826:, one of the holiest holidays for Jews then and now, on which such activities are most strictly forbidden. There was no need for the Jews to appeal to Roman authority for assistance in the trial; they had full authority from the Romans to execute anybody for any reason sanctioned by their own laws. There was even less reason for the Romans to agree to intervene in what would have been to them internecine provincial politics. The behavior of the Sanhedrin, such as spitting on Jesus, would have been just as shocking to people then as would similar action by the members of the United States Supreme Court today. If Pilate had agreed to take the case, he would not have permitted an unruly mob to have remained present, let alone have a say in the trial. While the Romans courts, like all courts, surely freed the guilty and executed the innocent, they never would have publicly declared their intention to do so any more than would any modern court; Pilate's acquiescence in granting the mob Barabbas in exchange for Jesus is incomprehensible. Finally, had Pilate actually acted as described, Rome would have had his head on a platter, figuratively if not literally, for letting a mob dictate his actions as well as for general gross misconduct.
1029:
life and ministry, which the later
Gospels detail. Opponents of the Jesus Myth theory claim that Paul's letters were written in response to specific problems unrelated to the details of the life of Jesus, and so the occasional and epistolary nature of Paul's correspondence are sufficient explanations for the lack of detail of Jesus' life. Proponents of the Jesus Myth theory note an abundance of missed rhetorical opportunities to reinforce Paul's points by quoting Jesus or citing well-known events in his life that were directly relevant to the topics he was discussing.
1138:: creative narratives based on the stories, prophecies, and quotes in the Hebrew Bible. In particular, there is no reason to assume that the sayings attributed to Q, a document theoretically devoid of narrative, originated with Jesus, rather than just being a collection of wisdom from several independent sources, such as the Old Testament. As such, advocates of the Jesus Myth theory claim that when the midrashic elements are removed, little to no content remains that could be used to demonstrate the existence of an historical Jesus
233:, Bishop of Antioch, in 115 A.D. in the "Epistle to Mary at Neapolis, near Zarbus," urged her: "Avoid those that deny the passion of Christ, and His birth according to the flesh; and there are many at present who suffer under this disease." The Letter of Polycarp to the Philippians in chapter 7 says: "For anyone who does not confess that Jesus Christ has come in the flesh is an antichrist," apparently quoting 1 John 4:3.
730:
his initial appearances after his resurrection, and the reactions of those he appeared to. The discrepancies are generally attributed to either an understandable confusion on the part of those who witnessed this most extraordinary event, or a sure sign of multiple sources offering creative fictional interpretation of an event they were not witness to themselves.
707:. Luke 22:13-15 and 54-66 record the hearing as having taken place in the morning, and in John 18:28 and 19:14 it happened the day before. This is especially significant as the first evening of Passover was and is one of the holiest days of the year for Jews, a day on which conducting business of any kind would be anathema.
485:'s. Philo was a Hellenized Jew who lived in Alexandria, Egypt. He visited the Temple in Jerusalem, and corresponded with family there. He wrote a great many books on religion and philosophy which survive to this day, and mentioned many of his contemporaries. His main theological contribution was the development of the
305:(1909) which brought together the scholarship of the day in defence of the idea that Christianity had been a Jewish Gnostic cult that spread by appropriating aspects of Greek philosophy and Frazerian death-rebirth deities. This combination of arguments became the standard form of the mythic Christ theory.
662:
patrilineal genealogy while the other a matrilineal one, but both identify different fathers for Joseph and neither mentions Mary. Further, there is no historical precedent for indicating a matrilineal genealogy for a first-century Jewish man, and especially not to establish that man's royal heritage.
1028:
Although there are occasional references in the disputed group to a flesh-and-blood Jesus, the undisputed group contains limited mention of Jesus as a historic figure. Even though Paul's letters are widely regarded as the earliest
Christian documents, they contain very few references to Jesus' actual
786:
Also as mentioned above, Matthew 2:13-16 records the holy family as having fled to Egypt. Though they may well have remained incognito while they lived there, the Bible says nothing on the matter one way or the other. If they did not keep their identities hidden, it is most likely that Philo, who was
742:
takes place the same day as the
Resurrection. In Mark, while seated at a table in or near Jerusalem, Jesus commands the Disciples to spread the Gospel and tells them that they may identify themselves to unbelievers by their invulnerability to poison and abilities to heal the sick and then is received
661:
Matthew 1:1-16 traces Jesus's lineage from King David's son
Solomon through to Joseph's father, Jacob. Luke 3:23-31 traces a completely different lineage from King David's son Nathan to Joseph's father, Heli. Christian apologists traditionally explain this discrepancy by suggesting that one records a
644:
The
Christian Bible is a collection of the majority of documents supporting the historicity of Jesus, and the only reliable sources for details on his life. Those who advocate the theory that Jesus is a myth consider contradictions in the Bible to impeach the credibility of those documents. Those who
523:
wrote, about the same time as
Josephus, about contemporary Roman figures, oracles, prophesies, and moral, religious, and spiritual issues. A figure such as Jesus, whom the Gospels portray as interacting with Roman figures, making prophecies, and giving sermons on novel religious and spiritual issues,
912:
that Jesus was a later invention. To critics of the Jesus Myth theory, the silence is attributed to the relative unimportance of the historical Jesus at the time as viewed by Romans, Greeks, and most Jews. Advocates of the Jesus Myth theory counter this response by noting that all the evidence which
842:
as a most ignominious way to die, and, as such, crucifixions often caught the attention of local historians. Sometimes Romans would crucify hundreds of people a day, but they also crucified people singly or in small groups. Josephus records many of these, including that of a Jesus who was the son of
