Avro Canada VZ-9 Avrocar - Knowledge (XXG)

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1960, and appeared to work much better. However, while the new control system improved the hovering qualities, the craft now became unstable at higher speeds above 30 knots (56 km/h). The first Avrocar at Ames was similarly modified, and, in April 1960, it was tested in their 40 ft × 80 ft (12 m × 24 m) wind tunnel. The problem became clear; the ring blocked so much of the overall engine thrust that the overall power was greatly reduced. As the craft sped up, the airflow on the underside reduced the recirculation, reducing the lift due to airflow over the upper surface. This was somewhat unexpected; recirculation had been considered a "bad thing" due to the loss of engine thrust, and its positive effects on lift do not appear to have been appreciated. In the end, in order to maintain lift at higher forward speeds the craft had to be pitched to the end of its control capability.

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column, described by Frost as "tree trunking". At intermediate altitudes the craft would momentarily transition from one regime to the other, during which time one side of the vehicle would be entirely supported while the support was disappearing under the other. This led to a strong pitching motion towards the unsupported side. As soon as this occurred that side would approach the ground and re-establish the supporting air, while the other side would then be raised above this limit. This process would repeat itself, with the craft rolling from side to side. Modifications were carried out in order to try to solve the problem. Eventually a series of 52 holes were drilled in the bottom of the vehicle, located radially three feet from the center. These were to provide a central jet to stabilize the ground cushion.

642:, rolled out of the Avro Malton factory in May 1959. From 9 June to 7 October 1959, it was tested in a static hover rig. Unfortunately, hot gas from the exhaust was found to mix back into the intakes in hover, reducing engine thrust. In addition, the fan generated lift only from a small area of its surface, lowering overall thrust available. The ducts also proved to have higher losses than expected, and a series of modifications were not able to solve this problem to any large degree. These problems reduced maximum lift at higher altitudes out of the ground effect to 3,150 lb (1,430 kg), less than the empty weight of the aircraft at 4,285 lb (1,944 kg). This meant the aircraft would be incapable of hovering out of the ground effect. Following these tests, the vehicle was sent to 653:, was completed August 1959. On 29 September, the first attempt to hover was made with the Avrocar tethered to the ground. After the vehicle became airborne, an uncontrollable roll and pitch-coupled oscillation started that forced each of the three wheels into the ground in turn. The pilot, W. D. "Spud" Potocki, immediately shut down all engines. Changes were made to the stability system to provide more control authority, while new tethers were investigated to improve the ability to control these sorts of problems. As testing continued it became clear that the problem was inherent to the design, and the engineers started referring to the effect as "hubcapping", so-named as it appeared similar to a hubcap spun on the ground. 355:

solutions to this problem, including rotating pilots seats and cockpits, but none proved very effective. Another problem with various VTOL experiments was that stability in a hover was difficult to arrange, although not entirely unexpected. A solution to this problem would require the thrust to be directed downward from a larger area, as it is in a helicopter, where the lift is supplied over the entire area of the rotor disk. Most designers turned to bleeding off air from the engine's compressor, and directing that through pipes arranged around the aircraft. Frost's engine design used such a large number of nozzles that such an arrangement would not be too easy to build.

388:, where fluid flows will follow strongly convex shapes, something that might be unexpected at first glance. Frost felt the effect could be used with his engine design to produce a more practical VTOL aircraft, the exhaust flowing outward over the upper surface of the aircraft and then being directed downward over a flap-like arrangement. This would produce a lift force around the entire edge of the aircraft, allowing it to land "flat". He produced a number of small experimental designs using compressed air in place of an engine in order to select a suitable airframe shape, and eventually decided that a disk was the best solution. 756:, yet its technological innovations have intrigued other designers. One of the design elements it embodied, the use of ducted fans, led to other experimental programs. Dr. Paul Moller, a Canadian expatriate who had worked at Avro Canada as a young engineer, based an initial series of experimental VTOL vehicles on "saucer" technology utilizing the buried ducted fan à la-Avrocar. The XM-2, the first of the series looked remarkably like a miniature flying saucer. After successful tether tests, the saucer designs also at one time publicized as "discojet" were abandoned and their latest project, the 780: 682:

flight, combined into a single nozzle. For hover, a series of "transition doors" were opened into the nozzles, blocking them off and re-directing the flow downward under the aircraft. Control during this regime was provided by moving the outer portion of the flap to "focus" the flow. At higher speeds, the doors were closed, allowing the air to flow out from the edge of the aircraft, where a series of simple flap-like controls were located. The new control system covered the rear 3/4's of the aircraft's outer circumference; the front section featured the hovering controls only.

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concept. The original plan to initially test the Viper Engine Rig was to have continued into free flight testing. Unfortunately, testing was anything but smooth; the test model suffered from hazardous oil leaks, resulting in three fires. It eventually got to the point that staff were afraid of the machine, even when safely ensconced in a booth constructed of bullet-proof glass and quarter-inch-thick steel. A final, disastrous and nearly lethal engine test in 1956 which involved a Viper jet engine running wild, convinced Frost that a less dangerous test vehicle was necessary.

566: 562:, the upper surface of the disk being fairly curved, and the bottom much less so. The disk was 18 feet (5.5 m) in diameter and 3.5 feet (1.1 m) thick. The main structural truss was a large equilateral triangle, to which the various components were attached. The 124-blade "turborotor" sat in the center of the triangle, with most of the rotor's thrust directed straight down through an opening in the lower surface, but some was bled off to power the control system running along the outer rim of the disk. 515:. By this point, the U.S. Army was involved in a wide variety of experiments on smaller VTOL aircraft that would act as a "flying Jeep", and they became interested in Avro's concept as well. Frost pitched his smaller design both as a prototype of a vehicle suitable for the Army's needs, as well as an aerodynamic testbed for the WS-606. Initial performance requirements for the Avrocar were a ten-minute hover capability in ground effect and 25-mile (40 km) range with a 1,000 lb (450 kg) payload. 1876: 745: 661:

hover, but over the top and bottom during forward flight. The idea was that when the flap was positioned in order to provide control, the lift would be lowered on one side and raised on the other. Lift was indeed lowered on one side, but the lift did not improve on the other, so every control input resulted in a loss of altitude. After five flights, testing was temporarily halted on 5 December 1959, by which time the Avrocar had logged 18.5 hours of test time in total.

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VTOL research projects, exploring new configurations married to a disk platform and even a "lift jet" version, but no further interest resulted from Canadian or other sources, to cap the end of this Special Projects Group program. In 1961, a number of later proposals, including the Avro P470 VTOL fighter concept derived from the Special Projects Group, were submitted to fulfill a NATO competition for a tactical strike fighter. These needs were filled by the

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as readily as it would fly forward. However, by modifying the airflow with the application of a small amount of jet thrust, the overall airflow over the craft could be dramatically altered, creating a sort of "virtual airfoil" of any needed configuration. For instance, by directing even a small amount of jet thrust down, a large mass of air would be pulled over the upper surface of the wing and dramatically augment the flow over the wing, creating lift.

530:(with AV standing for "Avro", an unusual departure from normal U.S. Army nomenclature), the latest in a series of "VZ" aircraft. Army interest in the Avrocar program was apparently very high. Bernard Lindenbaum of the Air Force Flight Dynamics Laboratory recalls a trip to Washington in the late 1950s to request additional funding for a study on helicopter drag reduction. Although the funding was approved, he overheard an Army General remark that the 538:

225 knots (417 km/h) maximum speed, 10,000 feet (3,000 m) ceiling, 130-mile (209 km) range with 1,000 lb (450 kg) payload, and hover out of ground effect with 2,428 lb (1,101 kg) payload. Maximum takeoff weight with transition to forward flight out of ground effect was calculated to be 5,650 lb (2,560 kg), maximum weight with a transition in ground effect (GETOL) was 6,970 lb (3,160 kg).

312: 335:. The problem was how to use the annular thrust to drive the aircraft forward, as well as the problem of fitting the very large engine into a suitable airframe. Frost suggested using a series of ducts and vents to redirect the thrust flowing out of the front of the engine towards the rear. In order to keep the pipes as short as possible, the design ported the thrust out along the leading edge of what was essentially a thick 425:

senior company officials) for a completely circular disk-shaped aircraft known as "Project Y-2". The USAF agreed to take over funding for Frost's Special Projects Group, and a contract for US$ 750,000 followed in 1955. By 1956, Avro management was interested enough to commit $ 2.5 million to build a "private venture" prototype. In March 1957, the Air Force added additional funding, and the aircraft became

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profile. The pilot's controls moved the ring in relation to the rest of the craft, affecting the airflow moving outward from the center of the craft. Vertical lift could be increased by moving the entire ring down, which would produce more airflow over its upper surface, which would then bend down over this surface toward the ground. Tilting the ring resulted in asymmetric thrust for directional control.

