law" 3178:. Vol. 45. Philadelphia: Muhlenberg Press. p. 233. 2686:"Christian approach to usury forced Jews into money lending" 3089:(3). The Business History Review, Vol. 41, No. 3: 257–271. 1480:

The following quotations are English translations from the

193: 3226:

The Medici Bank: its organization, management, and decline

3191:

Lutheran Theology and Contract Law in Early Modern Germany

2513:"De officiis With an English translation by Walter Miller" 2475:

Christian Attitudes to Finance in the First Four Centuries

2458:

Christian Attitudes to Finance in the First Four Centuries

2106:"Americans for Fairness in Lending - The History of Usury" 1258:, were never accepted as official by the Catholic Church. 4290:

Fuerbringer, L.; Engelder, TH.; Kretzmann, P. E. (1927).

2755:

The references cited in the Passionary for this woodcut:

1867:

Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act

717:

in the 13th century, because money was invented to be an

181: 2988:"Fifth Lateran Council 1512–17 A.D. – Papal Encyclicals" 4371: 3508:"Sources of English Constitutional History: Chapter 44" 3379:. London, New York : Longmans, Green, and Co. pp. 2959:"Council of Vienne –1311–1312 A.D. – Papal Encyclicals" 2933:"Third Lateran Council – 1179 A.D. – Papal Encyclicals" 1021:) or the taking of clothing as pledges is condemned in 4235:

Visser, Wayne A. M.; McIntosh, Alastair (July 1998).

3848:"FINANCE CODE CHAPTER 349. PENALTIES AND LIABILITIES" 3738:"18 USC Chapter 42: Extortionate Credit Transactions" 3468: 2056: 4311:

EH.Net Encyclopedia of Economic and Business History

4237:"A short review of the historical critique of usury" 3376:

Moral Philosophy: Ethics, Deontology and Natural Law

1016: 4705: 4632: 4557: 4501: 4449: 4416: 4409: 4186:"On Trade and Usury. A Sermon by Dr. Martin Luther" 3368: 3366: 2673:. Bedford Books of St. Martin's Press, 1996, p. 96. 623: 611: 606: 596: 591: 578: 568: 542: 528: 516: 506: 501: 493: 488: 475: 465: 439: 425: 413: 408: 395: 385: 359: 209:, but in modern colloquial English may be called a 178: 69:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4270:. Vol. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 3726:Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act 3551:. Uniform Law Conference of Canada. Archived from 3359:. Vol. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 2684: 2433:Financial Intermediation in the Early Roman Empire 1808:Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act 1254:). However, Hostiensis' exceptions, including for 914:Johnson contends that the Torah treats lending as 748:period, most banking activities were conducted by 251:have outlawed loans with any interest. Though the 3434:"Hukum Hadiah atau Tambahan dalam Hutang Piutang" 3176:"Introduction: Trade and Usury" in Luther's Works 638:massacres of Jews at London and York in 1189–1190 2785: 2783: 2781: 2779: 1816:Separate federal rules apply to most banks. The 3955:"WORKS OF MARTIN LUTHER - ON TRADING AND USURY" 2491:Hannis Taylor; Mary Lillie Taylor Hunt (1918). 1421: 1395: 1386: 1352: 1318:Concerns about usury included the 19th century 1143: 1127: 1114: 1089: 1055: 940: 920: 908: 903: 898: 892: 882: 877: 872: 790: 320: 4142:Usury: A Scriptural, Ethical and Economic View 3937:"WORKS OF MARTIN LUTHER - A TREATISE ON USURY" 1886:Avoidance mechanisms and interest-free lending 4387: 4356:Origin of Modern Banking and Usury in Britain 1786:The making of usurious loans is often called 679:, who moved from city to city, was along the 8: 4241:Accounting, Business & Financial History 4116:. Philadelphia, PA: New Society Publishers. 3325:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2862:(1934). "The Christianization of Interest". 2792:"Is it sinful to charge interest on a loan?" 1914:internationally has enabled both commercial 1322:and 16th century concerns over abuse of the 322:Most early religious systems in the ancient 3982:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 3671: 3669: 3475:. Translated by Ellen Marriage – via 2982: 2980: 2965:. Papal Encyclicals Online. 16 October 1311 2843:The Good Book Blog - Biola University Blogs 1415:, teaches that the charging of interest is 1179:, the leading scholastic theologian of the 979:Christ Drives the Usurers Out of the Temple 4413: 4394: 4380: 4372: 4275:Dembitz, Lewis N.; Jacobs, Joseph (1906). 4145:. Millersburg, OH: The Anti-Usury League. 2497:. A.C. McClurg & Company. p. 376. 648:which made usury illegal and linked it to 539: 436: 356: 4346:What is Riba: Islamic definition of Usury 3874:Kiva Faq: Will I get interest on my loan? 3262:A Commentary On the New Code of Canon Law 2325: 2323: 2278:, 2 vols. (trans. Leiden 1965), i.104-566 2175: 2173: 129:Learn how and when to remove this message 4230:. Vol. 1. New York: R. Worthington. 4089:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 3012: 2939:. Papal Encyclicals Online. 5 March 1179 1108:made the belief in the right to usury a 636:were joined by crowds of debtors in the 2717: 2657: 2294:. New York: Harper & Row. pp. 2048: 1275:amount he gave is illicit and usurious. 523:Statute Law Revision (Ireland) Act 1872 4210:Summa Theologiae of St. Thomas Aquinas 4176:from the original on 15 November 2019. 3833: 3831: 3799:"Bank Trends" Newsletter, March, 1998. 3654:. Japan Financial Services Association 3318: 2994:. Papal Encyclicals Online. 4 May 1515 2800:. Vol. 81, no. 4. p. 49 2225:"Thomas Aquinas: On Usury, c. 1269–71" 2184:. Maclachlan and Stewart. p. 180. 2156:. Boca Raton, FL: Brown Walker Press. 27:Loans with unfairly high interest rate 3797:Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation 3246:T.L. Bouscaren and A.C. Ellis. 