795:
The Bible records Jesus as having performed some very public miracles, in front of crowds numbering, in some cases, in the thousands. He healed the sick, blind, and lame; he raised the dead; he walked on water; and he fed multitudes with table scraps. History is replete with people doing such deeds,
729:
Biblical accounts of the resurrection differ on a great number of details of varying significance, including who was at and who went to the tomb, when they arrived, whether nor not the stone covered the tomb, whether or not there was an earthquake, who did what afterwards, how and to whom Jesus made
690:
Matthew 4:18-20 and Mark 4:18-20 both recount the same story of how Jesus selected his first
Apostle, Peter, but the stories of Peter's selection from Luke 5:2-11 and John 1:35-42 are completely different. However, many apologists might argue that Matthew and Mark's accounts just say where Peter was
567:
would belong on this list. Naturally, those who accept the authenticity of one or the other, in whole or in part, see
Josephus as providing evidence for an historical Jesus and thus would object to Josephus's inclusion. As the only first-century non-Christian to perhaps write of Jesus, the two brief
1133:
It is widely accepted that the Gospel accounts were influenced by the Old
Testament. In particular, many quotations attributed to the Q document, which the Gospels attribute to Jesus, find parallels in several places of the Old Testament. Advocates of the Jesus Myth believe that the gospels are not
746:
In Acts 1:9-12, forty days have passed, during which Jesus continued to preach the Gospel. The
Disciples are northeast of Bethany, at Mount Olivet. Jesus delivers a brief final message to his Disciples and is taken up and received by a cloud. Two men, clothed in white, appear out of nowhere to tell
694:
Matthew 10:2 and Mark 3:16-19 both list the same set of Disciples. Luke 6:13-16 omits Thaddeus and includes Judas son of James in his place. Acts 1:13,26 agrees with Luke but adds that the remaining Disciples chose Matthias to replace Judas Iscariot. John neither provides a list nor indicates their
635:
Other writers and historians of the time who did not mention Jesus include Dio Chrysostom, Aulus Gellius, Lucius Apuleius, Marcus Aurelius, Musonius Rufus, Hierocles of Alexandria, Cassius Maximus Tyrius, Arrian, Appian, Marcus Fabius Quintilianus, Lucius Annaeus Florus, and Marcus Annaeus Lucanus.
1152:
jumps out as being the most similar to the proposal that characters and situations were invented wholesale according to religious dogma and Old Testament prophecy. However, opponents of the Jesus Myth theory have argued that the closest parallels to potential Moses-based embellishment of the Jesus
812:
to "great multitude of people out of all Judaea and Jerusalem, and from the sea coast of Tyre and Sidon, which came to hear him, and to be healed of their diseases." This clearly indicates that Jesus must have been a popular figure known throughout the entire region; yet, no mention is made of any
236:
Proponents argue that had Jesus been a true historical figure there would not have been such a large number of prominent people who denied his existence, or an even larger number who defended him. Such controversies never developed over other contemporary religious figures (e.g., John the Baptist,
1144:
Though conceding that the gospels may contain some creativity and midrash, opponents of the Jesus Myth theory argue that the gospels are more akin to ancient Graeco-Roman biographies. Although scholars do not agree on the exact nature of this genre, associated works attempted to impart historical
851:
The Gospels record ominous portents as having occurred at the time of Jesus's death. As recorded in Matthew 27:45-54 and similarly in the other synoptic Gospels, a three-hour darkness was "over all the land"; the veil of the temple was rent; there was an earthquake; and the graves opened and dead
538:
wrote, at the end of the first century, a history of Jewish kings in Galilee. As the Gospels record Jesus as having significant interactions with the Jewish political and religious leaders, as well as the highest-ranking local Roman officials, one would expect Justus to have made mention of those
1334:
In later years, Mithras worship became the most prominent rival to Christianity, and the idea that many Christian practices, including 25th December being Jesus' birth-date, and Sunday being the dedicated day of worship, derived originally from Mithraism is regarded as likely by many mainstream
855:
No eclipse would have been astronomically possible at the time; Pesach, according to the lunar calendar, always is celebrated with the start of the full moon, and eclipses can only happen when the moon is new. Further, no eclipse ever lasts for more than a few minutes--let alone three hours. No
762:
Those who hold to the historicity of Jesus generally, though not universally, acknowledge that the Bible is not to be considered the literal truth, and that it contains many obviously-mythical elements; rather, they consider what follows to be later additions to the core truth of the historical
670:
According to Matthew 2:13-16, Mary and Joseph fled with the infant Jesus to Egypt in order to escape Herod's slaughtering of "all the children that were in Bethlehem, and in all the coasts thereof, from two years old and under." The family does not return until the end of Herod's reign. In Luke
1359:
When Christianity became the official and only religion in the Roman Empire, many temples of Mithras became Christian churches. Proponents of the Jesus Myth theory regard this as significant since the lack of dissent appears to them to indicate that the religions were so similar that the prior
1300:
The suggestion of parallels with such myths, however, has frequently gained little traction in the academic community. It is certainly the case that advocates of the Jesus Myth theory citing the parallels are frequently let down by citing dubious sources, choosing to include even ridiculous or
1024:
is considered, the epistles can be split into two groups - the seven considered by almost everyone to be genuine, against the rest. In this division, the theology of the disputed group seems, in the eyes of a majority of scholars, to be quite distinct from the theology of the seven undisputed
758:
In addition to the numerous contradictions in the Bible's own account of Jesus's life, those who reject the historicity of Jesus consider the numerous spectacular events recorded only in the Bible and nowhere else as irreparably condemning the Bible's reliability as a historical account.
