Vel' d'Hiv Roundup

2414: 130: 2684:... La France, patrie des Lumières et des Droits de l'Homme, terre d'accueil et d'asile, la France, ce jour-là, accomplissait l'irréparable. Manquant à sa parole, elle livrait ses protégés à leurs bourreaux. ("These black hours will stain our history forever and are an injury to our past and our traditions. Yes, the criminal madness of the occupier was assisted by the French, by the French state. Fifty-three years ago, on 16 July 1942, 450 French policemen and gendarmes, under the authority of their leaders, obeyed the demands of the Nazis. That day, in the capital and the Paris region, nearly 10,000 Jewish men, women and children were arrested at home, in the early hours of the morning, and assembled at police stations... France, home of the 198: 2054: 2594: 2080:, "would further erode that sovereignty which Vichy was so committed to preserving. This could only be avoided by reassuring Germany that the French would carry out the necessary measures." Jackson adds that the decision to arrest Jews and Communists and Gaullists was "an autonomous policy, with its own indigenous roots." In other words, the decision to do so was not forced upon the Vichy regime by the Germans. Jackson also explains that the roundup of Jews must have been run by the French, since the Germans would not have had the necessary information or manpower to find and arrest a full 13,000 people. 2741: 119: 2317: 2308:—"to the frustration of the authorities; the Prefect of Police had no control at all and visitors were not welcome"—who used it to house not Jews, but those it considered collaborators with the Germans. When a pastor was allowed in on 15 September, he discovered cells measuring 3.5 metres (11 ft) by 1.75 metres (5.7 ft) that had held six Jewish internees with two mattresses between them. The prison returned to the conventional prison service on 20 September. 56: 2820: 2785:

family were survivors of deportation to Auschwitz. The statue represents all deportees but especially those of the Vel' d'Hiv'. The sculptures include children, a pregnant woman and a sick man. The words on the Mitterrand-era monument still differentiate between the French Republic and the Vichy Government that ruled during WW II, so they do not accept State responsibility for the roundup of the Jews. The words are in French: "

2254: 2096:, supposedly as a "humanitarian" measure to keep families together. This too was a fiction, given that the parents of these children had already been deported; documents of the period have revealed that the anti-Semitic Laval's principal concern was what to do with Jewish children once their parents had been deported. The youngest child sent to Auschwitz under Laval's orders was 18 months old. 2792:", which translate as follows: "The French Republic pays homage to the victims of racist and anti-Semitic persecutions and crimes against humanity committed under the de facto authority called the 'Government of the French State' 1940–1944. Let us never forget." The monument was inaugurated on 17 July 1994. A commemorative ceremony is held here every year in July. 4419: 2499:, a measure immediately lifted for "having actively and sustainably participated in the resistance against the occupier". Bousquet's position was always ambiguous; there were times he worked with the Germans and others when he worked against them. After the war he worked at the Banque d'Indochine and in newspapers. In 1957, the 1937:, the SS captain who headed the German police in France, said: "This filing system subdivided into files sorted alphabetically; Jews with French nationality and foreign Jews had files of different colors, and the files were also sorted, according to profession, nationality and street." These files were then given to the 2679:

Il est difficile de les évoquer, aussi, parce que ces heures noires souillent à jamais notre histoire, et sont une injure à notre passé et à nos traditions. Oui, la folie criminelle de l'occupant a été secondée par des Français, par l'Etat français. Il y a cinquante-trois ans, le 16 juillet 1942, 450

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Beginning at 4:00 a.m. on 16 July 1942, French police numbering 9,000 started the manhunt. The Police force included gendarmes, gardes mobiles, detectives, patrolmen and cadets; they were divided into small arresting teams of three or four men each, fanning across the city. A few hundred followers of

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policiers et gendarmes français, sous l'autorité de leurs chefs, répondaient aux exigences des nazis. Ce jour-là, dans la capitale et en région parisienne, près de dix mille hommes, femmes et enfants juifs furent arrêtés à leur domicile, au petit matin, et rassemblés dans les commissariats de police.

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The Vel' d'Hiv' had a glass roof, which had been painted dark blue to avoid attracting bomber navigators. The dark glass increased the heat, as well as windows screwed shut for security. The numbers held there vary from one account to another, but one established figure is 7,500 of a final figure of

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The internment camp at Drancy was easily defended because it was built of tower blocks in the shape of a horseshoe. It was guarded by French gendarmes. The camp's operation was under the Gestapo's section of Jewish affairs. Theodor Dannecker, a key figure both in the roundup and in the operation of

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and the historical revisionism that denied France's responsibility for 1942 roundup and subsequent deportation of 13,000 Jews. "It was indeed France that organised this ", he said, French police collaborating with the Nazis. "Not a single German took part," he added. Chirac had already stated that

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They want the Republic, they want France to fall to her knees, to apologize for Vichy's crime. Well, that,... I will never accept it because historically it is not right. The truth is that on July 10, 1940, the Republic handed Marshal Pétain a blank check, without knowing what he would do with the

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church was among the protesters. Public reaction obliged Laval to ask the Germans on 2 September not to demand more Jews. Handing them over, he said, was not like buying items in a discount store. Laval managed to limit deportations mainly to foreign Jews; he and his defenders argued after the war

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memorial museum was opened in 2012 just opposite the sculpture memorial and railway wagon by President François Hollande. It provides details of the persecution of the Jews in France and many personal mementos of inmates before their deportation to Auschwitz and their death. They include messages

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found minutes in German archives of meetings with senior Vichy officials and Bousquet's proposal that the roundup should cover non-French Jews throughout the country. In 1990, charges of crimes against humanity were laid against Bousquet in relation to his role in the Vel' d'Hiv' roundup of Jews,

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of all Jews who acquired French citizenship from 1927. A further meeting took place in Dannecker's office on the avenue Foch on 7 July. Also present were Jean Leguay, Bousquet's deputy, Jean François, who was director of the police administration at the Paris prefecture, Émile Hennequin, head of

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On 3 February 1993, President François Mitterrand commissioned a monument to be erected on the site. It stands now on a curved base, to represent the cycle track, on the edge of the quai de Grenelle. It is the work of the Polish sculptor Walter Spitzer and the architect Mario Azagury. Spitzer's

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Pierre Laval's trial opened on 3 October 1945. His first defence was that he had been obliged to sacrifice foreign Jews to save the French. Uproar broke out in the court, with supposedly neutral jurors shouting abuse at Laval, threatening "a dozen bullets in his hide". It was, said historians

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in 1959 and the rest of the structure was demolished. A block of flats and a building belonging to the Ministry of the Interior now stand on the site. A plaque marking the Vel' d'Hiv' Roundup was placed on the track building after the War and moved to 8 boulevard de Grenelle in 1959.

2357:". From 6 October, Laval refused to take part in the proceedings, hoping that the jurors' interventions would lead to a new trial. Laval was sentenced to death, and tried to commit suicide by swallowing a cyanide capsule. Revived by doctors, he was executed by a firing squad at 2700:

gave a speech at the monument on 22 July 2012. The president recognized that this event was a crime committed "in France, by France," and emphasized that the deportations in which French police participated were offences committed against French values, principles, and ideals.

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the government during the War represented the French state. Macron was even more specific in this respect: "It is convenient to see the Vichy regime as born of nothingness, returned to nothingness. Yes, it's convenient, but it is false. We cannot build pride upon a lie."

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unlimited power he was receiving. And on July 11, he did away with all republican forms of power. The Republic therefore has nothing to do with what happened from July 11 to the Liberation. Vichy was an accidental regime that existed only because of the enemy occupation.

1941:, in charge of the "Jewish problem." At the request of the German authorities, the Vichy government created in March 1941 the Commissariat Général aux Questions Juives or CGQJ (Commissariat-General for Jewish Affairs) with the task of implementing antisemitic policy. 2155:, hidden by neighbors or benefiting from the lack of zeal or thoroughness of some policemen. Conditions for the arrested were harsh: they could take only a blanket, a sweater, a pair of shoes and two shirts with them. Most families were split up and never reunited. 2016:("stateless"), whose origin couldn't be determined, aged from 16 to 50. There were to be exceptions for women "in advanced state of pregnancy" or who were breast-feeding, but "to save time, the sorting will be made not at home but at the first assembly centre". 1988:

on 14 July at the request of the French. This national holiday was not celebrated in the occupied zone, and they wished to avoid civil uprisings. Dannecker declared: "The French police, despite a few considerations of pure form, have only to carry out orders!"

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was released from prison. In 1939 Jewish refugees were interned there before being sent to camps in the Paris region and in 1940 it was used as an internment center for foreign women, an event that served as a precedent for its selection as internment location.

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The court ruled on 22 March 1947 that the seven were guilty but that most had rehabilitated themselves "by active participation, useful and sustained, offered to the Resistance against the enemy." Two others were jailed for two years and condemned to

2069:, which nominally administered France while accepting occupation of the north. Although in practice the Germans ran the north, the formal position was that France and the Germans were separate. The position of Vichy and its leader, Marshal 2227:

Roundups were conducted in both the northern and southern zones of France, but public outrage was greatest in Paris because of the numbers involved in a concentrated area. The Vel' d'Hiv' was a landmark in the city centre. The

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survived the war and its aftermath and became president of Warner Lambert, Inc. in London (now merged with Pfizer), and later president of Substantia Laboratories in Paris. In 1979, he was charged for his role in the roundup.

1730:, and the successive French governments, the French Republic could not be held accountable for the arrest and deportation of Jews to their death since the Vichy State was "both illegal and illegitimate". Socialist President 2608:

After the Liberation, survivors of the internment camp at Drancy began legal proceedings against gendarmes accused of being accomplices of the Nazis. An investigation began into 15 gendarmes, of whom 10 were accused at the

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regime protected him. In 1978, after he gave an interview claiming that the gas chambers of Auschwitz were used to kill lice, the French government requested his extradition. Spain refused. He died on 29 August 1980, near

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was sentenced to death by a British military tribunal in 1946 for the murder of British pilots. The sentence was never carried out. He was extradited to France in 1954 and again sentenced to death. The sentence was later

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La République française en hommage aux victimes des persécutions racistes et antisémites et des crimes contre l’humanité commis sous l’autorité de fait dite ‘gouvernement de l’État français’ (1940–1944) N’oublions

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in an unfinished complex of apartments and apartment towers in the northern suburb of Drancy, the rest were taken to the Vélodrome d'Hiver which had already been used as an internment center in the summer of 1941.

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are formed by the hair, the arm and the beard of two people at the top of the sculpture. These letters have the numeric 36, the number of Righteous thanks to whom the world exists according to Jewish tradition."