631: 303:, as opposed to the more typical pinwheel-like design of conventional engines. The turbine drove the compressor using gearing, rather than a shaft. The resulting engine was arranged in the form of a large disk, which he referred to as a "pancake engine". The jet thrust exited from around the entire rim of the engine, and this presented problems trying to adapt the design to a typical aircraft. 377: 49: 519: 843: 665: 815:, arriving in November 2007. After a full restoration, which included fabrication of both missing plexiglass bubbles, it was put on display in June 2008 in the museum's Cold War Gallery. It has since been moved to the Presidential Aircraft Gallery. In 2016, the Avrocar was moved to the museum's Research and Development Gallery in its new fourth hangar. 417: 706:

Before modifications could be achieved, funding ran out in March 1961. Frost's proposals for a modified design were not accepted, and the Avrocar and related WS-606A supersonic VTOL programs were officially cancelled in December 1961 by the U.S. military. Avro company executives encouraged additional

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The vehicle was manned by a crew of two, positioned in separate cockpits squeezed into empty areas in the airframe. In practice, only one pilot was usually on board during testing; a number of flights were made with an observer in the second cockpit. Until control problems were completely solved, the

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As he continued these experiments, he found that the same thrust-direction system he intended for VTOL operations worked just as well for forward flight. In this case the disk shape was not of itself a good lifting surface, as it was neutral in terms of lift direction – that is, it would fly sideways

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funded the effort with a CAN$ 400,000 contract. By 1953, a wooden mock-up of Project Y was completed, of which only images remain. It appears the project was considered too costly within the military establishment, which was at the time involved in several extremely expensive air defense projects. On

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Pilot control was entirely through a single side-mounted control stick. Pitch and roll were controlled through conventional fore-aft and side-to-side motions, while yaw could be controlled by twisting the stick. No mechanical linkages were used, the stick instead controlled the flow of high pressure

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along with images of the Omega design, apparently in order to gain further funding. Five days later, the Minister for Defence Production informed the House of Commons that Avro was indeed working on a "mock-up model" of a flying saucer, capable of flying at 1,500 miles per hour (2,400 km/h) and

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Avro was convinced that the concept was still workable, and proposed a new program for major rework of the propulsion and control system. Instead of the single annular triangular flap and spoilers, or the later ring control, the new system included two separate control systems for hover and forward

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jet engines attached to the truss. Each engine had its own fuel and oil tanks and other support systems, although it was expected these would be interconnected in future models. The majority of the airframe was made of aluminum with an empty weight of 3,000 pounds (1,400 kg). The undercarriage

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program on "Black Friday", 20 February 1959. The ensuing result was the lay-off of almost all Avro Canada employees, including those with the Special Projects Group. However, three days following the announcement of the Arrow cancellation, many of the Special Projects employees were rehired. But it

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In late 1953, a group of U.S. defence experts visited Avro Canada to view the new CF-100 fighter jet. Somewhere along the way, Frost co-opted the tour and rerouted it to the Special Projects area where he proceeded to show off the Project Y mock-up and models and drawings (some never before seen by

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A completely new design was installed over the winter. The original spoilers were removed and replaced by a single ring below the annular flap. The ring shifted in relation to the craft under control input, "sealing off" the gap on one side while opening it on the other. Tests continued in January

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Additional Air Force funding of approximately $ 700,000 (unexpended from the 606A program) was also moved to the Avrocar project. In March 1959, an additional $ 1.77 million contract was received for a second prototype. At rollout, projected performance was far in excess of the requirement, with a

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The engine was disk shaped and its intake was positioned in the middle, which meant the engine air intakes had to be located near the middle of the wing. In the Ace design, these were located just to the front of the centre on the top and bottom of the aircraft. The cockpit was positioned over the

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before creating a research team known as the "Special Projects Group" (SPG). Frost first surrounded himself with a collection of like-minded "maverick" engineers, then arranged for a work site. Initially ensconced in the "Penthouse", a derisive nickname for the executive wing of the Administration

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The second Avrocar had logged about 75 flight hours at the end of the flight testing. Judged by its performance, the Avrocar was an abject failure: it could not lift itself safely more than a few feet off the ground, and its bulbous design limiting high-speed performance accompanied by unbearable

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With these modifications complete and apparently working, the first completely free flight occurred on 12 November 1959. This test proved the nozzle control system unacceptable. The spoilers were intended to direct the air out over the top or bottom of the annular flap, out the bottom only during

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at points of critical curvature. No single design could offer high performance for both regimes. The blown disk could attack this problem by being laid out for supersonic performance only, and then using jet thrust to modify subsonic airflow into a semblance of a normal wing. The resulting design

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For VTOL operations the aircraft was expected to sit pointed up, supported by long landing legs that extended out of the spine. Landing would be accomplished at a very high angle, making visibility during the approach very difficult. A number of other VTOL experiments of the era attempted various

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Through the history of the program, the project was referred to by a number of different names. Avro referred to the efforts as Project Y, with individual vehicles known as Spade and Omega. Project Y-2 was later funded by the U.S. Air Force, who referred to it as WS-606A, Project 1794 and Project

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The attitude/thrust control system consisted of a large ring situated outside of the main disk, shaped roughly like a rounded triangle with the flat surface on the "inside". Viewing the craft from the side, the control flap is almost invisible, appearing in its neutral position to blend into the

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A wide variety of designs were studied for a VTOL fighter aircraft, all revolved around the disk shape, leading to the Project 1794 involving a supersonic large disk fighter aircraft. The concept proceeded to wind tunnel testing with a variety of scale models. It featured a raised section in the

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On 9 June 1961, a second USAF/NASA flight evaluation of the Avrocar was conducted on the similarly modified second prototype at the Avro facility. During these tests, the vehicle reached a maximum speed of 20 knots (37 km/h) and showed the ability to traverse a ditch six feet across and 18

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Investigations into the effect revealed what was causing the problem. While in the ground effect, the high-pressure air under the craft was trapped, filling the entire area and thus providing a stable base. When the craft rose out of the ground effect, the air formed itself into a single narrow

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was designed under the name PV-704, PV stood for Private Venture. The PV-704 was a stop-gap design built into a bunker-like building behind the Avro Experimental Test facility. It was intended to test various Project 1794 concepts and provide the USAF with test data to show the viability of the

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Modifications were completed on the Ames model and testing resumed in April 1961. The new design demonstrated much better control in hover and considerably improved lift. The vehicle was now able to travel at up to 100 knots (190 km/h), a great improvement over the 30 knots (56 km/h)

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main bearing, behind the intakes. A "spine" on the top and bottom ran from the cockpit area to the rear edge of the aircraft. Several other versions of the basic layout were also studied, including the "Omega" which was more disk-like as it cut away the rear portions of the delta wing as well.

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The USAF Project Office devoted to the Avro projects, recommended that the WS-606A and all related work (including the Avrocar) be cancelled. A "stop/go" work order came down and Frost was forced once more to try to rescue the project. In an elaborate effort, Frost made a resounding case for

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aircraft. It was expected that any future European war would start with a nuclear exchange that would destroy most airbases, so aircraft would need to operate from limited airbases, roads or even unprepared fields. Considerable research effort was put into various solutions to securing a

380:"Jack" Frost demonstrates the Coandă effect. Pressurized air flows out of the end of the red tube, and then over the top of the metal disk. The Coandă effect makes the air "stick" to the disk, bending down at the edges to flow vertically. This airflow supports the disk in the air. 613:

Avro test pilots acquired a "touch" for the extremely sensitive control inputs and Avro Aircraft Chief Development Test Pilot Potocki was eventually able to demonstrate a "hands-off" flight. Nonetheless, Avro test pilot Peter Cope, USAF project pilot Walter J. Hodgson and NASA's

284:-era structure across from the company headquarters, the Schaeffer Building, that was secured with security guards, locked doors and special pass cards. At times, the SPG also operated out of the Experimental Hangar where it shared space with other esoteric Avro project teams. 690:, but this proved to sit within the airflow of the turborotor and did not help. Frost's team considered two new designs, one with a large vertical tail and one with a wing with tip mounted verticals — "winglets". Both designs used two 2,700 lbf (12 kN) thrust 546:

wasn't quite business as usual. The team now included people from the CF-100 and CF-105 teams and the Special Projects Group was moved into the main building, which was nearly empty. As well, company "brass" became more involved in the group's operations.

