401:
2563:
1920:
48:
60:
40:
2821:
684:
371:
2393:
20:
372:
2607:
685:
281:
called the Almaz VA return capsule "our Apollo". The shape of the VA capsule was vaguely like that of the Apollo
Command Module (CM), however some of the VA's support hardware was housed on top of the capsule in the nose compartment – unlike Apollo with the Apollo Service Module (SM) below the Apollo
694:
A drawing of the last flown TKS spacecraft, Kosmos 1686, depicted docked to the Salyut 7 space station. The VA capsule is visible on the bottom left. Note that the "nose section" of the VA spacecraft, that would have contained the de-orbit engines for the VA capsule, has been replaced with remote
381:
Cutaway drawing of a TKS spacecraft (details are conjectural). The FGB (on the left) features a tunnel (stippled) that connects it to the VA spacecraft on the right. The broad black line outlines the approximate pressurized volume accessible to the crew. The docking unit of the TKS is on the far
334:
launch, just like the US MOL/Gemini combination. For this a VA spacecraft would have been mated on top of an Almaz OPS space station core (11F71) – this was known as Almaz APOS. The crew would have ridden into space in the VA capsule; Once in orbit, the crew would have entered the Almaz station
411:
To accelerate the man-rating of the TKS and VA spacecraft, eight uncrewed VA spacecraft (without FGBs) were launched in pairs, testing two VA spacecraft per test flight. One of these flights was aborted due to the carrier rocket failure, and the VA capsule was successfully carried away from the
204:
While the VA spacecraft performed successful uncrewed test flights, both with and without a
Functional Cargo Block, it never served in its intended role as a lunar vehicle due to cancellation of the soviet crewed lunar program, and it was never launched together with an Almaz space station.
285:
While the VA spacecraft was capable of independent flight of about one day, it needed to be mated to additional hardware for a longer flight duration. For a lunar mission, the LK-1 spacecraft would have been formed by mating the VA spacecraft with two components:
515:(#009L): Launched on 1977-08-05. Launch vehicle failure forty seconds into the flight on a suborbital test of two VA spacecraft. VA #009L is destroyed in the resulting booster explosion, VA #009P is rescued by the Proton SAS abort system and is recovered safely.
335:
through a hatch in the heat shield – just like MOL/Gemini. The VA capsule would then remain unoccupied until the end of the mission, when it would serve as the reentry vehicle for the crew. The Almaz APOS concept evolved into the Almaz-OPS stations of the
365:(11F72) for crew and resupply flights to Almaz space stations – the VA would serve in its role as launch and reentry vehicle for the crew, while the FGB would serve as a propulsion system, pressurized cargo carrier and contain the docking hardware.
977:
while the other three VA capsules are reserved for scientific and commercial payloads. The needed development of propulsion systems for the VA capsule was reportedly delegated to an unnamed
European organization as early as 2009.
387:
A few TKS spacecraft flew uncrewed missions, but never to an Almaz-OPS station. The FGB would however continue to find use and form the basis for several space station modules – the FGB concept is as of 2012 still in use for the
148:
The VA spacecraft was capable of independent flight – up to 31 hours in its last incarnation – it needed however to be combined with additional hardware (containing propulsion and storage) to achieve a longer flight duration.
303:
After the cancellation of the LK-1 crewed lunar spacecraft effort, the VA spacecraft was repurposed by
Chelomey as support craft for his military Almaz space station program – again a response to a US program, the
290:
The
Equipment-Rocket System Block (PAB). It included – analogous to the Apollo's SM – solar panels and electrical power systems, communications systems like a parabolic antenna and thrusters for midcourse
408:
Although the VA was never launched crewed, never together with an Almaz-OPS station, and never to an Almaz-OPS station, it saw several flights, some in the intended TKS spacecraft configuration.
1580:
172:
A VA spacecraft would have launched the initial crew of an Almaz-OPS space station, the VA spacecraft launched together with the station itself; This combination was known as "Almaz APOS".
2975:
1863:
827:
2970:
2307:
1573:
1799:
973:
space station hulls. The company plans to outfit and launch both the VA capsules and the Almaz station hulls; One VA capsule is planned to be used in support of
1566:
2760:
1825:
1856:
1820:
2543:
145:, following a mistranslation of the original documentation – while incorrect, the name is being used in the West for the VA spacecraft and capsule.
258:, lit. "nose compartment"), housing the deorbit block (BSO), additional batteries, communication equipment, the parachute and soft landing engines
922:
A TKS spacecraft consisted of a VA spacecraft mated to a
Functional Cargo Block (FGB). The specifications of the TKS spacecraft were as follows:
2505:
2300:
1376:
1057:
1849:
404:
An illustration of an TKS spacecraft – the VA spacecraft is below and left to the center of the image, while most of the TKS is the FGB.
