33:
1357:
is the critical engine failure recognition speed or takeoff decision speed. It is the speed above which the takeoff will continue even if an engine fails or another problem occurs, such as a blown tire. The speed will vary among aircraft types and varies according to factors such as aircraft weight,
1276:
Best angle of climb speed with a single operating engine in a light, twin-engine aircraft – the speed that provides the most altitude gain per unit of horizontal distance following an engine failure, while maintaining a small bank angle that should be presented with the engine-out climb performance
108:
with wing flaps in landing configuration, and stalling speed with wing flaps retracted, respectively. These are the stalling speeds for the aircraft at its maximum weight. The yellow band is the range in which the aircraft may be operated in smooth air, and then only with caution to avoid abrupt
1412:
defines it as: "Critical engine failure recognition speed" and adds: "This definition is not restrictive. An operator may adopt any other definition outlined in the aircraft flight manual (AFM) of TC type-approved aircraft as long as such definition does not compromise operational safety of the
1291:
Best rate of climb speed with a single operating engine in a light, twin-engine aircraft – the speed that provides the most altitude gain per unit of time following an engine failure, while maintaining a small bank angle that should be presented with the engine-out climb performance data.
885:
plus safety increment, typically minimum 5 knots, and maximum 15 knots to avoid exceeding flap limiting speeds. Typically it is calculated as half the headwind component plus the gust factor. The purpose is to ensure that turbulence or gusts will not result in the airplane flying below
144:, defines 26 commonly used V-speeds in their Aeronautical Information Manual. V-speed definitions in FAR 23, 25 and equivalent are for designing and certification of airplanes, not for their operational use. The descriptions below are for use by pilots.
698:. Refusal speed is the maximum speed during takeoff from which the air vehicle can stop within the available remaining runway length for a specified altitude, weight, and configuration. Incorrectly, or as an abbreviation, some documentation refers to V
2178:
1644:
1553:
1993:
Aircraft Noise
Abatement: Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Aeronautics and Space Technology of the Committee on Science and Astronautics, U.S. House of Representatives, Ninety-third Congress, Second Session, July 24, 25, 1974, page
346:; generally used in documentation of military aircraft performance. Denotes "critical engine failure" speed as the speed during takeoff where the same distance would be required to either continue the takeoff or abort to a stop.
240:
Steady initial climb speed. The all engines operating take-off climb speed used to the point where acceleration to flap retraction speed is initiated. Should be attained by a gross height of 400 ft (120 m).
1554:"Title 14: Aeronautics and Space PART 23—AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: NORMAL, UTILITY, ACROBATIC, AND COMMUTER CATEGORY AIRPLANES Subpart G—Operating Limitations and Information Markings And Placards, Part 23, §23.1545"
2022:
Handling the Big Jets: An
Explanation of the Significant Differences in Flying Qualities Between Jet Transport Aeroplanes and Piston Engined Transport Aeroplanes, Together with Some Other Aspects of Jet Transport
485:. The minimum speed at which the aircraft is still controllable with the critical engine inoperative. Like the stall speed, there are several important variables that are used in this determination. Refer to the
152:
These V-speeds are defined by regulations. They are typically defined with constraints such as weight, configuration, or phases of flight. Some of these constraints have been omitted to simplify the description.
1968:
1389:
define it as: "the maximum speed in the takeoff at which the pilot must take the first action (e.g., apply brakes, reduce thrust, deploy speed brakes) to stop the airplane within the accelerate-stop distance.
1742:"Title 14 – Aeronautics and Space; Chapter I – Federal Aviation Administration, Subchapter A – Definitions and General Requirements; Part 1 – Definitions and Abbreviations; § 1.2 Abbreviations and symbols"
256:. This is the speed above which it is unwise to make full application of any single flight control (or "pull to the stops") as it may generate a force greater than the aircraft's structural limitations.
2182:
1648:
1557:
1611:
1579:
2993:
2284:
1645:"Title 14: Aeronautics and Space PART 25—AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Subpart G—Operating Limitations and Information Airplane Flight Manual, Part 25, §25.1583"
607:
Maximum structural cruising speed or maximum speed for normal operations. Speed at which exceeding the limit load factor may cause permanent deformation of the aircraft structure.