829:
In short, if even one aspect of the trial happened as described, it would have caught the attention--and raised the ire--of a great many important people in the region and beyond. If all of it happened as described, it would have been the most scandalous trial of the millennium.
903:
As far as is known at present, only about six or seven early non-Christian references to Jesus appear to exist. This is despite the high degree of literacy in the Roman world, and despite the relatively large number of Roman and Jewish commentators and historians writing in the
878:
Acts 1:3 says that, for forty days after his resurrection, Jesus continued his ministry, yet no extra-Biblical record can be found of the most remarkable fact of a man, very publicly executed, continuing to do for over a month that which got him executed in the first place.
539:
events. Not all of his writing has survived intact to this day, but none of what does exist makes mention of Jesus. Further, no mention is made--especially by early Christian apologists--of such a reference, even by writers who would have had access to his complete works.
1393:
I do not think, after two hundred years of experimentation, that there is any way acceptable in public discourse or scholarly debate, by which you can go directly into the great mound of the Jesus tradition and separate out the historical Jesus layer from all later
580:
There are a number of other sources that survive from the period in which it would not have been unreasonable to find mention of Jesus, though in no particular case would one be surprised to find mention of Jesus lacking. However, Jesus is missing from all of them.
1145:
information about historical figures, but were not comprehensive and could include legendary developments. Nevertheless, as ancient biographies, proponents of Jesus' existence believe they contain sufficient historical information to establish his historicity.
720:
The chief priests and elders persuade the people to demand the release of Barabbas in Matthew 27:20, whereas in Mark 15:11 only the chief priests are responsible, and in Luke 23:18-23 the people seem to decide for themselves without prompting from leadership.
1375:
Price and other advocates of the Jesus Myth theory argue that the inconsistencies between the Gospels, birth stories, genealogies, chronologies, and other parts of the narrative makes them worthless as historical documents. According to these authors, the
289:
a number of writers had published arguments in favour of the Jesus Myth theory, ranging from the highly speculative to the more scholarly. These treatments were sufficiently influential to merit several book-length responses by traditional historians and
282:, were in reality fictions to justify compilations of pre-existing liberal Jewish sayings. Bolland developed the theory that Christianity developed from Gnosticism and that "Jesus" was a symbolic figure representing Gnostic ideas about godhead.
1396:. While this is not an argument that Jesus did not exist any more than it is an argument that the Paul described in Acts, or even Napoleon, did not exist, advocates of the Jesus Myth theory believe it does call into question the results of
920:). Of the few non-Christian references, almost all merely mention the existence of Christians and their belief, rather than explicitly mentioning Jesus as having existed. The most cited example for a non-Christian reference to Jesus is
714:, the Jewish high court. In Luke 22:66-71, there was no trial, but only an inquiry held by the Sanhedrin. In John 18:13-24, Jesus was never brought before the Sanhedrin at all; Jesus only had private hearings before Annas and Caiphas.
652:
The following is a partial listing of claims by skeptics of contradictions in major biographical details of Jesus's life and death. Those who deny the historicity of Jesus would claim that facts such as these should not be in dispute.
316:
contained some reliable information about the events they describe. Since Frazerian theories about myth have been largely debunked, and the priority of Gnosticism seriously questioned, the Jesus Myth theory has dwindled in importance.
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narrative, are inapplicable. Moreover, there are many examples of ancient Jewish and Christian literature that shaped their stories and accounts according to Old Testament influence, but nevertheless provided some historical accounts
1125:
is the most similar document of the era. In the small amount of additional material unique to Matthew, amongst the three, Jesus is presented in a way that has strong parallels with significant Old Testament figures, most noticeably
274:, who had adapted Judaic ideas to Hellenic philosophy. His arguments made little impact at the time. Other authors included Edwin Johnson, who argued that Christianity emerged from a combination of liberal trends in Judaism with
464:
Some of the strongest evidence against the historicity of Jesus lies in the fact that no mention of him or the events of the New Testament can be found in any of the numerous contemporary and near-contemporary records of the day.