2328:
1211:
1050:
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774:
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The VA spacecraft included the VA capsule (see below) and the "nose section"; All data excluding TKS-FGB or Almaz-OPS.
118:
1304:
1016:
419:
Another four uncrewed VA spacecraft were mated together with an FGB and launched as TKS spacecraft: the solo flight of
1723:
1613:
1153:
1021:
164:
were to mate a VA spacecraft together with an
Equipment-Rocket System Block (PAB) and Translunar Injection Stage (RB).
1919:
1337:
3037:
2962:
553:: On 1979-04-20 the Proton carrier rocket suffered an on pad abort and did not lift off. Capsule VA #103 was lost.
309:
1271:
1010:
357:
For the flights of the subsequent crews of an Almaz space station, the VA spacecraft would have been mated with a
2987:
2746:
1467:
1411:
1308:
1275:
1157:
1004:
273:) – similar to Soyuz and Apollo – mounted on top of the nose section, jettisoned after first stage had burned out
1755:
500:
test flight on 1977-07-17. The reentry module was refurbished and launched again on 1978-03-30 as Kosmos 998 .
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3032:
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2529:
1747:
1621:
1558:
179:(FGB) to resupply an Almaz station, in both crewed and uncrewed flights; This combination was known as the
2946:
2660:
2431:
1899:
1815:
447:
358:
352:
176:
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For the Almaz space station program, the plans envisaged two configurations for the crewed VA spacecraft:
2931:
2852:
2462:
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756:
443:(the VA spacecraft on the TKS flight of Kosmos 1686 was modified as a no-reentry laboratory segment).
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2129:
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851:
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32:
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based space station modules, and the VA capsules would no longer be of service in the Soviet Union.
67:, on display in the National Air and Space Museum, Washington D.C. – this capsule was mislabeled as
31:
is on the lower right, while the braking engines are located on top of the long "nose section". The
2879:
2467:
2438:
2420:
2407:
866:
Return payload: 3 persons and 50 kilograms (110 lb), or 500 kilograms (1,100 lb) uncrewed
89:
1382:
2926:
2717:
2711:
2650:
2646:
2370:
2023:
1791:
881:
First flight: December 15, 1976, as VA spacecraft ("twin" solo flights Kosmos 881 and Kosmos 882)
796:
573:
569:
389:
2641:
2637:
2627:
2623:
752:
748:
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731:
535:
531:
486:
482:
194:
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1526:
400:
3004:
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2219:
2118:
2112:
1886:
1767:
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339:, which were however never launched together with their crew, nor together with a VA capsule.
229:
157:
47:
2392:
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2769:
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1759:
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1655:
932:
Payload (total): 12,600 kilograms (27,800 lb) (including consumables and VA spacecraft)
596:
348:
336:
266:
251:
80:
59:
2871:
2415:
2237:
2020:
1987:
1779:
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1608:
964:
783:
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735:
691:
1215:
1044:
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1512:
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1880:
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992:
821:
362:
240:
180:
39:
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1186:
3021:
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2075:
974:
331:
278:
237:
106:
2488:
2444:
2355:
2226:
2213:
2204:
2086:
1979:
1971:
1719:
674:
was on Sept. 27, 1985 the last flight of an TKS spacecraft – its target was the
2910:
2905:
2900:
2595:
2589:
2583:
2350:
2090:
1955:
1894:
1493:
1312:
1120:
885:
792:
678:
space station. The VA capsule was modified to house remote sensing instruments.
671:
666:
646:
627:
622:
436:
432:
424:
133:
64:
1841:
330:
The initial plans called for crew and station to be launched together with one
2795:
2577:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2194:
2157:
2106:
2101:
2010:
1963:
1928:
1471:
1415:
1338:"Used spacecraft for sale: Soviet-era space capsule up for auction in Belgium"
815:
727:
606:
420:
190:
110:
95:
1441:
43:
VA capsule on display at the
Collections of Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics.
1593:
1031:
1279:
1161:
247:
The VA capsule, which formed the pressurized habitable section for the crew
19:
2285:
1095:
1036:
969:
The company
Excalibur Almaz acquired four VA return capsule hulls and two
2847:
2842:
2837:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2785:
2689:
2037:
2004:
675:
654:
635:
440:
428:
313:
198:
2606:
361:(FGB, 11F77) instead. Together the VA and the FGB would form the crewed
55:, the crew compartment of the VA spacecraft, with the side hatch opened.
2703:
2680:
2672:
2069:
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2052:
2047:
2043:
2032:
2696:
2340:
2186:
2179:
2173:
2168:
2146:
2141:
2124:
1949:
1909:
1904:
1771:
1727:
233:
223:
161:
122:
2738:
1060:
The other spacecraft; The 25th anniversary of the first TKS flight.