2179:"Title 14: Aeronautics and Space PART 25—AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Subpart B—Flight Controllability and Maneuverability § 25.149 Minimum control speed"
2092:
2117:
Department of
Defense Standard Practice: Glossary of definitions, ground rules, and mission profiles to define air vehicle performance capability. 9 September 2008. Page 21.
3016:
V1. (1) The maximum speed by which a rejected takeoff must be initiated to assure that a safe stop can be completed within the remaining runway, or runway and stopway;
1961:
3028:
2304:
2873:
3142:
460:
Maximum landing gear operating speed. This is the maximum speed at which the landing gear on a retractable gear aircraft should be extended or retracted.
275:
multiplied by 1.23 in the landing configuration at the maximum certificated landing mass, though some manufacturers apply different criteria. If both V
1923:
1618:
1586:
1423:
3000:
449:
Maximum landing gear extended speed. This is the maximum speed at which a retractable gear aircraft should be flown with the landing gear extended.
3292:
1362:
setting, engine thrust used and runway surface contamination; thus, it must be determined by the pilot before takeoff. Aborting a takeoff after V
632:
speed. The speed at which the pilot begins to apply control inputs to cause the aircraft nose to pitch up, after which it will leave the ground.
2281:
2492:
2409:
2146:
1386:
100:, the most commonly used and most safety-critical airspeeds are displayed as color-coded arcs and lines located on the face of an aircraft's
3312:
93:), so that pilots may use them directly, without having to apply correction factors, as aircraft instruments also show indicated airspeed.
3297:
85:
The actual speeds represented by these designators are specific to a particular model of aircraft. They are expressed by the aircraft's
1398:, at which the pilot can continue the takeoff and achieve the required height above the takeoff surface within the takeoff distance." V
537:. The minimum speed that the aircraft is still controllable with the critical engine inoperative while the aircraft is on the ground.
3029:"Code of Federal Regulations. Title 14 Chapter I Subchapter C Part 25 Subpart B Performance, Section 25.109 Accelerate-stop distance"
2331:
2691:
2603:
2215:
1931:
1902:
1529:
1493:
2356:
2543:
515:. The minimum speed that the aircraft is still controllable with the critical engine inoperative while the aircraft is airborne. V
3287:
3135:
2379:
2627:
2174:
2138:
1382:
3251:
3210:
2031:
2078:
2305:"Code of Federal Regulations. Title 14 Chapter I Subchapter C Part 25 Subpart B Performance, Section 25.107 Takeoff speeds"
2003:
Aerodrome Design Manual, Part 2, Taxiways, Aprons and
Holding Bays. Fourth Edition, 2005. ICAO Doc 9157 AN/901. Page 1-34.
1318:" that it cannot climb, accelerate, or turn, so must reduce drag. The aircraft cannot be recovered without loss of height.
3353:
2681:
1481:
1377:
is defined differently in different jurisdictions, and definitions change over time as aircraft regulations are amended.
1084:
Minimum sink speed at median wing loading – the speed at which the minimum descent rate is obtained. In modern gliders, V
2925:
133:
2056:
1517:
3128:
2866:
2132:
129:
1914:
750:
Stall speed or minimum steady flight speed for which the aircraft is still controllable in a specific configuration.
2853:
2832:
1366:
is strongly discouraged because the aircraft may not be able to stop before the end of the runway, thus suffering a
3256:
3246:
2205:
1741:
331:, also known as the optimum cruise speed, is the most efficient speed in terms of distance, speed and fuel usage.
97:
2714:
3271:
2951:
3159:
2965:
116:
Proper display of V-speeds is an airworthiness requirement for type-certificated aircraft in most countries.
3215:
1402:
thus includes reaction time. In addition to this reaction time, a safety margin equivalent to 2 seconds at V
1059:
906:
2898:
3317:
2248:, page II. Bell Helicopters Textron Publishers, Fort Worth, Texas, Revision 3, 1 May 1998. BHT-212IFR-FM-1
1428:
629:
589:
2799:
2767:
1165:
861:
Some of these V-speeds are specific to particular types of aircraft and are not defined by regulations.
548:
534:
512:
486:
482:
2114:
3266:
3055:
1817:
328:
204:
Takeoff safety speed. The speed at which the aircraft may safely climb with one engine inoperative.
1897:, page 327. Aviation Publishers Co. Limited, Ottawa Ontario, Twenty Seventh Revised Edition, 1996.
