1117:
deliberately compel debtors to pay it. By these statutes they impose heavy burdens on those claiming the return of usurious payments, employing also various pretexts and ingenious frauds to hinder the return. We, therefore, wishing to get rid of these pernicious practices, decree with the approval of the sacred council that all the magistrates, captains, rulers, consuls, judges, counsellors or any other officials of these communities who presume in the future to make, write or dictate such statutes, or knowingly decide that usury be paid or, if paid, that it be not fully and freely restored when claimed, incur the sentence of excommunication. They shall also incur the same sentence unless within three months they delete from the books of their communities, if they have the power, statutes of this kind hitherto published, or if they presume to observe in any way these statutes or customs. Furthermore, since money-lenders for the most part enter into usurious contracts so frequently with secrecy and guile that they can be convicted only with difficulty, we decree that they be compelled by ecclesiastical censure to open their account books, when there is question of usury. If indeed someone has fallen into the error of presuming to affirm pertinaciously that the practice of usury is not sinful, we decree that he is to be punished as a heretic; and we strictly enjoin on local ordinaries and inquisitors of heresy to proceed against those they find suspect of such error as they would against those suspected of heresy. (canon 29)
1208:
1183:, argued charging of interest is wrong because it amounts to "double charging", charging for both the thing and the use of the thing. Aquinas said this would be morally wrong in the same way as if one sold a bottle of wine, charged for the bottle of wine, and then charged for the person using the wine to actually drink it. Similarly, one cannot charge for a piece of cake and for the eating of the piece of cake. Yet this, said Aquinas, is what usury does. Money is a medium of exchange, and is used up when it is spent. To charge for the money and for its use (by spending) is therefore to charge for the money twice. It is also to sell time since the usurer charges, in effect, for the time that the money is in the hands of the borrower. Time, however, is not a commodity for which anyone can charge. In condemning usury Aquinas was much influenced by the recently rediscovered philosophical writings of
1145:(...) We declare and define, with the approval of the Sacred Council, that the above-mentioned credit organisations, established by states and hitherto approved and confirmed by the authority of the Apostolic See, do not introduce any kind of evil or provide any incentive to sin if they receive, in addition to the capital, a moderate sum for their expenses and by way of compensation, provided it is intended exclusively to defray the expenses of those employed and of other things pertaining (as mentioned) to the upkeep of the organizations, and provided that no profit is made therefrom. They ought not, indeed, to be condemned in any way. Rather, such a type of lending is meritorious and should be praised and approved. It certainly should not be considered as usurious; (...)
1675:
557:
454:
374:
764:
Interest rates were set privately and were largely unrestricted by law. Investment was always regarded as a matter of seeking personal profit, often on a large scale. Banking was of the small, back-street variety, run by the urban lower-middle class of petty shopkeepers. By the 3rd century, acute currency problems in the Empire drove such banking into decline. The rich who were in a position to take advantage of the situation became the moneylenders when the increasing tax demands in the last declining days of the Empire crippled and eventually destroyed the peasant class by reducing tenant-farmers to
1600:, a Jew. Shylock customarily charges interest on loans, seeing it as good business, while Antonio does not, viewing it as morally wrong. When Antonio defaults on his loan, Shylock famously demands the agreed upon penalty: a measured quantity of muscle from Antonio's chest. This is the source of the metaphorical phrase "a pound of flesh" often used to describe the dear price of a loan or business transaction. Shakespeare's play is a vivid portrait of the competing views of loans and use of interest, as well as the cultural strife between Jews and Christians that overlaps it.
975:
1223:
having money and not by taking any risk or by doing any work or by any effort or sacrifice at all, which is usury. St Thomas quotes
Aristotle as saying that "to live by usury is exceedingly unnatural". St Thomas allows, however, charges for actual services provided. Thus a banker or credit-lender could charge for such actual work or effort as he did carry out e.g. any fair administrative charges. The Catholic Church, in a decree of the
1398:
interest, laws that, like the clothes of infancy, are not to be scorned as absurd restrictions, merely because they are inapplicable now, and would not fit the modern growth of nations. At this day the State has repealed those laws, and the Church has officially signified that she no longer insists on them. Still she maintains dogmatically that there is such a sin as usury, and what it is, as defined in the Fifth
Council of Lateran.
1943:
and is worth less than the amount borrowed. When such a loan is created, the creditor bears the risk that the property will decline sharply in value (in which case the creditor is repaid with property worth less than the amount borrowed), and the debtor does not bear the risk of decrease in property value (because the debtor is guaranteed the right to use the property, regardless of value, to satisfy the debt.)
326:, and the secular codes arising from them, did not forbid usury. These societies regarded inanimate matter as alive, like plants, animals and people, and capable of reproducing itself. Hence if you lent 'food money', or monetary tokens of any kind, it was legitimate to charge interest. Food money in the shape of olives, dates, seeds or animals was lent out as early as c. 5000 BC, if not earlier. ...Among the
1061:" , and in lending money ask the hundredth of the sum , the holy and great Synod thinks it just that if after this decree any one be found to receive usury, whether he accomplish it by secret transaction or otherwise, as by demanding the whole and one half, or by using any other contrivance whatever for filthy lucre's sake, he shall be deposed from the clergy and his name stricken from the list. (canon 17).
45:
1354:§1543: If a fungible thing is given to another so that it becomes his, and later it must be restored in the same sort, no profit can by made by reason of the contract; but in the loan of a fungible thing, it is not by itself illicit to reap a legal profit, unless it can be shown to be immoderate of itself, and even greater profit if there is a just and proportionate title so supporting.
1499:
and give up outstanding interest if you are (true) believers. If you do not, then beware of a war with Allah and His
Messenger! But if you repent, you may retain your principal—neither inflicting nor suffering harm. If it is difficult for someone to repay a debt, postpone it until a time of ease. And if you waive it as an act of charity, it will be better for you, if only you knew. (
852:, the practice of charging interest to non-Jews has been restricted to cases when there is no other means of subsistence. "If we nowadays allow interest to be taken from non-Jews, it is because there is no end to the yoke and the burden king and ministers impose on us, and everything we take is the minimum for our subsistence, and anyhow we are condemned to live in the midst of the
942:...financial oppression of Jews tended to occur in areas where they were most disliked, and if Jews reacted by concentrating on moneylending to non-Jews, the unpopularity—and so, of course, the pressure—would increase. Thus the Jews became an element in a vicious circle. The Christians, on the basis of the Biblical rulings, condemned interest-taking absolutely, and from
687:
792:...of whom, when inquiry was made, what was the best policy in the management of one's property, he answered "Good grazing." "What was next?" "Tolerable grazing." "What third?" "Bad grazing." "What fourth?" "Tilling." And when he who had interrogated him inquired, "What do you think of lending at usury?" Then Cato answered, "What do you think of murder?"
201:) is the practice of making loans that are seen as unfairly enriching the lender. The term may be used in a moral sense—condemning taking advantage of others' misfortunes—or in a legal sense, where an interest rate is charged in excess of the maximum rate that is allowed by law. A loan may be considered usurious because of excessive or abusive
142:
1901:
In a partnership or joint venture where money is lent, the creditor only provides the capital yet is guaranteed a fixed amount of profit. The debtor, however, puts in time and effort, but is made to bear the risk of loss. Muslim scholars argue that such practice is unjust. As an alternative to usury,
1498:
Allah has made interest fruitless and charity fruitful. And Allah does not like any ungrateful evildoer. Indeed, those who believe, do good, establish prayer, and pay alms-tax will receive their reward from their Lord, and there will be no fear for them, nor will they grieve. O believers! Fear Allah,
1488:
Those who consume interest will stand (on
Judgment Day) like those driven to madness by Satan’s touch. That is because they say, "Trade is no different than interest." But Allah has permitted trading and forbidden interest. Whoever refrains—after having received warning from their Lord—may keep their
1443:
now calls an "economy that kills." To sin is to say "no" to God and God's presence by harming others, ourselves, or all of creation. Charging interest is indeed sinful when doing so takes advantage of a person in need as well as when it means investing in corporations involved in the harming of God's
1291:
opposed several forms of usury, publishing and republishing multiple treatises on the subject. Christians, Luther argued, should not act in self-defense, should give when asked, and in the lowest degree should lend, expecting nothing in return. On those grounds, making a loan with anticipated profits
1116:
Serious suggestions have been made to us that communities in certain places, to the divine displeasure and injury of the neighbour, in violation of both divine and human law, approve of usury. By their statutes, sometimes confirmed by oath, they not only grant that usury may be demanded and paid, but
1388:
In great cities commerce rapidly ripened, and was well on towards maturity five centuries ago. Then the conditions that render interest lawful, and mark if off from usury, readily came to obtain. But those centres were isolated. (...) Here you might have a great city, Hamburg or Genoa, an early type
3221:
for an amount of more than 4,000 florins reveals at any rate that the Rome branch dealt more or less extensively in this product for which there was a demand among the high churchmen of the Curia who did a great deal of entertaining and liked to display their magnificence." p. 205, also see p. 199,
1942:
is secured by the value of property (usually real estate) owned by the debtor. However, unlike other loans, which oblige the debtor to repay the amount borrowed, a non-recourse loan is fully satisfied merely by the transfer of the property to the creditor, even if the property has declined in value
1727:
The Money
Lenders Ordinance (Cap. 163) prohibits lending at an effective interest rate beyond 48% unless exempted. Offenders are liable "on summary conviction to a fine of $ 500,000 and to imprisonment for 2 years", or "on conviction on indictment to a fine of $ 5,000,000 and to imprisonment for 10
1568:
One of the forbidden usury models in Islam is to take advantage when lending money. Examples of forbidden loans, such as a person borrowing 1000 dollars and the borrower is required to return 1100 dollars. The above agreement is a form of transaction which is a burden for people who borrow, because
1222:
Outlawing usury did not prevent investment, but stipulated that in order for the investor to share in the profit he must share the risk. In short he must be a joint-venturer. Simply to invest the money and expect it to be returned regardless of the success of the venture was to make money simply by
763:
During this period, moneylending primarily involved private loans given to individuals who were consistently in debt or temporarily so until harvest time. This practice was typically carried out by extremely wealthy individuals willing to take on high risks if the potential profit seemed promising.