1957. 2854: 2852: 2274:Johnson cites Fritz E. Heichelcheim: 2129:. London: Macmillan and Co. pp. 1059:He has not given his money upon usury 778:, in the second book of his treatise 7: 4544:Debtor-in-possession (DIP) financing 4362:Buddha on Right Livelihood and Usury 3419:, book 15 (The Book of Pilgrimage), 3260:Bachofen, Charles Augustine (1921). 2731:"Encyclopedia Judaica: Moneylending" 2699:from the original on 27 October 2017 2262:"The Prophet Muhammad's Last Sermon" 1871:Consumer Financial Protection Bureau 67:adding citations to reliable sources 4264:. In Herbermann, Charles G. (ed.). 3353:. In Herbermann, Charles G. (ed.). 2898:"First Council of Nicea (A.D. 325)" 2443:, The Journal of Economic History, 1820:held unanimously in the 1978 case, 1707:Commentaries on the Laws of England 1214:, treatise on contracts and usury ( 1006: 987:Passionary of Christ and Antichrist 833: 4323:https://doi.org/10.1111/ecaf.12599 4305:Jones, Norman (10 February 2008). 3627:"Cap. 163 Money Lenders Ordinance" 3576:"Des taux d'intérêt astronomiques" 3224:de Roover, Raymond Adrien (1948), 3217:"The presence among the assets of 3161:"Vix Pervenit – Papal Encyclicals" 2790:Considine, Kevin P. (April 2016). 1803:of Article I of the Constitution. 1307:churches, teaches that usury is a 848:is an ethical obligation.) In the 768:. It was evident that usury meant 25: 4247:(2). London: Routledge: 175–189. 3467: 3403:The Meaning of the Glorious Koran 2447:, 2004, vol. 64, issue 03, p. 15. 2108:. 15 October 2008. Archived from 1216:Tractatus de contractis et usuris 4196:(1). Translated by Carruth, W.H. 3980:The Scholastic Analysis of Usury 3686:. Docutech Corporation. May 2013 3248:Canon Law: A Text and Commentary 2547:"Interest-Free Loans in Judaism" 1320:Rothschild loans to the Holy See 555: 452: 372: 174: 43: 4206:"Question 78. The sin of usury" 4163:Usury and the Church of England 3440:. 19 March 2020. Archived from 2063:. Oxford University Press. 2012 1922:- launched in 2009) and global 1757:that specify the maximum legal 1649:was not primarily based on the 1540:to usury is articulated in his 1303:held as doctrinal documents by 1073:applied this regulation to the 54:needs additional citations for 3864:Maududi (1967), vol. i, p. 199 3852:www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us 3837:ABA Journal, March 2010, p. 59 3677:"Maximum Interest Rate Matrix" 2242:. Buddhist Publication Society 2207:"Usury - The Root of All Evil" 1657:, as it could now be used for 954:Several historical rulings in 711:18th century papal prohibition 695:Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod 243:). At times, many states from 1: 4054:. Princeton University Press. 3574:Agent QMI (6 December 2013). 2683:Cooper, Zaki (31 July 2015). 2421:, December 2007, pp. 252–261. 2365:"Summa Theologiae, II-II Q78" 1837:In 1980, Congress passed the 1187:and his desire to assimilate 1135:so long as no profit was made 808:Loans and interest in Judaism 4315:Economic History Association 4309:. In Whaples, Robert (ed.). 4279:. In Singer, Isidore (ed.). 3148:Fr. Bernard W. Dempsey, S.J. 2481:, September 1977, pp. 81–82. 1777:, usurious loans are voided 1297:Westminster Larger Catechism 1225:Fifth Council of the Lateran 1025:(early 6th century BC), and 946:those who practiced it were 233:), Christianity, and Islam ( 4260:Vermeersch, Arthur (1912). 4224:. In Montagu, Basil (ed.). 3911:Accessed on 2 December 2014 3814:Legal Information Institute 3742:Legal Information Institute 3600:Tsang, Pan (1 March 2023). 3547:Waldron, Mary Anne (2011). 3349:Vermeersch, Arthur (1912). 3206:Sermon on Trading and Usury 2276:An Ancient Economic History 2126:Indigenous Banking In India 2005:(traditional occupation of 1906:Interest-free micro-lending 1459:Islamic banking and finance 1218:), manuscript, 15th century 1017: 4821: 4227:The Works of Francis Bacon 4020:. London: Payne and Foss. 3302:"The Red Herring of Usury" 3275:Peters, Edward N. (2001). 