2829:
2790:
1670:
1395:
The other spacecraft; The 25th anniversary of the first TKS flight
987:
970:
399:
325:
201:
was launched into space twice, but both launches were suborbital.
126:
58:
46:
38:
18:
2521:
446:
The TKS program would, after these test flights, evolve into the
2336:
2262:
1937:
305:
219:
189:
VA was the first spacecraft to be launched into orbit twice, as
114:
35:(not shown) would have been attached on top of the nose section.
2742:
2525:
2289:
1845:
1562:
175:
A VA spacecraft would have been launched mated together with a
152:
Different usage scenarios for the VA spacecraft were planned:
1739:
1690:
904:
Total internal volume: 8.37 cubic metres (296 cu ft)
1214:. Smithsonian – National Air and Space Museum. Archived from
489:
in 1976-12-15 that started jointly and reentered separately.
156:
For the lunar flyby spacecraft LK-1 and LK-700, the plans by
935:
Payload (dry cargo): about 5,200 kilograms (11,500 lb)
869:
Height at launch (including SAS): 10.3 metres (34 ft)
716:
Some VA capsules are on display in museums or in storage.
907:
Habitable volume: 4.56 cubic metres (161 cu ft)
954:
Electric power: 2.40 kilowatts (3.22 hp) on average
228:
First work on the VA spacecraft began on 13 May 1961 by
854:): 7,200 to 7,300 kilograms (15,900 to 16,100 lb)
653:
spacecraft and FGB) that docked to a Salyut station –
1013:, with an image of an assembled translunar spacecraft
828:
Khrunichev State
Research and Production Space Center
609:
was the first flight of a "complete" TKS spacecraft (
481:(#009L): Orbital test of a pair of two VA spacecraft
884:
Last flight: September 27, 1985, as TKS spacecraft (
2996:
2955:
2919:
2891:
2864:
2828:
2776:
2659:
2614:
2568:
2481:
2455:
2400:
2321:
2236:
2203:
2085:
2019:
1996:
1927:
1879:
1808:
1709:
1648:
1632:
1601:
897:All data for TKS version, unless otherwise stated.
243:. The VA spacecraft consisted of three main parts:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1381:(in Russian). Novosti Kosmonavtiki. Archived from
1058:Другой корабль (Online at archive.org, in Russian)
530:(009A/2): On 1978-03-30 pair of two VA spacecraft
63:The VA capsule of the TKS spacecraft that flew as
926:Mass at launch: 21,620 kilograms (47,660 lb)
568:(#102L): On 1979-05-22 pair of two VA spacecraft
929:Mass in orbit: 17,570 kilograms (38,740 lb)
938:Payload (fuel): 3,822 kilograms (8,426 lb)
863:Launch payload: 1,880 kilograms (4,140 lb)
857:Mass in orbit: 4,800 kilograms (10,600 lb)
1332:
1330:
576:that started jointly and reentered separately
538:that started jointly and reentered separately
2754:
2537:
2301:
1857:
1574:
1189:. Smithsonian – National Air and Space Museum
1049:Smithsonian – National Air and Space Museum:
8:
1235:
1233:
117:human lunar flyby spacecraft for one of the
1440:. Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from
910:Diameter: 2.79 metres (9 ft 2 in)
875:Diameter: 2.79 metres (9 ft 2 in)
860:Gross mass: 3,800 kilograms (8,400 lb)
2761:
2747:
2739:
2544:
2530:
2522:
2308:
2294:
2286:
1864:
1850:
1842:
1826:List of Russian human spaceflight missions
1581:
1567:
1559:
832:#? - Vladimir Tchelomey School, Kazakhstan
125:redesign, it was later repurposed for the
1821:List of Soviet human spaceflight missions
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1299:
1297:
1206:
1204:
1181:
1179:
1115:
1113:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1053:, showing an VA capsule and its interior
872:Height in orbit: 7.3 metres (24 ft)
613:spacecraft with FGB) on July 17, 1977.
2274:The † sign designates failed missions.
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1070:
947:Thrust: 7.84 kilonewtons (1,760 lb
2506:List of artificial objects on the Moon
1513:"TKS, the ferry for the Almaz station"
1596:government human spaceflight programs
878:Independent operation: up to 31 hours
7:
649:was the first "complete" TKS craft (
294:The Translunar Injection Stage (RB).
214:LK-1 – crewed lunar flyby spacecraft
193:was recovered and launched again as
1527:"Kosmonavtika - par Nicolas Pillet"
941:Height: 17.51 metres (57.4 ft)
1674:(incorporated into Salyut program)
944:Span: 17.00 metres (55.77 ft)
764:- (used for three air drop tests)
236:design bureau, in response to the
14:
2615:
2329:Apollo command and service module
299:Almaz space station support craft
132:The VA capsule on display at the
2819:
2605:
2561:
2391:
1918:
901:Crew size: 1 for LK-1, 3 for TKS
683:
597:TKS (spacecraft) § Missions
370:
129:military space station program.