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13,152. There were no lavatories: of the 10 available, five were sealed because their windows offered a way out, and the others were blocked. The arrested Jews were kept there with only food and water brought by

2089:("embarrassing") fact that the French police would carry them out. Bousquet succeeded in reaching a compromise – that the police would round up only foreign Jews. Vichy ratified that agreement the following day. 4407:, "Vichy-Auschwitz: Le rôle de Vichy dans la Solution Finale de la question Juive en France – 1942," Paris: Fayard, 1983. Klarsfeld's work contains nearly 300 pages of primary sources on French roundups in 1942. 2847:

at the door of houses occupied by Jews. Two other blocks represent the gates of death. Shelomo Selinger said of his work: "The central block is composed of 10 figures, the number needed for collective prayer

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of conduct threatening the safety of the state. Three fled before the trial began. The other seven said they were only obeying orders, despite numerous witnesses and accounts by survivors of their brutality.

3992: 2200:, who had taken over from his father Victor and Henri Desgrange. The circumstances in which Goddet surrendered the keys remain a mystery and the episode is given only a few lines in his autobiography. 2245:

When a Protestant leader accused Laval of murdering Jews, Laval insisted they had been sent to build an agricultural colony in the East. "I talked to him about murder, he answered me with gardening."

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Although the police have been blamed for rounding up children younger than 16—the age was set to preserve a fiction that workers were needed in the east—the order was given by Vichy's Prime Minister,

4055: 1734:, in his turn refused to acknowledge the responsibility of the French state stating that "Vichy was not the Republic". Only in 1995, in contrast with the silence of his predecessor, French President 2675:, reversed that position, stating that it was time that France faced up to its past. He acknowledged the role that "the French State" played in the persecution of Jews and others during the War. 1921:

The first anti-Jewish ordinance of 27 September 1940, promulgated by the German authorities, forced Jewish people in the Occupied Zone, including foreigners, to register at police stations or at

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of the SS. The previous roundups had come short of the 32,000 Jews promised by the French authorities to the Germans. Darquier proposed the arrest of stateless Jews in the Southern Zone and the

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Macron made a subtle reference to Chirac's 1995 apology when he added, "I say it again here. It was indeed France that organized the roundup, the deportation, and thus, for almost all, death."

482: 1699:“Winter Velodrome”), in extremely crowded conditions, without any arrangements made for food, water, or sanitary facilities. In the week following the arrests, the Jews were taken to the 42: 4228:

Holocaust Monuments and National Memory Cultures in France and Germany Since 1989: The Origins and Political Function of the Vél' D'Hiv' in Paris and the Holocaust Monument in Berlin

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Holocaust Monuments and National Memory Cultures in France and Germany Since 1989: The Origins and Political Function of the Vél' D'Hiv' in Paris and the Holocaust Monument in Berlin

6741: 5789: 3065: 2132:Émile Hennequin, director of the city police, ordered on 12 July 1942 that "the operations must be effected with the maximum speed, without pointless speaking and without comment." 1420: 2291:

were sent before being shipped to Auschwitz, where they were murdered. Most of the initial victims, including those from the Vel' d'Hiv', were crammed into sealed wagons and died

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with the support from the Fondation Hippocrène and from the EACEA Agency of the European Commission (Programme Europe for citizens – An active European remembrance), RTBF, VRT.

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for the deportation of 194 children. Bousquet was committed to trial but on 8 June 1993 a 55-year-old mental patient named Christian Didier entered his flat and shot him dead.

2689: 1882:), 3,747 Jewish men were arrested on 14 May 1941, after 6,694 foreign Jews living in France received a summons in the mail (delivered on a green ticket) to a status review ( 7427: 5563: 1328: 2895:), where stones are engraved with the names of the most notorious Jewish concentration and extermination camps, Drancy is the only place of memory in France to feature." 2413: 6968: 6502: 5986: 5095: 5080: 4606: 392: 7421: 4277:

The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945, Volume III: Camps and Ghettos under European Regimes Aligned with Nazi Germany

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apologised for the complicit role of French police and French civil servants, calling it "the darkest hours that will forever tarnish our history". In 2017, President

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For decades the French government declined to apologize for the role of French policemen in the roundup or for state complicity. De Gaulle and others argued that the

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in Germany and became a member of the exile Vichy government there. He died in February 1945 when his car was strafed by Allied fighters while he was travelling from

2041: 1918:", was a continent-wide plan to intern and exterminate Europe's Jewish population. It was a joint operation between German and collaborating French administrators. 1552: 978: 2527:. In 1986, as accusations cast on Bousquet grew more credible, particularly after he was named by Louis Darquier, he and Mitterrand stopped seeing each other. The 2330:

The roundup accounted for more than a quarter of the 42,000 Jews sent from France to Auschwitz in 1942, of whom only 811 returned to France at the end of the war.

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that encompasses Paris and its immediate suburbs. Their names and addresses were kept by the French police in the fichier Tulard, a file named after its creator,

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and a few doctors and nurses were allowed to enter. There was only one water faucet. Those who tried to escape were shot on the spot. Some took their own lives.

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The Holocaust researcher Serge Klarsfeld said in 2004: "Drancy is the best known place for everyone of the memory of the Shoah in France; in the crypt of

197: 6453: 4551: 510: 492: 3911:"Allocution de M. Jacques CHIRAC Président de la République prononcée lors des cérémonies commémorant la grande rafle des 16 et 17 juillet 1942 (Paris)" 2692:, land of welcome and asylum, France committed on that day the irreparable. Breaking its word, it delivered those it protected to their executioners.") 2053: 6214: 4611: 4226: 4423: 2532: 1433: 6362: 2593: 1495: 7459: 6672: 6572: 6067: 5722: 5584: 4686: 4591: 1519: 1448: 1389: 1322: 467: 4028: 2045:(UGIF, General Union of French Jews), which will place them in foundations. The sorting of children will be done in the first assembly centres." 1956:

in May 1942 as head of the CGQJ, travelled to Gestapo headquarters at 93 rue Lauriston in the 16th arrondissement of Paris to meet Dannecker and

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René Bousquet was last to be tried, in 1949. He was acquitted of "compromising the interests of the national defence", but declared guilty of

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in the occupied zone, ordering them to deport not only Jewish adults but children whose deportation had not even been requested by the Nazis.

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On 25 May 2001, the cité de la Muette—formal name of the Drancy apartment blocks—was declared a national monument by the culture minister,

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Three former SS officers testified in 1980 that Vichy officials had been enthusiastic about deportation of Jews from France. Investigator

7184: 1980:, Jean Leguay, Gallien, deputy to Darquier de Pellepoix, several police officials and representatives of the French railway service, the 5184: 1545: 723: 7528: 6532: 5152: 5112: 4971: 3619: 3055: 5179: 5038: 2266:... It was he who ordered the internees to starve, who banned them from moving about within the camp, to smoke, to play cards, etc." 2083:

On 2 July 1942, René Bousquet attended a planning meeting in which he raised no objection to the arrests, and worried only about the

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was listed for demolition in 1909 to improve the view of the Eiffel Tower. As well as track cycling, the new building was used for

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The Germans planned for the French police to arrest 22,000 Jews in Greater Paris. They would then be taken to internment camps at

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After five days, the prisoners were taken to the internment camps of Drancy, Beaune-la-Rolande and Pithiviers, and later to the

7292: 6880: 6844: 5495: 4982: 4576: 3832: 2652:. It was not for the Republic, therefore, to apologise for events caused by a state which France did not recognise. President 618: 7538: 6562: 6446: 5366: 5361: 5162: 5061: 4111: 3196: 1538: 703: 7412: 6615: 5612: 3174: 2554: 2524: 2233:

that allowing the French police to conduct the roundup had been a bargain to ensure the life of Jews of French nationality.

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on 20 July 2008. The ceremony was led by Jean-Marie Bockel, Secretary of Defense and Veterans Affairs, and was attended by

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In December 1941, forty prisoners from Drancy were murdered in retaliation for a French attack on German police officers.

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With the exception of six adolescents, none of the 3,900 children detained at the Vel d’Hiv and then deported survived.

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The "Vel' d'Hiv' Roundup" was not the first roundup of this sort in France during World War II. In what is known as the

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The earlier claim that the Government of France during World War II was some illegitimate group was again advanced by

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spoke of a "political decision at the highest levels to prevent the Bousquet affair from developing". In 1989,

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The Vel d'Hiv was also the site of political rallies and demonstrations, including a large event attended by

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In reality, "Vichy shed no tears over the fate of the foreign Jews in France, who were seen as a nuisance, '

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after the 16–17 July 1942 roundup of Jews in Paris. Inaugurated on 20 July 2008, the plaque is facing the

2712:, during the 2017 election campaign. In speeches, she claimed that the Vichy government was "not France". 2653: 2602: 2560: 2520: 2519:; his second was Hector Bouilly, a radical-socialist general councillor. In 1974, Bousquet helped finance 2488: 2316: 2020: 1731: 1700: 1290: 820: 733: 365: 179: 37: 7129: 6809: 6196: 5950: 5302: 4857: 4762: 2610: 2511:, and he was given an amnesty on 17 January 1958. He stood for election that year as a candidate for the 7327: 6868: 6420: 4671: 4509: 4484: 2979: 2637: 2242:' ("garbage") in Laval's words. Laval told an American diplomat that he was "happy" to get rid of them. 1028: 801: 613: 7392: 3139: 2967: 2276:. It was under his direction from August 1942 to June 1943 that almost two thirds of those deported in 1013: 5224: 7548: 7347: 7174: 7119: 7069: 6874: 6658: 6595: 6355: 6209: 6180: 6074: 6038: 5875: 5708: 5617: 5231: 5217: 5168: 4976: 4681: 4327: 4182:

Le camp de Drancy et ses gares de déportation: Bourget-Drancy et Bobigny, 20 août 1941 – 20 août 1944

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A memorial was also constructed in 1976 at Drancy internment camp, after a design competition won by

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This independence had to be preserved. German interference in internal policing, says the historian

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Vichy-Auschwitz: Le rôle de Vichy dans la Solution Finale de la question Juive en France – 1942,

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from lack of food and water. Those who survived the passage were murdered in the gas chambers.

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The Vel' d'Hiv' was available for hire to whoever wanted it. Among those who had booked it was

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more specifically admitted the responsibility of the French State in the roundup and hence in

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Drancy, was described by Maurice Rajsfus in his history of the camp as "a violent psychopath.