3193:. Brill. pp. 327–355. 2519:. Heinemann. p. 267. 2515:(in Latin). Translated by 2445:Cambridge University Press 2152:Karim, Shafiel A. (2010). 1950: 1894: 1832:nationally chartered banks 1641:In the early 20th century 1564:, for it is all abolished. 1562:'Abbas b. 'Abd al-Muttalib 1452: 1166:Saint Anselm of Canterbury 805: 632:In England, the departing 618:Usury Laws Repeal Act 1854 537:United Kingdom legislation 434:United Kingdom legislation 354:United Kingdom legislation 31: 4790:Medieval economic history 4739: 4337:. The House of Degenhart. 4267:The Catholic Encyclopedia 4112:Kennedy, Margrit (1995). 4085:Nelson, Benjamin (1969). 3356:The Catholic Encyclopedia 3230:New York University Press 2419:Aarhus School of Business 2081:The word is derived from 2061:Oxford English Dictionary 1284:15th through 19th century 1202:Thought of Thomas Aquinas 554: 549: 451: 446: 371: 366: 4297:The Concordia Cyclopedia 3494:January 5, 2006, at the 3373:Rickaby, Joseph (1918). 3174:Brandt, Walther (1962). 2922:Moehlman, 1934, pp. 6–7. 2568:"Jewish Virtual Library" 2464:, September 1977, p. 80. 859:This is outlined in the 719:intermediary in exchange 4713:Consumer leverage ratio 4624:Tax refund interception 4282:The Jewish Encyclopedia 4253:10.1080/095852098330503 4139:Elliot, Calvin (1902). 3724:(6)(B). See generally, 3631:Hong Kong e-Legislation 3234:Oxford University Press 3189:Astorri, Paolo (2019). 3083:Business History Review 3031:Retrieved June 19, 2012 1918:(through sites such as 1700:by those who do not." ( 1684:contained in the note." 1411:, a Catholic Christian 1252:St. Bernardino of Siena 1212:St. Bernardino of Siena 1164:Christian theologians, 1087:nor Christian burial. 1065:At the time, usury was 1053:from engaging in usury 1047:First Council of Nicaea 983:Lucas Cranach the Elder 471:An Acte agaynst Usurye. 3580:Le Journal de Montréal 3530:Criminal Interest Rate 2860:Moehlman, Conrad Henry 2825:www.theologyofwork.org 2735:Jewish Virtual Library 2509:Cicero, Marcus Tullius 2477:, Epworth Review 4.3, 2460:, Epworth Review 4.3, 2288:Johnson, Paul (1987). 2088:, "interest", or from 1998:History of pawnbroking 1934:Non-recourse mortgages 1685: 1631:The Old Curiosity Shop 1593:The Merchant of Venice 1566: 1534: 1524: 1514: 1505: 1495: 1446: 1400: 1391: 1356: 1348:1917 Code of Canon Law 1281: 1219: 1147: 1131: 1119: 1102: 1063: 989: 952: 924: 912: 907: 902: 897: 891: 881: 876: 866:, specifically in the 794: 698: 574:An Act Against Usurie. 344: 166: 4718:Debt levels and flows 4050:Dorin, Rowan (2023). 3810:"15 U.S. Code Part A" 3401:Pickthall, M (1930). 3048:Fifth Lateran Council 2291:A history of the Jews 2264:. Fordham University. 2227:. Fordham University. 1677: 1661:business investment. 1546: 1525: 1515: 1506: 1496: 1486: 1372:Catholic Encyclopedia 1328:Fifth Lateran Council 1301:Westminster Standards 1272: 1210: 1123:Fifth Lateran Council 977: 960:Rabbi Isaac Abarbanel 689: 562:Parliament of England 459:Parliament of England 379:Parliament of England 144: 4539:Debt snowball method 4351:Usury laws by state. 4058:Page, Harry (1985). 3816:. Cornell Law School 3744:. Cornell Law School 3512:www.constitution.org 3339:Deuteronomy 23:19–20 3306:Catholic Culture.org 3228:, New York; London: 3203:See Martin Luther's 2992:papalencyclicals.net 2963:papalencyclicals.net 2937:papalencyclicals.net 2603:Deuteronomy 23:20–21 2352:on 25 February 2009. 2180:Cox, Robert (1853). 2123:Jain, L. C. (1929). 2028:Credit card interest 1847:Truth in Lending Act 1828:National Banking Act 1501:Al-Baqarah 2:276–280 1234:In the 13th century 646:Statute of the Jewry 63:improve this article 3921:O'Donovan, Oliver. 3704:NY Gen Oblig 5-501 3518:on 17 October 2007. 2819:Work, Theology of. 2390:Eisenstein, Charles 2112:on 15 October 2008. 1983:Debt-trap diplomacy 1554:Rabi'a b. al-Harith 1236:Cardinal Hostiensis 1071:ecumenical councils 750:private individuals 642:Edward I of England 34:Debt-trap diplomacy 3891:2009-04-11 at the 3791:2008-09-24 at the 3444:on 2 February 2021 3405:. Alfred A. Knopf. 