109:, intended to serve as a crewed
1212:"Merkur Capsule – Image Detail"
1045:The Almaz Space Station Program
775:Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics
271:Система Аварийного Спасения САС
2278:designates cancelled missions.
850:Mass at launch (including SAS
806:International Space University
392:FGB, albeit in modified form.
1:
1831:Cosmonaut ranks and positions
1051:Merkur Capsule – Image Detail
137:National Air and Space Museum
113:. Initially designed for the
2632:
2570:TKS spacecraft test missions
2511:List of missions to the Moon
2473:Lockheed Martin Lunar Lander
1873:Soviet crewed lunar programs
119:Soviet crewed lunar programs
557:Kosmos 1100 and Kosmos 1101
542:Kosmos 1096 and Kosmos 1097
51:An isolated drawing of the
3059:
2616:VA spacecraft test flights
1096:"TKS transport ship 11F72"
962:
664:
630:flight of TKS spacecraft (
620:
594:
454:VA spacecraft test flights
346:
323:
310:Manned Orbiting Laboratory
250:The NO front compartment (
217:
111:launch and reentry vehicle
94:'Return Vehicle',
2817:
2603:
2559:
2389:
2272:
1916:
1468:Encyclopedia Astronautica
1412:Encyclopedia Astronautica
1309:Encyclopedia Astronautica
1276:Encyclopedia Astronautica
1158:Encyclopedia Astronautica
1005:Encyclopedia Astronautica
519:Kosmos 997 and Kosmos 998
504:Kosmos 937 and Kosmos 938
470:Kosmos 881 and Kosmos 882
270:
255:
84:
1377:
1241:"NASM: Nobody's Perfect"
719:Known articles include:
634:spacecraft with FGB) to
412:exploding rocket by the
2316:Crewed lunar spacecraft
1748:Martian Piloted Complex
1622:Russian Orbital Segment
913:Reusable for 10 flights
2661:Functional Cargo Block
1816:List of Soyuz missions
1056:Novosti Kosmonavtiki:
448:Functional Cargo Block
405:
359:Functional Cargo Block
353:Functional Cargo Block
177:Functional Cargo Block
77:Vozvraschaemyi Apparat
72:
56:
44:
36:
2778:Salyut stations (DOS)
2463:Lunar Orbital Station
1543:. RussianSpaceWeb.com
1123:. Gunter's Space Page
1098:. RussianSpaceWeb.com
1028:RussianSpaceWeb.com:
757:NPO Mashinostroyeniya
403:
62:
50:
42:
22:
3028:Soviet lunar program
2830:Almaz stations (OPS)
2501:List of lunar probes
2095:lunar flyby missions
1282:on 20 September 2012
852:launch escape system
791:(#103/4) - (part of
695:sensing instruments.
414:launch escape system
263:launch escape system
85:Возвращаемый Аппарат
33:launch escape system
16:Soviet space capsule
3043:Reusable spacecraft
2911:Kosmos 1686 (TKS-4)
2906:Kosmos 1443 (TKS-3)
2901:Kosmos 1267 (TKS-2)
2494:conspiracy theories
2468:Boeing Lunar Lander
2408:Apollo Lunar Module
2240:(T2K) test missions
1474:on October 20, 2004
1444:on January 26, 2002
1418:on October 20, 2004
773:(#511650103/1) -
743:(009/2) - (part of
661:TKS-4 (Kosmos 1686)
642:TKS-3 (Kosmos 1443)
638:on April 25, 1981.
617:TKS-2 (Kosmos 1267)
431:and the flights of
2796:Kosmos 557 (DOS-3)
2351:Zond (Soyuz 7K-L1)
2076:Soyuz Kontakt 1, 2
1243:. Almaz OPS-5 blog
797:Smithsonian Museum
657:on March 2, 1983.