1274:
The nature of the sin called usury has its proper place and origin in a loan contract... demands, by its very nature, that one return to another only as much as he has received. The sin rests on the fact that sometimes the creditor desires more than he has given..., but any gain which exceeds the
1036:
likewise teaches giving rather than loaning money to those who need it: "And if you lend to those from whom you expect repayment, what credit is that to you? Even sinners lend to sinners, expecting to be repaid in full. But love your enemies, do good to them, and lend to them, expecting nothing in
755:
The annual rates of interest on loans varied in the range of 4–12 percent, but when the interest rate was higher, it typically was not 15–16 percent but either 24 percent or 48 percent. They quoted them on a monthly basis, and the most common rates were multiples of twelve. Monthly rates tended to
1683:
commands, "If any one has taken anything, whether much or little, by way of loan from Jews, and if he dies before that debt is paid, the debt shall not carry usury so long as the heir is under age, from whomsoever he may hold. And if that debt falls into our hands, we will take only the principal
1397:
In such a situation the legislator has to choose between forbidding interest here and allowing usury there; between restraining speculation and licensing oppression. The mediaeval legislator chose the former alternative. Church and State together enacted a number of laws to restrain the taking of
1957:
Zinskauf was a financial instrument, similar to an annuity, that rose to prominence in the Middle Ages. The decline of the
Byzantine Empire led to a growth of capital in Europe, so the Catholic Church tolerated zinskauf as a way to avoid prohibitions on usury. Since zinskauf was an exchange of a
1881:
State law in Texas also includes a provision for contracting for, charging, or receiving charges exceeding twice the amount authorized (A/K/A "double usury"). A person who violates this provision is liable to the obligor as an additional penalty for all principal or principal balance, as well as
1736:
Japan has various laws restricting interest rates. Under civil law, the maximum interest rate is between 15% and 20% per year depending upon the principal amount (larger amounts having a lower maximum rate). Interest in excess of 20% is subject to criminal penalties (the criminal law maximum was
721:
for goods, it is unjust to charge a fee to someone after giving them money. This is because transferring ownership of property implies the right to use that property for its purpose: "Accordingly if a man wanted to sell wine separately from the use of the wine, he would be selling the same thing
1741:
may charge interest of up to 9% per month (i.e., 108% per year, however, if the loan extends more than the normal short-term pawn shop loan, the 9% per month rate compounded can make the annual rate in excess of 180%, before then most of these transaction would result in any goods pawned being
1099:
should not be admitted to communion of the altar or receive christian burial if they die in this sin. Whoever receives them or gives them christian burial should be compelled to give back what he has received, and let him remain suspended from the performance of his office until he has made
1389:
of commercial enterprise, and, fifty miles inland, society was in infancy, and the great city was as part of another world. Hence the same transaction, as described by the letter of the law, might mean lawful interest in the city, and usury out in the country – the two were so disconnected.
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1958:
fixed amount of money for annual income it was considered a sale rather than a loan. Martin Luther made zinskauf a subject of his
Treatise on Usury and his Sermon on Trade and Usury and criticized clerics of the Catholic Church for violating the spirit if not the letter of usury laws.
1242:(profits given up) which allowed for the lender to charge interest "to compensate him for profit foregone in investing the money himself." This idea is very similar to opportunity cost. Many scholastic thinkers who argued for a ban on interest charges also argued for the legitimacy of
1001:"condemns the practice of charging interest on a poor person because a loan should be an act of compassion and taking care of one’s neighbor"; it teaches that "making a profit off a loan from a poor person is exploiting that person (Exodus 22:25–27)." Similarly, charging of interest (
1517:
We forbade the Jews certain foods that had been lawful to them for their wrongdoing, and for hindering many from the Way of Allah, taking interest despite its prohibition, and consuming people’s wealth unjustly. We have prepared for the disbelievers among them a painful punishment.
1569:
in Islam, lending and borrowing are social transactions aimed at helping others, not like a sale and purchase agreement that is allowed to be profitable. Hence, a rule of thumb used by
Islamic scholars is, "Every loan (qardh) which gives additional benefits is called usury."
222:
of any kind, and was considered wrong, or was made illegal. During the Sutra period in India (7th to 2nd centuries BC) there were laws prohibiting the highest castes from practicing usury. Similar condemnations are found in religious texts from
Buddhism, Judaism
1278:
One cannot condone the sin of usury by arguing that the gain is not great or excessive, but rather moderate or small; neither can it be condoned by arguing that the borrower is rich; nor even by arguing that the money borrowed is not left idle, but is spent
884:
Thou shalt not lend upon interest to thy brother: interest of money, interest of victuals, interest of any thing that is lent upon interest. Unto a foreigner thou mayest lend upon interest; but unto thy brother thou shalt not lend upon interest; that the
950:. Catholic autocrats frequently imposed the harshest financial burdens on the Jews. The Jews reacted by engaging in the one business where Christian laws actually discriminated in their favor, and became identified with the hated trade of moneylending.
1798:
On a federal level, Congress has never attempted to federally regulate interest rates on purely private transactions, but on the basis of past U.S. Supreme Court decisions, arguably the U.S. Congress might have the power to do so under the interstate
660:; however, not all Jews were expelled: it was easy to avoid expulsion by converting to Christianity. Many other crowned heads of Europe expelled Jewish people, although again converts to Christianity were no longer considered Jewish. Many of these
1292:(and with required repayment and hence little risk for the lender) is a form of self-service that goes against love of neighbor. Defining "lend" as lending without interest or fee, Luther encourages lending for the purpose of aiding the borrower.
1718:
On the federal level, Canada's
Criminal Code limits the interest rate to 60% per year. The law is broadly written and Canada's courts have often intervened to remove ambiguity. In Quebec, the maximum annual interest rate allowed by law is 35%.
1091:
Nearly everywhere the crime of usury has become so firmly rooted that many, omitting other business, practise usury as if it were permitted, and in no way observe how it is forbidden in both the Old and New Testament. We therefore declare that
1362:, the previous assumptions about the very nature of money have been challenged, and the Church had to update its understanding of what constitutes usury to also include the new reality. Thus, the Church refers, among other things, to the fact
1772:
If a lender charges above the lawful interest rate, a court will not allow the lender to sue to recover the unlawfully high interest, and some states will apply all payments made on the debt to the principal balance. In some states, such as
1199:
rationalism. Aristotle's argument is that interest is unnatural, since money, as a sterile element, cannot naturally reproduce itself. Thus, usury conflicts with natural law just as it offends Christian revelation: see
894:
that hath withdrawn his hand from the poor, that hath not received interest nor increase, hath executed Mine ordinances, hath walked in My statutes; he shall not die for the iniquity of his father, he shall surely
1527:
Whatever loans you give, seeking interest at the expense of people’s wealth, will not increase with Allah. But whatever charity you give, seeking the pleasure of Allah—it is they whose reward will be multiplied.
1408:
1822:
1810:(RICO Statute), and its definition of "unlawful debt", which makes it a potential federal felony to lend money at an interest rate more than twice the local state usury rate and then try to collect that debt.
1207:
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701:
In the 16th century, short-term interest rates dropped dramatically (from around 20–30% p.a. to around 9–10% p.a.). This was caused by refined commercial techniques, increased capital availability, the
1902:
Islam strongly encourages charity and direct investment in which the creditor shares whatever profit or loss the business may incur (in modern terms, this amounts to an equity stake in the business).
1338:
lent money to the Vatican, which was lax about repayment. Rather than charging interest, "the Medici overcharged the pope on the silks and brocades, the jewels and other commodities they supplied."
1866:
1838:
962:
specified that the rubric for allowing interest does not apply to Christians or Muslims, because their faith systems have a common ethical basis originating from Judaism. The medieval commentator
1350:
instructed church administrators to set aside funds to be "invested profitably". It permitted lending with interest under normal legal conditions as long as excessive interest was not charged.
656:. In 1290, all Jews were to be expelled from England, allowed to take only what they could carry; the rest of their property became the Crown's. Usury was cited as the official reason for the
2546:
1930:(founded in 2005), for example, do not get paid any interest, although Kiva's partners in the country where the loan is used may charge interest to the end-users to whom the loans are made.
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Cicero: A Sketch of His Life and Works : a Commentary on the Roman Constitution and Roman Public Life, Supplemented by the Sayings of Cicero Arranged for the First Time as an Anthology
1037:
return. Then your reward will be great, and you will be sons of the Most High; for He is kind to the ungrateful and wicked. Be merciful, just as your Father is merciful. - Luke 6:34-36 NIV
900:
In thee have they taken gifts to shed blood; thou hast taken interest and increase, and thou hast greedily gained of thy neighbours by oppression, and hast forgotten Me, saith the Lord GOD.
346:
Theological historian John Noonan argues that "the doctrine was enunciated by popes, expressed by three ecumenical councils, proclaimed by bishops, and taught unanimously by theologians."
1548:
Verily your blood, your property are as sacred and inviolable as the sacredness of this day of yours, in this month of yours, in this town of yours. Behold! Everything pertaining to the
1431:
articulated this well: "Can I talk about the people living off usury ... not knowing the way that their infertile money has bred more money by wise investment in God knows what devilish
905:
Then I consulted with myself, and contended with the nobles and the rulers, and said unto them: 'Ye lend upon pledge, every one to his brother.' And I held a great assembly against them.
879:
Take thou no interest of him or increase; but fear thy God; that thy brother may live with thee. Thou shalt not give him thy money upon interest, nor give him thy victuals for increase.