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also taking off in 1959. Nevertheless, company designer John Frost applied for a number of patents in Canada, the UK and the U.S. that established the pivotal role that the Avrocar and related Avro experimental vehicles made in the VTOL world.

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The Avrocar story did not end with the termination of the program. Only two Avrocars were ever produced and because the U.S. military had paid for the work, they reverted to U.S. ownership at the end of the program. The second example, S/N

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air around the craft, which either directly attached to various control surfaces, or indirectly through local cable linkages to replace controls that were intended to be cable-actuated (like throttle controls on the engines).

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after modifications, was tested without the canopies and incorporating the perimeter "focusing" ring c. 1961. Tests showed that the heat was so oppressive that all instruments were baked brown after only a few

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heat and screaming exhaust noise, made it impractical for the military. Although considered a technical failure, its design would be prophetic: it was a rubber skirt shy of being one of the world's first

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inches (460 mm) deep. Flight above the critical altitude proved dangerous if not nearly impossible due to inherent instability. The flight test report further identified a range of control problems.

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middle over the engine that contained the cockpit and a series of rectangular intakes that provided air to the engine during low-speed flight. For supersonic flight, the upper intakes were closed using

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The new plan appeared to make everybody happy, and a $ 2 million joint-services contract managed by the Air Force was awarded to Avro to build and test two Avrocars, which the Army referred to as the

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The Project Y mock-up in the Experimental Flight Hangar c. 1954. The scalloped nozzles on the near edge direct the jet thrust rearward. The cockpit is just visible at the front of the upper spine.

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At the time, Frost was particularly interested in jet engine design and ways to improve the efficiency of the compressor without sacrificing the simplicity of the turbine engine. He found

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of the Avrocar was rudimentary with three small castering wheels mounted on "stub" shafts; a set of skids was substituted later in testing although they were not normally fitted.

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Chief Test Pilot Fred J. Drinkwater III, who all flew the Avrocar, considered it still a tricky vehicle to fly. Drinkwater likened a flight in it to "balancing on a beach ball".

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and air was instead provided from a separate supersonic intake along the front of the raised section. Frost's performance estimates for the concept were for a potential of

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To gather flight data on the basic concept while the engine development continued, in 1958 Frost proposed building a smaller "proof-of-concept" test vehicle he called the

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Silver Bug. When the U.S. Army joined the efforts it took on its final name "Avrocar", and the designation "VZ-9", part of the U.S. Army's VTOL projects in the VZ series.

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Zuk 2001, p. 79. Quote: "...they focused on the deteriorated engine and turborotor performance and lack of controllability over the speed range of the Avrocar..."

808: 6448: 5308: 4823: 4665: 3760: 3524: 2128: 795:), after tethered testing, became the "wind tunnel" test model at NASA Ames, where it remained in storage from 1961 until 1966, when it was donated to the 2840: 711:, but in more general terms, interest in VTOL faded as it became widely believed a nuclear first strike would not be used at the start of a European war. 5672: 5667: 339:. As the engine was disk-shaped, the triangular delta shape was pushed out near the front where it met the engine disk, producing a shape roughly like a 204:

to provide lift and thrust from a single "turborotor" blowing exhaust out of the rim of the disk-shaped aircraft. In the air, it would have resembled a

803:. There it continued gathering dust for the next forty years. The museum finally scheduled it for restoration and display at their newly constructed 491:

sightings were Soviet-built saucers. The article went on to describe such an aircraft with diagrams that were clearly influenced by the Avro design.

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previously reached. However, it remained unstable in pitch, and exhibited a strong nose-up trim. NASA engineers attempted to modify this with a

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This appeared to offer a solution to one of the most vexing problems of the era, designing an aircraft that was effective at subsonic and

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There was some debate about the concept within the USAF, as many groups were attempting to gain funding for their own pet projects, like

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would be tuned for high supersonic performance, have reasonable subsonic performance, and would also offer VTOL, all in a single design.

6463: 4465: 4167: 3342: 3317: 3108: 227:. In flight testing, the Avrocar proved to have unresolved thrust and stability problems that limited it to a degraded, low-performance 3778: 5948: 3375: 3312: 1896: 1855:"Wankel Rotary Powered Flying Car", TV episode covering the Moller Aircraft has several clips demonstrating the "hubcapping" problem. 1278:. Retrieved: 17 February 2007. Note: Much of the discussion of the control systems and stability problems are taken from this source. 5968: 5963: 3412: 3148: 2589: 1772: 1740: 1725: 1710: 1695: 1680: 1665: 1650: 1635: 1620: 1585: 3534: 3357: 3158: 2304: 5236:

For full-size aircraft with powered rotors the rotor is normally tilted to achieve thrust (e.g. in a helicopter). Some toys (e.g.

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continuation of U.S. military funding. Late in May 1959, the USAF authorized Avro to continue the "flying saucer" programs.

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Just as the first working test models were being manufactured, disaster struck. The Canadian government cancelled the Avro

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Frost felt the excellent performance of his new engine would be a natural fit for a VTOL aircraft due to its high expected

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Zuk 2001, pp. 85–87. Note: A modern reappraisal of the Avrocar focused on aerodynamic problems and their resolution.

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fighter aircraft in 1956; it was rejected by the Navy. The TS-140 was a canard type aircraft to be powered by four

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Harding, Stephen (November–December 1999). "Canadian Connection: US Army Aviation's Penchant for Canadian Types".

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aircraft functions as an aeroplane during normal (horizontal) flight and as a helicopter during low-speed flight.

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aircraft capable of very high speeds and altitudes, the project was repeatedly scaled back over time and the

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would be the last helicopter the Army would buy since the helicopter would be replaced by the Avrocar.

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concept, while many companies started work on VTOL aircraft as a more appropriate long-term solution.

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Project 1794 Final Development Summary Report, 06/1956 ARC Identifier 6920770 / MLR Number UD-UP 138

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The Avro VZ-9 Avrocar was a "dead end" in VTOL design, according to Russell Lee, curator at the

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It was discovered that the craft was inherently unstable in forward flight, as the aerodynamic

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second-strike capability. Some of these solutions included rocket-launched aircraft like the

6498: 6394: 6381: 5807: 5787: 5697: 5463: 5156: 4725: 4690: 4590: 3539: 2614: 2441: 2396: 2376: 1983: 602: 574: 472: 385: 212: 201: 76: 1035:

Another common theme of policy by press release are claims that "the Soviets are doing it".

768:, utilized for "flight" testing, returned to Canada briefly for display in Montreal at the 718:

Avro VZ-9-AV Avrocar at the Paul E. Garber Preservation, Restoration and Storage Facility,

319:

At the same time, the aircraft industry as a whole was becoming increasingly interested in

6427: 6169: 6162: 6083: 5612: 5607: 5480: 5475: 5354: 3587: 3240: 3009: 2999: 2810: 2529: 2326: 1968: 1875: 1839: 1802: 1758: 1275: 934:

300 mph (480 km/h, 260 kn) (estimated), 35 mph (56 km/h) (actual)

714: 457: 300: 228: 2106: 940:

995 mi (1,601 km, 865 nmi) (estimated), 79 mi (127 km) (actual)

311: 6389: 6371: 6366: 6179: 6129: 6088: 5897: 5887: 5877: 5767: 5714: 5639: 5597: 5280: 5240:) do have a powered rotor with no means to tilt the rotor to produce horizontal thrust. 4252: 3708: 3668: 2820: 2788: 2775: 2622: 2421: 2060: 1978: 1608: 956: 216: 31: 1718:

Secret Weapons of World War II: The Techno-Military Breakthroughs That Changed History

772:(1968); after a lengthy period of outdoor display, it is now under restoration at the 6442: 6294: 6157: 6137: 5920: 5634: 5455: 4150: 3330: 3021: 2649: 2549: 2494: 2309: 2229: 2065: 1688:

The World's Worst Aircraft: From Pioneering Failures to Multimillion Dollar Disasters

968: 858:

The World's Worst Aircraft: From Pioneering Failures to Multimillion Dollar Disasters

757: 531: 461: 340: 288: 205: 6399: 6078: 6073: 6051: 5907: 5415: 5397: 5143: 5083: 5015: 4020: 3382: 3282: 3200: 2705: 2609: 2336: 2331: 2321: 2179: 1849: 978: 812: 542: 477: 364: 344: 281: 272:

aircraft, where he had been the chief designer on the supersonic research project.