602:TKS-1 (Kosmos 929)
406:
73:
57:
45:
37:
3038:Crewed spacecraft
3015:
3014:
3005:Return from Orbit
2857:
2736:
2735:
2519:
2518:
2356:LOK (Soyuz 7K-L3)
2283:
2282:
1983:
1975:
1967:
1959:
1839:
1838:
1700:
1687:
1675:
1618:
1541:"Almaz Excalibur"
1315:on 4 October 2012
1164:on 25 August 2012
782:(#630850103/2) -
701:Existing hardware
230:Vladimir Chelomey
160:'s design bureau
158:Vladimir Chelomei
93:
69:Merkur spacecraft
3050:
2855:
2848:Salyut 5 (OPS-3)
2843:Salyut 3 (OPS-2)
2838:Salyut 2 (OPS-1)
2823:
2811:Salyut 7 (DOS-6)
2806:Salyut 6 (DOS-5)
2801:Salyut 4 (DOS-4)
2786:Salyut 1 (DOS-1)
2770:Salyut programme
2763:
2756:
2749:
2740:
2665:derived hardware
2609:
2565:
2546:
2539:
2532:
2523:
2395:
2310:
2303:
2296:
2287:
2205:LOK (7K-LOK/L1E)
2163:Zond-M 2 (L1S-2)
2158:Zond-M 1 (L1S-1)
1981:
1973:
1965:
1957:
1922:
1866:
1859:
1852:
1843:
1797:Space Stations:
1737:Interplanetary:
1698:
1685:
1673:
1616:
1583:
1576:
1569:
1560:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1509:
1498:
1497:
1494:"TKS-VA (11F74)"
1490:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1470:. Archived from
1460:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1414:. Archived from
1404:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1390:
1373:
1346:
1345:
1334:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1311:. Archived from
1301:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1278:. Archived from
1268:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1237:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1218:on 23 April 2013
1208:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1183:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1160:. Archived from
1150:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1121:"TKS-VA (11F74)"
1117:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1092:
713:
712:
708:
687:
592:
591:
587:
466:
465:
461:
374:
349:TKS (spacecraft)
337:Salyut programme
272:
257:
256:Носовой Отсек НО
88:
86:
30:
3058:
3057:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3018:
3017:
3016:
3011:
2992:
2951:
2915:
2887:
2860:
2824:
2815:
2772:
2767:
2737:
2732:
2664:
2655:
2610:
2601:
2566:
2555:
2550:
2520:
2515:
2477:
2451:
2396:
2387:
2317:
2314:
2284:
2279:
2268:
2232:
2199:
2094:
2081:
2015:
1992:
1988:LK (spacecraft)
1923:
1914:
1884:
1881:Launch vehicles
1875:
1870:
1840:
1835:
1804:
1780:Tupolev Tu-2000
1705:
1644:
1628:
1597:
1587:
1557:
1556:
1546:
1544:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1511:
1510:
1501:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1477:
1475:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1447:
1445:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1421:
1419:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1388:
1386:
1379:
1375:
1374:
1349:
1336:
1335:
1328:
1318:
1316:
1303:
1302:
1295:
1285:
1283:
1270:
1269:
1256:
1246:
1244:
1239:
1238:
1231:
1221:
1219:
1210:
1209:
1202:
1192:
1190:
1185:
1184:
1177:
1167:
1165:
1152:
1151:
1136:
1126:
1124:
1119:
1118:
1111:
1101:
1099:
1094:
1093:
1072:
1067:
1001:
984:
967:
965:Excalibur Almaz
961:
959:Excalibur Almaz
950:
920:
895:
844:
839:
784:Excalibur Almaz
766:Excalibur Almaz
736:Excalibur Almaz
714:
710:
706:
704:
703:
698:
697:
696:
693:
688:
669:
663:
644:
625:
619:
604:
599:
593:
589:
585:
583:
582:
559:
544:
521:
506:
495:
472:
467:
463:
459:
457:
456:
398:
385:
384:
383:
380:
375:
355:
347:Main articles:
345:
328:
322:
301:
226:
218:Main articles:
216:
211:
139:was labeled as
105:, was a Soviet
28:
23:A drawing of a
17:
12:
11:
5:
3056:
3054:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3033:Salyut program
3030:
3020:
3019:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2965:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2897:
2895:
2893:TKS spacecraft
2889:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2877:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2834:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2782:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2758:
2751:
2743:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2722:
2715:
2707:
2700:
2693:
2686:
2678:
2668:
2666:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2644:
2635:
2630:
2620:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2593:
2587:
2581:
2574:
2572:
2567:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2553:TKS spacecraft
2551:
2549:
2548:
2541:
2534:
2526:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2442:
2435:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2410:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2397:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2366:Lunar Gateway
2360:
2359:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2331:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2305:
2298:
2290:
2281:
2280:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2243:
2241:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2230:
2223:
2217:
2210:
2208:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2183:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2160:
2155:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2133:
2127:
2122:
2116:
2110:
2104:
2098:
2096:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2072:
2059:
2050:
2041:
2029:
2027:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2000:
1998:
1997:Other hardware
1994:
1993:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1977:
1974:(Soyuz 7K-L1E)
1969:
1966:(Soyuz 7K-L1S)
1961:
1953:
1946:
1941:
1933:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1891:
1889:
1877:
1876:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1861:
1854:
1846:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1794:
1782:
1750:
1734:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1688:
1680:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1642:
1636:
1634:
1633:In development
1630:
1629:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1611:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1598:
1588:
1586:
1585:
1578:
1571:
1563:
1555:
1554:
1532:
1518:
1499:
1485:
1455:
1429:
1399:
1385:on 7 June 2009
1378:Другой корабль
1347:
1344:. May 6, 2014.