407:
Advocates of the Jesus Myth theory do not agree on the dating and meaning of the early Christian texts, with recent advocates like Doherty holding to traditional scholarly dating that puts the gospels toward the end of the
1386:
Although seldom remarked on by New Testament scholars, some advocates of the Jesus Myth theory argue that historians lack any reliable and widely accepted methodology for determining what is historical and what is not. As
1086:. These interpretations, of for example Galatians 1:19, 3:16, 4:4, Romans 1:3, 3:1, 15:8, and 1 Corinthians 11:23-25, 15:4, are regarded by opponents of the Jesus Myth theory as based on forced and erroneous translations
1351:
moved it. Parallels between Mithras and the birth-narrative of Luke are also proposed by some advocates of the Jesus myth, since Mithras, as a sun god, was born under the zodiac sign that at that time was known as the
869:
Had presumably all the graves in the area been opened and a corresponding number of dead saints "appeared unto many" in Jerusalem, it is absolutely certain that those many would have reported the fact, yet none did.
1367:, and that this has no bearing on the reliability of the Gospels, since they make no claims about the date. Neither do any Christian churches claim that the date for the celebration is anything other than symbolic.
1207:
Several parallels are frequently cited by these advocates, and often appear, somewhat less carefully mixed with more dubious parallels, on internet sites. The most prominently cited and plausible parallels are with
821:
Jesus's trial is notable for what it describes as a great many of the most egregious possible violations of Jewish and Roman law and custom by all officials involved. The trial is said to have taken place during
645:
oppose the theory generally consider the contradictions to be inconsequential and largely the result of the orally-transmitted roots of the documents. A significant minority of Christians hold to the concept of
1083:. Accordingly, in this interpretation, those references in the undisputed epistles that appear to refer to events on earth, and a physical historic Jesus, should instead be regarded as allegorical metaphors
913:
does exist to support Jesus--mainly, the Gospels--describes a monumental figure, performing wondrous miracles and butting heads with the most prominent figures of the day, not some inconsequential nobody.
1380:
of the Gospels means that they can provide no meaningful historical information about the time Jesus was alleged to have lived, but only about the authors of the Gospels and their own communities
1077:
was rife in Gnostic groups. Advocates of the Jesus Myth theory believe that many parts of the New Testament were written as Gnostic documents, and that Paul's writing is a prominent example of
1055:
Gnosticism, a diverse religion some of whose branches used some Christian names and ideas and which flourished and subsequently died out in the first through fourth centuries, frequently used
763:
Jesus, in much the same way that a caught fish gets bigger each time in the re-telling. Those who hold that Jesus is a myth see no evidence that any fish was ever caught in the first place.
493:. Yet Philo not once mentions Jesus, anybody who could be mistaken for Jesus, or any of the events of the New Testament. His last writings come from 40 CE, only a few years after the end of
687:
were twelve men personally selected by Jesus and who served as his traveling companions throughout his ministry. They would have come to know each other as well as any close family member.
703:
According to Matthew 26:18-20, 26:57-68, 27:1-2, Mark 14:16-18, 14:53-72, and 15:1, Jesus's initial hearing was at night on the first evening of Passover; in the morning, he was taken to
1004:, was a particularly common name at the time, and the second reference provides only Jesus's name, identification as the Christ ("Messiah" or "anointed one"), and relationship to James.
961:, contains content that affirms core religious tenets of Christianity rejected by Judaism and thus is most uncharacteristic of a lifelong Jew such as Josephus. It is not mentioned by
278:
mysticism. Less speculative versions of the theory developed under Dutch Bible scholars such as A.D. Loman and G.I.P. Bolland. Loman argued that episodes in Jesus's life, such as the
1347:; the references in Luke and Matthew, though, point to Jesus being more likely to have been born in April or September, and Saturday was the original day of Christian worship before
717:
Matthew 27:11-14 reports that Jesus maintained a stoic silence at his hearing before Pilate. According to John 18:33-37, Jesus answered all the charges eloquently and at length.
1315:, a charge which was also made in ancient times by prominent early Christians. However, it is notable that, unlike modern opponents, several prominent early Christians, like
1363:
Supporters of Jesus' historicity point out that even Christian sources acknowledge that the public celebration of Jesus' birth was adopted from the date of the festival of
1331:
mockery. For their part, the historic opponents of early Christians wrote that Christians had the same religion and practice as they, but were too stupid to understand it.
1192:
which were imparted that were regarded as important, not the method by which they were taught. In the view of some advocates of the Jesus Myth theory, most prominently
691:
found, that Luke's account goes in depth, that John's talks about how the news of the Messiah was told to Peter, and who knew in Luke that Jesus claimed to be Lord.]
1263:
In Egyptian myth, Horus gained his authority by being anointed by Anubis, who had his own cult, and was regarded as the main anointer; the anointing made Horus into
308:
While aspects of the theory were influential, most mainstream scholars at the time rejected the notion that "Jesus" was little more than a fiction, arguing that the
1052:
of the time, and Pagels and Doherty (and others) believe that Paul's writing should be viewed in the context of the Hellenic culture which formed his background.
227:(110-160 A.D.), who compiled the first version of the New Testament as early as 144 A.D., and whose followers, the Marcionites, continued until the 4th Century.