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that was independent of the pilot's controls. The turborotor had a fairly large

465: 445: 438: 400: 376: 276: 196:

as part of a secret U.S. military project carried out in the early years of the

193: 102: 48: 518: 17: 6414: 6322: 6215: 6142: 6119: 6098: 5915: 5872: 5782: 5757: 5564: 5410: 5252: 5203: 5166: 5139: 4412: 4225: 3641: 3619: 3365: 2466: 2461: 1854: 1785: 1518:"Avro Canada VZ-9 Avrocar (Replica) - Royal Aviation Museum of Western Canada" 728: 404: 396: 336: 224: 1601: 1442:

Zuk 2001, p. 82. Note: Frost's redesigned Avrocar was only a "paper" project.

1268: 783:

Avrocar at the National Museum of the United States Air Force in Dayton, Ohio

6404: 5930: 5925: 5260: 5225: 4315: 4267: 4035: 2639: 2055: 842: 664: 643: 606: 292: 220: 1822: 1751: 1733:

Avrocar, Canada's Flying Saucer: The Story Of Avro Canada's Secret Projects

946:

10,000 ft (3,000 m) (estimated), 3 ft (0.91 m) (actual)

818:

A full-scale replica of the Avrocar was prepared for the 2002 production,

399:

speeds. Subsonic lift is created by the airflow around the wing following

6327: 6261: 5857: 5852: 5709: 5574: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5405: 5221: 5199: 5194: 5184: 5104: 5099: 5075: 831: 827: 499: 197: 1864: 1790: 1236: 384:

While Project Y continued, Frost had meanwhile become interested in the

368:

climbing vertically. Nevertheless, further funding was not forthcoming.

5179: 4813: 4808: 4360: 3833: 1881: 1844: 559: 223:

for a tactical combat aircraft requirement, a sort of high-performance

558:

The Avrocar was a disk-shaped aircraft with the same basic shape as a

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turbojets and increased the turborotor diameter from five to six ft.

687: 434: 90: 522:

U.S. Army Avrocars depicted as "flying jeeps" in company literature

4695: 3432: 1215: 1000: 841: 778: 743: 713: 663: 629: 564: 517: 416: 415: 375: 310: 1791:

Aero Sys Div, 1969 (RG 342 UD-UP 138; NND 63253; Boxes 35 and 58)

5161: 4700: 2028: 1963: 453: 320: 189: 5297: 5047: 2110: 1998: 1885: 448:

proposed a version of the "Project Y", the TS-140, to meet the

488: 219:

eventually abandoned it. Development was then taken up by the

1022:

This was a common strategy in the U.S. at the time, known as

420:

Avro company models of the Y-2 (right) and the Avrocar (left)

231:; subsequently, the project was cancelled in September 1961. 487:

magazine that, among other claims, speculated that current

363:

11 February 1953, a story on the project was leaked to the

634:

The first Avrocar being readied at the Avro factory c.1958

358:

In 1952, the design was advanced enough that the Canadian

6474:

Cancelled military aircraft projects of the United States

1568:. Winnipeg: MidCanada Entertainment. 2002. Archived from 1357: 1355: 919:

turbojet engines, 660 lbf (2.9 kN) thrust each

5324:

Certified/factory-built aircraft manufactured in Canada

1818:

National Museum of the USAF fact sheet for the Avrocar

1569: 494:

For testing purposes, a new engine consisting of six

1080:"Flying saucer-like test bomber, weapon system 606A" 6413: 6380: 6357: 6336: 6303: 6285: 6260: 6242: 6224: 6206: 6178: 6128: 6112: 6042: 6019: 5939: 5906: 5806: 5741: 5723: 5686: 5658: 5573: 5555: 5494: 5454: 5396: 5363: 5347: 5329: 4983: 4847: 4766: 4005: 3864: 2987: 2688: 2487: 2145: 1920: 963:

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

248:The Avrocar was the ultimate result of a series of 174: 166: 158: 150: 145: 137: 120: 108: 96: 86: 71: 66: 41: 1490:Relly Victoria Petrescu and Florian Ion Petrescu. 1450: 1448: 481:release, in 1955 an extensive article appeared in 280:Building, the SPG was subsequently relocated to a 1767:. Kingston, Ontario: Arrow Alliance Press, 1999. 1786:Avrocar Continuation Test Program Footage (1961) 1336: 1334: 1332: 498:jet engines blowing across the outer rim of an 1716:Yenne, William. "From Focke-Wulf to Avrocar". 1615:. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited, 1979. 1578:The UFO Files: The Canadian Connection Exposed 1388:Avrocar: Saucer Secrets from the Past, 2002. . 809:National Museum of the United States Air Force 441:at 100,000 ft (30,000 m) altitudes. 5309: 5059: 2122: 2010: 1897: 1259: 1257: 1255: 1253: 807:. Instead the Avrocar has been loaned to the 8: 1286: 1284: 295:lying directly outside the outer rim of the 30:"Avrocar" redirects here. For the band, see 1735:. Erin, Ontario: Boston Mills Press, 2001. 1705:. St. Catharine's, Ontario: Vanwell, 2002. 1660:. Leicester, UK: Midland Publishing, 2006. 1140: 1138: 1128: 1126: 1107: 1105: 1103: 1101: 5316: 5302: 5294: 5066: 5052: 5044: 2129: 2115: 2107: 2017: 2003: 1995: 1904: 1890: 1882: 1874: 1823:official Project Silverbug report at Cufon 748:Avrocar at the National Museum of the USAF 573:Power for the rotor was provided by three 38: 6454:1950s United States experimental aircraft 5259:with novel thrust / lift solutions (e.g. 1850:Avro Project Silverbug for aerial ramming 1750:Winnipeg: MidCanada Entertainment, 2002. 597:. The Avrocar thus included a mechanical 5092: 1658:Flying Saucer Aircraft (Secret Projects) 5255:are not included in the table, nor are 1860:US3062482A Gas turbine engined aircraft 1566:"Avrocar: Saucer Secrets from the Past" 1263:Lindenbaum, Bernard and William Blake. 1048: 1015: 824:Royal Aviation Museum of Western Canada 460:jet engines; the Navy instead selected 200:. The Avrocar intended to exploit the 1580:. Toronto: Stoddart Publishing, 1998. 820:Avrocar: Saucer Secrets from the Past. 605:and was intended to act as a powerful 569:Avrocar schematic from the VZ-9 manual 412:U.S. Involvement: Project 1794/WS 606A 403:, but supersonic lift is generated by 1866:Avrocar: Saucer Secrets from the Past 1496:The Aviation History (New Aircraft I) 1492:The Aviation History (New Aircraft I) 275:At Avro Canada, he had worked on the 27:1959 experimental VTOL aircraft model 7: 6449:1950s Canadian experimental aircraft 5996:DH.82C Tiger Moth & Menasco Moth 822:It now resides as an exhibit at the 1833:The Avrocar: Canada's Flying Saucer 1703:Avro Aircraft and Cold War Aviation 1690:. London: Amber Books Ltd., 2005. 1675:. London: Grange Books plc, 1999. 854:Avrocar: Canada's Flying Saucer... 25: 2031:aircraft designations (1956–1962) 1720:. New York: Berkley Books, 2003. 897:254 sq ft (23.6 m) 891:3 ft 6 in (1.07 m) 5275:) or balloon-wing hybrids (e.g. 1643:VTOL: Military Research Aircraft 260:from 1942 and had worked on the 47: 1796:Avrocar at virtuallystrange.net 1645:. New York: Orion Books, 1989. 774:U.S. Army Transportation Museum 760:, has a flying-car appearance. 444:As Project 1794 was developed, 6287:Ontario Provincial Air Service 1673:The World's Strangest Aircraft 1630:. Toronto: CANAV Books, 1981. 1066:"How to Build a FLYING SAUCER" 452:'s Specification TS-140 for a 1: 1845:Avrocar: a real flying saucer 1656:Rose, Bill and Tony Buttler. 909:5,560 lb (2,522 kg) 903:3,000 lb (1,361 kg) 797:National Air and Space Museum 754:National Air and Space Museum 720:National Air and Space Museum 599:stability augmentation system 475:. In a repeat of the earlier 372:Project Y-2: the "flat-riser" 6459:Aircraft first flown in 1959 5788:Hurricane Mk.X, XI & XII 5725:Canadian Associated Aircraft 770:Man and His World Exhibition 6479:Ducted fan-powered aircraft 5153:Tethered (static or towed) 1274:September 27, 2006, at the 805:Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center 646:for a wind tunnel testing. 6515: 6464:Aviation history of Canada 6208:Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm 5690:Toronto Curtiss Aeroplanes 5660:Canadian Aerodrome Company 5111:Lift: Lighter than air gas 776:in Fort Eustis, Virginia. 29: 6226:National Research Council 5557:Bristol/McDonald Brothers 5456:Boeing Aircraft of Canada 5214: 5103: 5095: 5090: 5034: 2036: 1956: 1370:Campagna 1998, pp. 69–70. 1174:Campagna 1998, pp. 62–63. 211:Originally designed as a 46: 5743:Canadian Car and Foundry 1551:Winchester 2005, p. 104. 1212:"Look Article from 1955" 1055:Yenne 2003, pp. 281–283. 838:Specifications (VZ-9-AV) 593:was well forward of the 496:Armstrong Siddeley Viper 186:Avro Canada VZ-9 Avrocar 6305:Ottawa Car and Aircraft 5798:Harvard Mk.IIB and Mk.4 5793:Norseman Mk.V & VII 5036:Unknown or not assigned 2138:United States Air Force 1757:7 February 2006 at the 1522:royalaviationmuseum.com 1454:Winchester 2005, p. 68. 1361:Winchester 2005, p. 69. 1024:policy by press release 885:18 ft (5.5 m) 864:General characteristics 787:The first Avrocar, S/N 709:Hawker Siddeley Harrier 473:nuclear powered bombers 125:United States Air Force 6428:CL-515 First Responder 5758:Anson Mk.II & Mk.V 5249:Ground-effect vehicles 5125:Unpowered free flight 1974:Hawker Siddeley Canada 1111:Milberry 1979, p. 137. 847: 846:Avrocar 3-view drawing 784: 749: 723: 674: 635: 570: 523: 507:Genesis of the Avrocar 421: 381: 360:Defence Research Board 316: 297:centrifugal compressor 239:Design and development 192:aircraft developed by 5751:Maple Leaf Trainer II 5257:experimental aircraft 5117:Lift: Unpowered rotor 1838:29 April 2007 at the 1801:14 April 2016 at the 1507:Zuk 2001, pp. 92, 93. 1349:Campagna 1998, p. 68. 1201:Zuuring 1999, p. 220. 1183:Whitcomb 2002, p. 58. 1165:Campagna 1998, p. 61. 1156:Zuuring 1999, p. 221. 1132:Milberry 1981, p. 19. 1120:Milberry 1981, p. 15. 992:Piasecki VZ-8 Airgeep 845: 782: 747: 717: 667: 633: 568: 521: 468:for its requirement. 419: 379: 333:power-to-weight ratio 314: 252:projects by designer 81:experimental aircraft 6469:Avro Canada aircraft 5688:Canadian Aeroplanes/ 5613:CL-415 Super Scooper 5171:(None – see note 2) 5148:(None – see note 2) 5120:Lift: Powered rotor 1379:Zuk 2001, pp. 85–87. 1326:Zuk 2001, pp. 71–72. 1308:Zuk 2001, pp. 70–71. 1290:Harding 1999, p. 74. 1247:Harding 1999, p. 73. 1068:. 20 September 2012. 996:Rhoades Hoverscooter 692:General Electric J85 638:The first Avrocar, # 615:Ames Research Center 270:de Havilland Swallow 268:jet fighter and the 266:de Havilland Vampire 5941:de Havilland Canada 1765:The Arrow Scrapbook 1701:Whitcomb, Randall. 1576:Campagna, Palmiro. 1424:Rogers 1989. p. 85. 1406:Taylor 1999, p. 78. 1340:Rogers 1989, p. 84. 987:Handley Page HP.120 974:Curtiss-Wright VZ-7 917:Continental J69-T-9 907:Max takeoff weight: 879:1 observer/engineer 740:Latest developments 621:Operational history 575:Continental J69-T-9 427:Weapons System 606A 262:de Havilland Hornet 250:blue skies research 67:General information 6244:National Steel Car 5608:CL-215 Waterbomber 5238:balloon helicopter 2026:United States Army 1748:The Avrocar Story. 1613:Aviation in Canada 1218:on 2 December 2006 1003:pioneer hovercraft 848: 801:Suitland, Maryland 785: 750: 733:Saunders Roe SR.N1 724: 675: 636: 591:center of pressure 571: 524: 450:United States Navy 422: 382: 326:zero-length launch 317: 130:United States Army 6436: 6435: 6337:Reid/Curtiss-Reid 5678:Hubbard Monoplane 5618:CL-600 Challenger 5464:C-204 Thunderbird 5291: 5290: 5273:flettner airplane 5209: 5208: 5041: 5040: 2104: 2103: 1992: 1991: 1686:Winchester, Jim. 1671:Taylor, Michael. 1626:Milberry, Larry. 1572:on 4 August 2006. 1086:. 4 November 2010 595:center of gravity 182: 181: 159:Introduction date 61:) on its rollout. 