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on 10 July 1942. Another meeting took place the same day at the CGQJ, attended by Dannecker,

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For more information on a reliable and well known case of deportation, see the article on

7272: 7169: 7084: 7074: 6764: 6663: 6053: 6006: 5996: 5991: 5713: 5465: 5428: 5413: 5280: 5101: 5050: 4757: 4640: 4586: 4404: 3360: 2939: 2865: 2819: 2808: 2716: 2536: 2528: 2354: 2280: 2159: 2100: 1883: 1875: 1852: 1789: 1739: 1712: 1611: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1280: 1145: 1098: 1003: 522: 487: 472: 442: 306: 281: 261: 7357: 6941: 6794: 6751: 4892: 3000: 2273: 1973: 1930: 3612:

The Shoah in France: Vichy-Auschwitz the Final Solution to the Jewish Question in France

7482: 7217: 7212: 7114: 6921: 6824: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6277: 6244: 6160: 6145: 5855: 5728: 5393: 5356: 5210: 4902: 4812: 4661: 4646: 3356: 3111: 3041: 3030: 3010: 2991: 2984: 2927: 2800: 2672: 2441: 2430: 2391: 2358: 2342: 2229: 2197: 2172: 2137: 2112: 2005: 1969: 1957: 1915: 1848: 1825: 1797: 1735: 1675: 1641: 1640:, that took place in Paris on 16–17 July 1942. The roundup was one of several aimed at 1354: 1253: 1119: 1053: 988: 983: 933: 796: 693: 547: 432: 357: 351: 301: 276: 3045:, 2010. French film directed by Gilles Paquet-Brenner and produced by Stéphane Marsil. 2577:

Jacques Doriot, whose French right-wing followers helped in the round-up, fled to the

2287:. Drancy is also where the Jewish children captured in a raid of a children's home in 7517: 7377: 7352: 7337: 7317: 7154: 7124: 7109: 7089: 7064: 7039: 7016: 7001: 6814: 6799: 6688: 6473: 6323: 6150: 5743: 5403: 4966: 4897: 4882: 4877: 4867: 4852: 4782: 4429: 4343: 3707: 3608:

La Shoah en France: Vichy-Auschwitz la solution finale de la question juive en France

3548: 3322: 3034: 2913: 2840: 2705: 2348: 2338: 2108: 1953: 1840: 1805: 1679: 1170: 1018: 973: 562: 542: 427: 334: 286: 187: 33: 2905: 2458: 2253: 1775: 7322: 7282: 7227: 7044: 7011: 6931: 6898: 6834: 6829: 6774: 6229: 6095: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5525: 5485: 5460: 5455: 5398: 4887: 4842: 4792: 4571: 4532: 3676: 3552: 3427: 3075: 2996: 2857: 2641: 2320: 2093: 2066: 2058: 2009: 1985: 1785: 1637: 1629: 1341: 1218: 918: 567: 552: 527: 380: 251: 227: 134: 129: 123: 118: 7159: 4445: 4399: 3272: 3200: 2892: 4254: 4076: 3884: 3246: 3197:"Architecture et sport en France 1918–1945: une histoire politique et culturelle" 2795:

A memorial plaque in memory of victims of the Vel' d'Hiv' raid was placed at the

2531:

closed the case by sending it to a court that no longer existed. Lawyers for the

2473:(General Secretary of the French National Police created in 1941) creator of the 7222: 7059: 6779: 6713: 5913: 5768: 5450: 4847: 2881: 2804: 2715:

On 16 July 2017, also in commemoration of the victims of the roundup, President

2404: 2364: 1720: 1633: 1625: 1223: 923: 668: 557: 3777:"Jacques Doriot, French Pro-Nazi, is Killed by Allied Fliers, Germans Report". 7402: 7342: 6839: 6759: 6060: 5327: 5203: 5055: 4740: 4666: 4492: 3734:

Fraser, Nicholas (October 2006). "Toujours Vichy: a reckoning with disgrace".

3653:

La Police de Vichy – Les forces de l'ordre au service de la Gestapo, 1940/1944

3365:

La Police de Vichy – Les forces de l'ordre au service de la Gestapo, 1940/1944

3352: 3147: 2888: 2324: 1813: 1653: 1083: 324: 4338:(Rajsfus is an historian of the French police; the second date refers to the 3993:"Marine Le Pen: France 'not responsible' for deporting Jews during Holocaust" 3748: 3684: 3318: 2189:-like salute, roused crowds to join his cause. Among those who helped in the 7104: 6996: 5943: 4029:"'France organised this': Macron denounces state role in Holocaust atrocity" 2824: 2418: 2284: 2209: 2065:

The position of the French police was complicated by the sovereignty of the

1817: 1801: 1716: 497: 447: 206: 6723: 3394: 2448: 2385: 1793: 6431: 4418: 3003:

in the categories of Best Film, Best Director, and Best Production Design.

2185:(PPF). It was at the Vel' d'Hiv' among other venues that Doriot, with his 2934:, Publisher Denoël, Paris, 1991. New edition by Annette et Manek Muller, 2921: 2877: 2598: 1063: 2844: 2571: 2548:

National Federation of deportees and internees, Resistants and Patriots

2205: 2176: 2119:

Klarsfeld also revealed the telegrams Bousquet had sent to Prefects of

1997: 1993: 1938: 329: 2147:

In total 13,152 Jews were arrested. According to records of the Paris

6887: 5906: 4446:

Le site de la memoire des conflits contemporains en région parisienne

3175:"Macron Denounces Anti-Zionism as 'Reinvented Form of Anti-Semitism'" 2849: 2836: 2582: 2186: 2140:

volunteered to help, wearing armband with the colours of the fascist

2001: 1903: 1829: 1821: 1374: 1235: 963: 3490:

Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution

2493:

for involvement in the Vichy government. He was given five years of

2379:

in 1947 for collaboration. However, he had fled to Spain, where the

3967:"Marine Le Pen denies French role in wartime roundup of Paris Jews" 6605: 5627: 4346:, who would later be judged for his role during Vichy in Bordeaux) 2872: 2853: 2818: 2739: 2696:

To mark the 70th anniversary of the Vél d'Hiv' roundup, President

2592: 2412: 2403:

pardoned him and he was sent back to Germany, where he retired in

2315: 2288: 2252: 2052: 993: 106: 3273:"La rafle du billet vert et l'ouverture des camps du Loiret 1941" 3247:"Premières rafles et camps d'internement en zone occupée en 1941" 2196:

The Germans demanded the keys of the Vel' d'Hiv' from its owner,

2073:, was recognised throughout the war by many foreign governments. 1906:

department. Women, children, and more men followed in July 1942.

4432:

Case Study: The Vélodrome d'Hiver Round-up: July 16 and 17, 1942

4056:"Macron hosts Netanyahu, condemns anti-Zionism as anti-Semitism" 2277: 1981: 202: 6435: 4505: 4501: 27:

1942 mass arrest and deportation of Jews in Paris, Vichy France

4382: 3212: 3210: 4394:

Instructions given by chief of police Hennequin for the raid

3288: 3286: 3229: 3227: 3225: 1925:("sub-prefectures"). Nearly 150,000 people registered in the 4324:

Les silences de la police – 16 juillet 1942, 17 octobre 1961

2999:, much of which was shot on location. The film won the 1977 2542:

association des Fils et Filles des déportés juifs de France

1678:; It was the largest French deportation of Jews during the 4259:. Les Nostalgies (in French). FeniXX réédition numérique. 3795:

Harnessing the Holocaust: The Politics of Memory in France

3531: 3529: 2640:

had been dismantled when Philippe Pétain instituted a new

3941:"François Hollande sorry for wartime deportation of Jews" 2039:

Children of less than 15 or 16 years will be sent to the

4148:

Fisher, Robert I. C.; Klein, Rachel (4 November 2008).

3709:

Bad Faith: A Forgotten History of Family And Fatherland

2671:

On 16 July 1995, the newly elected Gaullist President,

4011: 4009: 3066:

Timeline of deportations of French Jews to death camps

2744:

Commemorative plaque to the 8,160 victims held in the

2057:

Two Jewish women in occupied Paris wearing the yellow

1894:, then shipped in four special trains to two camps at 2807:, a deportee and former minister, anti-Nazi activist 2656:

reiterated this position in a September 1994 speech.

1758:

was a large indoor sports arena at the corner of the

1603: 4438:

Le monument commémoratif du quai de Grenelle à Paris

3579:"The track that died of shame", Procycling, UK, 2002 2283:

requisitioned by the Nazis from Drancy were sent to

7411: 7306: 7236: 7183: 7030: 6967: 6897: 6858: 6750: 6722: 6639: 6586: 6333: 6287: 6262: 6253: 6171: 6113: 6083: 5969: 5930: 5884: 5828: 5821: 5812: 5777: 5689: 5656: 5603: 5577: 5549: 5538: 5478: 5441: 5379: 5347: 5319: 5138: 5071: 5019: 4957: 4916: 4750: 4707: 4620: 151: 140: 112: 102: 83: 75: 65: 7428:Sons and Daughters of Jewish Deportees from France 5564:Law regarding foreign nationals of the Jewish race 3706: 3393: 2628:for five years. A year later they were reprieved. 5096:French Foundation for the Study of Human Problems 5081:Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy 3216: 2570:in December 1945 and a few days later committed 2517:Democratic and Socialist Union of the Resistance 2417:23 January 1943: German-Vichy French meeting in 2399:to life imprisonment. In 1962, French president 2346: 2323:with the head of German police units in France, 2061:in June 1942, a few weeks before the mass arrest 1948:, secretary-general of the national police, and 60:Memorial garden at the former Vel d'Hiv location 5039:List of constitutional laws of the Vichy regime 4400:http://artsweb.bham.ac.uk/vichy/police.htm#Jews 3965:Paris, Agence-France Presse in (9 April 2017). 3863:. Berghahn Series. Berghahn Books. p. 74. 3833:"Chirac Affirms France's Guilt In Fate of Jews" 3277:Cercle d'étude de la Déportation et de la Shoah 3101:"Pourquoi le rafle n'a pas ateint son objectif" 2658: 2158:Some of those captured were taken by bus to an 5957:Legion of French Volunteers Against Bolshevism 4454:Occupied France: Commemorating the Deportation 3134: 3132: 2938:, Publisher Cercil, Orléans, 2009, preface by 6447: 4517: 4200:. Stanford University Press. pp. 41–42. 3749:English translation of the 1978 interview in 3292: 2257:The deportation route from Paris to Auschwitz 1546: 8: 3520: 3233: 2786: 2769:), a few meters from the site of the former 2552: 2546: 2540: 2486: 2292: 2237: 2084: 1657: 1619: 48: 7422:Fondation pour la Mémoire de la Déportation 6732:Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation 5158:Underground media in German-occupied France 2823:A railway wagon used to carry internees to 2372: 1696: 6454: 6440: 6432: 6259: 5825: 5818: 5546: 5475: 5438: 5376: 5344: 4524: 4510: 4502: 4480:2012 speech of President François Hollande 3551:, father of the famous French philosopher 3387: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3344: 3342: 3340: 2193:were 3,400 young members of Doriot's PPF. 1553: 1539: 1398:Israel and the Federal Republic of Germany 1197: 958: 598: 222: 174: 54: 47: 4077:"Israel PM mourns France's deported Jews" 2585:to Sigmaringen. He was buried in Mengen. 1914:The Vel' d'Hiv' Roundup, as part of the " 5180:Newspapers confiscated for collaboration 3826: 3824: 3822: 3667:"Jean Leguay, 79, Accused of War Crimes" 3457: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3445: 2533:International Federation of Human Rights 2304:in August 1944, the camp was run by the 2272:Immediate control of the camp was under 2104:based on complaints filed by Klarsfeld. 1832:, spectacles and demonstrations. In the 1808:) when his original track in the nearby 1434:Timeline of Treblinka extermination camp 7460:List of Holocaust memorials and museums 6742:Timeline of deportations to death camps 5585:Commissariat-General for Jewish Affairs 5163:Freedom of the Press Ordinances of 1944 4015: 3592:The Holocaust, the French, and the Jews 3462:Beevor, Antony; Artemis Cooper (1995). 3351:-CCCLXIV 2. Document produced in court 3087: 3071:Union générale des israélites de France 2559:filed a complaint against Bousquet for 2042:Union générale des israélites de France 1390:Central Committee of the Liberated Jews 1278: 1158: 1116: 1051: 961: 908: 869: 781: 656: 601: 314: 234: 225: 186: 7441:Mémorial des Martyrs de la Déportation 6947:Vichy Holocaust collaboration timeline 5130:Vichy Holocaust collaboration timeline 4430:Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence: 4322:Jean-Luc Einaudi and Maurice Rajsfus, 3168: 3166: 3164: 3095: 3093: 3091: 2566:Theodor Dannecker was interned by the 2371:Louis Darquier was sentenced to death 1984:. The roundup was delayed until after 4367:, Éditions L'Harmattan. Paris, 1988. 4360:Paris: Editions Robert Laffont, 1992. 3885:"France opens WW2 Vichy regime files" 3464:Paris After the Liberation: 1944–1949 3307:"Case Study: The Vel' d'Hiv round-up" 7: 7022:Police collaboration in Vichy France 6271:The Destruction of the European Jews 5113:Political situation in French Africa 5108:Police collaboration in Vichy France 4197:Jewish Spain: A Mediterranean Memory 4194:Linhard, Tabea Alexa (4 June 2014). 4101:Presidential decree, 3 February 1993 3311:Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence 3195:Vives, Marie; Chevallier, Fabienne. 1662:(Operation Spring Wind). Planned by 1656:that took place in 1942, as part of 7448:Mémorial national de la déportation 4295:Marrus, M.R.; Paxton, R.O. (1995). 4253:Grunwald, L.; Cattaert, C. (1978). 4065:– via www.washingtonpost.com. 4002:– via www.washingtonpost.com. 3595:. Plunkett Lake Press. p. 200. 1992:The roundup was aimed at Jews from 1851:and other notable antisemites when 4972:French National-Collectivist Party 4274:Megargee, G.P.; White, J. (2018). 3487:Levy, Richard S. (27 March 2018). 3056:Reparations (transitional justice) 2974:The events form the framework of: 2958:, book: St. Martin's Press, 2007, 2481:(Commissioner for Jewish Affairs). 1709:Beaune-la-Rolande internment camps 25: 5086:Collaboration with Imperial Japan 5044:French Constitutional Law of 1940 4720:French Constitutional Law of 1940 4112:"Musée de la résistance en ligne" 3792:Wolf, Joan Beth (27 March 2018). 3754:, accessed online, 7 August 2009. 3305:Laffitte, Michel (1 April 2008). 3173:Goldman, Russell (17 July 2017). 3029:), 2010. French film directed by 2523:'s presidential campaign against 1489:Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 393:Collaborators during World War II 5569:Second law on the status of Jews 4996:Légion Française des Combattants 4417: 4256:Le Vel' d'Hiv ! (1903-1959) 4225:Carrier, Peter (27 March 2018). 4035:. Associated Press. 17 July 2017 3991:McAuley, James (10 April 2017). 3831:Simons, Marlise (17 July 1995). 2995:, 1976. French film directed by 2983:, 1974. French film directed by 2719:denounced his country's role in 2646:Republic had been re-established 1965:Paris police, and André Tulard. 1472:List of books about Nazi Germany 1259:Resistance movement in Auschwitz 887:Concentration Camps Inspectorate 196: 128: 117: 7293:Marie-Claude Vaillant-Couturier 5260:France, revue de l'État nouveau 5153:Censorship under the occupation 4472:1995 speech of President Chirac 4381:, Que sais-je ?, éditions 4154:. Fodor's Travel Publications. 4054:McAuley, James (16 July 2017). 3367:, Le Cherche Midi, 1995, p. 118 2843:, traditionally written on the 1715:to concentration camps, mainly 1329:Joint Declaration by Members of 18:Vélodrome d'Hiver round-up 5062:Service du travail obligatoire 5034:Armistice of Saint Jean d'Acre 4544:World War II collaboration in: 4356:Claude Lévy and Paul Tillard, 4116:Museedelaresistanceenligne.org 3939:Willsher, Kim (22 July 2012). 144:7,000–9,000 French police and 1: 7503:Vichy anti-Jewish legislation 7493:History of the Jews in France 6737:Vichy anti-Jewish legislation 5185:Office français d'information 5006:Revolutionary Social Movement 4677:History of the Jews in France 4358:La grande rafle du Vel d'Hiv, 4301:. Stanford University Press. 3798:. Stanford University Press. 3421:Weber, Eugen (October 2001). 2936:La petite fille du Vel' d'Hiv 2932:La petite fille du Vel' d'Hiv 2776:A fire destroyed part of the 1621:la rafle du Vélodrome d'Hiver 1396:Reparations Agreement between 1264:Związek Organizacji Wojskowej 939:Human medical experimentation 6881:Jeunesse Populaire Française 6845:Carl-Heinrich von Stülpnagel 4983:Jeunesse Populaire Française 4280:. Indiana University Press. 3359:in September 1954, cited by 3217:Grunwald & Cattaert 1978 3110:. p. 52. Archived from 2899:Film documentaries and books 2811:, and numerous dignitaries. 2767:15th arrondissement of Paris 2644:during the war and that the 2463:, (Commander of Marseille's 1782:15th arrondissement of Paris 929:Extermination through labour 783:Transit and collection camps 6987:Louis Darquier de Pellepoix 6927:Louis Darquier de Pellepoix 6210:Municipal elections of 1945 5893:Service d'ordre légionnaire 5501:French protectorate of Laos 5175:Maréchal, nous voilà ! 4808:Louis Darquier de Pellepoix 4137:Righteous among the nations 3400:. Oxford University Press. 3279:(in French). 11 March 2021. 2827:and now displayed at Drancy 2555:Ligue des droits de l'homme 2479:Louis Darquier de Pellepoix 2249:Drancy camp and deportation 2175:, who led France's largest 1950:Louis Darquier de Pellepoix 1711:, before being deported in 1685:According to records of the 1668:Louis Darquier de Pellepoix 1646:Jewish population in France 1525:Righteous Among the Nations 1421:Deportations of French Jews 7575: 6235:Holocaust denial in France 6186:Ordinance of 9 August 1944 4924:Government of Vichy France 4424:Rafle du Vélodrome d'Hiver 3655:. France: Le Cherche Midi. 2852:). The two Hebrew letters 2601:guarding Jews held at the 2515:. He was supported by the 2353:and a tribunal during the 1863: 1796:, who later organised the 87:July 16–17, 1942 70:Rafle du Vélodrome d'Hiver 49:Vel' d'Hiv Roundup 7529:Nazi war crimes in France 7468: 6469: 6376: 6215:1946 legislative election 6029:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 5559:Law on the status of Jews 5339:Syria and Lebanon mandate 4715:Armistice of 22 June 1940 4539: 4487:at the online exhibition 4464:French government booklet 4298:Vichy France and the Jews 4248:– via Google Books. 4171:– via Google Books. 3920:(in French). 16 July 1995 3815:– via Google Books. 3651:Rajsfus, Maurice (1995). 3606:Klarsfeld, Serge (2001). 3569:. France: Robert Laffont. 3510:– via Google Books. 3293:Megargee & White 2018 2589:Action against the police 1659:Opération Vent printanier 69: 53: 6875:Parti Populaire Français 6225:Trial of Philippe Pétain 5900:Groupe mobile de réserve 5443:French Equatorial Africa 5246:L'Émancipation nationale 5148:Antisemitic publications 3635:Kupferman, Fred (1987). 3565:Goddet, Jacques (1991). 3521:Marrus & Paxton 1995 3392:Jackson, Julian (2001). 3234:Marrus & Paxton 1995 3184:– via NYTimes.com. 3140:"The Vel' d'Hiv Roundup" 2750:Bir-Hakeim metro station 2529:parquet général de Paris 2525:Valéry Giscard d'Estaing 2182:Parti Populaire Français 1337:Auschwitz bombing debate 659:Nazi concentration camps 604:Nazi extermination camps 583:List of selected ghettos 498:People with disabilities 7534:Vichy French war crimes 7524:The Holocaust in France 7007:Charles du Paty de Clam 6907:Anti-Jewish legislation 6616:French Riviera roundups 6463:The Holocaust in France 6317:The Sorrow and the Pity 6131:Siegfried Line campaign 5938:SS Charlemagne division 5800:The Holocaust in France 4949:Second Laval government 4818:Charles du Paty de Clam 4798:Pierre-Antoine Cousteau 4489:The Holocaust in France 4184:, FFDJF, January 2004. 