1326:
1293:
1254:
1229:
1200:
1175:
1134:
1109:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1054:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1034:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1000:
999:External links
997:
996:
995:
993:TKS Spacecraft
990:
983:
980:
963:Main article:
960:
957:
956:
955:
952:
948:
945:
942:
939:
936:
933:
930:
927:
919:
918:TKS spacecraft
916:
915:
914:
911:
908:
905:
902:
894:
891:
890:
889:
882:
879:
876:
873:
870:
867:
864:
861:
858:
855:
843:
840:
838:
837:Specifications
835:
834:
833:
830:
824:
822:NPO Energomash
818:
809:
799:
786:
777:
768:
759:
738:
702:
699:
690:
689:
682:
681:
680:
665:Main article:
662:
659:
643:
640:
621:Main article:
618:
615:
603:
600:
595:Main article:
581:
578:
558:
555:
543:
540:
520:
517:
505:
502:
494:
491:
471:
468:
455:
452:
397:
394:
377:
376:
369:
368:
367:
363:TKS spacecraft
344:
343:TKS spacecraft
341:
324:Main article:
321:
318:
300:
297:
296:
295:
292:
275:
274:
259:
248:
241:Apollo program
215:
212:
210:
207:
187:
186:
185:
184:
181:TKS spacecraft
173:
166:
165:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3055:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3007:
3006:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2967:Spaceflights
2966:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2920:Support craft
2918:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2884:
2882:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2822:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2764:
2759:
2757:
2752:
2750:
2745:
2744:
2741:
2729:
2728:
2724:Free flying:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2662:
2658:
2652:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2608:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2564:
2558:
2554:
2547:
2542:
2540:
2535:
2533:
2528:
2527:
2524:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2416:Lunniy Korabl
2414:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2399:
2394:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2311:
2306:
2304:
2299:
2297:
2292:
2291:
2288:
2277:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2207:test missions
2206:
2202:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2018:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2006:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1982:(Soyuz 7K-L3)
1978:
1976:
1970:
1968:
1962:
1960:
1958:(Soyuz 7K-L1)
1954:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1945:
1944:VA spacecraft
1942:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1900:Proton rocket
1898:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1867:
1862:
1860:
1855:
1853:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1754:
1753:Spaceplanes:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1584:
1579:
1577:
1572:
1570:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1542:
1536:
1533:
1528:
1522:
1519:
1514:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1489:
1486:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1459:
1456:
1443:
1439:
1433:
1430:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1384:
1380:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1339:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1242:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1217:
1213:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1188:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1122:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1097:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1052:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1002:
998:
994:
991:
989:
986:
985:
981:
979:
976:
975:space tourism
972:
966:
958:
953:
946:
943:
940:
937:
934:
931:
928:
925:
924:
923:
917:
912:
909:
906:
903:
900:
899:
898:
892:
887:
883:
880:
877:
874:
871:
868:
865:
862:
859:
856:
853:
849:
848:
847:
842:VA spacecraft
841:
836:
831:
829:
825:
823:
819:
817:
813:
810:
807:
803:
800:
798:
794:
790:
787:
785:
781:
778:
776:
772:
769:
767:
763:
760:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
739:
737:
733:
729:
725:
722:
721:
720:
717:
709:
700:
692:
686:
679:
677:
673:
668:
660:
658:
656:
652:
648:
641:
639:
637:
633:
629:
624:
616:
614:
612:
608:
601:
598:
588:
580:TKS missions
579:
577:
575:
571:
567:
564:(#102P) and
563:
556:
554:
552:
548:
541:
539:
537:
533:
529:
525:
518:
516:
514:
511:(#009P) and
510:
503:
501:
499:
492:
490:
488:
484:
480:
476:
469:
462:
453:
451:
449:
444:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
417:
415:
409:
402:
395:
393:
391:
379:
373:
366:
364:
360:
354:
350:
342:
340:
338:
333:
332:Proton rocket
327:
319:
317:
315:
311:
307:
298:
293:
289:
288:
287:
283:
280:
279:Alexei Leonov
268:
264:
260:
253:
249:
246:
245:
244:
242:
239:
235:
231:
225:
221:
213:
208:
206:
202:
200:
196:
192:
182:
178:
174:
171:
170:
168:
167:
163:
159:
155:
154:
153:
150:
146:
144:
143:
138:
135:
130:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
103:VA spacecraft
100:
97:
91:
82:
78:
70:
66:
61:
54:
49:
41:
34:
26:
25:VA spacecraft
21:
3003:
2941:
2880:
2872:
2726:
2718:
2710:
2702:
2695:
2688:
2681:
2673:
2489:Moon landing
2445:Starship HLS
2437:
2430:
2344:
2275:
2261:
2225:
2185:
2178:
2074:
2036:
2003:
1948:
1943:
1936:
1887:upper stages
1796:
1784:
1752:
1736:
1720:Zond (7K-L1)
1716:
1683:Apollo–Soyuz
1545:. Retrieved
1535:
1521:
1488:
1476:. Retrieved
1472:the original
1458:
1446:. Retrieved
1442:the original
1432:
1420:. Retrieved
1416:the original
1402:
1394:
1387:. Retrieved
1383:the original
1342:collectSPACE
1341:
1317:. Retrieved
1313:the original
1305:"Almaz APOS"
1284:. Retrieved
1280:the original
1245:. Retrieved
1220:. Retrieved
1216:the original
1191:. Retrieved
1187:"Space Race"
1166:. Retrieved
1162:the original
1125:. Retrieved
1100:. Retrieved
1043:Sven Grahn:
968:
921:
896:
845:
811:
808:, Strasbourg
801:
788:
779:
770:
761:
740:
723:
718:
715:
670:
650:
645:
631:
626:
610:
605:
565:
561:
560:
550:
546:
545:
527:
523:
522:
512:
508:
507:
497:
496:
478:
477:(#009P) and
474:
473:
445:
418:
410:
407:
396:Test flights
386:
356:
329:
308:'s military
302:
284:
276:
227:
203:
188:
151:
147:
141:
140:
131:
107:crew capsule
102:
98:
76:
74:
68:
52:
24:
3008:(1984 film)
2963:Expeditions
2856:(not flown)
2647:Kosmos 1100
2596:Kosmos 1686
2590:Kosmos 1443
2584:Kosmos 1267
2005:Lunokhod-LK
1696:Shuttle-Mir
1478:2 September
1448:2 September
1422:2 September
1389:2 September
1286:2 September
1247:1 September
1222:1 September
1193:1 September
1127:1 September
886:Kosmos 1686
793:Kosmos 1443
726:- (part of
672:Kosmos 1686
667:Kosmos 1686
647:Kosmos 1443
628:Kosmos 1267
623:Kosmos 1267
574:Kosmos 1101
570:Kosmos 1100
437:Kosmos 1686
433:Kosmos 1443
425:Kosmos 1267
134:Smithsonian
121:, then the
65:Kosmos 1443
3022:Categories
2988:Spacewalks
2865:Successors
2638:Kosmos 997
2624:Kosmos 881
2578:Kosmos 929
2333:Cancelled
2257:Kosmos 434
2252:Kosmos 398
2247:Kosmos 379
2214:Zond-LOK 1
2195:Kosmos 382
2152:Zond 1969A
2136:Zond 1968B
2130:Zond 1968A
2119:Zond 1967B
2113:Zond 1967A
2107:Kosmos 154
2102:Kosmos 146
2011:Krechet-94
1929:Spacecraft
1785:Capsules:
1065:References
1017:Almaz APOS
893:VA capsule
816:Yevpatoria
802:#069002060
753:Kosmos 997
749:Kosmos 938
745:Kosmos 881
732:Kosmos 998
728:Kosmos 929
607:Kosmos 929
536:Kosmos 998
532:Kosmos 997
524:VA 009A/P2
513:VA 009P/2
493:Kosmos 929
487:Kosmos 882
483:Kosmos 881
427:flight to
421:Kosmos 929
320:Almaz APOS
312:(MOL) and
291:maneuvers.
277:Cosmonaut
195:Kosmos 998
191:Kosmos 929
96:GRAU index
53:VA capsule
29:VA capsule
2432:Blue Moon
2412:Canceled
2238:LK Lander
2091:7K-L1/L1S
1972:Zond-LOK
1895:N1 rocket
1710:Cancelled
1547:30 August
1464:"TKS SAS"
1408:"TKS BSO"
1319:31 August
1168:31 August
1102:30 August
812:#75615302
789:VA 0103/1
741:VA 009P/2
724:VA 009A/2
651:VA 0103/1
632:VA 0103/3
611:VA 009A/2
528:VA 009P/2
509:VA 009A/P
498:VA 009A/2
475:VA 009A/1
2983:Visitors
2976:uncrewed
2932:Progress
2690:Kristall
2456:Proposed
2381:Mengzhou
2322:Orbiters
2038:Soyuz 2A
1699:(joint)
1686:(joint)
1617:(joint)
1438:"TKS VA"
982:See also
676:Salyut 7
655:Salyut 7
636:Salyut 6
479:VA 009/1
441:Salyut 7
429:Salyut 6
316:effort.