16:(Redirected from 6506: 6423:DHC-6 Twin Otter 6405:York C.1 Special 6382:Victory Aircraft 6113:Federal Aircraft 6021:Diamond Aircraft 5991:DH.60 Gipsy Moth 5974:DHC-6 Twin Otter 5863:CH-300 Pacemaker 5808:Canadian Vickers 5768:CBY-3 Loadmaster 5441:505 Jet Ranger X 5436:429 GlobalRanger 5348:Avian Industries 5318: 5311: 5304: 5295: 5284: 5241: 5229: 5157:Tethered balloon 5114:Lift: Fixed wing 5093: 5068: 5061: 5054: 5045: 5022: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4992: 4976: 4966: 4956: 4946: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4906: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4861: 4856: 4840: 4830: 4820: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4775: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4684: 4674: 4644: 4639: 4609: 4584: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4529: 4509: 4499: 4449: 4444: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4389: 4384: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4249: 4244: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4184: 4139: 4129: 4119: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4084: 3998: 3978: 3958: 3948: 3928: 3908: 3898: 3888: 3878: 3752: 3633: 3596: 3479: 3464: 3429: 3424: 3394: 3214: 3197: 3078: 3073: 3063: 3033: 2960: 2940: 2920: 2915: 2910: 2905: 2900: 2827: 2817: 2807: 2772: 2767: 2762: 2757: 2722: 2717: 2702: 2676: 2666: 2656: 2646: 2636: 2606: 2586: 2566: 2556: 2546: 2526: 2448: 2438: 2418: 2413: 2403: 2358: 2251: 2246: 2241: 2236: 2226: 2216: 2211: 2191: 2131: 2124: 2117: 2108: 2019: 2012: 2005: 1996: 1984:Victory Aircraft 1906: 1899: 1892: 1883: 1878: 1813:Flying Platforms 1763:Zuuring, Peter. 1605: 1573: 1552: 1549: 1543: 1542:Zuk 2001, p. 69. 1540: 1534: 1533: 1531: 1529: 1514: 1508: 1505: 1499: 1488: 1482: 1479: 1473: 1472:Zuk 2001, p. 89. 1470: 1464: 1461: 1455: 1452: 1443: 1440: 1434: 1433:Zuk 2001, p. 76. 1431: 1425: 1422: 1416: 1415:Zuk 2001, p. 79. 1413: 1407: 1404: 1398: 1397:Zuk 2001, p. 74. 1395: 1389: 1386: 1380: 1377: 1371: 1368: 1362: 1359: 1350: 1347: 1341: 1338: 1327: 1324: 1318: 1317:Zuk 2001, p. 71. 1315: 1309: 1306: 1300: 1299:Zuk 2001, p. 65. 1297: 1291: 1288: 1279: 1269:THE VZ-9 AVROCAR 1265:The VZ-9 Avrocar 1261: 1248: 1245: 1239: 1234: 1228: 1227: 1225: 1223: 1214:. Archived from 1208: 1202: 1199: 1193: 1190: 1184: 1181: 1175: 1172: 1166: 1163: 1157: 1154: 1148: 1142: 1133: 1130: 1121: 1118: 1112: 1109: 1096: 1095: 1093: 1091: 1076: 1070: 1069: 1062: 1056: 1053: 1036: 1033: 1027: 1020: 979:Cushioncraft CC1 944:Service ceiling: 927: 866: 603:angular momentum 282:Second World War 170:12 November 1959 77:Proof of concept 53:The Avrocar S/N 51: 39: 21: 6514: 6513: 6509: 6508: 6507: 6505: 6504: 6503: 6439: 6438: 6437: 6432: 6409: 6376: 6353: 6332: 6299: 6281: 6256: 6238: 6234:tailless glider 6220: 6202: 6174: 6124: 6108: 6038: 6015: 6001:DH.83C Fox Moth 5935: 5931:J-5 Cub Cruiser 5902: 5883:Super Universal 5802: 5737: 5719: 5689: 5682: 5654: 5635:Freedom Fighter 5583:CL-4 North Star 5569: 5551: 5490: 5450: 5392: 5359: 5355:2/180 Gyroplane 5343: 5325: 5322: 5292: 5287: 5265:Flying Bedstead 5247: 5235: 5219: 5210: 5086: 5072: 5042: 5037: 5030: 5020: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4990: 4979: 4974: 4964: 4954: 4944: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4904: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4859: 4854: 4843: 4838: 4828: 4818: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4773: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4682: 4672: 4642: 4637: 4607: 4582: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4527: 4507: 4497: 4447: 4442: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4387: 4382: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4247: 4242: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4182: 4137: 4127: 4117: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4082: 4001: 3996: 3976: 3956: 3946: 3926: 3906: 3896: 3886: 3876: 3860: 3750: 3631: 3594: 3477: 3462: 3427: 3422: 3392: 3212: 3195: 3076: 3071: 3061: 3031: 2983: 2958: 2938: 2918: 2913: 2908: 2903: 2898: 2825: 2815: 2805: 2770: 2765: 2760: 2755: 2720: 2715: 2700: 2684: 2674: 2664: 2654: 2644: 2634: 2604: 2584: 2564: 2554: 2544: 2524: 2483: 2446: 2436: 2416: 2411: 2401: 2356: 2249: 2244: 2239: 2234: 2224: 2214: 2209: 2189: 2141: 2135: 2105: 2100: 2032: 2023: 1993: 1988: 1969:Hawker Siddeley 1952: 1921:A.V. Roe Canada 1916: 1910: 1840:Wayback Machine 1803:Wayback Machine 1782: 1759:Wayback Machine 1628:The Avro CF-100 1609:Milberry, Larry 1591: 1564: 1561: 1556: 1555: 1550: 1546: 1541: 1537: 1527: 1525: 1516: 1515: 1511: 1506: 1502: 1489: 1485: 1480: 1476: 1471: 1467: 1462: 1458: 1453: 1446: 1441: 1437: 1432: 1428: 1423: 1419: 1414: 1410: 1405: 1401: 1396: 1392: 1387: 1383: 1378: 1374: 1369: 1365: 1360: 1353: 1348: 1344: 1339: 1330: 1325: 1321: 1316: 1312: 1307: 1303: 1298: 1294: 1289: 1282: 1276:Wayback Machine 1262: 1251: 1246: 1242: 1235: 1231: 1221: 1219: 1210: 1209: 1205: 1200: 1196: 1192:Zuk 2001, p.56. 1191: 1187: 1182: 1178: 1173: 1169: 1164: 1160: 1155: 1151: 1143: 1136: 1131: 1124: 1119: 1115: 1110: 1099: 1089: 1087: 1078: 1077: 1073: 1064: 1063: 1059: 1054: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1039: 1034: 1030: 1021: 1017: 1012: 983:Gyrodyne GCA-55 953: 923: 862: 840: 742: 704: 628: 623: 556: 509: 458:Bristol Orpheus 414: 374: 309: 301:centrifugal fan 246: 241: 229:flight envelope 133: 116: 87:National origin 62: 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:VZ-9 AV Avrocar 15: 12: 11: 5: 6512: 6510: 6502: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6484:Flying saucers 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6441: 6440: 6434: 6433: 6431: 6430: 6425: 6419: 6417: 6411: 6410: 6408: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6390:Lancaster Mk.X 6386: 6384: 6378: 6377: 6375: 6374: 6369: 6363: 6361: 6355: 6354: 6352: 6351: 6346: 6340: 6338: 6334: 6333: 6331: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6309: 6307: 6301: 6300: 6298: 6297: 6295:CA-6M Airsedan 6291: 6289: 6283: 6282: 6280: 6279: 6273: 6272: 6266: 6264: 6258: 6257: 6255: 6254: 6248: 6246: 6240: 6239: 6237: 6236: 6230: 6228: 6222: 6221: 6219: 6218: 6212: 6210: 6204: 6203: 6201: 6200: 6198:Centennial 100 6195: 6190: 6184: 6182: 6176: 6175: 6173: 6172: 6166: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6138:1,2,5 & 21 6134: 6132: 6126: 6125: 6123: 6122: 6116: 6114: 6110: 6109: 6107: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6070: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6048: 6046: 6040: 6039: 6037: 6036: 6031: 6025: 6023: 6017: 6016: 6014: 6013: 6008: 6006:DH.98 Mosquito 6003: 5998: 5993: 5987: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5949:DHC-1 Chipmunk 5945: 5943: 5937: 5936: 5934: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5912: 5910: 5904: 5903: 5901: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5849: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5812: 5810: 5804: 5803: 5801: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5754: 5753: 5747: 5745: 5739: 5738: 5736: 5735: 5729: 5727: 5721: 5720: 5718: 5717: 5712: 5706: 5705: 5700: 5694: 5692: 5684: 5683: 5681: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5664: 5662: 5656: 5655: 5653: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5621: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5603:CL-84 Dynavert 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5579: 5577: 5571: 5570: 5568: 5567: 5561: 5559: 5553: 5552: 5550: 5549: 5544: 5534:Challenger 300 5530: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5513:Global Express 5510: 5504:CRJ100/200/440 5500: 5498: 5492: 5491: 5489: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5472: 5471: 5466: 5460: 5458: 5452: 5451: 5449: 5448: 5446:525 Relentless 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5402: 5400: 5394: 5393: 5391: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5378:C-102 Jetliner 5375: 5369: 5367: 5361: 5360: 5358: 5357: 5351: 5349: 5345: 5344: 5342: 5341: 5335: 5333: 5327: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5320: 5313: 5306: 5298: 5289: 5288: 5286: 5285: 5281:hybrid airship 5243: 5242: 5231: 5230: 5215: 5212: 5211: 5207: 5206: 5197: 5192: 5182: 5177: 5173: 5172: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5150: 5149: 5146: 5137: 5132: 5126: 5122: 5121: 5118: 5115: 5112: 5108: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5091: 5088: 5087: 5078:by methods of 5073: 5071: 5070: 5063: 5056: 5048: 5039: 5038: 5035: 5032: 5031: 5029: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4987: 4985: 4981: 4980: 4978: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4876: 4875: 4870: 4862: 4857: 4851: 4849: 4845: 4844: 4842: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4770: 4768: 4764: 4763: 4761: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4739: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4669: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4634: 