844:. (This concept of "charity" differs from the modern Western understanding of "charity". The latter is typically understood as a spontaneous act of goodwill and a marker of generosity;
1552:
is under my feet completely abolished. Abolished are also the blood-revenges of the Days of Ignorance. The first claim of ours on blood-revenge which I abolish is that of the son of
1865:
Some members of Congress have tried to create a federal usury statute that would limit the maximum allowable interest rate, but the measures have not progressed. In July 2010, the
1129:
For, that is the real meaning of usury: when, from its use, a thing which produces nothing is applied to the acquiring of gain and profit without any work, any expense or any risk.
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1841:. Among the Act's provisions, it exempted federally chartered savings banks, installment plan sellers and chartered loan companies from state usury limits. Combined with the
1737:
29.2% until it was lowered by legislation in 2010). Default interest on late payments may be charged at up to 1.46 times the ordinary maximum (i.e., 21.9% to 29.2%), while
856:
and cannot earn our living in any other manner except by money dealings with them; therefore the taking of interest is not to be prohibited" (Tos. to BM 70b S.V. tashikh).
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1870:
1807:
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has argued that pivotal change in the English-speaking world came with lawful rights to charge interest on lent money, particularly the 1545 act, "An Act Against Usurie" (
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1427:
and therefore may never be treated as a thing. Interest can diminish the human person to a thing to be manipulated for money. In an article for The Catholic Worker,
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1439:, missiles, or vanities, when housing and employment ... for the poor were needed, and money could have been invested there?" Her thoughts were a precursor to what
637:
4170:
3491:
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1688:"When money is lent on a contract to receive not only the principal sum again, but also an increase by way of compensation for the use, the increase is called
314:
Certain negative historical renditions of usury carry with them social connotations of perceived "unjust" or "discriminatory" lending practices. The historian
1374:
put it, "Since the possession of an object is generally useful, I may require the price of that general utility, even when the object is of no use to me."
1489:
previous gains, and their case is left to Allah. As for those who persist, it is they who will be the residents of the Fire. They will be there forever. (
2409:
3433:
1790:. That term is sometimes also applied to the practice of making consumer loans without a license in jurisdictions that requires lenders to be licensed.
1590:
Interest on loans, and the contrasting views on the morality of that practice held by Jews and Christians, is central to the plot of Shakespeare's play
1419:. Theology professor Kevin Considine argues that usury remains a sin if it takes advantage of the needy or where the source of the interest is sinful
874:
If thou lend money to any of My people, even to the poor with thee, thou shalt not be to him as a creditor; neither shall ye lay upon him interest.
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522:
966:
extended this principle to non-Jews who show consideration for Jews, saying they should be treated with the same consideration when they borrow.
579:
476:
396:
3895:: "Our Field Partners are free to charge interest, but Kiva.org will not partner with an organization that charges exorbitant interest rates."
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collecting and moneylending. Natural tensions between creditors and debtors were added to social, political, religious, and economic strains.
922:
A great deal of Jewish legal scholarship in the Early and High Middle Ages was devoted to making business dealings fair, honest and efficient.
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decision. The court held that the word "interest" used in the 1863 banking law included fees and, therefore, states could not regulate fees.
3876:: "Loans made through Kiva's website do not earn any interest. Kiva's loans are not an investment and are not recommended as an investment."
1926:
charities (where lenders make small sums of money available on zero-interest terms). Persons lending money to on-line micro-lending charity
2182:
Sabbath Laws and Sabbath Duties: Considered in Relation to Their Natural and Scriptural Grounds, and to the Principles of Religious Liberty
1152:
condemned the practice of charging interest as "detestable to God and man, damned by the sacred canons, and contrary to Christian charity.
1195:. Aquinas argued that in the case of usury, as in other aspects of Christian revelation, Christian doctrine is reinforced by Aristotelian
706:, and other reasons. The lower rates weakened religious scruples about lending at interest, although the debate did not cease altogether.
752:
who operated as large banking firms do today. Anybody that had any available liquid assets and wished to lend it out could easily do so.
1706:
1057:
Forasmuch as many enrolled among the Clergy, following covetousness and lust of gain, have forgotten the divine Scripture, which says, "
910:
He that putteth not out his money on interest, nor taketh a bribe against the innocent. He that doeth these things shall never be moved.
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4212:. Vol. The Second Part of the Second Part. Translated by Fathers of the English Dominican Province (Second and Revised ed.).
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It might initially seem like little is at stake when it comes to interest, but this is an issue of human dignity. A person is made in
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interest or time price differential. A person who is liable is also liable for reasonable attorney's fees incurred by the obligor.
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at which loans can be made. In the United States, the primary legal power to regulate usury rests primarily with the states. Each
652:, in order to seize the assets of the violators. Scores of English Jews were arrested, 300 were hanged and their property went to
275:
Usury (in the original sense of any interest) was denounced by religious leaders and philosophers in the ancient world, including
3028:, "Of Cheating, Which Is Committed in Buying and Selling." Translated by The Fathers of the English Dominican Province. pp. 1–10
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1334:. To prevent any claims of doctrine violation, work-arounds would sometimes be employed. For example, in the 15th century, the
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1624:, the title character, who is a usurer, is described as both "petty and great – a miser and a philosopher..." The character
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As Jewish people were ostracized from most professions by local rulers during the Middle Ages, the Western churches and the
3676:
3507:
1168:, led the shift in thought that labelled charging interest the same as theft. Previously usury had been seen as a lack of
1849:
does not regulate rates, except for some mortgages, but requires uniform or standardized disclosure of costs and charges.
1466:(usury) is forbidden in Islam. As such, specialized codes of banking have developed to cater to investors wishing to obey
807:
225:
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The economy of the Roman Empire in the first two centuries A.D., An examination of market capitalism in the Roman economy
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prohibits Jews from charging interest except when making loans to foreigners. Typically, a loan is considered a form of
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The Effect of Consumer Interest Rate Deregulation on Credit Card Volumes, Charge-Offs, and the Personal Bankruptcy Rate
1069:
of any kind, and the canon forbade the clergy to lend money at interest rates even as low as 1 percent per year. Later
267:). Christian religious prohibitions on usury are predicated upon the belief that charging interest on a loan is a sin.
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In many historical societies including ancient Christian, Jewish, and Islamic societies, usury meant the charging of
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Interest and inflation free money : creating an exchange medium that works for everybody and protects the earth
1508:
O believers! Do not consume interest, multiplying it many times over. And be mindful of Allah, so you may prosper. (
918:
in a poor community whose aim was collective survival, but which is not obliged to be charitable towards outsiders.
109:
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1366:
does not ban all interest taking (proving interest-taking is not an inherently immoral act, same principle as with
1165:
974:
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2669:"Petition of the Jews of Paris, Alsase, and Lorraine to the National Assembly, January 28, 1790." Ed. Hunt, Lynn.
81:
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case, the Supreme Court further limited states' power to regulate credit card fees and extended the reach of the
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889:
thy God may bless thee in all that thou puttest thy hand unto, in the land whither thou goest in to possess it.
3029:
2406:
1553:
1384:, writing at the beginning of the 20th century, put the development of economy in relation to usury this way:
4334:
3441:
88:
4712:
4623:
4281:
3809:
3233:
1845:
decision that applied to National Banks, this effectively overrode all state and local usury laws. The 1968
1251:
1211:
1046:
982:
722:
twice, or he would be selling what does not exist, wherefore he would evidently commit a sin of injustice."
55:
1238:
enumerated thirteen situations in which charging interest was not immoral. The most important of these was
4527:
4226:
1997:
1630:
1592:
1347:
1133:
The Fifth Lateran Council, in the same declaration, gave explicit approval of charging a fee for services
1011:
769:
153:
62:
1330:) can be argued to be a violation of doctrine at the time, such as that reflected in the 1745 encyclical
1326:
clause. This was problematic because the charging of interest (although not all interest – see above for
4717:
3770:
3277:
The 1917 or Pio-Benedictine code of canon law: in English translation with extensive scholarly apparatus
3047:
2859:
1596:. Antonio is the merchant of the title, a Christian, who is forced by circumstance to borrow money from
1371:
1327:
1300:
1122:
569:
561:
466:
458:
386:
378:
315:
3847:
1227:, expressly allowed such charges in respect of credit-unions run for the benefit of the poor known as "
1121:
Up to the 16th century, usury was condemned by the Catholic Church, but not really defined. During the
259:
in medieval Europe, as well as the Reformed Churches, regarded the charging of interest at any rate as
95:
4361:
4350:
3602:"Beware of usury and charging excessive interest under the amended Money Lenders Ordinance (Cap. 163)"
3529:
3301:
342:, interest was legal and often fixed by the state. But the Hebrew took a different view of the matter.
4538:
4518:
4296:
2239:
2027:
1846:
1834:
to charge the legal rate of interest in their state regardless of the borrower's state of residence.
1827:
1813:
It is a federal offense to use violence or threats to collect usurious interest (or any other sort).
1125:, in the 10th session (in the year 1515), the Council for the first time gave a definition of usury:
697:
work against usury from 1869. Usury is condemned in 19th-century Missouri Synod doctrinal statements.
645:
2194:
958:
have mitigated the allowances for usury toward non-Jews. For instance, the 15th-century commentator
4651:
3463:
2346:
1982:
1927:
1615:
1416:
1308:
1161:
641:
33:
4291:
4221:
2685:
1204:. As such, Aquinas taught "that interest is inherently unjust and one who charges interest sins."
77:
4533:
4513:
4386:
4140:
3975:
3534:
3106:
3098:
2879:
2871:
2389:
1992:
1977:
1854:
1817:
1701:
1192:
1070:
1029:
23:19 prohibits the taking of interest in the form of money or food when lending to a "brother".
840:
725:
718:
657:
296:
4598:
3737:
4743:
4618:
4478:
4146:
4127:
4117:
4100:
4090:
4073:
4063:
4039:
4031:
4021:
3999:
3991:
3983:
3380:
3320:
3280:
2520:
2492:
2309:
2299:
2157:
2134:
2130:
2022:
1972:
1939:
1579:
1261:
1247:
1105:
163:
1769:
that dictates how much interest can be charged before it is considered usurious or unlawful.