451:
No peer-reviewed work advocating the Jesus Myth theory exists and it has had little impact on the consensus among New Testament academics of Jesus' historicity.
73:
portrays a figure who never actually lived. Current theories arose from nineteenth century scholarship on the formation of myth, in the work of writers such as
859:
Records of major earthquakes from the period are rather comprehensive, yet no recorded earthquake happened at a time when the crucifixion could have happened.
1312:
Opponents of the Jesus Myth theory regularly accuse those who advocate the existence of such parallels of confusing the issue of who was borrowing from whom
400:. Hence in Atwill's version, there really is a historical Jesus, but he is Vespasian's son Titus, and the gospels are a complex allegory of his conquest of
241:, belief that Jesus mystically appeared to people but lacked a genuinely physical body, rather than a belief that Jesus was a completely fabricated figure.
376:
There are many different views regarding the nature of the early texts. Earl Doherty argues that Jesus is a historicized mythic figure created out of the
438:
Doherty's treatment of the issue has received much attention on the internet from both sides of the debate, including favourable reviews by skeptics Dr.
838:
While there are undoubtedly many people who were crucified who remain unknown to history, various records of countless crucifixions survive. Romans saw
1164:, but nevertheless 1 Maccabees has a degree of respect amongst historians as having a reasonable degree of historical reliability (John R. Bartlett,
101:
Frazer further attempted to explain the origins of humanity's mythic beliefs in the idea of a "sacrificial king", associated with the sun as a
862:
The rending of the veil of the temple would have been a most remarkable occurrence, yet it remained intact until the temple was destroyed in
743:
into Heaven. In Luke, the Disciples are outdoors at Bethany where Jesus was in the act of blessing them when he was carried up to Heaven.
965:
Christian authors, though several scholars have proposed that when stripped of the implausible Christian phrases, the core witness to a
223:
warns of "many deceivers are entered into the world, who confess not that Jesus Christ is come in the flesh." This view was shared by
427:
Presently, most New Testament scholars and historians consider the question as resolved in favour of Jesus' historicity. Nevertheless,
1025:
letters. For some writers it is almost as if the disputed group were written specifically to counter the group thought to be genuine.
1021:
916:
Advocates of the Jesus Myth theory point out that the earliest references to Jesus are by Christian writers (in the New Testament and
1176:
Some advocates of the Jesus Myth theory have argued that many aspects of the Gospel stories of Jesus have remarkable parallels with
895:, which would have been in full view of all of Jerusalem. Once more, no account of the Ascension can be found outside of the Bible.
1532:
The Crucial Bridge: the Elijah-Elisha Narrative as an interpretive synthesis of Genesis-Kings and a literary model for the Gospels
1204:, Jewish mystics adapted their form of Osiris-Dionysus to match prior Jewish heroes like Moses and Joshua, hence creating Jesus.
620:, whose massive Guide to Greece includes mentions of thousands of names, including minor Jewish figures in Palestine; historians
1078:
843:
a man named Stada, but nobody recorded any crucifixion of a charismatic rebel preacher who could be mistaken for Jesus Christ.
787:
living in Alexandria at this time, would have recorded the presence of the prophesied and persecuted future King of the Jews.
237:
Paul, James the Just, Hillel, Honi the Circledrawer). Scholars of the period however believe that these early quotes refer to
1594:
1558:
1160:, Judas and his battles are described in terms which parallel those of Saul's and David's battles against the Philistines in
69:
The term "Jesus Myth" actually covers a broad range of ideas, but most share the common premise that the narrative of the
1081:
1184:
prevalent in the hellenic culture amongst which Christianty was born. The central figure of one of the most widespread,
1798:
1407:, argue that some reliable information can be extracted from the Gospels if consistent critical methodology is used.
1130:, whose birth narrative, and sojourn in the wilderness, Matthew appears to have used as the basis of that of Jesus.
1301:
implausible parallels, advocating particular theologies to replace Christianity, and using non standard terms (e.g.
61:
work has been published and this theory has not found widespread acceptance among Bible scholars and historians.
1489:
1290:
649:
and assert that contradictions are apparent only and result from human failings to properly interpret the Bible.
671:
2:39-40, the holy family returns directly to Nazareth from Bethlehem, traveling to Jerusalem every year for the
1177:
990:, though it is mostly--though not universally--regarded as significantly more likely to be authentic than the
1705:
1606:
Price, Robert. 2004. New Testament Narrative as Old Testament Midrash. In Neusner, J., Avery-Peck, A., eds.
1279:
by being baptised by John, who had his own followers, and was especially regarded as a baptiser. Worship of
917:
569:
446:
617:
220:
102:
1216:. Horus was one of the life-death-rebirth deities, and was connected and involved in the resurrection of
1102:
948:
909:
1188:, was consistently localised and deliberately merged with local deities in each area, since it was the
81:. Müller argued that religions originated in mythic stories of the birth, death and rebirth of the sun.
856:
account of this most remarkable event, visible from "all the land," can be found outside the Gospels.
1388:
1247:
313:
46:
1752:
1601:
A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus. Volume One: The Roots of the Problem and the Person
1319:, actually acknowledged the existence of many parallels, complaining that the earlier religions had
632:
who, in the second century, scandalized rites about Roman Christians without ever mentioning Jesus.