4633: 4628: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4604: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4585: 4580: 4579: 4578: 4573: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4524: 4523: 4518: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4484: 4483: 4478: 4470: 4469: 4468: 4463: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4409: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4364: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4320: 4319: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4234: 4233: 4228: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4159: 4158: 4153: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4059: 4058: 4053: 4045: 4044: 4043: 4038: 4030: 4029: 4028: 4023: 4015: 4009: 4007: 4003: 4002: 4000: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3973: 3972: 3967: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3944: 3943: 3942: 3937: 3929: 3924: 3923: 3922: 3917: 3909: 3904: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3868: 3866: 3862: 3861: 3859: 3858: 3857: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3838: 3837: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3808: 3807: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3788: 3783: 3782: 3781: 3776: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3748: 3747: 3746: 3741: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3712: 3711: 3706: 3698: 3697: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3678: 3673: 3672: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3651: 3650: 3649: 3639: 3634: 3629: 3628: 3627: 3622: 3614: 3609: 3608: 3607: 3597: 3592: 3591: 3590: 3585: 3577: 3572: 3567: 3566: 3565: 3560: 3552: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3501: 3500: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3475: 3470: 3465: 3460: 3455: 3450: 3449: 3448: 3443: 3435: 3430: 3425: 3420: 3415: 3410: 3409: 3408: 3403: 3395: 3390: 3385: 3380: 3379: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3360: 3355: 3350: 3345: 3340: 3335: 3334: 3333: 3328: 3320: 3315: 3310: 3305: 3304: 3303: 3298: 3290: 3285: 3280: 3279: 3278: 3273: 3265: 3264: 3263: 3258: 3250: 3249: 3248: 3243: 3235: 3230: 3225: 3220: 3215: 3210: 3209: 3208: 3198: 3193: 3192: 3191: 3186: 3178: 3173: 3172: 3171: 3166: 3161: 3156: 3151: 3143: 3138: 3137: 3136: 3131: 3123: 3118: 3113: 3112: 3111: 3106: 3096: 3095: 3094: 3089: 3079: 3074: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3054: 3049: 3048: 3047: 3039: 3034: 3029: 3024: 3019: 3018: 3017: 3012: 3007: 3002: 2991: 2989: 2985: 2984: 2982: 2981: 2980: 2979: 2974: 2966: 2961: 2956: 2955: 2954: 2949: 2941: 2936: 2931: 2926: 2921: 2916: 2911: 2906: 2901: 2896: 2895: 2894: 2884: 2883: 2882: 2872: 2871: 2870: 2860: 2855: 2850: 2849: 2848: 2843: 2833: 2828: 2823: 2818: 2813: 2808: 2803: 2798: 2793: 2792: 2791: 2786: 2778: 2773: 2768: 2763: 2758: 2753: 2748: 2743: 2738: 2737: 2736: 2731: 2723: 2718: 2713: 2708: 2703: 2698: 2692: 2690: 2686: 2685: 2683: 2682: 2677: 2672: 2667: 2662: 2657: 2652: 2647: 2642: 2637: 2632: 2631: 2630: 2625: 2617: 2612: 2607: 2602: 2597: 2592: 2587: 2582: 2577: 2572: 2567: 2562: 2557: 2552: 2547: 2542: 2537: 2532: 2527: 2522: 2517: 2516: 2515: 2510: 2505: 2497: 2491: 2489: 2485: 2484: 2482: 2481: 2480: 2479: 2474: 2469: 2464: 2454: 2449: 2444: 2439: 2434: 2429: 2424: 2419: 2414: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2393: 2392: 2387: 2379: 2374: 2369: 2364: 2359: 2354: 2349: 2344: 2339: 2334: 2329: 2324: 2319: 2318: 2317: 2312: 2307: 2302: 2297: 2287: 2286: 2285: 2280: 2275: 2267: 2266: 2265: 2260: 2252: 2247: 2242: 2237: 2232: 2227: 2222: 2217: 2212: 2207: 2206: 2205: 2200: 2192: 2187: 2182: 2177: 2172: 2167: 2166: 2165: 2155: 2149: 2147: 2143: 2142: 2140:system numbers 2136: 2134: 2133: 2126: 2119: 2111: 2102: 2101: 2099: 2098: 2093: 2088: 2083: 2078: 2073: 2068: 2063: 2058: 2053: 2048: 2043: 2037: 2034: 2033: 2024: 2022: 2021: 2014: 2007: 1999: 1990: 1989: 1987: 1986: 1981: 1979:Orenda Engines 1976: 1971: 1966: 1957: 1954: 1953: 1951: 1950: 1945: 1940: 1935: 1930: 1928:C 102 Jetliner 1924: 1922: 1918: 1917: 1911: 1909: 1908: 1901: 1894: 1886: 1880: 1879: 1862: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1830: 1825: 1820: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1793: 1788: 1781: 1780:External links 1778: 1777: 1776: 1761: 1744: 1729: 1714: 1699: 1684: 1669: 1654: 1641:Rogers, Mike. 1639: 1624: 1606: 1594:Air Enthusiast 1589: 1574: 1560: 1557: 1554: 1553: 1544: 1535: 1524:. 14 June 2021 1509: 1500: 1483: 1474: 1465: 1456: 1444: 1435: 1426: 1417: 1408: 1399: 1390: 1381: 1372: 1363: 1351: 1342: 1328: 1319: 1310: 1301: 1292: 1280: 1249: 1240: 1229: 1203: 1194: 1185: 1176: 1167: 1158: 1149: 1134: 1122: 1113: 1097: 1071: 1057: 1047: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1038: 1037: 1028: 1014: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1005: 1004: 997: 994: 989: 984: 981: 976: 971: 960: 959: 957:Nemeth Parasol 952: 949: 948: 947: 941: 935: 932:Maximum speed: 921: 920: 910: 904: 898: 892: 886: 880: 874: 839: 836: 741: 738: 703: 700: 627: 624: 622: 619: 555: 552: 508: 505: 413: 410: 373: 370: 308: 305: 245: 242: 240: 237: 217:U.S. Air Force 180: 179: 176: 172: 171: 168: 164: 163: 160: 156: 155: 152: 148: 147: 143: 142: 139: 135: 134: 128: 122: 118: 117: 112: 110: 106: 105: 100: 94: 93: 88: 84: 83: 73: 69: 68: 64: 63: 52: 44: 43: 32:Avrocar (band) 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6511: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6446: 6444: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6420: 6418: 6416: 6412: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6400:Lincoln Mk.XV 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6387: 6385: 6383: 6379: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6364: 6362: 6360: 6356: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6341: 6339: 6335: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6310: 6308: 6306: 6302: 6296: 6293: 6292: 6290: 6288: 6284: 6278: 6277:Harvard Mk.II 6275: 6274: 6271: 6268: 6267: 6265: 6263: 6259: 6253: 6250: 6249: 6247: 6245: 6241: 6235: 6232: 6231: 6229: 6227: 6223: 6217: 6214: 6213: 6211: 6209: 6205: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6185: 6183: 6181: 6177: 6171: 6168: 6167: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6135: 6133: 6131: 6127: 6121: 6118: 6117: 6115: 6111: 6105: 6104:SBF Helldiver 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6071: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6049: 6047: 6045: 6041: 6035: 6034:DA40-180 Star 6032: 6030: 6027: 6026: 6024: 6022: 6018: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5988: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5969:DHC-5 Buffalo 5967: 5965: 5964:DHC-4 Caribou 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5946: 5944: 5942: 5938: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5926:J-4 Cub Coupe 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5913: 5911: 5909: 5905: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5850: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5813: 5811: 5809: 5805: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5783:Goblin/Delfín 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5773:SBW Helldiver 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5755: 5752: 5749: 5748: 5746: 5744: 5740: 5734: 5731: 5730: 5728: 5726: 5722: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5707: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5695: 5693: 5691: 5685: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5673:Baddeck No. 2 5671: 5669: 5668:Baddeck No. 1 5666: 5665: 5663: 5661: 5657: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5622: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5580: 5578: 5576: 5572: 5566: 5563: 5562: 5560: 5558: 5554: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5532: 5531: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5505: 5502: 5501: 5499: 5497: 5493: 5487: 5486:PB2B Catalina 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5473: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5461: 5459: 5457: 5453: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5403: 5401: 5399: 5395: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5373:CF-100 Canuck 5371: 5370: 5368: 5366: 5362: 5356: 5353: 5352: 5350: 5346: 5340: 5337: 5336: 5334: 5332: 5331:Airbus Canada 5328: 5319: 5314: 