1370:), as well as the prevalence of bonds and loans paying interest. Because of this, as the old
205:
or other factors defined by the laws of a state. Someone who practices usury can be called a
4248:
3090:
3025:
1774:
1312:
1235:
1188:
1169:
849:
264:
175:
3954:
3936:
3205:
2393:
2295:
2289:
2224:
1653:
of interest payments but on the fact that excess capital was no longer devoted to artistic
1603:
By the 18th century, usury was more often treated as a metaphor than a crime in itself, so
4763:
4681:
4656:
4588:
4583:
4558:
4435:
4236:
4015:
3892:
3792:
3495:
3133:
3059:
2771:
2691:
2439:
2413:
1896:
1800:
1635:
1584:
1541:
1473:
1412:
1228:
1180:
1002:
959:
947:
836:
829:
672:
256:
240:
230:
146:
4276:
2261:
1270:(1745), operating in the pre-industrial mindset , gives the reasons why usury is sinful:
3785:
2240:"Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood (Samma Vaca, Samma Kammanta, Samma Ajiva)"
1560:
of the pre-Islamic period is abolished, and the first of our usury I abolish is that of
4784:
4696:
4666:
4646:
4548:
4488:
4440:
4425:
4417:
4367:
Thomas Geoghegan on "Infinite Debt: How Unlimited Interest Rates Destroyed the Economy"
4201:
4052:
No Return: Jews, Christian Usurers, and the Spread of Mass Expulsion in Medieval Europe
4011:
3773:
3124:
2987:
2082:
2037:
2012:
1604:
1381:
1176:
1138:
785:
757:
714:
665:
510:
419:
304:
288:
244:
2958:
2932:
1358:
The Catholic Church has always condemned usury, but in modern times, with the rise of
4778:
4758:
4726:
4722:
4641:
4458:
4379:
4217:
4181:
3374:
3160:
3110:
2883:
2432:
2329:
Noonan, John T., Jr. 1993. "Development of Moral Doctrine." 54 Theological Stud. 662.
2124:
1967:
1923:
1758:
1288:
1149:
1033:
998:
713:
on usury meant that it was a sin to charge interest on a money loan. As set forth by
202:
3651:
3537:
1985, c. C-46, s. 347, as amended by 1992, c. 1, s. 60(F) and 2007, c. 9, s. 1
2764:
1806:
Congress imposed a federal criminal penalty for unlawful interest rates through the
4691:
4686:
4671:
4661:
4613:
4593:
4565:
4185:
3415:
3218:
2730:
2478:
2461:
2002:
1440:
1304:
1266:
930:, they were pushed into marginal occupations considered socially inferior, such as
915:
749:
710:
597:
252:
248:
102:
32:"Debt trap" redirects here. For the coercive international financial practice, see
4341:
S.C. Mooney's Response to Dr. Gary North's critique of Usury: Destroyer of Nations
3721:
3515:
4730:
4633:
4608:
4523:
4473:
4300:. St. Louis, Mo.: Concordia Publishing House. p. 796. ark:/13960/t6q008m7q.
2017:
1919:
1679:
1650:
1428:
1335:
1196:
1026:
963:
813:
780:
703:
335:
327:
323:
44:
4355:
3923:
From Irenaeus to Grotius: A Sourcebook in Christian Political Thought, 100-1625
3081:
Roover, Raymond (Autumn 1967). "The Scholastics, Usury, and Foreign Exchange".
3041:
4748:
4578:
4508:
4468:
3476:
2796:
2635:
2624:
2613:
2602:
2591:
2580:
2109:
2032:
1915:
1787:
1762:
1658:
1646:
1642:
1549:
1363:
1359:
1083:
decreed that persons who accepted interest on loans could receive neither the
1022:
745:
733:
686:
676:
211:
4345:
4261:
4077:
3350:
2821:"Ezekiel 18:8a - The Righteous Man Does Not Take Advance or Accrued Interest"
2646:
2567:
2524:
2154:
The Islamic Moral Economy: A Study of Islamic Money and Financial Instruments
4603:
4430:
4252:
4131:
3886:
Kiva FAQ: Do Kiva.org's Field Partners charge interest to the entrepreneurs?
3626:
2897:
2313:
1779:
1738:
1654:
1432:
1424:
1393:
He further gave the following view of the development of Catholic practice:
1184:
1084:
863:
729:
653:
649:
633:
584:
481:
339:
284:
4321:
Koehler, B. (2023). The Talmud on usury. Economic Affairs, 43(3), 423–435.
4043:
2364:
2206:
2138:
1481:
4205:
4003:
4753:
4573:
4104:
1952:
1911:
1537:
1367:
1323:
1066:
756:
range from simple fractions to 3–4 percent, perhaps because lenders used
661:
401:
331:
308:
219:
3147:
1556:, who was nursed among the tribe of Sa'd and killed by Hudhail. And the
3987:
3907:
Theology and Economic Ethics: Martin Luther and Arthur Rich in Dialogue
3102:
2875:
2006:
1766:
1620:
1597:
955:
935:
784:, relates the following conversation between an unnamed questioner and
680:
300:
255:
eventually allowed loans with carefully restricted interest rates, the
159:
141:
17:
838:), a Hebrew word meaning "righteousness" but commonly used to signify
4463:
4322:
3137:
2508:
2340:"Official Doctrinal Statements of the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod"
1611:
was not as shocking as it would have appeared two centuries earlier.
1467:
1436:
1377:
1109:
1100:
satisfaction according to the judgment of his own bishop. (canon 25)
1050:
860:
775:
612:
517:
414:
292:
4306:
3094:
3043:
Session Ten: On the reform of credit organisations (Montes pietatis)
1587:
places the usurers in the inner ring of the seventh circle of hell.
4035:
3126:
Church and the Usurers: Unprofitable Lending for the Modern Economy
2671:
The French Revolution and Human Rights: A Brief Documentary History
2394:
Sacred Economics: Money, Gift, and Society in the Age of Transition
1409:
Congregation of the Missionary Sons of the Immaculate Heart of Mary
3763:
Marquette Nat. Bank of Minneapolis v. First of Omaha Service Corp.
3420:
3055:
2839:"What does the Old Testament say about Loans and Interest? Part 3"
2089:
1987:
1873:
to regulate some credit practices but has no interest rate limit.
1823:
Marquette Nat. Bank of Minneapolis v. First of Omaha Service Corp.
1673:
1625:
1206:
1074:
973:
927:
867:
765:
685:
391:
An Acte agaynst Exchaunge and Rechaunge without the Kyngs Lycence.
280:
276:
140:
4087:
The idea of usury, from tribal brotherhood to universal otherhood
1869:, was signed into law by President Obama. The act provides for a
4450:
4402:
4285:. Vol. 12. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. pp. 388–391.
3995:
3051:
2765:
The Apology of the Augsburg Confession, Article 8, Of the Church
1463:
1454:
1112:
in 1311, and condemned all secular legislation that allowed it.
235:
4375:
4335:
What Love Is This? A Renunciation of the Economics of Calvinism
3264:. Vol. VI. St. Louis, Mo: B. Herder Book Co. p. 609.
931:
853:
263:(as well as charging a fee for the use of money, such as at a
260:
190:
187:
38:
4060:
In restraint of usury : the lending of money at interest
3279:. Église catholique. San Francisco (Calif.): Ignatius press.
1839:
Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act
184:
3549:"Section 347 of the Criminal Code: A Deeply Problematic Law"
3178:. Vol. 45. Philadelphia: Muhlenberg Press. p. 233.
2686:"Christian approach to usury forced Jews into money lending"
3089:(3). The Business History Review, Vol. 41, No. 3: 257–271.
1480:
The following quotations are English translations from the
193:
3226:
The Medici Bank: its organization, management, and decline
3191:
Lutheran Theology and Contract Law in Early Modern Germany
2513:"De officiis With an English translation by Walter Miller"
2475:
Christian Attitudes to Finance in the First Four Centuries
2458:
Christian Attitudes to Finance in the First Four Centuries
2106:"Americans for Fairness in Lending - The History of Usury"
1258:, were never accepted as official by the Catholic Church.
4290:
Fuerbringer, L.; Engelder, TH.; Kretzmann, P. E. (1927).
2755:
The references cited in the Passionary for this woodcut:
1867:
Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act
717:
in the 13th century, because money was invented to be an
181:
2988:"Fifth Lateran Council 1512–17 A.D. – Papal Encyclicals"
4371:
3508:"Sources of English Constitutional History: Chapter 44"
3379:. London, New York : Longmans, Green, and Co. pp.
2959:"Council of Vienne –1311–1312 A.D. – Papal Encyclicals"
2933:"Third Lateran Council – 1179 A.D. – Papal Encyclicals"
1021:) or the taking of clothing as pledges is condemned in
4235:
Visser, Wayne A. M.; McIntosh, Alastair (July 1998).
3848:"FINANCE CODE CHAPTER 349. PENALTIES AND LIABILITIES"
3738:"18 USC Chapter 42: Extortionate Credit Transactions"
3468:
2056:
4311:
EH.Net Encyclopedia of Economic and Business History
4237:"A short review of the historical critique of usury"
3376:
Moral Philosophy: Ethics, Deontology and Natural Law
1016:
4705:
4632:
4557:
4501:
4449:
4416:
4409:
4186:"On Trade and Usury. A Sermon by Dr. Martin Luther"
3368:
3366:
2673:. Bedford Books of St. Martin's Press, 1996, p. 96.
623:
611:
606:
596:
591:
578:
568:
542:
528:
516:
506:
501:
493:
488:
475:
465:
439:
425:
413:
408:
395:
385:
359:
209:, but in modern colloquial English may be called a
178:
69:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4270:. Vol. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
3726:Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act
3551:. Uniform Law Conference of Canada. Archived from
3359:. Vol. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
2684:
2433:Financial Intermediation in the Early Roman Empire
1808:Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act
1254:). However, Hostiensis' exceptions, including for
914:Johnson contends that the Torah treats lending as
748:period, most banking activities were conducted by
251:have outlawed loans with any interest. Though the
3434:"Hukum Hadiah atau Tambahan dalam Hutang Piutang"
3176:"Introduction: Trade and Usury" in Luther's Works
638:massacres of Jews at London and York in 1189–1190
2785:
2783:
2781:
2779:
1816:Separate federal rules apply to most banks. The
3955:"WORKS OF MARTIN LUTHER - ON TRADING AND USURY"
2491:Hannis Taylor; Mary Lillie Taylor Hunt (1918).
