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cases, if the dew sensor fails to function and stop the video recorder, moisture can cause the tape to stick to the spinning video head. This can pull a large amount of tape from the cassette before the head drum stops spinning. The tape will be extensively damaged, the video heads will often become clogged, and the mechanism may be unable to eject the cassette. The dew sensor itself is mounted very close to the video head drum. Contrary to how one might expect this to behave, the sensor increases its resistance when moisture is present. Poor contacts on the sensor can therefore be a cause of random dew sensor warnings. Usually, a "DEW" indicator or error code lights up on the display of most VCRs/camcorders, and on some, a
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495:. The format never became widely popular because recorders were expensive (retailing for $ 1,350 (equivalent to $ 9,266 in 2023)) and players were not available as standalone units. Cassettes intended for home use were encased in black plastic, and could be rewound by a home recorder, whereas rental cassettes could not be rewound, and had to be returned to the retailer in order to be rewound.
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of the signal, so that the exact switching point is not very important, the same is obviously not possible with a continuous audio signal that has no inaudible sections. Hi-Fi audio is thus dependent on a much more exact alignment of the head switching point than is required for non-HiFi VHS machines. Misalignments may lead to imperfect joining of the signal, resulting in low-pitched buzzing.
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Due to the path followed by the video and Hi-Fi audio heads being striped and discontinuous—unlike that of the linear audio track—head-switching is required to provide a continuous audio signal. While the video signal can easily hide the head-switching point in the invisible vertical retrace section
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which would prevent operation in this case, but it could not detect moisture on the surface of a tape. The presence of moisture between the tape and the rotating head drum increases friction which prevents correct operation and can cause damage to both the recording device and the tape. In extreme
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cassettes, used 3/4-inch (1.9 cm)-wide tape and had a maximum playing time of 60 minutes, later extended to 80 minutes. Sony also introduced two machines (the VP-1100 videocassette player and the VO-1700, also called the VO-1600 video-cassette recorder) to use the new tapes. U-matic, with its
445:
The Telcan (Television in a Can), produced by the UK Nottingham
Electronic Valve Company in 1963, was the first home video recorder. It was developed by Michael Turner and Norman Rutherford. It could be purchased as a unit or in kit form for £1,337 (equivalent to £35,400 in 2023). There were
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Hearings before the
Subcommittee on Courts, Civil Liberties and the Administration of Justice of the Committee of the Judiciary, House of Representatives, Ninety-seventh Congress, Second Session on H.R. 4783, H.R. 4794 H.R. 4808, H.R. 5250, H.R. 5488, and H.R. 5705, Serial No 97, Part I, Home
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The video cassette recorder is sensitive to changes in temperature and humidity. If the machine (or tape) was moved from a hot to a colder environment there could be condensation of moisture on the internal parts, such as the rotating video head drum. Some later models were equipped with a
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ease of use, quickly made other consumer videotape systems obsolete in Japan and North
America, where U-matic VCRs were widely used by television newsrooms (Sony BVU-150 and Trinitron DXC 1810 video camera), schools, and businesses. But the high cost –
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mandate) all have composite outputs, as well as those ATSC tuners (including TVs) and cable boxes that come with composite outputs; some combo units that allow recording to DVD do include an ATSC tuner built into them. JVC did ship one model of
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The industry boomed in the 1980s as more and more customers bought VCRs. By 1982, 10% of households in the United
Kingdom owned a VCR. The figure reached 30% in 1985 and by the end of the decade well over half of British homes owned a VCR.
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several drawbacks as it was expensive, not easy to assemble, and could record only 20 minutes at a time. It recorded in black-and-white, the only format available in the UK at the time as color broadcasts were not available until
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professional broadcast standard format with its Ampex VRX-1000 in 1956. It became the world's first commercially successful videotape recorder using two-inch (5.1 cm) wide tape. Due to its high price of
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support, encouraged major electronics manufacturers to end production of standalone units, with VCR/DVD combo decks being made since then; most of them then can only record from external
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ruled that the device was allowable for private use. Subsequently the film companies found that making and selling video recordings of their productions had become a major income source.
1358:, 18 September 1972. Nicknamed in latter years "Betamax-VHS" The U-matic vcr Format was manufactured to as soon as 1990 arrived (VP means video player, VO means recorder "Video Office")
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Magnetic tapes could be mechanically damaged when ejected from the machine due to moisture or other problems. Rubber drive belts and rollers hardened with age, causing malfunctions.