5312: 5307: 5305: 5300: 5299: 5296: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5245: 5244: 5239: 5233: 5232: 5227: 5223: 5217: 5216: 5213: 5205: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5190: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5175: 5174: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5152: 5151: 5147: 5145: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5127: 5124: 5123: 5119: 5116: 5113: 5110: 5109: 5106: 5101: 5098: 5094: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5069: 5064: 5062: 5057: 5055: 5050: 5049: 5046: 5033: 5027: 5024: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4989: 4988: 4986: 4982: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4865: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4852: 4850: 4846: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4772: 4771: 4769: 4765: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4688: 4686: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4671: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4623: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4606: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4588: 4586: 4581: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4568: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4526: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4513: 4511: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4473: 4471: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4458: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4393: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4323: 4321: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4303: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4223: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4048: 4046: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4033: 4031: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4018: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4010: 4008: 4004: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3975: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3962: 3960: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3945: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3932: 3930: 3925: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3912: 3910: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3869: 3867: 3863: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3842: 3841: 3839: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3811: 3809: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3784: 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1933:CF-100 Canuck 1931: 1929: 1926: 1925: 1923: 1919: 1914: 1907: 1902: 1900: 1895: 1893: 1888: 1887: 1884: 1877: 1872: 1868: 1867: 1863: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1837: 1834: 1831: 1829: 1826: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1808:Avrocar story 1806: 1804: 1800: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1783: 1779: 1774: 1773:1-55056-690-3 1770: 1766: 1762: 1760: 1756: 1753: 1752:Avrocar Story 1749: 1745: 1742: 1741:1-55046-359-4 1738: 1734: 1730: 1727: 1726:0-425-18992-9 1723: 1719: 1715: 1712: 1711:1-55125-082-9 1708: 1704: 1700: 1697: 1696:1-904687-34-2 1693: 1689: 1685: 1682: 1681:1-85627-869-7 1678: 1674: 1670: 1667: 1666:1-85780-233-0 1663: 1659: 1655: 1652: 1651:0-517-57684-8 1648: 1644: 1640: 1637: 1636:0-9690703-0-6 1633: 1629: 1625: 1622: 1621:0-07-082778-8 1618: 1614: 1610: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1596:(84): 72–74. 1595: 1590: 1587: 1586:0-7737-5973-5 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1562: 1558: 1548: 1545: 1539: 1536: 1523: 1519: 1513: 1510: 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121:Primary users 119: 115: 111: 107: 104: 101: 99: 95: 92: 89: 85: 82: 78: 74: 70: 65: 60: 56: 50: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 6489:Henri Coandă 6153:50 Freighter 6057:45-80 Sekani 6011:CS2F Tracker 5954:DHC-2 Beaver 5908:Cub Aircraft 5763:T-34A Mentor 5698:JN-4C Canuck 5625:Cosmopolitan 5508:700/900/1000 5398:Bell Textron 5388:VZ-9 Avrocar 5387: 5383:CF-105 Arrow 5268: 5144:autorotation 4072: 3457: 2080: 1960: 1948:VZ-9 Avrocar 1947: 1943:CF-105 Arrow 1865: 1764: 1747: 1732: 1717: 1702: 1687: 1672: 1657: 1642: 1627: 1612: 1593: 1577: 1570:the original 1559:Bibliography 1547: 1538: 1526:. 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925:Performance 913:Powerplant: 446:Avro Canada 405:shock waves 401:streamlines 277:Avro CF-100 194:Avro Canada 132:(intended) 103:Avro Canada 6443:Categories 6415:Viking Air 6062:F-11 Husky 5703:C-1 Canada 5565:Anson Mk.V 5496:Bombardier 5253:hovercraft 5204:helicopter 5167:Rotor kite 5142:, etc. in 5140:Helicopter 1237:John Frost 1084:koreatimes 1043:References 895:Wing area: 834:, Canada. 729:hovercraft 397:supersonic 337:delta wing 293:flame cans 225:helicopter 127:(intended) 114:John Frost 6163:80 Canuck 6044:Fairchild 5898:Viking IV 5893:Stranraer 5853:Avro 504N 5816:Vancouver 5527:CS100/300 5261:coleopter 5226:tiltrotor 5074:Types of 2947:A/B/E/F/N 1961:See also: 1602:0143-5450 883:Diameter: 877:Capacity: 851:Data from 644:NASA Ames 607:gyroscope 307:Project Y 221:U.S. Army 154:1958–1959 6494:Lift fan 6359:Saunders 6270:Norseman 6262:Noorduyn 6252:Lysander 6148:16 Finch 6067:Super 71 5858:Avro 552 5710:Avro 504 5575:Canadair 5246:Note 3: 5234:Note 2: 5222:tiltwing 5218:Note 1: 5200:Gyrodyne 5195:Autogyro 5185:Airplane 5176:Powered 5105:Aerodyne 5100:Aerostat 5076:aircraft 1915:aircraft 1836:Archived 1799:Archived 1755:Archived 1272:Archived 1147:... 2002 951:See also 832:Manitoba 828:Winnipeg 791:(marked 673:flights. 668:Avrocar 500:impeller 439:Mach 3.5 198:Cold War 109:Designer 57:(marked 6499:Trijets 6349:Rambler 6344:Courier 6328:Prefect 6170:Cornell 6158:60 Fort 6084:Cornell 5921:J-3 Cub 5916:J-2 Cub 5831:Vedette 5821:Vanessa 5733:Hampden 5269:Avrocar 5180:Airship 5130:balloon 5128:(Free) 5096: 5021:957–967 4991:900–951 4984:900–999 4975:847–899 4965:835–845 4945:824–831 4905:808–816 4848:800–899 4839:755–799 4829:746–753 4774:700–735 4767:700–799 4151:A/B (I) 4006:600–699 3997:593–599 3977:581–589 3957:571–579 3947:561–569 3927:551–559 3907:543–549 3897:531–541 3887:521–529 3877:501–519 3865:500–599 2988:400–499 2959:381–397 2939:338–379 2689:300–399 2675:280–298 2665:240–278 2655:227–238 2488:200–299 2447:143–197 2146:100–199 1145:Avrocar 1090:20 June 889:Height: 793:AV-7055 789:58-7055 766:59-4975 670:59-4975 651:59-4975 640:58-7055 626:Testing 560:frisbee 528:VZ-9-AV 513:Avrocar 435:louvers 244:Origins 175:Retired 146:History 79:" VTOL 59:AV-7055 55:58-7055 6318:Siskin 6216:Bo 105 6143:7 Fawn 5984:Dash 8 5979:Dash 7 5826:Varuna 5547:Dash 8 5517:Global 5277:kytoon 5191:, etc. 5135:Glider 5080:thrust 4873:L (II) 4736:S (II) 4466:A (II) 4401:A (II) 4156:B (II) 3779:L (II) 3563:L (II) 3301:G (II) 3159:M (II) 1938:CF-103 1873: 1771: 1739: 1724: 1709: 1694: 1679: 1664: 1649: 1634: 1619: 1600: 1584: 938:Range: 731:, the 722:c.1984 688:T-tail 554:Design 466:D-188A 91:Canada 6372:ST-28 6367:ST-27 6323:Tutor 6313:Atlas 6193:FBA-2 6188:FBA-1 6180:Found 6130:Fleet 6099:HS-2L 6052:34-42 5888:Delta 5873:HS-3L 5846:Vista 5841:Vigil 5836:Velos 5778:FDB-1 5640:Sabre 5630:Canso 5481:Shark 5476:40H-4 5411:214ST 4868:L (I) 4731:S (I) 4461:A (I) 4396:A (I) 3799:L (I) 3774:L (I) 3558:L (I) 3296:G (I) 3154:M (I) 3000:B/C/N 2096:VZ-12 2091:VZ-11 2086:VZ-10 1010:Notes 1001:SR.N1 871:Crew: 799:, in 343:on a 341:spade 188:is a 6089:FC-2 6029:DA20 5878:FC-2 5522:Q400 5339:A220 5279:and 5271:and 5251:and 5162:Kite 5084:lift 5082:and 4864:802 4687:695 4652:691 4622:687 4587:683 4567:681 4512:672 4472:666 4457:665 4392:655 4322:649 4302:648 4222:634 4147:621 4047:603 4032:602 4017:601 3961:580 3931:560 3911:550 3840:499 3810:498 3790:497 3770:495 3735:490 3700:485 3680:484 3616:478 3579:474 3554:471 3437:451 3397:445 3362:441 3322:435 3292:431 3267:428 3252:427 3237:426 3180:418 3145:416 3125:414 3041:405 2968:399 2943:380 2780:315 2725:306 2619:222 2499:201 2381:132 2269:118 2254:117 2194:107 2081:VZ-9 2076:VZ-8 2071:VZ-7 2066:VZ-6 2061:VZ-5 2056:VZ-4 2051:VZ-3 2046:VZ-2 2041:VZ-1 2029:VTOL 1964:Avro 1871:IMDb 1769:ISBN 1737:ISBN 1722:ISBN 1707:ISBN 1692:ISBN 1677:ISBN 1662:ISBN 1647:ISBN 1632:ISBN 1617:ISBN 1598:ISSN 1582:ISBN 1530:2023 1224:2006 1092:2024 915:3 × 856:and 532:Huey 484:Look 454:VTOL 321:VTOL 190:VTOL 184:The 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