1421:
1395:
1386:
1352:
1318:Concerns about usury included the 19th century
1143:
1127:
1114:
1089:
1055:
940:
920:
908:
903:
898:
892:
882:
877:
872:
790:
320:
4142:Usury: A Scriptural, Ethical and Economic View
3937:"WORKS OF MARTIN LUTHER - A TREATISE ON USURY"
1886:Avoidance mechanisms and interest-free lending
4387:
4356:Origin of Modern Banking and Usury in Britain
1786:The making of usurious loans is often called
679:, who moved from city to city, was along the
8:
4241:Accounting, Business & Financial History
4116:. Philadelphia, PA: New Society Publishers.
3325:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2862:(1934). "The Christianization of Interest".
2792:"Is it sinful to charge interest on a loan?"
1914:internationally has enabled both commercial
1322:and 16th century concerns over abuse of the
322:Most early religious systems in the ancient
3982:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
3671:
3669:
3475:. Translated by Ellen Marriage – via
2982:
2980:
2965:. Papal Encyclicals Online. 16 October 1311
2843:The Good Book Blog - Biola University Blogs
1415:, teaches that the charging of interest is
1179:, the leading scholastic theologian of the
979:Christ Drives the Usurers Out of the Temple
4413:
4394:
4380:
4372:
4275:Dembitz, Lewis N.; Jacobs, Joseph (1906).
4145:. Millersburg, OH: The Anti-Usury League.
2497:. A.C. McClurg & Company. p. 376.
648:which made usury illegal and linked it to
539:
436:
356:
4346:What is Riba: Islamic definition of Usury
3874:Kiva Faq: Will I get interest on my loan?
3262:A Commentary On the New Code of Canon Law
2325:
2323:
2278:, 2 vols. (trans. Leiden 1965), i.104-566
2175:
2173:
129:Learn how and when to remove this message
4230:. Vol. 1. New York: R. Worthington.
4089:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
3012:
2939:. Papal Encyclicals Online. 5 March 1179
1108:made the belief in the right to usury a
636:were joined by crowds of debtors in the
2717:
2657:
2294:. New York: Harper & Row. pp.
2048:
1275:amount he gave is illicit and usurious.
523:Statute Law Revision (Ireland) Act 1872
4210:Summa Theologiae of St. Thomas Aquinas
4176:from the original on 15 November 2019.
3833:
3831:
3799:"Bank Trends" Newsletter, March, 1998.
3654:. Japan Financial Services Association
3318:
2994:. Papal Encyclicals Online. 4 May 1515
2800:. Vol. 81, no. 4. p. 49
2225:"Thomas Aquinas: On Usury, c. 1269–71"
2184:. Maclachlan and Stewart. p. 180.
2156:. Boca Raton, FL: Brown Walker Press.
27:Loans with unfairly high interest rate
3797:Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
3246:T.L. Bouscaren and A.C. Ellis. 1957.
2854:
2852:
2274:Johnson cites Fritz E. Heichelcheim:
2129:. London: Macmillan and Co. pp.
1059:He has not given his money upon usury
778:, in the second book of his treatise
7:
4544:Debtor-in-possession (DIP) financing
4362:Buddha on Right Livelihood and Usury
3419:, book 15 (The Book of Pilgrimage),
3260:Bachofen, Charles Augustine (1921).
2731:"Encyclopedia Judaica: Moneylending"
2699:from the original on 27 October 2017
2262:"The Prophet Muhammad's Last Sermon"
1871:Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
67:adding citations to reliable sources
4264:. In Herbermann, Charles G. (ed.).
3353:. In Herbermann, Charles G. (ed.).
2898:"First Council of Nicea (A.D. 325)"
2443:, The Journal of Economic History,
1820:held unanimously in the 1978 case,
1707:Commentaries on the Laws of England
1214:, treatise on contracts and usury (
1006:
987:Passionary of Christ and Antichrist
833:
4323:https://doi.org/10.1111/ecaf.12599
4305:Jones, Norman (10 February 2008).
3627:"Cap. 163 Money Lenders Ordinance"
3576:"Des taux d'intérêt astronomiques"
3224:de Roover, Raymond Adrien (1948),
3217:"The presence among the assets of
3161:"Vix Pervenit – Papal Encyclicals"
2790:Considine, Kevin P. (April 2016).
1803:of Article I of the Constitution.
1307:churches, teaches that usury is a
848:is an ethical obligation.) In the
768:. It was evident that usury meant
25:
4247:(2). London: Routledge: 175–189.
3467:
3403:The Meaning of the Glorious Koran
2447:, 2004, vol. 64, issue 03, p. 15.
2108:. 15 October 2008. Archived from
1216:Tractatus de contractis et usuris
4196:(1). Translated by Carruth, W.H.
3980:The Scholastic Analysis of Usury
3686:. Docutech Corporation. May 2013
3248:Canon Law: A Text and Commentary
2547:"Interest-Free Loans in Judaism"
1320:Rothschild loans to the Holy See
555:
452:
372:
174:
43:
4206:"Question 78. The sin of usury"
4163:Usury and the Church of England
3440:. 19 March 2020. Archived from
2063:. Oxford University Press. 2012
1922:- launched in 2009) and global
1757:that specify the maximum legal
1649:was not primarily based on the
1540:to usury is articulated in his
1303:held as doctrinal documents by
1073:applied this regulation to the
54:needs additional citations for
3864:Maududi (1967), vol. i, p. 199
3852:www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us
3837:ABA Journal, March 2010, p. 59
3677:"Maximum Interest Rate Matrix"
2242:. Buddhist Publication Society
2207:"Usury - The Root of All Evil"
1657:, as it could now be used for
954:Several historical rulings in
711:18th century papal prohibition
695:Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod
243:). At times, many states from
1:
4054:. Princeton University Press.
3574:Agent QMI (6 December 2013).
2683:Cooper, Zaki (31 July 2015).
2421:, December 2007, pp. 252–261.
2365:"Summa Theologiae, II-II Q78"
1837:In 1980, Congress passed the
1187:and his desire to assimilate
1135:so long as no profit was made
808:Loans and interest in Judaism
4315:Economic History Association
4309:. In Whaples, Robert (ed.).
4279:. In Singer, Isidore (ed.).
3148:Fr. Bernard W. Dempsey, S.J.
2481:, September 1977, pp. 81–82.
1777:, usurious loans are voided
1297:Westminster Larger Catechism
1225:Fifth Council of the Lateran
1025:(early 6th century BC), and
946:those who practiced it were
233:), Christianity, and Islam (
4260:Vermeersch, Arthur (1912).
4224:. In Montagu, Basil (ed.).
3911:Accessed on 2 December 2014
3814:Legal Information Institute
3742:Legal Information Institute
3600:Tsang, Pan (1 March 2023).
3547:Waldron, Mary Anne (2011).
3349:Vermeersch, Arthur (1912).
3206:Sermon on Trading and Usury
2276:An Ancient Economic History
2126:Indigenous Banking In India
2005:(traditional occupation of
1906:Interest-free micro-lending
1459:Islamic banking and finance
1218:), manuscript, 15th century
1017:
4821:
4227:The Works of Francis Bacon
4020:. London: Payne and Foss.
3302:"The Red Herring of Usury"
3275:Peters, Edward N. (2001).
3193:. Brill. pp. 327–355.
2519:. Heinemann. p. 267.
2515:(in Latin). Translated by
2445:Cambridge University Press
2152:Karim, Shafiel A. (2010).
1950:
1894:
1832:nationally chartered banks
1641:In the early 20th century
1564:, for it is all abolished.
1562:'Abbas b. 'Abd al-Muttalib
1452:
1166:Saint Anselm of Canterbury
805:
632:In England, the departing
618:Usury Laws Repeal Act 1854
537:United Kingdom legislation
434:United Kingdom legislation
354:United Kingdom legislation
31:
4790:Medieval economic history
4739:
4337:. The House of Degenhart.
4267:The Catholic Encyclopedia
4112:Kennedy, Margrit (1995).
4085:Nelson, Benjamin (1969).
3356:The Catholic Encyclopedia
3230:New York University Press
2419:Aarhus School of Business
2081:The word is derived from
2061:Oxford English Dictionary
1284:15th through 19th century
1202:Thought of Thomas Aquinas
554:
549:
451:
446:
371:
366:
4297:The Concordia Cyclopedia
3494:January 5, 2006, at the
3373:Rickaby, Joseph (1918).
3174:Brandt, Walther (1962).
2922:Moehlman, 1934, pp. 6–7.
2568:"Jewish Virtual Library"
2464:, September 1977, p. 80.
859:This is outlined in the
719:intermediary in exchange
4713:Consumer leverage ratio
4624:Tax refund interception
4282:The Jewish Encyclopedia
4253:10.1080/095852098330503
4139:Elliot, Calvin (1902).
3724:(6)(B). See generally,
3631:Hong Kong e-Legislation
3234:Oxford University Press
3189:Astorri, Paolo (2019).
3083:Business History Review
3031:Retrieved June 19, 2012
1918:(through sites such as
1700:by those who do not." (
1684:contained in the note."
1411:, a Catholic Christian
1252:St. Bernardino of Siena
1212:St. Bernardino of Siena
1164:Christian theologians,
1087:nor Christian burial.
1065:At the time, usury was
1053:from engaging in usury
1047:First Council of Nicaea
983:Lucas Cranach the Elder
471:An Acte agaynst Usurye.
3580:Le Journal de Montréal
3530:Criminal Interest Rate
2860:Moehlman, Conrad Henry
2825:www.theologyofwork.org
2735:Jewish Virtual Library
2509:Cicero, Marcus Tullius
2477:, Epworth Review 4.3,
2460:, Epworth Review 4.3,
2288:Johnson, Paul (1987).