3163:. 1 November 1745. 3143:Interest and Usury 3132:2015-10-17 at the 2770:2010-07-15 at the 2592:Leviticus 25:36–37 2545:Robinson, George. 2438:2011-07-17 at the 2412:2012-06-11 at the 1993:History of banking 1978:Contractum trinius 1855:Smiley v. Citibank 1818:U.S. Supreme Court 1794:Federal regulation 1702:William Blackstone 1686: 1313:eighth commandment 1311:prohibited by the 1220: 1193:Christian theology 1156:Medieval theology 1049:, in 325, forbade 990: 726:Charles Eisenstein 699: 693:is the title of a 671:The growth of the 666:secretly practiced 658:Edict of Expulsion 167: 4805:Negative Mitzvoth 4772: 4771: 4619:Strategic default 4584:Collection agency 4497: 4496: 4479:Predatory lending 3286:978-0-89870-831-8 2845:. 2 January 2018. 2363:Aquinas, Thomas. 2211:The Spirit of Now 2163:978-1-59942-539-9 2023:Predatory lending 1973:Christian finance 1940:non-recourse loan 1647:anti-usury poetry 1580:The Divine Comedy 1550:Days of Ignorance 1520:Al-Nisa 4:160–161 1262:Pope Benedict XIV 1248:Pierre Jean Olivi 1160:The first of the 1106:Council of Vienne 1015: 964:Rabbi David Kimhi 630: 629: 607:Other legislation 550:Act of Parliament 535: 534: 502:Other legislation 447:Act of Parliament 432: 431: 409:Other legislation 367:Act of Parliament 139: 138: 131: 113: 16:(Redirected from 4812: 4795:Economic bubbles 4464:Consumer lending 4414: 4396: 4389: 4382: 4373: 4318: 4301: 4286: 4271: 4256: 4231: 4213: 4197: 4177: 4175: 4168: 4156: 4135: 4108: 4081: 4047: 4017:Defence of Usury 4007: 3963: 3962: 3959:www.godrules.net 3951: 3945: 3944: 3941:www.godrules.net 3933: 3927: 3926: 3918: 3912: 3910: 3902: 3896: 3883: 3877: 3871: 3865: 3862: 3856: 3855: 3844: 3838: 3835: 3826: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3806: 3800: 3783: 3777: 3760: 3754: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3734: 3728: 3715: 3709: 3702: 3696: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3681: 3673: 3664: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3648: 3642: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3623: 3617: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3597: 3591: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3571: 3565: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3544: 3538: 3526: 3520: 3519: 3514:. Archived from 3504: 3498: 3487: 3481: 3480: 3474: 3464:Honoré de Balzac 3460: 3454: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3430: 3424: 3412: 3406: 3399: 3393: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3370: 3361: 3360: 3346: 3340: 3337: 3331: 3330: 3324: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3300:Palm, David, J. 3297: 3291: 3290: 3272: 3266: 3265: 3257: 3251: 3244: 3238: 3237: 3215: 3209: 3201: 3195: 3194: 3186: 3180: 3179: 3171: 3165: 3164: 3157: 3151: 3138:Dr. Brian McCall 3121: 3115: 3114: 3078: 3072: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3038: 3032: 3026:Summa Theologica 3024:Thomas Aquinas. 3022: 3016: 3010: 3004: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2984: 2975: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2955: 2949: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2929: 2923: 2920: 2914: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2894: 2888: 2887: 2856: 2847: 2846: 2835: 2829: 2828: 2816: 2810: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2787: 2774: 2753: 2747: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2727: 2721: 2715: 2709: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2688: 2680: 2674: 2667: 2661: 2655: 2649: 2644: 2638: 2633: 2627: 2622: 2616: 2611: 2605: 2600: 2594: 2589: 2583: 2578: 2572: 2571: 2564: 2558: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2542: 2536: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2505: 2499: 2498: 2488: 2482: 2473:Young, Frances: 2471: 2465: 2456:Young, Frances: 2454: 2448: 2428: 2422: 2402: 2396: 2387: 2381: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2360: 2354: 2353: 2351: 2345:. Archived from 2344: 2336: 2330: 2327: 2318: 2317: 2285: 2279: 2272: 2266: 2265: 2258: 2252: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2235: 2229: 2228: 2221: 2215: 2214: 2213:. Peter Russell. 