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109:(> 50%). During active periods of volcanic activity, intervals between explosions vary from less than 1 minute (e.g. Anak Krakatoa) to about a day. Pyroclastic flows are also common features of this type of eruption. The gas streaming phase of Vulcanian eruptions are characterised by discrete cannon-like explosions. These expulsions of gas can reach supersonic velocities resulting in shock waves.
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which can be extremely noisy due to the rising magma heating water in the ground. This is usually followed by the explosive clearing of the vent and the eruption column is dirty grey to black as old weathered rocks are blasted out of the vent. As the vent clears, further ash clouds become grey-white
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It is believed that water entered due to a partial collapse of the conduit. The water flashed into steam and took the easiest "escape route" via the open conduit. Expansion by contact with the molten magma generated the two very large explosions.
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There were six deaths. Four fishermen died at sea when the avalanches of hot scoria caused the sea to become very disturbed. One person was killed in
Stromboli village by falling blocks, and the sixth was killed by the tsunami.
85:. His description of the eruption style is now used all over the world. Mercalli described Vulcanian eruptions as "...Explosions like cannon fire at irregular intervals..." Their explosive nature is due to increased
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2 to 2.5 m high was generated. By 10:40 the explosive phase of the eruption was over. Expulsion of lava followed, this flowed down the Sciara del Fuoco, lasting into the night. At the same time incandescent
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Vulcanian eruption: 1 ash plume, 2 lapilli, 3 lava fountain, 4 volcanic ash fall, 5 volcanic bomb, 6 lava flow, 7 layers of lava and ash, 8 stratum, 9 sill, 10 magma conduit, 11 magma chamber, 12 dike
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was a
Vulcanian eruption. It started at 08:10 hours (local), when ash was vented for about 10 minutes. Then at 09:52 two incredibly powerful explosions occurred which shook the whole
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Vulcanian eruptions display several common characteristics. The mass of rock ejected during the eruption is usually between 10 and 10 tonnes and contains a high proportion of
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are common products of this type of eruption. These are initially molten blobs of lava, which rapidly cool into blocks often 2 to 3 m across. At
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characterized by a dense cloud of ash-laden gas exploding from the crater and rising high above the peak. They usually commence with
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338:, Haraldur Sigurdsson, Bruce Houghton, Stephen R McNutt, Hazel Rymer and John Stix (eds) Academic Press,
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Vulcanian eruptions are dangerous to persons within several hundred metres of the vent.
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and creamy in colour, with convolutions of the ash similar to those of
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The eruption of Soufrière Hills
Volcano, Montserrat, from 1995 to 1999
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can be involved, but magma with about 55% or more silica (e.g.
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30:"Vulcanian" redirects here. For the species in
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222:Earthquake Research Institute Tokyo Bulletin
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89:content of the magma. Almost all types of
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27:Volcanic eruption with dense ash clouds
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288:Nairn, I.A. & Self, S.J., 1978,
237:Melson, W.G. & Saenz, R., 1973,
220:Murai, I. & Hosoya, Y., 1964,
184:and entered the sea near Piscità.
163:The 11 September 1930 eruption of
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256:Geophysical Research Letters
413:Types of volcanic eruptions
370:Kinds of volcanic eruptions
323:Volcanoes of Southern Italy
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254:Stith, J.L. et al., 1977,
159:1930 eruption of Stromboli
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336:Encyclopedia of Volcanoes
63:phreatomagmatic eruptions
59:type of volcanic eruption
273:Bulletin of Volcanology
239:Bulletin of Volcanology
40:Vulcan (disambiguation)
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38:. For other uses, see
504:Other classifications
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118:Strombolian eruptions
107:non-juvenile material
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271:Minakami, T., 1950,
557:Vulcanian eruptions
375:2017-12-27 at the
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55:Vulcanian eruption
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36:Vulcan (Star Trek)
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310:Italian Volcanoes
202:Volcanic eruption
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95:basaltic andesite
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68:Plinian eruptions
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