2088:, "interest", or from
1998:History of pawnbroking
1934:Non-recourse mortgages
1685:
1631:The Old Curiosity Shop
1593:The Merchant of Venice
1566:
1534:
1524:
1514:
1505:
1495:
1446:
1400:
1391:
1356:
1348:1917 Code of Canon Law
1281:
1219:
1147:
1131:
1119:
1102:
1063:
989:
952:
924:
912:
907:
902:
897:
891:
881:
876:
866:, specifically in the
794:
698:
574:An Act Against Usurie.
344:
166:
4718:Debt levels and flows
4050:Dorin, Rowan (2023).
3810:"15 U.S. Code Part A"
3401:Pickthall, M (1930).
3048:Fifth Lateran Council
2291:A history of the Jews
2264:. Fordham University.
2227:. Fordham University.
1677:
1661:business investment.
1546:
1525:
1515:
1506:
1496:
1486:
1372:Catholic Encyclopedia
1328:Fifth Lateran Council
1301:Westminster Standards
1272:
1210:
1123:Fifth Lateran Council
977:
960:Rabbi Isaac Abarbanel
689:
562:Parliament of England
459:Parliament of England
379:Parliament of England
144:
4539:Debt snowball method
4351:Usury laws by state.
4058:Page, Harry (1985).
3816:. Cornell Law School
3744:. Cornell Law School
3512:www.constitution.org
3339:Deuteronomy 23:19–20
3306:Catholic Culture.org
3228:, New York; London:
3203:See Martin Luther's
2992:papalencyclicals.net
2963:papalencyclicals.net
2937:papalencyclicals.net
2603:Deuteronomy 23:20–21
2352:on 25 February 2009.
2180:Cox, Robert (1853).
2123:Jain, L. C. (1929).
2028:Credit card interest
1847:Truth in Lending Act
1828:National Banking Act
1501:Al-Baqarah 2:276–280
1234:In the 13th century
646:Statute of the Jewry
63:improve this article
3921:O'Donovan, Oliver.
3704:NY Gen Oblig 5-501
3518:on 17 October 2007.
2819:Work, Theology of.
2390:Eisenstein, Charles
2112:on 15 October 2008.
1983:Debt-trap diplomacy
1554:Rabi'a b. al-Harith
1236:Cardinal Hostiensis
1071:ecumenical councils
750:private individuals
642:Edward I of England
34:Debt-trap diplomacy
3891:2009-04-11 at the
3791:2008-09-24 at the
3444:on 2 February 2021
3405:. Alfred A. Knopf.
3163:. 1 November 1745.
3143:Interest and Usury
3132:2015-10-17 at the
2770:2010-07-15 at the
2592:Leviticus 25:36–37
2545:Robinson, George.
2438:2011-07-17 at the
2412:2012-06-11 at the
1993:History of banking
1978:Contractum trinius
1855:Smiley v. Citibank
1818:U.S. Supreme Court
1794:Federal regulation
1702:William Blackstone
1686:
1313:eighth commandment
1311:prohibited by the
1220:
1193:Christian theology
1156:Medieval theology
1049:, in 325, forbade
990:
726:Charles Eisenstein
699:
693:is the title of a
671:The growth of the
666:secretly practiced
658:Edict of Expulsion
167:
4805:Negative Mitzvoth
4772:
4771:
4619:Strategic default
4584:Collection agency
4497:
4496:
4479:Predatory lending
3286:978-0-89870-831-8
2845:. 2 January 2018.
2363:Aquinas, Thomas.
2211:The Spirit of Now
2163:978-1-59942-539-9
2023:Predatory lending
1973:Christian finance
1940:non-recourse loan
1647:anti-usury poetry
1580:The Divine Comedy
1550:Days of Ignorance
1520:Al-Nisa 4:160–161
1262:Pope Benedict XIV
1248:Pierre Jean Olivi
1160:The first of the
1106:Council of Vienne
1015:
964:Rabbi David Kimhi
630:
629:
607:Other legislation
550:Act of Parliament
535:
534:
502:Other legislation
447:Act of Parliament
432:
431:
409:Other legislation
367:Act of Parliament
139:
138:
131:
113:
16:(Redirected from
4812:
4795:Economic bubbles
4464:Consumer lending
4414:
4396:
4389:
4382:
4373:
4318:
4301:
4286:
4271:
4256:
4231:
4213:
4197:
4177:
4175:
4168:
4156:
4135:
4108:
4081:
4047:
4017:Defence of Usury
4007:
3963:
3962:
3959:www.godrules.net
3951:
3945:
3944:
3941:www.godrules.net
3933:
3927:
3926:
3918:
3912:
3910:
3902:
3896:
3883:
3877:
3871:
3865:
3862:
3856:
3855:
3844:
3838:
3835:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3806:
3800:
3783:
3777:
3760:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3734:
3728:
3715:
3709:
3702:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3691:
3681:
3673:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3659:
3648:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3623:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3612:
3597:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3571:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3560:
3544:
3538:
3526:
3520:
3519:
3514:. Archived from
3504:
3498:
3487:
3481:
3480:
3474:
3464:Honoré de Balzac
3460:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3430:
3424:
3412:
3406:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3370:
3361:
3360:
3346:
3340:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3324:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3300:Palm, David, J.
3297:
3291:
3290:
3272:
3266:
3265:
3257:
3251:
3244:
3238:
3237:
3215:
3209:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3157:
3151:
3138:Dr. Brian McCall
3121:
3115:
3114:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3038:
3032:
3026:Summa Theologica
3024:Thomas Aquinas.
3022:
3016:
3010:
3004:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2984:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2929:
2923:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2856:
2847:
2846:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2787:
2774:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2727:
2721:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2688:
2680:
2674:
2667:
2661:
2655:
2649:
2644:
2638:
2633:
2627:
2622:
2616:
2611:
2605:
2600:
2594:
2589:
2583:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2488:
2482:
2473:Young, Frances:
2471:
2465:
2456:Young, Frances:
2454:
2448:
2428:
2422:
2402:
2396:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2345:. Archived from
2344:
2336:
2330:
2327:
2318:
2317:
2285:
2279:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2213:. Peter Russell.
2203:
2197:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2177:
2168:
2167:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2102:
2096:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2053:
1830:of 1863 allowed
1616:Honoré de Balzac
1609:Defence of Usury
1536:The attitude of
1491:Al-Baqarah 2:275
1189:Greek philosophy
1020:
1010:
1008:
888:
835:
732:. c. 9) of King
625:Status: Repealed
602:24 December 1545
559:
558:
545:
540:
530:Status: Repealed
456:
455:
442:
437:
427:Status: Repealed
376:
375:
362:
357:
265:bureau de change
200:
199:
196:
195:
192:
189:
186:
183:
180:
150:Stultifera Navis
134:
127:
123:
120:
114:
112:
71:
47:
39:
21:
4820:
4819:
4815:
4814:
4813:
4811:
4810:
4809:
4800:Property crimes
4775:
4774:
4773:
4768:
4764:Promissory note
4735:
4701:
4682:Deposit account
4628:
4599:Debtors' prison
4553:
4519:Management plan
4493:
4445:
4405:
4400:
4358:. Heretical.com
4331:
4304:
4289:
4274:
4259:
4234:
4216:
4202:Aquinas, Thomas
4200:
4180:
4173:
4166:
4160:Swabey, Henry.
4159:
4153:
4138:
4124:
4111:
4097:
4084:
4070:
4062:. City: CIPFA.
4057:
4028:
4012:Bentham, Jeremy
4010:
3976:Noonan, John T.
3974:
3971:
3969:Further reading
3966:
3953:
3952:
3948:
3935:
3934:
3930:
3920:
3919:
3915:
3905:Doherty, Sean.
3904:
3903:
3899:
3893:Wayback Machine
3884:
3880:
3872:
3868:
3863:
3859:
3846:
3845:
3841:
3836:
3829:
3819:
3817:
3808:
3807:
3803:
3793:Wayback Machine
3784:
3780:
3761:
3757:
3747:
3745:
3736:
3735:
3731:
3716:
3712:
3703:
3699:
3689:
3687:
3679:
3675:
3674:
3667:
3657:
3655:
3650:
3649:
3645:
3635:
3633:
3625:
3624:
3620:
3610:
3608:
3599:
3598:
3594:
3584:
3582:
3573:
3572:
3568:
3558:
3556:
3546:
3545:
3541:
3527:
3523:
3506:
3505:
3501:
3496:Wayback Machine
3488:
3484:
3462:
3461:
3457:
3447:
3445:
3432:
3431:
3427:
3413:
3409:
3400:
3396:
3386:
3384:
3372:
3371:
3364:
3348:
3347:
3343:
3338:
3334:
3317:
3310:
3308:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3287:
3274:
3273:
3269:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3245:
3241:
3223:
3216:
3212:
3202:
3198:
3188:
3187:
3183:
3173:
3172:
3168:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3134:Wayback Machine
3122:
3118:
3095:10.2307/3112192
3080:
3079:
3075:
3065:
3063:
3060:Catholic Church
3040:
3039:
3035:
3023:
3019:
3011:
3007:
2997:
2995:
2986:
2985:
2978:
2968:
2966:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2942:
2940:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2921:
2917:
2907:
2905:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2858:
2857:
2850:
2837:
2836:
2832:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2803:
2801:
2789:
2788:
2777:
2772:Wayback Machine
2754:
2750:
2740:
2738:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2716:
2712:
2702:
2700:
2692:Financial Times
2682:
2681:
2677:
2668:
2664:
2656:
2652:
2645:
2641:
2634:
2630:
2623:
2619:
2612:
2608:
2601:
2597:
2590:
2586:
2579:
2575:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2551:
2549:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2529:
2527:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2472:
2468:
2455:
2451:
2440:Wayback Machine
2429:
2425:
2414:Wayback Machine
2403:
2399:
2388:
2384:
2374:
2372:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2349:
2342:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2328:
2321:
2306:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2273:
2269:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2245:
2243:
2238:Bodhi, Bhikku.