3705:Callil, Carmen (2006). 3144:The Holocaust in France 3061:The Holocaust in France 3015:Premio Biblioteca Breve 2920:, La Marche du siècle, 2731:Memorials and monuments 2561:crimes against humanity 1927:department of the Seine 1616:la rafle du Vel' d'Hiv' 488:Slavs in Eastern Europe 473:Romani people (Gypsies) 7478:Antisemitism in France 7398:André and Magda Trocmé 7203:Antoinette Feuerwerker 6982:Louis-Ferdinand Céline 6191:Provisional Government 5851:15th Military Division 5846:14th Military Division 5681:Yellow badge in France 5001:National Popular Rally 4934:First Laval government 4823:Pierre-Étienne Flandin 4657:French colonial empire 4485:The Vel' d'Hiv Roundup 4459:additional photographs 3918:www.jacqueschirac-asso 3396:France: The Dark Years 3007:Velódromo del invierno 2980:Les Guichets du Louvre 2904:André Bossuroy, 2011. 2876:written on the walls, 2828: 2787: 2773: 2694: 2669: 2605: 2603:Drancy internment camp 2553: 2547: 2541: 2487: 2482: 2373: 2347: 2345:, "a cross between an 2327: 2293: 2258: 2238: 2125: 2085: 2062: 1887: 1879: 1658: 1628:of Jewish families by 1620: 1615: 1479:The Destruction of the 1323:International response 759:Transnistria (Romania) 577:German-occupied Poland 43:considered for merging 7539:Paris in World War II 7328:Le Chambon-sur-Lignon 6869:Devisenschutzkommando 6421:Category:Vichy France 6044:Operation Bright Moon 5841:7th Military Division 5239:Documents maçonniques 4379:La Rafle du Vél d'Hiv 3589:Zuccotti, S. (2019). 3203:on 22 September 2007. 2918:La Rafle du Vel-d'Hiv 2822: 2755:Boulevard de Grenelle 2743: 2677: 2625:dégradation nationale 2596: 2496:dégradation nationale 2416: 2319: 2256: 2166: 2117: 2071:Henri Philippe Pétain 2056: 1760:boulevard de Grenelle 1750:The Vélodrome d'Hiver 1636:at the behest of the 1618:, an abbreviation of 1520:Memorials and museums 1449:Memorials and museums 910:Extermination methods 614:Auschwitz II-Birkenau 205:on selection ramp at 7434:Mémorial de la Shoah 7388:Jules-Géraud Saliège 7348:Pierre-Marie Gerlier 7333:Château de Chabannes 7070:Messaoud El Mediouni 6953:Révolution nationale 6356:Le Silence de la mer 6181:Liberation of France 5790:Deportation timeline 5295:Révolution nationale 5169:Le Juif et la France 5119:Révolution nationale 4977:French Popular Party 4682:Treaty of Versailles 4426:at Wikimedia Commons 4353:Paris: Fayard, 1983. 4342:under the orders of 3857:Carrier, P. (2005). 2710:National Front Party 2632:Government admission 2191:Rafle du Vel' d'hiv' 2149:Préfecture de police 2142:French Popular Party 1910:Planning the roundup 1880:rafle du billet vert 1872:green ticket roundup 1866:Green ticket roundup 1834:1924 Summer Olympics 1688:Préfecture de Police 1496:Functionalism versus 1429:Survivors of Sobibor 1141:Operation "Reinhard" 893:Politische Abteilung 881:SS-Totenkopfverbände 7455:Rivesaltes Memorial 6810:Hans-Dietrich Ernst 6699:Royallieu-Compiègne 6669:Natzweiler-Struthof 6136:Sigmaringen enclave 6126:Liberation of Paris 5785:Deportation convoys 5754:Royallieu-Compiègne 5719:Natzweiler-Struthof 5590:Order of Physicians 5349:French North Africa 5011:Peasant Corporation 4990:Mouvement Franciste 4788:Jacques Charpentier 4763:Jean-Marie Bergeret 4340:1961 Paris massacre 4151:Fodor's France 2009 3781:. 24 February 1945. 3641:, Tallandier, 2006. 3423:"France's Downfall" 3325:on 22 November 2008 3251:www.cercleshoah.org 3013:which won the 2001 2955:Sarah's Key (novel) 2666:François Mitterrand 2654:François Mitterrand 2579:Sigmaringen enclave 2521:François Mitterrand 2489:Indignité nationale 2302:Liberation of Paris 2217:extermination camps 2059:Star of David badge 1952:, who had replaced 1888:examen de situation 1784:, not far from the 1749: 1732:François Mitterrand 1567:Vel' d'Hiv' Roundup 1515:Days of remembrance 1415:Holocaust survivors 1209:Vrba–Wetzler report 1204:Auschwitz Protocols 1161:End of World War II 1151:Extermination camps 1136:Mogilev Conference 1079:Kamianets-Podilskyi 297:Ernst Kaltenbrunner 79:Vel' d'Hiv' Roundup 50: 7393:Pierre-Marie Théas 6850:Carltheo Zeitschel 6820:Ernst Heinrichsohn 6230:Klaus Barbie trial 6121:Operation Overlord 5861:Army of the Levant 5795:Holocaust timeline 5479:Asia & Oceania 5381:French West Africa 4939:Flandin government 4908:Carltheo Zeitschel 4694:War guilt question 4231:. Berghahn Books. 3891:. 28 December 2015 3837:The New York Times 3672:The New York Times 2829: 2797:Bir-Hakeim station 2774: 2606: 2568:United States Army 2483: 2466:Sicherheitspolizei 2423:SS-Sturmbannführer 2407:and died in 2003. 2328: 2281:box car transports 2259: 2063: 1978:Ernst Heinrichsohn 1810:Salle des Machines 1788:. It was built by 1638:German authorities 1331:the United Nations 1131:Wannsee Conference 246:Major perpetrators 7511: 7510: 7368:Père Marie-Benoît 7208:David Feuerwerker 7165:Charlotte Salomon 7140:Sonia Olschanezky 7095:Maurice Halbwachs 6977:Robert Brasillach 6861:and organizations 6805:Theodor Dannecker 6649:Beaune-la-Rolande 6429: 6428: 6386:French Resistance 6372: 6371: 6310:Milice, film noir 6296:Bombing the Nazis 6204:Épuration sauvage 6141:Fernand de Brinon 6109: 6108: 6049:Wallis and Futuna 5965: 5964: 5808: 5807: 5699:Beaune-la-Rolande 5534: 5533: 5521:Kouang-Tchéou-Wan 5474: 5473: 5437: 5436: 5375: 5374: 5310:L'Union française 5091:Foreign relations 4944:Darlan government 4929:Pétain government 4838:Charles Huntziger 4833:Gaston Henry-Haye 4422:Media related to 4377:Maurice Rajsfus, 4363:Maurice Rajsfus, 4349:Serge Klarsfeld, 4328:L'Esprit frappeur 4308:978-0-8047-2499-9 4287:978-0-253-02386-5 4266:978-2-402-05918-3 4207:978-0-8047-9188-5 3870:978-1-57181-904-8 3009:, 2001. Novel by 2964:978-0-312-37083-1 2950:Tatiana de Rosnay 2778:Vélodrome d'Hiver 2698:François Hollande 2401:Charles de Gaulle 2223:After the roundup 2153:French Resistance 2078:Julian T. Jackson 2049:Police complicity 2033:Beaune-la-Rolande 1935:Theodor Dannecker 1900:Beaune-La-Rolande 1892:Gare d'Austerlitz 1756:Vélodrome d'Hiver 1728:General de Gaulle 1693:Vélodrome d’Hiver 1672:Theodor Dannecker 1563: 1562: 1439:Victims of Nazism 1380:Displaced persons 1313: 1312: 1214:Czesław Mordowicz 1183: 1182: 946: 945: 575:Jewish ghettos in 448:Forced euthanasia 438:Haavara Agreement 408: 407: 344:Totenkopfverbände 272:Reinhard Heydrich 173: 172: 16:(Redirected from 7566: 7554:July 1942 events 7488:Battle of France 7474: 7414: 7383:Germaine Ribière 7241: 7198:Jean Elleinstein 7186: 7150:Béatrice Reinach 7135:Casimir Oberfeld 7130:Irène Némirovsky 7080:Benjamin Fondane 7033: 6753: 6725: 6601:Clermont-Ferrand 6456: 6449: 6442: 6433: 6349:Section spéciale 6342:Castle to Castle 6303:The Eye of Vichy 6260: 6240:Mission Mattéoli 6197:Épuration légale 5951:Légion impériale 5922:Special Brigades 5826: 5819: 5623:Clermont-Ferrand 5547: 5491:French Indochina 5476: 5439: 5377: 5345: 5225:Le Cri du peuple 5193: 5125:Special Sections 5029:Anti-Jewish laws 4863:George Montandon 4858:Bernard Ménétrel 4828:Philippe Henriot 4629:Action Française 4526: 4519: 4512: 4503: 4476: 4468: 4450: 4442: 4421: 4397: 4312: 4291: 4270: 4249: 4247: 4245: 4212: 4211: 4191: 4185: 4179: 4173: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4145: 4139: 4133: 4127: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4108: 4102: 4099: 4093: 4092: 4090: 4088: 4073: 4067: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4051: 4045: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4025: 4019: 4013: 4004: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3988: 3982: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3962: 3956: 3955: 3953: 3951: 3936: 3930: 3929: 3927: 3925: 3915: 3907: 3901: 3900: 3898: 3896: 3881: 3875: 3874: 3854: 3848: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3828: 3817: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3789: 3783: 3782: 3774: 3768: 3761: 3755: 3746: 3740: 3739: 3731: 3725: 3724: 3712: 3702: 3696: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3663: 3657: 3656: 3648: 3642: 3640: 3632: 3626: 3625: 3603: 3597: 3596: 3586: 3580: 3577: 3571: 3570: 3562: 3556: 3545: 3539: 3533: 3524: 3518: 3512: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3484: 3478: 3477: 3459: 3440: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3418: 3412: 3411: 3399: 3389: 3368: 3346: 3335: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3321:. Archived from 3302: 3296: 3290: 3281: 3280: 3269: 3263: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3243: 3237: 3231: 3220: 3214: 3205: 3204: 3199:. Archived from 3192: 3186: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3170: 3159: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3136: 3127: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3116: 3105: 3097: 3033:and produced by 2833:Shelomo Selinger 2791: 2763: 2708:, leader of the 2683: 2667: 2558: 2550: 2544: 2508:Légion d'honneur 2492: 2462: 2452:for Marseille), 2445: 2434: 2381:Francisco Franco 2378: 2352: 2296: 2265: 2241: 2088: 2067:Vichy government 2038: 1962:denaturalization 1923:sous-préfectures 1845:Philippe Henriot 1779: 1768: 1713:rail cattle cars 1698: 1661: 1623: 1607: 1601: 1555: 1548: 1541: 1444:Rescuers of Jews 1350:Nuremberg trials 1281:Ghetto uprisings 1241:Jewish partisans 1198: 1146:Holocaust trains 959: 724:Mauthausen-Gusen 599: 367:Verfügungstruppe 257:Heinrich Himmler 230: 223: 200: 190: 175: 133: 132: 122: 121: 98: 96: 92: 71: 66:Native name 58: 51: 21: 7574: 7573: 7569: 7568: 7567: 7565: 7564: 7563: 7559:1942 in Judaism 7514: 7513: 7512: 7507: 7498:Occupied France 7472: 7464: 7407: 7373:René de Naurois 7309: 7308:Righteous Among 7302: 7273:Denise Holstein 7239: 7232: 7179: 7170:Sascha Schapiro 7085:Otto Freundlich 7075:Jacques Feldbau 7026: 6963: 6937:Philippe Pétain 6917:François Darlan 6893: 6860: 6859:Nazi occupation 6854: 6765:Ernst Achenbach 6746: 6718: 6635: 6582: 6465: 6460: 6430: 6425: 6390:Year in France 6381:Occupied France 6368: 6363:Suite française 6329: 6283: 6255: 6249: 6220:Fourth Republic 6173: 6167: 6105: 6101:Philippe Pétain 6091:François Darlan 6079: 6007:Franco-Thai War 5961: 5926: 5880: 5804: 5773: 5685: 5658: 5652: 5599: 5573: 5541: 5530: 5470: 5433: 5371: 5343: 5315: 5281:Je suis partout 5218:Le Cahier jaune 5191: 5187: 5140: 5134: 5102:La jeune France 5073: 5067: 5051:Paris Protocols 5021: 5015: 4959: 4953: 4912: 4873:Philippe Pétain 4803:François Darlan 4758:Joseph Antignac 4746: 4730:Philippe Pétain 4703: 4641:Camelots du Roi 4616: 4535: 4530: 4499: 4474: 4466: 4448: 4440: 4414: 4405:Serge Klarsfeld 4395: 4391: 4389:Primary sources 4319: 4317:Further reading 4309: 4294: 4288: 4273: 4267: 4252: 4243: 4241: 4239: 4224: 4221: 4216: 4215: 4208: 4193: 4192: 4188: 4180: 4176: 4166: 4164: 4162: 4147: 4146: 4142: 4134: 4130: 4120: 4118: 4110: 4109: 4105: 4100: 4096: 4086: 4084: 4075: 4074: 4070: 4060: 4058: 4053: 4052: 4048: 4038: 4036: 4027: 4026: 4022: 4014: 4007: 3997: 3995: 3990: 3989: 3985: 3975: 3973: 3964: 3963: 3959: 3949: 3947: 3938: 3937: 3933: 3923: 3921: 3913: 3909: 3908: 3904: 3894: 3892: 3883: 3882: 3878: 3871: 3856: 3855: 3851: 3841: 3839: 3830: 3829: 3820: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3791: 3790: 3786: 3776: 3775: 3771: 3762: 3758: 3747: 3743: 3733: 3732: 3728: 3721: 3704: 3703: 3699: 3689: 3687: 3679:. 