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produced in the 20th century also feature an integrated VCR. Generally, they include neither a timer nor a TV tuner. Most of these use smaller format videocassettes, such as
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deck with a built-in ATSC tuner, the HM-DT100U, but it remains extremely rare, and therefore expensive. In July 2016, Funai
Electric, the last remaining manufacturer of VHS
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became the first universally successful optical medium for playback of pre-recorded video, as it gradually overtook VHS to become the most popular consumer format.
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In the early 1980s US film companies fought to suppress the VCR in the consumer market, citing concerns about copyright violations. In
Congressional hearings,
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system, introduced in Tokyo in
September 1971, was the world's first commercial videocassette format. Its cartridges, resembling larger versions of the later
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How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a
Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda
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developed a home video cassette format specially made for a TV station in 1970 and available on the consumer market in 1972. Philips named this format "
341:. VCRs can also play back prerecorded tapes, which were widely available for purchase and rental starting in the 80s and 90s, most popularly in the
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400:(equivalent to $ 560,000 in 2023), the Ampex VRX-1000 could be afforded only by the television networks and the largest individual stations.
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format. However, with many homes still having a large supply of VHS tapes and with all Blu-ray players designed to play regular DVDs and
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in
October 1969, then set it aside to work out an industry standard by March 1970 with seven fellow manufacturers. The result, the Sony
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I say to you that the VCR is to the
American film producer and the American public as the Boston strangler is to the woman home alone.
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How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States
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decried the "savagery and the ravages of this machine" and likened its effect on the film industry and the American public to the
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Betamax was first to market in November 1975, and was argued by many to be technically more sophisticated in recording quality.
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A close-up process of how the magnetic tape in a VHS cassette is being pulled from the cassette shell to the head drum of the VCR
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dropped rapidly in price, making the VCR obsolete. DVD rentals in the United States first exceeded those of VHS in June 2003.
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A typical VCR toward the end of their popularity. After decades of refinement in design and production, models similar to this
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VCRs declined in popularity during the 2000s and in 2016, Funai Electric, the last remaining manufacturer, ceased production.
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The development of the videocassette followed the replacement by cassette of other open reel systems in consumer items: the
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marketed the 2" PV-100, its first reel-to-reel VTR, intended for business, medical, airline, and educational use.
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Top-loading cassette mechanisms (such as the one on this VHS model) were common on early domestic VCRs.
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began broadcasting in color in 1967. An original Telcan Domestic Video Recorder can be seen at the
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or other AV sources and can play back the recording after rewinding. The use of a VCR to record a
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introduced its EL3400 1-inch helical scan recorder, aimed at the business and domestic user, and
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The history of the videocassette recorder follows the history of videotape recording in general.
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1482:"A Look Back At How The Content Industry Almost Killed Blockbuster And Netflix (And The VCR)"
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Sony sold 15,000 U-matic machines in the U.S. in its first year. "Television on a Disk",
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recorders, announced it would cease production of VHS recorders by the end of the month.
556:" (although it is also referred to as "N1500", after the first recorder's model number).
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equivalent to $ 10,495 in 2023 for a combination TV/VCR – kept it out of most homes.
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1461:"Jack Valenti Testimony at 1982 House Hearing on Home Recording of Copyrighted Works"
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1289:"Vintage Kodak home movie cameras from the '60s: Instamatics, Super 8 & more"
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1144:"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)"
1413:"The Betamax vs VHS Format War, Author: Dave Owen, Originally published: 2005"
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Recording of Copyrighted Works, April 12, 1982. US Government Printing Office.
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931:"RIP the VCR: The last manufacturer in Japan is finally stopping production"
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mandate effective March 1, 2007, that all new TV tuners in the US include
603:(Video Home System), which competed for sales in what became known as the
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1315:"Cartrivision – The First VCR with Prerecorded Sale/Rental Tapes in 1972"
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In 1972, videocassettes of movies became available for home use through
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949:"Ampex VRX-1000 – The First Commercial Videotape Recorder in 1956"
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1605:"Panasonic DMP-BD70V Blu-ray Disc/VHS Multimedia Player: Electronics"
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1556:"VHS is dead, but at least it outlived Betamax tapes by nine months"
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became the norm while videocassette tapes dwindled away gradually;
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to play back at a more convenient time is commonly referred to as
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videocassette format. Blank tapes were sold to make recordings.
1631:"14.18 Is VHS Hi-Fi sound perfect? Is Beta Hi-Fi sound perfect?"
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A 1982 booth at CES promoting the right to make home recordings.
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For the Philips Video Cassette Recording (VCR) format, see
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deal primarily with United States and do not represent a
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1171:"The quest for home video: Telcan home video recorder"
27:
Device which records and plays back audio-visual media
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Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.