2237:
2236:
2232:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2193:
2189:
2179:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2080:
2076:
2066:
2064:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2046:
1964:
1955:
1949:
1936:
1908:
1899:
1897:Islamic banking
1893:
1891:Islamic banking
1888:
1879:
1801:commerce clause
1796:
1748:
1734:
1725:
1716:
1696:it lawful, and
1672:
1667:
1651:moral injustice
1636:Charles Dickens
1575:
1510:Al-'Imran 3:130
1474:Islamic banking
1461:
1453:Main articles:
1451:
1425:God's own image
1413:religious order
1405:
1344:
1286:
1277:
1276:
1229:montes pietatis
1181:Catholic Church
1158:
1139:Mounts of Piety
1137:in the case of
1043:
1041:Church councils
995:
981:, a woodcut by
972:
886:
850:Rabbinic period
810:
804:
799:
742:
691:Die Wucherfrage
673:Lombard bankers
662:forced converts
626:
564:
556:
543:
538:
531:
507:Repeals/revokes
461:
453:
440:
435:
428:
381:
373:
360:
355:
352:
273:
257:Catholic Church
177:
173:
145:Of Usury, from
135:
124:
118:
115:
72:
70:
60:
48:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4818:
4816:
4808:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4777:
4776:
4770:
4769:
4767:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4740:
4737:
4736:
4734:
4733:
4720:
4715:
4709:
4707:
4703:
4702:
4700:
4699:
4697:Securitization
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4638:
4636:
4630:
4629:
4627:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4570:
4568:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4551:
4549:Loan guarantee
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4505:
4503:
4499:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4491:
4489:Vendor finance
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4455:
4453:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4422:
4420:
4411:
4407:
4406:
4401:
4399:
4398:
4391:
4384:
4376:
4370:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4330:
4329:External links
4327:
4326:
4325:
4319:
4302:
4287:
4272:
4257:
4232:
4218:Bacon, Francis
4214:
4198:
4190:The Open Court
4182:Luther, Martin
4178:
4157:
4151:
4136:
4122:
4109:
4095:
4082:
4068:
4055:
4048:
4026:
4008:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3964:
3946:
3928:
3925:. p. 584.
3913:
3897:
3878:
3866:
3857:
3839:
3827:
3801:
3778:
3755:
3729:
3718:18 U.S.C.
3710:
3697:
3665:
3643:
3618:
3592:
3566:
3555:on 14 May 2021
3539:
3521:
3499:
3482:
3455:
3425:
3407:
3394:
3362:
3341:
3332:
3292:
3285:
3267:
3252:
3239:
3236:(respectively)
3210:
3196:
3181:
3166:
3152:
3116:
3073:
3033:
3017:
3005:
2976:
2950:
2924:
2915:
2889:
2864:Church History
2848:
2830:
2811:
2775:
2757:1 John 2:14–16
2748:
2722:
2720:, p. 174.
2710:
2675:
2662:
2660:, p. 172.
2650:
2639:
2628:
2617:
2606:
2595:
2584:
2573:
2559:
2537:
2517:Miller, Walter
2500:
2483:
2466:
2449:
2430:Temin, Peter:
2423:
2404:Zgur, Andrej:
2397:
2382:
2355:
2331:
2319:
2304:
2280:
2267:
2253:
2230:
2216:
2198:
2187:
2169:
2162:
2144:
2115:
2097:
2083:Medieval Latin
2074:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2038:Usury Act 1660
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2013:Money changing
2010:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1963:
1960:
1951:Main article:
1948:
1945:
1935:
1932:
1910:Growth of the
1907:
1904:
1895:Main article:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1878:
1875:
1795:
1792:
1747:
1744:
1733:
1730:
1724:
1721:
1715:
1712:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1618:'s 1830 novel
1605:Jeremy Bentham
1574:
1571:
1450:
1447:
1404:
1401:
1382:Joseph Rickaby
1343:
1340:
1299:, part of the
1285:
1282:
1264:'s encyclical
1256:lucrum cessans
1246:profits (e.g.
1244:lucrum cessans
1240:lucrum cessans
1177:Thomas Aquinas
1157:
1154:
1042:
1039:
994:
991:
971:
968:
948:excommunicated
806:Main article:
803:
800:
798:
795:
758:Roman numerals
741:
738:
715:Thomas Aquinas
628:
627:
624:
621:
620:
615:
609:
608:
604:
603:
600:
594:
593:
589:
588:
582:
576:
575:
572:
566:
565:
560:
552:
551:
547:
546:
544:Usury Act 1545
536:
533:
532:
529:
526:
525:
520:
514:
513:
511:Usury Act 1487
508:
504:
503:
499:
498:
497:10 August 1872
495:
491:
490:
486:
485:
479:
473:
472:
469:
463:
462:
457:
449:
448:
444:
443:
441:Usury Act 1495
433:
430:
429:
426:
423:
422:
420:Usury Act 1495
417:
411:
410:
406:
405:
399:
393:
392:
389:
383:
382:
377:
369:
368:
364:
363:
361:Usury Act 1487
353:
351:
348:
305:Gautama Buddha
272:
269:
245:ancient Greece
203:interest rates
164:Albrecht Dürer
162:attributed to
137:
136:
51:
49:
42:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4817:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4782:
4780:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4759:Interest rate
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4738:
4732:
4728:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4710:
4708:
4704:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4639:
4637:
4635:
4631:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4571:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4534:Restructuring
4532:
4529:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4514:Consolidation
4512:
4510:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4500:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4459:Business loan
4457:
4456:
4454:
4452:
4448:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4419:
4415:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4397:
4392:
4390:
4385:
4383:
4378:
4377:
4374:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4303:
4299:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4284:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4269:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4233:
4229:
4228:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4172:
4165:
4164:
4158:
4154:
4148:
4144:
4143:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4123:0-86571-319-7
4119:
4115:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4096:0-226-57160-2
4092:
4088:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4069:0-85299-285-8
4065:
4061:
4056:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4023:
4019:
4018:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3972:
3968:
3960:
3956:
3950:
3947:
3942:
3938:
3932:
3929:
3924:
3917:
3914:
3909:. p. 55.
3908:
3901:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3887:
3882:
3879:
3875:
3870:
3867:
3861:
3858:
3853:
3849:
3843:
3840:
3834:
3832:
3828:
3815:
3811:
3805:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3787:
3782:
3779:
3775:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3759:
3756:
3743:
3739:
3733:
3730:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3714:
3711:
3707:
3701:
3698:
3685:
3678:
3672:
3670:
3666:
3653:
3647:
3644:
3632:
3628:
3622:
3619:
3607:
3603:
3596:
3593:
3581:
3577:
3570:
3567:
3554:
3550:
3543:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3531:
3525:
3522:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3503:
3500:
3497:
3493:
3490:
3486:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3471:
3465:
3459:
3456:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3429:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3417:
3411:
3408:
3404:
3398:
3395:
3382:
3378:
3377:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3358:
3357:
3352:
3345:
3342:
3336:
3333:
3328:
3322:
3307:
3303:
3296:
3293:
3288:
3282:
3278:
3271:
3268:
3263:
3256:
3253:
3249:
3243:
3240:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3220:
3214:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3200:
3197:
3192:
3185:
3182:
3177:
3170:
3167:
3162:
3156:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3144:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3120:
3117:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3077:
3074:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3044:
3037:
3034:
3030:
3027:
3021:
3018:
3014:
3013:Moehlman 1934
3009:
3006:
2993:
2989:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2964:
2960:
2954:
2951:
2938:
2934:
2928:
2925:
2919:
2916:
2903:
2902:newadvent.org
2899:
2893:
2890:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2844:
2840:
2834:
2831:
2826:
2822:
2815:
2812:
2799:
2798:
2797:U.S. Catholic
2793:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2773:
2769:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2752:
2749:
2736:
2732:
2726:
2723:
2719:
2714:
2711:
2698:
2694:
2693:
2687:
2679:
2676:
2672:
2666:
2663:
2659:
2654:
2651:
2648:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2625:Ezekiel 22:12
2621:
2618:
2615:
2614:Ezekiel 18:17
2610:
2607:
2604:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2577:
2574:
2569:
2563:
2560:
2548:
2541:
2538:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2504:
2501:
2496:
2495:
2487:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2470:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2453:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2434:
2427:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2408:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2391:
2386:
2383:
2370:
2369:newadvent.org
2366:
2359:
2356:
2348:
2341:
2335:
2332:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2305:0-06-091533-1
2301:
2297:
2293:
2292:
2284:
2281:
2277:
2271:
2268:
2263:
2257:
2254:
2241:
2234:
2231:
2226:
2220:
2217:
2212:
2208:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2191:
2188:
2183:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2165:
2159:
2155:
2148:
2145:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2127:
2119:
2116:
2111:
2107:
2101:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2084:
2078:
2075:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2049:
2043:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1968:Chrematistics
1966:
1965:
1961:
1959:
1954:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1924:micro-lending
1921:
1917:
1916:micro-lending
1913:
1905:
1903:
1898:
1890:
1885:
1883:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1856:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1804:
1802:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1788:loan sharking
1784:
1782:
1781:
1776:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1759:interest rate
1756:
1752:
1746:United States
1745:
1743:
1740:
1731:
1729:
1722:
1720:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1708:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1692:by those who
1691:
1682:
1681:
1676:
1669:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1638:is a usurer.
1637:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1623:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1594:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1581:
1573:In literature
1572:
1570:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1533:
1531:
1523:
1521:
1513:
1511:
1504:
1502:
1494:
1492:
1485:
1483:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1402:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1355:
1351:
1349:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1290:
1289:Martin Luther
1283:
1280:
1271:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1150:Pope Sixtus V
1146:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1130:
1126:
1124:
1118:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1060:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1034:New Testament
1030:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1013:
1004:
1000:
999:Old Testament
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
969:
967:
965:
961:
957:
951:
949:
945:
939:
937:
933:
929:
923:
919:
917:
911:
906:
901:
896:
890:
880:
875:
871:
869:
865:
862:
857:
855:
851:
847:
843:
842:
837:
831:
827:
826:
821:
820:
815:
809:
801:
796:
793:
789:
787:
783:
782:
777:
773:
772:of the poor.