5 July 1989. 3665: 3664: 3660: 3650: 3649: 3645: 3634: 3633: 3629: 3622: 3614:]. Fayard. 3605: 3604: 3600: 3588: 3587: 3583: 3578: 3574: 3567:L'Équipée Belle 3564: 3563: 3559: 3546: 3542: 3534: 3527: 3519: 3515: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3486: 3485: 3481: 3474: 3461: 3460: 3443: 3433: 3431: 3420: 3419: 3415: 3408: 3391: 3390: 3371: 3361:Maurice Rajsfus 3347: 3338: 3328: 3326: 3304: 3303: 3299: 3291: 3284: 3271: 3270: 3266: 3256: 3254: 3253:. 26 March 2013 3245: 3244: 3240: 3232: 3223: 3215: 3208: 3194: 3193: 3189: 3179: 3177: 3172: 3171: 3162: 3152: 3150: 3138: 3137: 3130: 3120: 3118: 3114: 3103: 3099: 3098: 3089: 3084: 3052: 2940:Serge Klarsfeld 2901: 2866:Catherine Tasca 2817: 2809:Beate Klarsfeld 2757: 2738: 2733: 2717:Emmanuel Macron 2681: 2668: 2665: 2638:French Republic 2634: 2611:Cour de justice 2591: 2537:Serge Klarsfeld 2456: 2439: 2437:Antoine Lemoine 2428: 2426:Bernhard Griese 2361:on 15 October. 2314: 2263: 2251: 2225: 2169: 2167:The Vel' d'Hiv' 2160:internment camp 2130: 2107:The historians 2101:Serge Klarsfeld 2051: 2036: 1944:On 4 July 1942 1912: 1868: 1862: 1853:Charles Maurras 1790:Henri Desgrange 1773: 1762: 1752: 1740:Emmanuel Macron 1605: 1559: 1530: 1529: 1510: 1502: 1501: 1500: 1497: 1484: 1480: 1462: 1454: 1453: 1425: 1422: 1410: 1402: 1401: 1400: 1397: 1370: 1360: 1359: 1333: 1330: 1325: 1315: 1314: 1269:Witold's Report 1195: 1185: 1184: 1014:Radziłów pogrom 956: 948: 947: 596: 588: 587: 579: 576: 572: 513: 503: 502: 463: 453: 452: 443:Madagascar Plan 418: 410: 409: 401:Nazi ideologues 397: 307:Christian Wirth 282:Odilo Globocnik 267:Heinrich Müller 262:Joseph Goebbels 226: 220: 210: 188: 169: 156: 127: 126: 116: 94: 90: 88: 61: 46: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7572: 7570: 7562: 7561: 7556: 7551: 7546: 7544:1942 in France 7541: 7536: 7531: 7526: 7516: 7515: 7509: 7508: 7506: 7505: 7500: 7495: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7469: 7466: 7465: 7463: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7444: 7437: 7430: 7425: 7417: 7415: 7409: 7408: 7406: 7405: 7400: 7395: 7390: 7385: 7380: 7375: 7370: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7314: 7312: 7304: 7303: 7301: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7268:Nadine Heftler 7265: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7244: 7242: 7234: 7233: 7231: 7230: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7189: 7187: 7181: 7180: 7178: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7120:Hélène Metzger 7117: 7115:Georges Mandel 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7036: 7034: 7028: 7027: 7025: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6973: 6971: 6965: 6964: 6962: 6961: 6956: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6922:Joseph Darnand 6919: 6914: 6909: 6903: 6901: 6895: 6894: 6892: 6891: 6884: 6877: 6872: 6864: 6862: 6856: 6855: 6853: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6825:Helmut Knochen 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6790:Karl Bömelburg 6787: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6756: 6754: 6748: 6747: 6745: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6728: 6726: 6720: 6719: 6717: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6645: 6643: 6637: 6636: 6634: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6592: 6590: 6584: 6583: 6581: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6470: 6467: 6466: 6461: 6459: 6458: 6451: 6444: 6436: 6427: 6426: 6424: 6423: 6418: 6417: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6388: 6383: 6377: 6374: 6373: 6370: 6369: 6367: 6366: 6359: 6352: 6345: 6337: 6335: 6331: 6330: 6328: 6327: 6320: 6313: 6306: 6299: 6291: 6289: 6285: 6284: 6282: 6281: 6278:Strange Defeat 6274: 6266: 6264: 6257: 6251: 6250: 6248: 6247: 6245:Vichy syndrome 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6200: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6177: 6175: 6169: 6168: 6166: 6165: 6164: 6163: 6158: 6156:Eugène Bridoux 6153: 6148: 6146:Joseph Darnand 6143: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6117: 6115: 6111: 6110: 6107: 6106: 6104: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6087: 6085: 6081: 6080: 6078: 6077: 6072: 6071: 6070: 6058: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6015: 6014: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5973: 5971: 5967: 5966: 5963: 5962: 5960: 5959: 5954: 5947: 5940: 5934: 5932: 5928: 5927: 5925: 5924: 5919: 5918: 5917: 5903: 5896: 5888: 5886: 5882: 5881: 5879: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5856:Armistice Army 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5832: 5830: 5823: 5816: 5810: 5809: 5806: 5805: 5803: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5781: 5779: 5775: 5774: 5772: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5695: 5693: 5687: 5686: 5684: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5662: 5660: 5657:Discrimination 5654: 5653: 5651: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5613:French Riviera 5609: 5607: 5601: 5600: 5598: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5581: 5579: 5578:Administration 5575: 5574: 5572: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5555: 5553: 5544: 5536: 5535: 5532: 5531: 5529: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5482: 5480: 5472: 5471: 5469: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5447: 5445: 5435: 5434: 5432: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5385: 5383: 5373: 5372: 5370: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5357:French Algeria 5353: 5351: 5342: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5323: 5321: 5317: 5316: 5314: 5313: 5306: 5299: 5291: 5284: 5277: 5270: 5263: 5256: 5249: 5242: 5235: 5228: 5221: 5214: 5207: 5200: 5188: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5144: 5142: 5136: 5135: 5133: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5077: 5075: 5069: 5068: 5066: 5065: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5047: 5046: 5036: 5031: 5025: 5023: 5017: 5016: 5014: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4986: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4963: 4961: 4955: 4954: 4952: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4920: 4918: 4914: 4913: 4911: 4910: 4905: 4903:Maxime Weygand 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4773:Louis Bourgain 4770: 4765: 4760: 4754: 4752: 4748: 4747: 4745: 4744: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4711: 4709: 4705: 4704: 4702: 4701: 4699:Henry Dorgères 4696: 4691: 4690: 4689: 4679: 4674: 4672:Third Republic 4669: 4664: 4662:Nuremberg Laws 4659: 4654: 4652:Fall of France 4649: 4647:Dreyfus affair 4644: 4637: 4632: 4624: 4622: 4618: 4617: 4615: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4540: 4537: 4536: 4531: 4529: 4528: 4521: 4514: 4506: 4497: 4496: 4482: 4477: 4469: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4443: 4435: 4427: 4413: 4412:External links 4410: 4409: 4408: 4402: 4390: 4387: 4386: 4385: 4375: 4361: 4354: 4347: 4318: 4315: 4314: 4313: 4307: 4292: 4286: 4271: 4265: 4250: 4237: 4220: 4217: 4214: 4213: 4206: 4186: 4174: 4160: 4140: 4128: 4103: 4094: 4083:. 16 July 2017 4068: 4046: 4020: 4005: 3983: 3957: 3931: 3902: 3876: 3869: 3849: 3818: 3804: 3784: 3779:New York Times 3769: 3756: 3741: 3726: 3719: 3697: 3658: 3643: 3627: 3621:978-2213601830 3620: 3598: 3581: 3572: 3557: 3540: 3538:, 22 July 2002 3525: 3523:, p. 251. 3513: 3499: 3479: 3472: 3441: 3413: 3406: 3369: 3336: 3297: 3282: 3264: 3238: 3236:, p. 250. 3221: 3206: 3187: 3160: 3128: 3117:on 3 July 2008 3086: 3085: 3083: 3080: 3079: 3078: 3073: 3068: 3063: 3058: 3051: 3048: 3047: 3046: 3038: 3031:Roselyne Bosch 3018: 3011:Juana Salabert 3004: 2992:Monsieur Klein 2988: 2985:Michel Mitrani 2972: 2971: 2947: 2928:Annette Muller 2925: 2911: 2900: 2897: 2816: 2813: 2737: 2734: 2732: 2729: 2673:Jacques Chirac 2663: 2633: 2630: 2590: 2587: 2505:gave back his 2502:Conseil d'État 2469:), -laughing- 2392:Helmut Knochen 2359:Fresnes Prison 2343:Artemis Cooper 2313: 2310: 2250: 2247: 2230:Roman Catholic 2224: 2221: 2198:Jacques Goddet 2173:Jacques Doriot 2168: 2165: 2138:Jacques Doriot 2129: 2126: 2113:Artemis Cooper 2050: 2047: 2006:Czechoslovakia 1970:Adolf Eichmann 1968:Dannecker met 1958:Helmut Knochen 1916:Final Solution 1911: 1908: 1864:Main article: 1861: 1858: 1826:roller-skating 1798:Tour de France 1751: 1748: 1736:Jacques Chirac 1676:Helmut Knochen 1648:, both in the 1561: 1560: 1558: 1557: 1550: 1543: 1535: 1532: 1531: 1528: 1527: 1522: 1517: 1511: 1508: 1507: 1504: 1503: 1498:intentionalism 1494: 1493: 1492: 1476: 1475: 1474: 1469: 1463: 1460: 1459: 1456: 1455: 1452: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1423:to death camps 1419: 1418: 1417: 1411: 1408: 1407: 1404: 1403: 1394: 1393: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1371: 1366: 1365: 1362: 1361: 1358: 1357: 1355:Denazification 1352: 1347: 1339: 1327: 1326: 1321: 1320: 1317: 1316: 1311: 1310: 1309: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1285: 1284: 1276: 1275: 1274: 1273: 1272: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1254:Witold Pilecki 1251: 1247:Sonderkommando 1243: 1238: 1233: 1232: 1231: 1229:Alfréd Wetzler 1226: 1221: 1216: 1211: 1196: 1191: 1190: 1187: 1186: 1181: 1180: 1179: 1178: 1173: 1165: 1164: 1156: 1155: 1154: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1125: 1124: 1120:Final Solution 1114: 1113: 1112: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1066: 1058: 1057: 1054:Einsatzgruppen 1049: 1048: 1047: 1046: 1041: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1006: 1001: 996: 991: 986: 981: 976: 968: 967: 957: 954: 953: 950: 949: 944: 943: 942: 941: 936: 934:Einsatzgruppen 931: 926: 921: 913: 912: 906: 905: 904: 903: 896: 889: 884: 874: 873: 867: 866: 865: 864: 858: 857: 853: 852: 847: 841: 840: 836: 835: 829: 828: 824: 823: 818: 812: 811: 805: 804: 799: 793: 792: 786: 785: 779: 778: 777: 776: 771: 766: 764:Theresienstadt 761: 756: 751: 746: 741: 736: 731: 726: 721: 716: 711: 706: 701: 699:Gonars (Italy) 