314:Gemini B
261:The SAS
199:Gemini 2
2997:Related
2883:(DOS-8)
2875:(DOS-7)
2704:Priroda
2633:VA #009
2598:(TKS-4)
2592:(TKS-3)
2586:(TKS-2)
2580:(TKS-1)
2482:Related
2427:Future
2401:Landers
2362:Future
2276:Italics
2187:Zond 10
2070:Soyuz 8
2066:Soyuz 7
2062:Soyuz 6
2057:Soyuz 5
2053:Soyuz 4
2048:Soyuz 3
2044:Soyuz 2
2033:Soyuz 1
2024:docking
1964:Zond-M
1885:ascent/
1809:Related
1760:Energia
1661:Voskhod
1594:Russian
562:VA 102A
551:VA #008
547:VA #103
267:Russian
252:Russian
92:
81:Russian
2971:crewed
2881:Zvezda
2727:Polyus
2697:Spektr
2649:&
2640:&
2626:&
2439:Lanyue
2421:Altair
2341:LK-700
2180:Zond 9
2174:Zond 8
2169:Zond 7
2147:Zond 6
2142:Zond 5
2125:Zond 4
1950:LK-700
1910:Blok D
1905:Blok E
1788:Zvezda
1772:Kliper
1756:Spiral
1744:Aelita
1732:Zvezda
1728:LK-700
1717:Moon:
1666:Salyut
1656:Vostok
1602:Active
1590:Soviet
1272:"LK-1"
780:#103/2
771:#103/1
762:#009/3
705:": -->
584:": -->
566:VA 102
458:": -->
423:, the
234:OKB-52
224:LK-700
209:Design
162:OKB-52
142:Merkur
123:LK-700
101:), or
27:: The
2956:Lists
2927:Soyuz
2853:OPS-4
2791:DOS-2
2719:Nauka
2712:Zarya
2709:ISS:
2682:Kvant
2674:Kvant
2671:Mir:
2663:(FGB)
2371:Orion
2227:LOK 2
2220:LOK 1
2026:tests
2021:Soyuz
1956:Zond
1800:OPSEK
1792:Zarya
1764:Buran
1724:N1-L3
1671:Almaz
1609:Soyuz
1154:"TKS"
1032:Almaz
988:Almaz
971:Almaz
826:#? -
820:#? -
390:Zarya
382:left.
326:Almaz
127:Almaz
99:11F74
2651:1101
2376:Orel
2337:LK-1
2263:LK-1
2087:Zond
1980:LOK
1938:LK-1
1768:MAKS
1649:Past
1640:Orel
1592:and
1549:2012
1480:2012
1450:2012
1424:2012
1391:2012
1321:2012
1288:2012
1249:2012
1224:2012
1195:2012
1170:2012
1129:2012
1104:2012
1011:LK-1
751:and
730:and
707:edit
586:edit
572:and
549:and
534:and
526:and
485:and
460:edit
435:and
351:and
306:USAF
282:CM.
222:and
220:LK-1
115:LK-1
90:lit.
75:The
2947:FGB
2937:TKS
2873:Mir
2642:998
2628:882
1883:and
1776:LKS
1740:TMK
1691:Mir
1678:TKS
1614:ISS
1037:TKS
1022:TKS
439:to
232:'s
3024::
2942:VA
2684:-2
2676:-1
2345:VA
2339:/
2068:,
2064:,
2055:,
2046:,
2035:,
1790:,
1778:,
1774:,
1770:,
1766:,
1762:/
1758:,
1746:,
1742:,
1730:,
1726:,
1722:,
1676:/
1502:^
1466:.
1410:.
1393:.
1350:^
1340:.
1329:^
1307:.
1296:^
1274:.
1257:^
1232:^
1203:^
1178:^
1156:.
1137:^
1112:^
1073:^
1007::
814:-
804:-
795:)
755:)
747:,
734:)
416:.
269::
254::
238:US
197:.
87:,
83::
2762:e
2755:t
2748:v
2545:e
2538:t
2531:v
2347:)
2343:(
2309:e
2302:t
2295:v
2222:†
2216:†
2165:†
2154:†
2138:†
2132:†
2121:†
2115:†
2109:†
2093:)
2089:(
1865:e
1858:t
1851:v
1582:e
1575:t
1568:v
1551:.
1529:.
1515:.
1496:.
1482:.
1452:.
1426:.
1323:.
1290:.
1251:.
1226:.
1197:.
1172:.
1131:.
1106:.
951:)
949:f
888:)
711:]
590:]
464:]
265:(
183:.
79:(
71:.
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