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Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.
115:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
859:use other storage media such as DVDs, or internal
373:. Early models of consumer video tape recorders (
544:Philips N1500 video recorder from the early 1970s
1683:Total Rewind: the Virtual Museum of Vintage VCRs
1387:"In Pictures | Thatcher years in graphics"
640:
1096:World's First Helical Scan Video Tape Recorder
1075:"The History of Video and Related Innovations"
1035:"Labguy's World: The Birth of Video Recording"
407:introduced a new method of recording known as
1259:"Trends in the Semiconductor Industry: 1970s"
200:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
1578:"VHS, Beloved Home Video Format, Dies at 40"
712:VHS format VCR were available for less than
418:(VTRs), and later used with cassette tapes.
782:DMP-BD70V, a VHS and Blu-Ray combo machine.
595:(also known as Betacord or just Beta), and
78:Learn how and when to remove these messages
30:"VCR" redirects here. For other uses, see
1140:inflation figures are based on data from
1057:"50 Years of the Video Cassette Recorder"
735:The declining market, combined with a US
256:Learn how and when to remove this message
238:Learn how and when to remove this message
175:Learn how and when to remove this message
1510:. The Sci.Electronics.Repair (S.E.R) FAQ
472:four-track audio cartridge in 1962, the
1343:, Sept. 18, 1972. Retrieved 2006-12-22.
1013:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–"
921:
720:Around the late '90s and early 2000s,
1263:Semiconductor History Museum of Japan
1011:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.
628:Motion Picture Association of America
7:
113:adding citations to reliable sources
1654:. CamcorderInfo.com. Archived from
1173:. Terramedia.co.uk. 22 October 2001
814:, some manufacturers began to make
1530:"DVDs pass VHS in rental revenues"
673:Supreme Court of the United States
509:Sony demonstrated a videocassette
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1698:Audiovisual introductions in 1963
59:This article has multiple issues.
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381:) use reel to reel tape spools.
100:needs additional citations for
67:or discuss these issues on the
1393:. 18 November 2005. p. 15
583:A Sony Betamax C7 VCR, c. 1980
488:home movie cartridge in 1966.
457:The half-inch tape Sony model
369:use a cassette to contain the
1:
1652:"CES 2011 Camcorder Coverage"
1554:Samuel Gibbs (22 July 2016).
1437:. 8 June 2007. Archived from
951:. Cedmagic.com. 14 April 1956
587:The two major standards were
1112:"Sony Global – Sony History"
1005:American Antiquarian Society
985:American Antiquarian Society
802:was expected to replace the
480:film cartridge in 1963, the
452:Nottingham Industrial Museum
786:As a result of winning the
214:, discuss the issue on the
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1114:. Sony.net. Archived from
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433:First home video recorders
357:Early machines and formats
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29:
1217:. BBC.co.uk. 24 June 1963
554:Video Cassette Recording
536:Video Cassette Recording
124:"Videocassette recorder"
39:Video Cassette Recording
1142:Clark, Gregory (2017).
730:digital video recorders
1237:"Sony CV Series Video"
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272:A typical late-model
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1703:Consumer electronics
1435:"Why is Beta better"
1373:www.computerhope.com
1335:Television on a Disk
798:optical disc format
575:Videotape format war
530:Philips "VCR" format
393:quadruplex videotape
367:video tape recorders
329:broadcast television
319:device that records
220:create a new article
212:improve this article
109:improve this article
32:VCR (disambiguation)
1718:Japanese inventions
1118:on 7 September 2009
1079:inventors.about.com
857:tapeless camcorders
560:Mass-market success
416:videotape recorders
1488:. 28 December 2013
1415:. Mediacollege.com
1295:. 22 February 2020
1293:clickamericana.com
1138:Retail Price Index
1037:. Labguysworld.com
1033:Richard N. Diehl.
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333:television program
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1658:on 2 January 2013
1269:on March 14, 2015
1085:on July 12, 2012.