2203: 2197: 2192: 2186: 2185: 2177: 2168: 2167: 2149: 2143: 2142: 2120: 2114: 2113: 2102: 2096: 2079: 2073: 2072: 2070: 2068: 2053: 1830:of 1863 allowed 1616:Honoré de Balzac 1609:Defence of Usury 1536:The attitude of 1491:Al-Baqarah 2:275 1189:Greek philosophy 1020: 1010: 1008: 888: 835: 732:. c. 9) of King 625:Status: Repealed 602:24 December 1545 559: 558: 545: 540: 530:Status: Repealed 456: 455: 442: 437: 427:Status: Repealed 376: 375: 362: 357: 265:bureau de change 200: 199: 196: 195: 192: 189: 186: 183: 180: 150:Stultifera Navis 134: 127: 123: 120: 114: 112: 71: 47: 39: 21: 4820: 4819: 4815: 4814: 4813: 4811: 4810: 4809: 4800:Property crimes 4775: 4774: 4773: 4768: 4764:Promissory note 4735: 4701: 4682:Deposit account 4628: 4599:Debtors' prison 4553: 4519:Management plan 4493: 4445: 4405: 4400: 4358:. Heretical.com 4331: 4304: 4289: 4274: 4259: 4234: 4216: 4202:Aquinas, Thomas 4200: 4180: 4173: 4166: 4160:Swabey, Henry. 4159: 4153: 4138: 4124: 4111: 4097: 4084: 4070: 4062:. City: CIPFA. 4057: 4028: 4012:Bentham, Jeremy 4010: 3976:Noonan, John T. 3974: 3971: 3969:Further reading 3966: 3953: 3952: 3948: 3935: 3934: 3930: 3920: 3919: 3915: 3905:Doherty, Sean. 3904: 3903: 3899: 3893:Wayback Machine 3884: 3880: 3872: 3868: 3863: 3859: 3846: 3845: 3841: 3836: 3829: 3819: 3817: 3808: 3807: 3803: 3793:Wayback Machine 3784: 3780: 3761: 3757: 3747: 3745: 3736: 3735: 3731: 3716: 3712: 3703: 3699: 3689: 3687: 3679: 3675: 3674: 3667: 3657: 3655: 3650: 3649: 3645: 3635: 3633: 3625: 3624: 3620: 3610: 3608: 3599: 3598: 3594: 3584: 3582: 3573: 3572: 3568: 3558: 3556: 3546: 3545: 3541: 3527: 3523: 3506: 3505: 3501: 3496:Wayback Machine 3488: 3484: 3462: 3461: 3457: 3447: 3445: 3432: 3431: 3427: 3413: 3409: 3400: 3396: 3386: 3384: 3372: 3371: 3364: 3348: 3347: 3343: 3338: 3334: 3317: 3310: 3308: 3299: 3298: 3294: 3287: 3274: 3273: 3269: 3259: 3258: 3254: 3245: 3241: 3223: 3216: 3212: 3202: 3198: 3188: 3187: 3183: 3173: 3172: 3168: 3159: 3158: 3154: 3134:Wayback Machine 3122: 3118: 3095:10.2307/3112192 3080: 3079: 3075: 3065: 3063: 3060:Catholic Church 3040: 3039: 3035: 3023: 3019: 3011: 3007: 2997: 2995: 2986: 2985: 2978: 2968: 2966: 2957: 2956: 2952: 2942: 2940: 2931: 2930: 2926: 2921: 2917: 2907: 2905: 2896: 2895: 2891: 2858: 2857: 2850: 2837: 2836: 2832: 2818: 2817: 2813: 2803: 2801: 2789: 2788: 2777: 2772:Wayback Machine 2754: 2750: 2740: 2738: 2729: 2728: 2724: 2716: 2712: 2702: 2700: 2692:Financial Times 2682: 2681: 2677: 2668: 2664: 2656: 2652: 2645: 2641: 2634: 2630: 2623: 2619: 2612: 2608: 2601: 2597: 2590: 2586: 2579: 2575: 2566: 2565: 2561: 2551: 2549: 2544: 2543: 2539: 2529: 2527: 2507: 2506: 2502: 2490: 2489: 2485: 2472: 2468: 2455: 2451: 2440:Wayback Machine 2429: 2425: 2414:Wayback Machine 2403: 2399: 2388: 2384: 2374: 2372: 2362: 2361: 2357: 2349: 2342: 2338: 2337: 2333: 2328: 2321: 2306: 2287: 2286: 2282: 2273: 2269: 2260: 2259: 2255: 2245: 2243: 2238:Bodhi, Bhikku. 2237: 2236: 2232: 2223: 2222: 2218: 2205: 2204: 2200: 2193: 2189: 2179: 2178: 2171: 2164: 2151: 2150: 2146: 2122: 2121: 2117: 2104: 2103: 2099: 2080: 2076: 2066: 2064: 2055: 2054: 2050: 2046: 1964: 1955: 1949: 1936: 1908: 1899: 1897:Islamic banking 1893: 1891:Islamic banking 1888: 1879: 1801:commerce clause 1796: 1748: 1734: 1725: 1716: 1696:it lawful, and 1672: 1667: 1651:moral injustice 1636:Charles Dickens 1575: 1510:Al-'Imran 3:130 1474:Islamic banking 1461: 1453:Main articles: 1451: 1425:God's own image 1413:religious order 1405: 1344: 1286: 1277: 1276: 1229:montes pietatis 1181:Catholic Church 1158: 1139:Mounts of Piety 1137:in the case of 1043: 1041:Church councils 995: 981:, a woodcut by 972: 886: 850:Rabbinic period 810: 804: 799: 742: 691:Die Wucherfrage 673:Lombard bankers 662:forced converts 626: 564: 556: 543: 538: 531: 