771:
767:
761:
759:
753:
751:
747:
739:
737:
735:
731:
727:
723:
720:
716:
712:
707:
705:
696:
692:
688:
684:
682:
678:
674:
669:
668:their faith.
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
622:
619:
616:
614:
610:
605:
601:
599:
595:
590:
586:
583:
581:
577:
573:
571:
567:
563:
553:
548:
541:
527:
524:
521:
519:
515:
512:
509:
505:
500:
496:
492:
487:
483:
480:
478:
474:
470:
468:
464:
460:
450:
445:
438:
424:
421:
418:
416:
412:
407:
403:
400:
398:
394:
390:
388:
384:
380:
370:
365:
358:
349:
347:
343:
341:
337:
333:
329:
328:Mesopotamians
325:
319:
317:
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
270:
268:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
237:
232:
228:
227:
221:
216:
214:
213:
208:
204:
198:
171:
165:
161:
157:
156:
155:Ship of Fools
151:
148:
143:
133:
130:
122:
111:
108:
104:
101:
97:
94:
90:
87:
83:
80: –
79:
75:
74:Find sources:
68:
64:
58:
57:
52:This article
50:
46:
41:
40:
35:
30:
19:
4729: /
4725: /
4692:Money market
4687:Fixed income
4614:Phantom debt
4594:Debt bondage
4562:
4483:
4310:
4295:
4280:
4265:
4244:
4240:
4225:
4209:
4193:
4189:
4162:
4141:
4113:
4086:
4059:
4051:
4016:
3979:
3958:
3949:
3940:
3931:
3922:
3916:
3906:
3900:
3881:
3869:
3860:
3851:
3842:
3818:. Retrieved
3813:
3804:
3781:
3776: (1978).
3762:
3758:
3746:. Retrieved
3741:
3732:
3713:
3708:and NY 1503.
3705:
3700:
3688:. Retrieved
3683:
3656:. Retrieved
3646:
3634:. Retrieved
3630:
3621:
3609:. Retrieved
3605:
3595:
3583:. Retrieved
3579:
3569:
3557:. Retrieved
3553:the original
3542:
3528:
3524:
3516:the original
3511:
3502:
3485:
3469:
3458:
3446:. Retrieved
3442:the original
3437:
3428:
3416:Sahih Muslim
3414:
3410:
3402:
3397:
3387:14 September
3385:. Retrieved
3375:
3354:
3344:
3335:
3311:11 September
3309:. Retrieved
3305:
3295:
3276:
3270:
3261:
3255:
3247:
3242:
3225:
3219:silver plate
3213:
3204:
3199:
3190:
3184:
3175:
3169:
3155:
3150:(1903–1960).
3142:
3125:
3119:
3086:
3082:
3076:
3064:. Retrieved
3062:. 4 May 1515
3042:
3036:
3020:
3015:, p. 7.
3008:
2998:11 September
2996:. Retrieved
2991:
2967:. Retrieved
2962:
2953:
2941:. Retrieved
2936:
2927:
2918:
2906:. Retrieved
2904:. New Advent
2901:
2892:
2867:
2863:
2842:
2833:
2824:
2814:
2802:. Retrieved
2795:
2761:Matthew 10:8
2751:
2739:. Retrieved
2734:
2725:
2718:Johnson 1987
2713:
2701:. Retrieved
2690:
2678:
2670:
2665:
2658:Johnson 1987
2653:
2642:
2636:Nehemiah 5:7
2631:
2620:
2609:
2598:
2587:
2581:Exodus 22:25
2576:
2562:
2550:. Retrieved
2540:
2528:. Retrieved
2503:
2493:
2486:
2479:Peterborough
2474:
2469:
2462:Peterborough
2457:
2452:
2431:
2426:
2405:
2400:
2385:
2373:. Retrieved
2371:. New Advent
2368:
2358:
2347:the original
2334:
2290:
2283:
2275:
2270:
2256:
2244:. Retrieved
2233:
2219:
2210:
2201:
2195:Exodus 22:25
2190:
2181:
2153:
2147:
2125:
2118:
2110:the original
2100:
2095:, "interest"
2092:
2085:
2077:
2065:. Retrieved
2060:
2051:
2018:Payday loans
2003:Loansharking
1956:
1937:
1909:
1900:
1880:
1864:
1859:
1853:
1852:In the 1996
1851:
1842:
1836:
1821:
1815:
1812:
1805:
1797:
1785:
1778:
1771:
1765:has its own
1750:
1749:
1742:forfeited).
1735:
1726:
1717:
1705:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1687:
1678:
1640:
1629:
1626:Daniel Quilp
1619:
1613:
1608:
1602:
1591:
1589:
1578:
1576:
1567:
1557:
1547:
1535:
1530:Ar-Rum 30:39
1529:
1526:
1519:
1516:
1509:
1507:
1500:
1497:
1490:
1487:
1479:
1471:
1468:Qur'anic law
1462:
1441:Pope Francis
1422:
1406:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1380:philosopher
1376:
1357:
1353:
1345:
1342:20th century
1332:Vix pervenit
1331:
1317:
1305:Presbyterian
1294:
1287:
1273:
1267:Vix Pervenit
1265:
1260:
1255:
1243:
1239:
1233:
1221:
1215:
1174:
1159:
1148:
1144:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1120:
1115:
1103:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1079:
1064:
1058:
1056:
1044:
1031:
996:
986:
978:
970:Christianity
953:
941:
925:
921:
916:philanthropy
913:
909:
904:
899:
893:
883:
878:
873:
858:
845:
839:
824:
823:
818:
817:
812:The book of
811:
791:
779:
774:
770:exploitation
762:
754:
743:
740:Roman Empire
736:of England.
724:
708:
700:
690:
670:
631:
598:Royal assent
345:
321:
316:Paul Johnson
313:
274:
253:Roman Empire
249:ancient Rome
234:
224:
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4731:Odious debt
4609:Garnishment
4474:Payday loan
4410:Instruments
4036:ltf90032766
3722:§ 1961
3652:"上限金利の引き下げ"
3636:7 September
3611:7 September
3585:7 September
3438:Salikun.com
2969:5 September
2943:4 September
2908:4 September
2530:7 September
1920:Kickstarter
1826:, that the
1680:Magna Carta
1542:Last Sermon
1429:Dorothy Day
1336:Medici Bank
1279:usefully...
1197:natural law
1081:Lateran III
1027:Deuteronomy
814:Deuteronomy
781:De Officiis
744:During the
704:Reformation
677:pawnbrokers
644:passed the
640:. In 1275,
613:Repealed by
518:Repealed by
415:Repealed by
336:Phoenicians
4779:Categories
4749:Insolvency
4657:Government
4589:Compliance
4579:Charge-off
4559:Collection
4509:Bankruptcy
4502:Management
4469:Loan shark
4436:Government
4222:"Of Usury"
4152:1910220590
4027:140995188X
3988:B0007DE11O
3658:16 January
3559:16 January
3477:Wikisource
3421:hadith 159
3123:See also:
2741:16 October
2703:19 January
2647:Psalm 15:5
2067:26 October
2044:References
2033:Title loan
1763:U.S. state
1755:state laws
1751:Usury laws
1739:pawn shops
1659:capitalist
1643:Ezra Pound
1444:creatures.
1403:Modern era
1364:Mosaic Law
1360:capitalism
1162:scholastic
1085:sacraments
1023:Ezekiel 18
956:Jewish law
864:scriptures
746:Principate
734:Henry VIII
570:Long title
467:Long title
387:Long title
318:comments:
212:loan shark
89:newspapers
4706:Economics
4667:Municipal
4652:Diplomacy
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4604:Distraint
4441:Municipal
4431:Debenture
4426:Corporate
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1860:Marquette
1843:Marquette
1780:ab initio
1723:Hong Kong
1665:Usury law
1655:patronage
1435:, drugs,
1433:nerve gas
1185:Aristotle
1095:notorious
1012:romanized
730:37 Hen. 8
654:the Crown
650:blasphemy
634:Crusaders
585:37 Hen. 8
482:11 Hen. 7
340:Egyptians
324:Near East
285:Aristotle
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4754:Interest
4727:Internal
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4642:Consumer
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4171:Archived
4132:32201872
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3684:docutech
3606:Lexology
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3321:cite web
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2768:Archived
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2436:Archived
2410:Archived
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1962:See also
1953:Zinskauf
1947:Zinskauf
1912:Internet
1775:New York
1728:years".
1690:interest
1538:Muhammad
1368:homicide
1324:zinskauf
1067:interest
1007:נֶֽשֶׁךְ
846:tzedakah
819:Tzedakah
797:Religion
683:routes.
580:Citation
494:Repealed
477:Citation
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397:Citation
332:Hittites
309:Muhammad
220:interest
119:May 2024
4744:Default
4672:Venture
4662:Medical
4634:Markets
4566:Evasion
4528:history
4307:"Usury"
4292:"Usury"
4277:"Usury"
4262:"Usury"
4044:5963871
3820:6 April
3748:6 April
3706:et seq.
3690:6 April
3470:Gobseck
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3066:5 April
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2296:172-173
2246:29 June
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2057:"Usury"
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1767:statute
1670:England
1621:Gobseck
1598:Shylock
1170:charity
1097:usurers
1014::
854:nations
841:charity
825:Ṣedaqah
802:Judaism
681:pilgrim
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301:Aquinas
271:History
160:woodcut
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861:Jewish
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3107:S2CID
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2093:usura
2090:Latin
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1877:Texas
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592:Dates
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4403:Debt
4194:1897
4147:ISBN
4128:OCLC
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4064:ISBN
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4032:LCCN
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3992:LCCN
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3771:U.S.
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3660:2014
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