853:digital recording
816:VCR/Blu-ray combo
751:sources (usually
484:in 1965, and the
482:8-track cartridge
317:electromechanical
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1584:. 21 July 2016
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1463:. Cryptome.org
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1195:. Total Rewind
1193:"Total Rewind"
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891:VCR/DVD combo
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126: –
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120:Find sources:
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98:This article
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1660:. Retrieved
1656:the original
1646:
1634:. Retrieved
1624:
1612:. Retrieved
1608:
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1586:. Retrieved
1581:
1572:
1560:. Retrieved
1549:
1538:. Retrieved
1536:. 2003-03-29
1534:Deseret News
1533:
1524:
1512:. Retrieved
1502:
1490:. Retrieved
1485:
1476:
1465:. Retrieved
1455:
1443:. Retrieved
1439:the original
1429:
1419:16 September
1417:. Retrieved
1407:
1395:. Retrieved
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1318:. Retrieved
1308:
1297:. Retrieved
1292:
1283:
1271:. Retrieved
1267:the original
1262:
1253:
1241:. Retrieved
1231:
1219:. Retrieved
1209:
1197:. Retrieved
1187:
1175:. Retrieved
1165:
1153:. Retrieved
1147:
1132:
1120:. Retrieved
1116:the original
1106:
1091:
1083:the original
1078:
1069:
1061:www.wipo.int
1060:
1051:
1039:. Retrieved
1028:
1018:February 29,
1016:. Retrieved
996:
976:
965:
953:. Retrieved
943:
934:
929:Woods, Ben.
924:
911:Blu-ray Disc
886:TV/VCR combo
861:flash memory
834:
825:
800:Blu-ray Disc
785:
734:
719:
695:
685:
682:
679:Shortcomings
666:
665:In the case
664:
657:A Panasonic
641:
632:Jack Valenti
625:
609:
586:
563:
547:
508:
499:Sony U-matic
493:Cartrivision
490:
467:
456:
444:
420:
413:reel-to-reel
409:helical scan
402:
387:
384:
347:
336:
325:analog video
321:analog audio
312:
308:
304:
302:
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171:
162:
152:
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138:
131:
119:
107:Please help
102:verification
99:
75:
68:
62:
61:Please help
58:
1636:30 December
1588:9 September
1582:ScreenCrush
1486:Tech Crunch
1320:30 December
1313:Howe, Tom.
1239:. Smecc.org
989:1700–1799:
969:1634–1699:
693:may sound.
686:dew warning
661:VCR c. 1998
1692:Categories
1662:7 November
1614:20 January
1558:. Guardian
1540:2022-03-21
1492:4 December
1467:2010-05-31
1397:20 January
1299:2022-03-21
917:References
865:hard drive
837:camcorders
818:players.
794:, the new
788:format war
759:which (by
728:and other
605:format war
478:Instamatic
470:Stereo-Pak
398:US$ 50,000
283:format VCR
228:March 2011
135:newspapers
64:improve it
1713:Videotape
1562:16 August
896:Kinescope
780:Panasonic
659:DV/MiniDV
548:In 1970,
524:US$ 1,395
511:prototype
421:In 1963,
403:In 1959,
371:videotape
216:talk page
70:talk page
1514:16 March
1391:BBC News
994:(1992).
974:(1997).
875:See also
831:Variants
749:baseband
645:—
365:Not all
277:Magnavox
210:You may
165:May 2011
1273:27 June
1100:Toshiba
869:SD card
822:Quality
812:default
710:Philips
700:Decline
593:Betamax
550:Philips
515:U-matic
505:U-matic
486:Super 8
459:CV-2000
448:BBC Two
423:Philips
405:Toshiba
352:History
274:Philips
149:scholar
1609:Amazon
1445:31 May
1243:31 May
1221:31 May
1199:31 May
1177:31 May
1155:May 7,
1122:31 May
1041:31 May
955:31 May
867:, and
849:MiniDV
792:HD DVD
691:buzzer
671:, the
465:VCR.
315:is an
151:
144:
137:
130:
122:
1369:"VCR"
1001:(PDF)
981:(PDF)
935:Wired
847:, or
845:VHS-C
835:Most
790:over
766:D-VHS
757:CECBs
630:head
389:Ampex
327:from
311:) or
218:, or
156:JSTOR
142:books
1664:2012
1638:2016
1616:2012
1590:2016
1564:2016
1516:2011
1494:2021
1447:2010
1421:2012
1399:2012
1355:Time
1340:Time
1322:2016
1275:2019
1245:2010
1223:2010
1201:2010
1179:2010
1157:2024
1124:2010
1043:2010
1020:2024
957:2010
841:8 mm
761:NTIA
743:and
741:ATSC
722:DVDs
714:US$
589:Sony
476:and
427:Sony
375:VTRs
323:and
128:news
1136:UK
810:by
808:CDs
804:DVD
745:QAM
737:FCC
716:50.
601:VHS
599:'s
597:JVC
591:'s
519:VHS
343:VHS
309:VCR
281:VHS
111:by
18:VCR
1694::
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