507:Repeals/revokes 461: 453: 440: 435: 428: 381: 373: 360: 355: 352: 273: 257:Catholic Church 177: 173: 145:Of Usury, from 135: 124: 118: 115: 72: 70: 60: 48: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4818: 4816: 4808: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4777: 4776: 4770: 4769: 4767: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4740: 4737: 4736: 4734: 4733: 4720: 4715: 4709: 4707: 4703: 4702: 4700: 4699: 4697:Securitization 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4638: 4636: 4630: 4629: 4627: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4570: 4568: 4555: 4554: 4552: 4551: 4549:Loan guarantee 4546: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4505: 4503: 4499: 4498: 4495: 4494: 4492: 4491: 4489:Vendor finance 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4455: 4453: 4447: 4446: 4444: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4422: 4420: 4411: 4407: 4406: 4401: 4399: 4398: 4391: 4384: 4376: 4370: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4330: 4329:External links 4327: 4326: 4325: 4319: 4302: 4287: 4272: 4257: 4232: 4218:Bacon, Francis 4214: 4198: 4190:The Open Court 4182:Luther, Martin 4178: 4157: 4151: 4136: 4122: 4109: 4095: 4082: 4068: 4055: 4048: 4026: 4008: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3964: 3946: 3928: 3925:. p. 584. 3913: 3897: 3878: 3866: 3857: 3839: 3827: 3801: 3778: 3755: 3729: 3718:18 U.S.C. 3710: 3697: 3665: 3643: 3618: 3592: 3566: 3555:on 14 May 2021 3539: 3521: 3499: 3482: 3455: 3425: 3407: 3394: 3362: 3341: 3332: 3292: 3285: 3267: 3252: 3239: 3236:(respectively) 3210: 3196: 3181: 3166: 3152: 3116: 3073: 3033: 3017: 3005: 2976: 2950: 2924: 2915: 2889: 2864:Church History 2848: 2830: 2811: 2775: 2757:1 John 2:14–16 2748: 2722: 2720:, p. 174. 2710: 2675: 2662: 2660:, p. 172. 2650: 2639: 2628: 2617: 2606: 2595: 2584: 2573: 2559: 2537: 2517:Miller, Walter 2500: 2483: 2466: 2449: 2430:Temin, Peter: 2423: 2404:Zgur, Andrej: 2397: 2382: 2355: 2331: 2319: 2304: 2280: 2267: 2253: 2230: 2216: 2198: 2187: 2169: 2162: 2144: 2115: 2097: 2083:Medieval Latin 2074: 2047: 2045: 2042: 2041: 2040: 2038:Usury Act 1660 2035: 2030: 2025: 2020: 2015: 2013:Money changing 2010: 2000: 1995: 1990: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1963: 1960: 1951:Main article: 1948: 1945: 1935: 1932: 1910:Growth of the 1907: 1904: 1895:Main article: 1892: 1889: 1887: 1884: 1878: 1875: 1795: 1792: 1747: 1744: 1733: 1730: 1724: 1721: 1715: 1712: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1618:'s 1830 novel 1605:Jeremy Bentham 1574: 1571: 1450: 1447: 1404: 1401: 1382:Joseph Rickaby 1343: 1340: 1299:, part of the 1285: 1282: 1264:'s encyclical 1256:lucrum cessans 1246:profits (e.g. 1244:lucrum cessans 1240:lucrum cessans 1177:Thomas Aquinas 1157: 1154: 1042: 1039: 994: 991: 971: 968: 948:excommunicated 806:Main article: 803: 800: 798: 795: 758:Roman numerals 741: 738: 715:Thomas Aquinas 628: 627: 624: 621: 620: 615: 609: 608: 604: 603: 600: 594: 593: 589: 588: 582: 576: 575: 572: 566: 565: 560: 552: 551: 547: 546: 544:Usury Act 1545 536: 533: 532: 529: 526: 525: 520: 514: 513: 511:Usury Act 1487 508: 504: 503: 499: 498: 497:10 August 1872 495: 491: 490: 486: 485: 479: 473: 472: 469: 463: 462: 457: 449: 448: 444: 443: 441:Usury Act 1495 433: 430: 429: 426: 423: 422: 420:Usury Act 1495 417: 411: 410: 406: 405: 399: 393: 392: 389: 383: 382: 377: 369: 368: 364: 363: 361:Usury Act 1487 353: 351: 348: 305:Gautama Buddha 272: 269: 245:ancient Greece 203:interest rates 164:Albrecht Dürer 162:attributed to 137: 136: 51: 49: 42: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4817: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4782: 4780: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4759:Interest rate 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4741: 4738: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4710: 4708: 4704: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4639: 4637: 4635: 