1578:
1477:"Book 24 - John's Second Letter". J.B.Phillips, "The New Testament in Modern English", 1962 edition
1294:
1201:
1032:
Several commentators, from writers whose theories have not received widespread acceptance, such as
994:
809:
805:
589:
520:
355:
330:
279:
216:
197:
1699:
431:
has infused the Jesus Myth theory with fresh vigour with his website and publication of his book,
684:
646:
535:
420:), arguing that the early Christian texts are largely forgeries and products of the mid and late
1236:
report that Horus fed 5000 with just a few loaves of bread, since he was born and lived at the
1591:
1555:
1339:, and the day each week officially dedicated to him by the Roman empire was later renamed the
1106:
1017:
958:
772:
560:
556:
350:
174:
143:
111:
87:
1775:
1073:). Many Gnostic groups even regarded Jesus himself as an allegory, rather than historic, and
1542:
1233:
1181:
1122:
1098:
1049:
1013:
625:
433:
413:
369:
326:
325:
In recent years, the Jesus Myth has had few proponents in academia but has been advanced by
161:
130:
17:
1101:- the strong similarities between three of the gospels, is most accurately resolved by the
497:'s reign, when he was part of an embassy sent by the Alexandrian Jews to the Roman Emperor
23:
1512:
1428:
1336:
1185:
1161:
593:
443:
439:
388:, on the other hand, argues that Jesus is the deliberate and malefic creation of powerful
183:
152:
120:
96:
1769:
1795:
1495:
1377:
1240:(it was a historic capital of Egypt, and grain store), which translated into Hebrew is
1114:
1110:
984:
704:
494:
490:
381:
1381:
908:. The paucity of non-Christian evidence is, to advocates of the Jesus Myth theory, an
1583:
1420:
1404:
1348:
1193:
1149:
1037:
385:
377:
342:
291:
208:
189:
74:
58:
1476:
1335:
historians. Mithras was a solar deity, and so was seen as being born just after the
1036:, to widely respected academics and experts in the field, such as Harvard professor
133:
and the lack of early non-Christian documents to argue that the Jesus figure of the
53:
did not exist as an historical figure, but was, instead, an abstract, symbolic, and
1739:
1734:
1722:
1537:
1364:
1033:
892:
428:
389:
364:
298:
286:
264:
250:
157:
78:
1283:, Horus' mother, was a prominent cult, and the proposal that this is the basis of
1356:, though these latter parallels are not so supported in the academic community.
1757:
1587:
1197:
1157:
1139:
1044:. Christianity arose under a heavy Hellenic culture, Paul himself growing up in
962:
944:
905:
839:
421:
409:
346:
256:
212:
193:
1515:
The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Christian Myth, The Sacred Mushroom and the Cross.
1467:
1323:
Christian religion and practices, before Jesus was even born, as some form of
1118:
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988:
928:
275:
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being singled out as least likely to be genuine by over two thirds. When the
1694:
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739:
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393:
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219:, have suggested that the idea itself is as old as the New Testament as the
1313:
1690:
1608:
The Encyclopedia of Midrash: Biblical Interpretation of Formative Judaism.
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1328:
1316:
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the Disciples that Jesus will return in the same manner as he was taken.
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1691:"The Origins of Christianity and Search for the Historical Jesus Christ"
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Mithras-worshippers felt that hardly anything significant had occurred.
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number, though it does mention nine of them by name at various places.
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Opponents of the theory, including skeptical commentators such as the
970:
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but every other instance is universally assumed to be mythic fiction.
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CE (more than two generations after most Christian scholars date the
823:
775:, no actual record of any such astronomical phenomenon can be found.
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In Matthew 26:59-66 and Mark 14:55-64, Jesus is tried by the entire
297:. The most influential of the books arguing for a mythic Jesus was
105:
and it's connection to the regeneration of the earth in springtime.
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50:
1706:"Did Jesus Exist? Earl Doherty and the Argument to Ahistoricity"
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The second reference, which merely mentions that a person named
954:, contain two references to a Jesus as the founder of a sect.
1728:
1716:
1463:
The New Testament: Proclamation and Parenesis, Myth and History
616:, Roman satirists who favored topics similar to Jesus's story;
1685:
932:
592:, a philosopher and mystic who was a contemporary with Jesus;
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513:
268:
1016:
are regarded as not authentic by a majority of Scholars, the
1391:, a well respected scholar of early Christianity, comments,
1275:) - embalmed/anointed Horus - in parallel to Jesus becoming
1040:, have argued that Paul's writing should be interpreted as
940:
925:
863:
597:
544:
509:
474:
373:), a scholar of Ancient History and Classical Languages.
249:
The first scholarly proponent of this theory was probably
572:(written ca. 94) are the subject of often-heated debate.
628:, who both recorded events and people in Palestine; and
1717:
Jesus (was) is a Fictional character (not "historical")
380:, whom the early Christians experienced in visions, as
196:
have popularized the Jesus-Myth concept int their book
1764:"A History of Scholarly Refutations of the Jesus Myth"
1603:. Anchor Bible Reference Library. New York: Doubleday.