696: 691: 686: 681: 676: 671: 663: 662: 654: 653: 652: 651: 646: 641: 636: 631: 626: 621: 616: 608: 607: 597: 594: 593: 590: 589: 586: 585: 573: 571: 570: 565: 560: 555: 550: 545: 540: 535: 530: 525: 520: 514: 509: 508: 505: 504: 501: 500: 495: 490: 485: 480: 475: 470: 464: 459: 458: 455: 454: 451: 450: 445: 440: 435: 433:Nuremberg Laws 430: 425: 419: 417:Early policies 416: 415: 412: 411: 406: 405: 404: 403: 396: 395: 389: 386: 385: 384: 383: 378: 371: 363: 359:Sturmabteilung 355: 352:Einsatzgruppen 348: 340: 332: 327: 319: 318: 312: 311: 310: 309: 304: 299: 294: 292:Richard Glücks 289: 284: 279: 277:Adolf Eichmann 274: 269: 264: 259: 254: 249: 239: 238: 232: 231: 221: 218:Responsibility 216: 215: 212: 211: 201: 193: 192: 184: 183: 171: 170: 168: 167: 164: 161: 160:4,115 children 157: 155:13,152 people 153: 149: 148: 142: 138: 137: 114: 110: 109: 104: 100: 99: 85: 81: 80: 77: 73: 72: 67: 63: 62: 59: 31: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7571: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7522: 7521: 7519: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7471: 7470: 7467: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7449: 7445: 7443: 7442: 7438: 7436: 7435: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7423: 7419: 7418: 7416: 7410: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7378:Paul Ramadier 7376: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7353:Justin Godart 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7338:Jacques Ellul 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7318:Albert Bedane 7316: 7315: 7313: 7311: 7305: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7288:André Rogerie 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7263:Henry Bulawko 7261: 7259: 7258:Henri Borlant 7256: 7254: 7253:Joseph Bialot 7251: 7249: 7246: 7245: 7243: 7235: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7193:Guy Deutscher 7191: 7190: 7188: 7182: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7155:Claude Rodier 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7125:Bernard Natan 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7110:Bereck Kofman 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7090:Salomon Gluck 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7065:Marianne Cohn 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7040:Henri Abraham 7038: 7037: 7035: 7029: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7017:Xavier Vallat 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7002:Maurice Papon 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6974: 6972: 6970: 6969:Collaborators 6966: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6954: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6912:René Bousquet 6910: 6908: 6905: 6904: 6902: 6900: 6896: 6890: 6889: 6885: 6883: 6882: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6870: 6866: 6865: 6863: 6857: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6815:Herbert Hagen 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6800:Alois Brunner 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6757: 6755: 6749: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6729: 6727: 6724:Documentation 6721: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6674: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6646: 6644: 6642: 6638: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6593: 6591: 6589: 6585: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6475: 6474:The Holocaust 6472: 6471: 6468: 6464: 6457: 6452: 6450: 6445: 6443: 6438: 6437: 6434: 6422: 6419: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6391: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6378: 6375: 6365: 6364: 6360: 6358: 6357: 6353: 6351: 6350: 6346: 6344: 6343: 6339: 6338: 6336: 6332: 6326: 6325: 6321: 6319: 6318: 6314: 6312: 6311: 6307: 6305: 6304: 6300: 6298: 6297: 6293: 6292: 6290: 6286: 6280: 6279: 6275: 6273: 6272: 6268: 6267: 6265: 6261: 6258: 6252: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6205: 6201: 6199: 6198: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6178: 6176: 6170: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6151:Jean Luchaire 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6138: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6118: 6116: 6112: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6088: 6086: 6082: 6076: 6073: 6069: 6066: 6065: 6064: 6063: 6059: 6057: 6056: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6024:Syria–Lebanon 6022: 6020: 6017: 6013: 6010: 6009: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5982:Mers-el-Kébir 5980: 5978: 5975: 5974: 5972: 5968: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5952: 5948: 5946: 5945: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5935: 5933: 5929: 5923: 5920: 5916: 5915: 5911: 5910: 5909: 5908: 5904: 5902: 5901: 5897: 5895: 5894: 5890: 5889: 5887: 5883: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5833: 5831: 5827: 5824: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5811: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5782: 5780: 5776: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5724: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5696: 5694: 5692: 5688: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5663: 5661: 5655: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5610: 5608: 5606: 5602: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5582: 5580: 5576: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5556: 5554: 5552: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5537: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5483: 5481: 5477: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5448: 5446: 5444: 5440: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5386: 5384: 5382: 5378: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5354: 5352: 5350: 5346: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5334:Occupied zone 5332: 5330: 5329: 5325: 5324: 5322: 5318: 5312: 5311: 5307: 5305: 5304: 5300: 5298: 5296: 5292: 5290: 5289: 5285: 5283: 5282: 5278: 5276: 5275: 5271: 5269: 5268: 5267:Ici la France 5264: 5262: 5261: 5257: 5255: 5254: 5250: 5248: 5247: 5243: 5241: 5240: 5236: 5234: 5233: 5229: 5227: 5226: 5222: 5220: 5219: 5215: 5213: 5212: 5208: 5206: 5205: 5201: 5199: 5198: 5194: 5189: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5170: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5145: 5143: 5137: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5120: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5103: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5078: 5076: 5070: 5064: 5063: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5045: 5042: 5041: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5026: 5024: 5018: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4991: 4987: 4985: 4984: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4967:French League 4965: 4964: 4962: 4960:organizations 4956: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4921: 4919: 4915: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4898:Xavier Vallat 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4883:Simon Sabiani 4881: 4879: 4878:Pierre Pucheu 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4868:Maurice Papon 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4853:Jean Luchaire 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4783:Alexis Carrel 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4768:René Bousquet 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4755: 4753: 4749: 4743: 4742: 4738: 4736: 4735:Hôtel du Parc 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4712: 4710: 4706: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4688: 4685: 4684: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4642: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4630: 4626: 4625: 4623: 4619: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4552:Baltic states 4550: 4548: 4545: 4542: 4541: 4538: 4534: 4527: 4522: 4520: 4515: 4513: 4508: 4507: 4504: 4500: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4473: 4470: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4447: 4444: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4433: 4428: 4425: 4420: 4416: 4415: 4411: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4393: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4374: 4373:2-7384-0039-6 4370: 4366: 4362: 4359: 4355: 4352: 4348: 4345: 4344:Maurice Papon 4341: 4337: 4336:2-84405-173-1 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4320: 4316: 4310: 4304: 4300: 4299: 4293: 4289: 4283: 4279: 4278: 4272: 4268: 4262: 4258: 4257: 4251: 4240: 4238:9781845452957 4234: 4230: 4229: 4223: 4222: 4218: 4209: 4203: 4199: 4198: 4190: 4187: 4183: 4178: 4175: 4163: 4161:9781400019571 4157: 4153: 4152: 4144: 4141: 4138: 4132: 4129: 4117: 4113: 4107: 4104: 4098: 4095: 4082: 4078: 4072: 4069: 4057: 4050: 4047: 4034: 4030: 4024: 4021: 4017: 4012: 4010: 4006: 3994: 3987: 3984: 3972: 3968: 3961: 3958: 3946: 3942: 3935: 3932: 3919: 3912: 3906: 3903: 3890: 3886: 3880: 3877: 3872: 3866: 3862: 3861: 3853: 3850: 3838: 3834: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3819: 3807: 3805:9780804748896 3801: 3797: 3796: 3788: 3785: 3780: 3773: 3770: 3766: 3760: 3757: 3753: 3752: 3745: 3742: 3737: 3730: 3727: 3722: 3720:0-375-41131-3 3716: 3711: 3710: 3701: 3698: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3673: 3668: 3662: 3659: 3654: 3647: 3644: 3638: 3631: 3628: 3623: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3602: 3599: 3594: 3593: 3585: 3582: 3576: 3573: 3568: 3561: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3549:Bereck Kofman 3544: 3541: 3537: 3532: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3517: 3514: 3502: 3500:9781851094394 3496: 3492: 3491: 3483: 3480: 3475: 3473:0-14-023059-9 3469: 3465: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3442: 3430: 3429: 3424: 3417: 3414: 3409: 3407:0-19-820706-9 3403: 3398: 3397: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3337: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3301: 3298: 3295:, p. 96. 3294: 3289: 3287: 3283: 3278: 3274: 3268: 3265: 3252: 3248: 3242: 3239: 3235: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3213: 3211: 3207: 3202: 3198: 3191: 3188: 3176: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3161: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3135: 3133: 3129: 3113: 3109: 3102: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3088: 3081: 3077: 3074: 3072: 3069: 3067: 3064: 3062: 3059: 3057: 3054: 3053: 3049: 3044: 3043: 3039: 3036: 3035:Alain Goldman 3032: 3028: 3024: 3023: 3019: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3005: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2993: 2989: 2986: 2982: 2981: 2977: 2976: 2975: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2956: 2951: 2948: 2946:(Témoignage). 