4631: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4534:Restructuring 4532: 4529: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4514:Consolidation 4512: 4510: 4507: 4506: 4504: 4500: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4459:Business loan 4457: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4448: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4423: 4421: 4419: 4415: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4397: 4392: 4390: 4385: 4383: 4378: 4377: 4374: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4336: 4333: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4303: 4299: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4284: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4269: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4233: 4229: 4228: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4172: 4165: 4164: 4158: 4154: 4148: 4144: 4143: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4123:0-86571-319-7 4119: 4115: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4096:0-226-57160-2 4092: 4088: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4069:0-85299-285-8 4065: 4061: 4056: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4023: 4019: 4018: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3972: 3968: 3960: 3956: 3950: 3947: 3942: 3938: 3932: 3929: 3924: 3917: 3914: 3909:. p. 55. 3908: 3901: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3887: 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3084: 3077: 3074: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3044: 3037: 3034: 3030: 3027: 3021: 3018: 3014: 3013:Moehlman 1934 3009: 3006: 2993: 2989: 2983: 2981: 2977: 2964: 2960: 2954: 2951: 2938: 2934: 2928: 2925: 2919: 2916: 2903: 2902:newadvent.org 2899: 2893: 2890: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2855: 2853: 2849: 2844: 2840: 2834: 2831: 2826: 2822: 2815: 2812: 2799: 2798: 2797:U.S. Catholic 2793: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2776: 2773: 2769: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2752: 2749: 2736: 2732: 2726: 2723: 2719: 2714: 2711: 2698: 2694: 2693: 2687: 2679: 2676: 2672: 2666: 2663: 2659: 2654: 2651: 2648: 2643: 2640: 2637: 2632: 2629: 2626: 2625:Ezekiel 22:12 2621: 2618: 2615: 2614:Ezekiel 18:17 2610: 2607: 2604: 2599: 2596: 2593: 2588: 2585: 2582: 2577: 2574: 2569: 2563: 2560: 2548: 2541: 2538: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2504: 2501: 2496: 2495: 2487: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2470: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2453: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2441: 2437: 2434: 2427: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2415: 2411: 2408: 2401: 2398: 2395: 2391: 2386: 2383: 2370: 2369:newadvent.org 2366: 2359: 2356: 2348: 2341: 2335: 2332: 2326: 2324: 2320: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2305:0-06-091533-1 2301: 2297: 2293: 2292: 2284: 2281: 2277: 2271: 2268: 2263: 2257: 2254: 2241: 2234: 2231: 2226: 2220: 2217: 2212: 2208: 2202: 2199: 2196: 2191: 2188: 2183: 2176: 2174: 2170: 2165: 2159: 2155: 2148: 2145: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2127: 2119: 2116: 2111: 2107: 2101: 2098: 2094: 2091: 2087: 2084: 2078: 2075: 2062: 2058: 2052: 2049: 2043: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2029: 2026: 2024: 2021: 2019: 2016: 2014: 2011: 2008: 2004: 2001: 1999: 1996: 1994: 1991: 1989: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1979: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1969: 1968:Chrematistics 1966: 1965: 1961: 1959: 1954: 1946: 1944: 1941: 1933: 1931: 1929: 1925: 1924:micro-lending 1921: 1917: 1916:micro-lending 1913: 1905: 1903: 1898: 1890: 1885: 1883: 1876: 1874: 1872: 1868: 1863: 1861: 1857: 1856: 1850: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1835: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1804: 1802: 1793: 1791: 1789: 1788:loan sharking 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