675:
feast. No mention of any acts of infanticide is made.
1791:
a page devoted to the issues raised by the Jesus Myth
771:
Although many explanations have been offered for the
1067:, which Gnosticism viewed as a form of knowledge (
555:For those who reject the authenticity of both the
1635:Roman Society and Roman Law in the New Testament.
1117:and a lost collection of quotations known as the
460:Notable omissions in extant contemporary records
1172:Parallels with Mediterranian mystery religions
1148:Although there are many types of midrash, the
813:preacher giving such a sermon to such crowds.
750:Matthew contains no mention of the Ascension.
1250:in Egyptian, which translated into Hebrew is
738:In both Mark 16:14-19 and Luke 24:50-51, the
8:
1642:The Historical Jesus: A Comprehensive Guide.
1105:, according to which most of the content of
263:thinker who argued that the true founder of
1425:Jesus: An Historian's Review of the Gospels
345:, philosopher and expert on mysticism, and
1461:, 1909/2003; D.C. Duling & N. Perrin,
852:saints "appeared unto many" in Jerusalem.
524:would have been of great interest to him.
1534:. Collegeville, MN: The Liturgical Press.
1097:According to a majority of scholars, the
1664:Peru, IL: Open Court (Carus Publishing)
1565:Jesus: One Hundred Years Before Christ.
1166:The First and Second Books of Maccabees
947:), as preserved in the writings of the
899:Early non-Christian references to Jesus
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85:
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481:By far, the most notable omission is
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1614:The Incredible Shrinking Son of Man.
808:to a crowd of "multitudes," and the
1656:Jesus Outside of the New Testament.
1309:) which others fail to recognise.
996:. Nevertheless, the Hebrew form of
983:who is traditionally identified as
396:, who sought to divide and destroy
57:allusion to a higher knowledge. No
1669:The Historical Evidence for Jesus.
1520:The Roman Origins of Christianity.
1093:The influence of the Old Testament
1022:authorship of the Pauline epistles
979:was the brother of a person named
969:as a leader of a sect is reliable
31:
1640:Theissen, G., and Merz, A. 1998.
1271:written in Egyptian documents as
1048:, the centre of one of the major
754:Events only recorded in the Bible
1753:Historical Jesus Christ Unveiled
1729:Hermann Detering's RadikalKritik
1000:, a colloquial form of the name
455:Specific arguments of the theory
164:influenced the development of a
1628:The Historical Figure of Jesus.
1113:were copied wholesale from the
1079:Gnosticism in the New Testament
1063:to guide its initiates towards
1735:Debunking the Historical Jesus
1680:Supporting a Jesus-Myth theory
1371:Historiography and methodology
1:
1747:Supporting a historical Jesus
1453:Elwell Evangelical Dictionary
1451:G.L. Borchert, "Docetism" in
887:According to Acts 1:9, Jesus
1758:Critique of the Jesus Puzzle
1723:The Non-Historicity of Jesus
1307:Anubis the anointer/embalmer
1008:Paul's presentation of Jesus
489:, the "Word" that opens the
137:was symbolic not historical.
1799:Category:Biblical criticism
1770:"Shattering the Jesus Myth"
1633:Sherwin-White, A. N. 1963.
24:User talk:SOPHIA/Jesus-Myth
1814:
1782:Acharya rebuttal to Licona
1647:Thompson, Thomas L. 2005.
363:), and the noted humanist
361:Jesus and the Lost Goddess
41:usually associated with a
1473:Early Christian Doctrines
1437:Jesus Outside the Gospels
1400:into Jesus of Nazareth.
1341:day of the invincible sun
1224:) is very similar to the
957:The first reference, the
847:Portents at Jesus's death
1623:Amherst, NY: Prometheus.
1616:Amherst, NY: Prometheus.
1576:Freke, T. and Gandy, P.
1530:Brodie, Thomas L. 2000.
1490:The God Who Wasn't There
1343:, in turn being renamed
1293:, and more particularly
568:mentions to be found in
1700:"Earliest Christianity"
1572:The Evidence for Jesus.
1563:Ellegard, Alvar. 1999.
1468:Encyclopædia Britannica
1232:. Some versions of the
1220:, whose Egyptian name (
1178:life-death-rebirth gods
640:Biblical contradictions
570:Antiquities of the Jews
561:xx.9 reference to James
312:, Pauline epistles and
1686:Earl Doherty's Website
1651:New York: Basic Books.
1524:Atwill, Joseph. 2005.
1518:Atwill, Joseph. 2005.
1471:, 2006; J.N.D. Kelly,
1439:, and Graham Stanton,
1134:history but a type of
221:Second Epistle of John
103:dying and reviving god
1776:"Answering Acharya S"
1740:"The Jesus Mysteries"
1731:(partially in German)
1719:Rt. Rev. Lino Sanchez
1644:Minneapolis: Fortress
1626:Sanders, E. P. 1995.
1621:Deconstructing Jesus.
1619:Price, Robert. 2000.
1612:Price, Robert. 2003.