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2926: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2914:William Karel 2912: 2909: 2908: 2903: 2902: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2890: 2885: 2883: 2879: 2874: 2869: 2867: 2862: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2826: 2821: 2814: 2812: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2793: 2790: 2782: 2779: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2761: 2756: 2751: 2747: 2742: 2735: 2730: 2728: 2725: 2722: 2721:the Holocaust 2718: 2713: 2711: 2707: 2706:Marine Le Pen 2702: 2699: 2693: 2691: 2690:Rights of Man 2687: 2686:Enlightenment 2676: 2674: 2662: 2657: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2626: 2619: 2616: 2612: 2604: 2600: 2595: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2580: 2575: 2573: 2569: 2564: 2562: 2557: 2556: 2549: 2543: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2509: 2504: 2503: 2498: 2497: 2491: 2490: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2471:René Bousquet 2468: 2467: 2460: 2455: 2451: 2450: 2443: 2438: 2432: 2427: 2424: 2420: 2415: 2411: 2408: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2393: 2389: 2387: 2382: 2377: 2376: 2369: 2366: 2362: 2360: 2356: 2351: 2350: 2344: 2340: 2339:Antony Beevor 2334: 2331: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2303: 2298: 2295: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2279: 2275: 2270: 2267: 2255: 2248: 2246: 2243: 2240: 2234: 2231: 2222: 2220: 2218: 2213: 2211: 2207: 2201: 2199: 2194: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2183: 2178: 2174: 2164: 2161: 2156: 2154: 2150: 2145: 2143: 2139: 2133: 2127: 2124: 2122: 2116: 2114: 2110: 2109:Antony Beevor 2105: 2102: 2097: 2095: 2090: 2087: 2081: 2079: 2074: 2072: 2068: 2060: 2055: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2043: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2017: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1990: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1966: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1954:Xavier Vallat 1951: 1947: 1946:René Bousquet 1942: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1919: 1917: 1909: 1907: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1867: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1841:Xavier Vallat 1837: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1777: 1772: 1766: 1761: 1757: 1747: 1745: 1744:the Holocaust 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1724: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1694: 1690: 1689: 1683: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1664:René Bousquet 1660: 1655: 1651: 1650:occupied zone 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1608: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1568: 1556: 1551: 1549: 1544: 1542: 1537: 1536: 1534: 1533: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1512: 1506: 1505: 1499: 1491: 1490: 1486: 1485: 1483: 1482: 1481:European Jews 1473: 1470: 1468: 1465: 1464: 1458: 1457: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1426: 1424: 1416: 1413: 1412: 1406: 1405: 1399: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1372: 1369: 1364: 1363: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1345: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1334: 1332: 1324: 1319: 1318: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1288: 1287: 1286: 1283: 1282: 1277: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1256: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1248: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1230: 1227: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1206: 1205: 1202: 1201: 1200: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1188: 1177: 1176:Death marches 1174: 1172: 1171:Wola massacre 1169: 1168: 1167: 1166: 1163: 1162: 1157: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1128: 1127: 1126: 1123: 1121: 1115: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1061: 1060: 1059: 1056: 1055: 1050: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 990: 987: 985: 982: 980: 977: 975: 974:Kristallnacht 972: 971: 970: 969: 966: 965: 960: 952: 951: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 922: 920: 917: 916: 915: 914: 911: 907: 902: 901: 900:Sanitätswesen 897: 895: 894: 890: 888: 885: 883: 882: 878: 877: 876: 875: 872: 868: 863: 860: 859: 855: 854: 851: 848: 846: 843: 842: 838: 837: 834: 831: 830: 826: 825: 822: 819: 817: 814: 813: 810: 807: 806: 803: 800: 798: 795: 794: 790: 789: 788: 787: 784: 780: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765: 762: 760: 757: 755: 752: 750: 747: 745: 744:Sachsenhausen 742: 740: 737: 735: 732: 730: 727: 725: 722: 720: 717: 715: 712: 710: 709:Herzogenbusch 707: 705: 702: 700: 697: 695: 692: 690: 687: 685: 682: 680: 677: 675: 674:Bergen-Belsen 672: 670: 667: 666: 665: 664: 661: 660: 655: 650: 647: 645: 642: 640: 637: 635: 632: 630: 627: 625: 622: 620: 617: 615: 612: 611: 610: 609: 606: 605: 600: 592: 591: 584: 581: 580: 578: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 554: 551: 549: 546: 544: 541: 539: 536: 534: 531: 529: 526: 524: 521: 519: 516: 515: 512: 507: 506: 499: 496: 494: 491: 489: 486: 484: 481: 479: 476: 474: 471: 469: 466: 465: 462: 457: 456: 449: 446: 444: 441: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 428:Nazi eugenics 426: 424: 423:Racial policy 421: 420: 414: 413: 402: 399: 398: 394: 391: 390: 388: 387: 382: 379: 377: 376: 372: 370: 368: 364: 362: 360: 356: 354: 353: 349: 347: 345: 341: 339: 337: 336:Schutzstaffel 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 322: 321: 320: 317: 316:Organizations 313: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 293: 290: 288: 287:Theodor Eicke 285: 283: 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 265: 263: 260: 258: 255: 253: 250: 248: 247: 243: 242: 241: 240: 237: 233: 229: 224: 219: 214: 213: 208: 204: 199: 195: 194: 191: 189:The Holocaust 185: 181: 177: 176: 165: 162: 159: 158: 154: 150: 147: 143: 139: 136: 131: 125: 120: 115: 111: 108: 105: 101: 86: 82: 78: 74: 68: 64: 57: 52: 44: 40: 39: 38:Infobox event 35: 30: 19: 7446: 7439: 7432: 7420: 7358:Père Jacques 7323:Marc Boegner 7283:Sarah Kofman 7248:Louise Alcan 7228:Rose Warfman 7145:Victor Perez 7100:Paul Hermann 7045:Victor Basch 7012:Paul Touvier 6959:Vichy Police 6951: 6942:André Tulard 6932:Pierre Laval 6899:Vichy France 6886: 6879: 6867: 6835:Kurt Lischka 6830:Josef Kramer 6795:Heinz Röthke 6775:Klaus Barbie 6770:Horst 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Balland. 3148:Yad Vashem 3082:References 2889:Yad Vashem 2746:Vel' d'Hiv 2650:Liberation 2648:after the 2446:(regional 2349:auto-da-fé 2325:Carl Oberg 2306:Resistance 2029:Pithiviers 1896:Pithiviers 1860:Precursors 1814:ice hockey 1705:Pithiviers 1193:Resistance 1084:Ninth Fort 1039:Vel' d'Hiv 955:Atrocities 850:Westerbork 845:Amersfoort 729:Neuengamme 719:Kaiserwald 684:Buchenwald 679:Bogdanovka 325:Nazi Party 209:, May 1944 95:1942-07-17 91:1942-07-16 7413:Memorials 7240:testimony 7185:Survivors 7160:Alma Rosé 7105:Max Jacob 7055:René Blum 6997:Jean Mamy 6709:Septfonds 6684:Récébédou 6611:Marseille 6538:Lithuania 6172:Aftermath 6002:Indochina 5987:Gibraltar 5944:Carlingue 5931:Auxiliary 5866:Air Force 5764:Septfonds 5739:Récébédou 5633:Marseille 5320:Territory 5253:La France 5139:Press and 5020:Legal and 3765:L'Express 3751:L'Express 3685:0362-4331 3536:Le Figaro 3319:1961-9898 2968:2010 film 2893:Jérusalem 2825:Auschwitz 2771:Vel d'Hiv 2597:A French 2419:Marseille 2388:, Spain. 2312:Aftermath 2285:Auschwitz 2210:Red Cross 2025:Compiègne 2014:apatrides 1818:wrestling 1802:velodrome 1717:Auschwitz 1680:Holocaust 1654:free zone 1634:gendarmes 1461:Resources 1385:Survivors 1368:Aftermath 1344:St. Louis 1296:Białystok 1109:Erntefest 1069:Bydgoszcz 1029:Marseille 999:Szczuczyn 979:Bucharest 871:Divisions 797:Breendonk 769:Uckermark 749:Salaspils 649:Treblinka 629:Jasenovac 518:Białystok 375:Wehrmacht 207:Auschwitz 166:3,118 men 41:is being 7473:See also 6689:Rieucros 6673:subcamps 6588:Roundups 6498:Bulgaria 6084:Officers 6012:Ko Chang 5814:Military 5744:Rieucros 5723:subcamps 5605:Roundups 5496:Cambodia 5466:Cameroon 5429:Togoland 5197:L'Alerte 5074:politics 5022:treaties 4602:Slovakia 4326:, 2001, 4244:27 March 4167:27 March 4087:27 March 4081:BBC News 4061:27 March 4039:27 March 3998:27 March 3976:27 March 3950:27 March 3895:27 March 3889:BBC News 3842:27 March 3811:27 March 3738:: 86–94. 3736:Harper's 3677:New York 3506:27 March 3434:27 March 3257:27 March 3180:27 March 3153:22 April 3108:AIDH.org 3050:See also 3027:La Rafle 2942:, prize 2922:France 3 2916:, 1992. 2878:graffiti 2765:in the ( 2688:and the 2664:— 2599:gendarme 2551:and the 2539:and his 2397:commuted 2294:en route 2115:record: 2012:and the 1830:circuses 1624:) was a 1569:( 1094:Piaśnica 1064:Babi Yar 1004:Jedwabne 856:Slovakia 802:Mechelen 754:Stutthof 714:Janowska 639:Sajmište 634:Majdanek 523:Budapest 180:a series 178:Part of 103:Location 93: – 45:. › 34:template 7450: 7238:Witness 7032:Victims 6578:Ukraine 6563:Romania 6518:Hungary 6508:Estonia 6503:Croatia 6493:Belgium 6488:Belarus 6483:Austria 6478:Albania 6334:Fiction 6263:History 6254:History 6075:Réunion 5970:Battles 5885:Militia 5829:Regular 5542:affairs 5419:Senegal 5394:Dahomey 5367:Tunisia 5362:Morocco 5288:Revivre 5232:Combats 5204:L'Appel 4621:Prelude 4612:Ukraine 4567:Denmark 4562:Croatia 4557:Belarus 4547:Albania 4495:website 3924:17 July 3690:17 July 3357:Knochen 3329:17 July 2907:ICH BIN 2845:Mezuzah 2839:letter 2799:of the 2752:on the 2613:of the 2572:suicide 2300:At the 2239:déchets 2206:Quakers 2177:fascist 2144:(PPF). 2128:Roundup 1998:Austria 1994:Germany 1939:Gestapo 1902:in the 1800:, as a 1780:in the 1610:; from 1104:Rumbula 1034:Tykocin 984:Dorohoi 964:Pogroms 919:Gas van 833:Bolzano 791:Belgium 644:Sobibor 624:Chełmno 568:Vilnius 511:Ghettos 461:Victims 369:(SS-VT) 346:(SS-TV) 330:Gestapo 152:Arrests 89: ( 6888:Milice 6714:Vernet 6664:Milles 6654:Drancy 6573:Serbia 6568:Russia 6558:Poland 6553:Norway 6528:Latvia 6513:France 6324:Uranus 6068:Toulon 5907:Milice 5822:Forces 5769:Vernet 5714:Milles 5704:Drancy 5540:Jewish 5516:Tonkin 5404:Guinea 5192:Press: 4597:Serbia 4592:Poland 4587:Norway 4577:Greece 4572:France 4371: 4334: 4305: 4284: 4263: 4235: 4204: 4158: 4121:22 May 3867: 3802: 3767:, 1978 3717: 3683: 3618: 3497: 3470: 3404: 3317: 2966:(also 2962: 2944:Lutèce 2871:A new 2850:Minyan 2837:Hebrew 2815:Drancy 2789:jamais 2682: 2583:Mainau 2545:, the 2449:préfet 2386:Málaga 2264: 2208:. 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Vel' d'Hiv Roundup

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