1458:Catholic Encyclopedia
1441:The Gospels and Jesus
1435:; Robert Van Voorst,
1103:two-source hypothesis
959:Testimonium Flavianum
910:argument from silence
874:The Resurrected Jesus
846:
557:Testamonium Flavanium
532:{{disputed-section}}
203:Ancient fore-runners?
1766:by Christopher Price
1760:by Bernard D. Muller
1599:Meier, John. 1987.
1465:, 1993; "Docetism",
891:to Heaven from atop
314:Acts of the Apostles
267:was the Alexandrian
49:, which claims that
47:historicity of Jesus
1712:Jesus never existed
1660:Wells, G. A. 1999.
1579:The Jesus Mysteries
1297:, has some merit.
1202:The Jesus Mysteries
987:, is also disputed
949:Christian apologist
810:Sermon on the Plain
806:Sermon on the Mount
804:Jesus preached the
590:Apollonius of Tyana
418:The Fabricated Paul
412:, and others, like
356:The Jesus Mysteries
331:George Albert Wells
280:Sermon on the Mount
217:The Jesus Mysteries
198:The Jesus Mysteries
1708:by Richard Carrier
1550:; revised edition
1433:Jesus and the Word
1398:historical inquiry
1295:Marian Iconography
1180:in the widespread
1156:; for example, in
685:Disciples of Jesus
647:Biblical Inerrancy
536:Justus of Tiberias
321:Recent scholarship
251:nineteenth century
1789:"Did Jesus Exist"
1649:The Messiah Myth.
1526:Caesar's Messiah.
1303:anup the baptiser
1182:mystery religions
1121:, with which the
1050:mystery religions
1018:Pastoral Epistles
773:Star of Bethlehem
767:Star of Bethlehem
392:of the family of
351:mystery religions
341:), as well as by
287:twentieth century
22:(Redirected from
1805:
1567:London: Century.
1543:The Jesus Puzzle
1513:Allegro, John M.
1450:
1419:
1354:stable of Augeas
1258:house of Any/Anu
1246:, and was named
1234:Book of the dead
1123:Gospel of Thomas
1099:synoptic problem
1014:epistles of Paul
725:The Resurrection
626:Aelius Aristides
596:, who wrote, in
434:The Jesus Puzzle
414:Hermann Detering
370:The Jesus Puzzle
335:The Jesus Legend
327:William B. Smith
245:Early proponents
207:Some, including
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182:Empty citation (
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1778:by Mike Licona
1772:by J.P. Holding
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1662:The Jesus Myth.
1654:Van Voorst, R.
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1429:Rudolf Bultmann
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440:Robert M. Price
353:(co-authors of
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75:Max Müller
65:Background
35:Jesus Myth
1695:Acharya S
1327:inspired
1243:bethlehem
1190:mysteries
1065:salvation
817:The trial
740:Ascension
712:Sanhedrin
699:The trial
657:Genealogy
622:Epictetus
618:Pausanias
610:Petronius
394:Vespasian
254:historian
43:skeptical
1630:Penguin.
1501:Jus Asaf
1483:See also
1317:Irenaeus
1075:docetism
1061:metaphor
1057:allegory
952:Eusebius
922:Josephus
889:Ascended
673:Passover
565:Josephus
559:and the
521:Plutarch
499:Caligula
295:scholars
261:Hegelian
239:docetism
231:Ignatius
175:citation
144:citation
112:citation
88:citation
1637:Oxford.
1273:HR KRST
1269:epithet
1253:bethany
1230:Lazarus
1214:Mithras
1136:midrash
1107:Matthew
614:Persius
606:Martial
602:Juvenal
469:Philo (
398:Judaism
310:Gospels
276:Gnostic
225:Marcion
135:Gospels
71:Gospels
1394:strata
1345:Sunday
1321:copied
1277:Christ
1218:Osiris
1070:gnosis
1046:Tarsus
1002:Joshua
824:Pesach
630:Fronto
612:, and
576:Others
547:- ca.
528:Justus
471:20 BCE
390:Romans
166:Christ
39:theory
1582:, by
1411:Notes
1210:Horus
1198:Gandy
1194:Freke
1128:Moses
998:Jesus
981:James
977:Jesus
967:Jesus
931:- c.
598:80 CE
586:Damis
487:Logos
483:Philo
475:40 CE
402:Judea
272:Philo
168:myth.
51:Jesus
16:<
1592:ISBN
1586:and
1556:ISBN
1552:2000
1548:1999
1291:Mary
1281:Isis
1260:).
1248:Annu
1226:root
1222:Asar
1212:and
1196:and
1111:Luke
1109:and
1059:and
866:CE.
683:The
624:and
442:and
382:Paul
359:and
337:and
329:and
259:, a
211:and
192:and
184:help
153:help
121:help
97:help
77:and
33:The
1693:by
1446:2.
1415:1.
1289:of
1228:of
1200:in
1141:.
933:100
549:100
514:127
301:'s
269:Jew
1590:,
1554:)
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1455:;
1443:.
1431:,
1427:;
1423:,
1383:.
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972:.
941:93
929:CE
926:37
864:70
608:,
604:,
563:,
545:37
512:-
510:46
501:.
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448:.
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177:}}
173:{{
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146:}}
142:{{
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