1115:
944:
3241:
3200:
3172:
3151:
3101:
925:
101:
86:
40:
2736:
3348:
3205:
2945:
2687:
2599:
2488:
2405:
2211:
2142:
2027:
1927:
1898:
1525:
1489:
253:
66:. These speeds are derived from data obtained by aircraft designers and manufacturers during
3220:
2593:
1409:
1394:
also means the minimum speed in the takeoff, following a failure of the critical engine at V
1367:
141:
71:
3307:
3113:
2812:
2780:
2551:
2288:
1972:
1359:
380:
79:
722:
Stall speed or minimum steady flight speed for which the aircraft is still controllable.
1314:
Zero rate of climb speed. The aircraft is at sufficiently low speed on the "back of the
947:
speed – the speed that gives the greatest range for fuel consumed – often identical to V
3225:
1032:
974:
929:
921:
832:
105:
67:
998:
Maximum landing light operating speed – for aircraft with retractable landing lights.
3342:
3302:
3088:
2759:
2638:
847:
75:
1916:
CAP 698: Civil
Aviation Authority JAR-FCL Examinations: Aeroplane Performance Manual
1036:
125:
90:
2794:"Performance. ATPL ground training series". CAE OXFORD AVIATION ACADEMY. 2016: 15.
2048:
2566:
2515:
2482:
2457:
2433:
2399:
2258:
2020:
2004:
1330:
368:
Demonstrated flight diving speed, the highest actual speed achieved in testing.
44:
3327:
3182:
1315:
593:
37:
2929:
3192:
3177:
3167:
313:
267:
Indicated airspeed at threshold, which is usually equal to the stall speed V
909:
speed – the speed that gives the greatest airborne time for fuel consumed.
669:
Landing reference speed or threshold crossing speed. Must be at least 1.3 V
647:(in discussions of the takeoff performance of military aircraft) to denote
128:. In the United States, these are defined in title 14 of the United States
1937:
357:
Design diving speed, the highest speed planned to be achieved in testing.
881:
Approach speed. Speed used during final approach with landing flap set. V
63:
59:
51:
124:
The most common V-speeds are often defined by a particular government's
17:
3261:
1237:
Minimum speed for a positive rate of climb with one engine inoperative
174:
3120:
137:
2438:. Department of the Air Force, Headquarters US Air Force. p. 99
32:
31:
1424:
3124:
1818:"Aeronautical Information Manual GEN – 1.0 GENERAL INFORMATION"
588:
Never exceed speed. In a helicopter, this is chosen to prevent
493:
is sometimes further refined into more discrete V-speeds e.g. V
287:
shall be applied. Also called "approach speed". Also known as V
1333:, it is expressed relative to the local speed of sound, e.g. V
736:
Stall speed or minimum flight speed in landing configuration.
104:. The lower ends of the white arc and the green arc are the
2999:. Federal Aviation Administration. p. 3. Archived from
3056:"Aircraft Performance: Certification versus the real world"
438:
Maximum speed in level flight at maximum continuous power.
2263:. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). 25 September 2016
2260:
Pilot's
Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge: FAA-H-8083-25B
2854:
Chapter 10 Performance analysis VI – Take-off and landing
2332:"Ask the Captain: How do pilots decide when to take off?"
962:
Final segment of a departure with one powerplant failed.
2380:
TPUB INTERMEDIATE FLIGHT PREPARATION WORKBOOK APPENDIX A
1612:"Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge – Chapter 8"
1580:"Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge – Chapter 7"
2833:"Aviation Rules of Thumb – V-Speeds Abbreviations List"
2517:
Aircraft
Accident Report: Runway Overrun During Landing
1984:
PANS-OPS, Volume I, Part I, Section 4, Chapter 1, 1.3.3
2626:
Castaigns, Philippe; De-Baudus, Lorraine (July 2017).
1964:
3280:
3234:
3191:
3158:
2544:"Flight Theory: Airspeed and the properties of air"
798:Reference stall speed in a specific configuration.
2715:"Transportation Safety Board of Canada – A05W0109"
549:Minimum control speed in the landing configuration
2079:"] 14 CFR 1.2 Abbreviations and symbols "VC""
1447:Most pilots often call out "rotate," instead of V
1451:. The "rotate" callout has the same meaning of V
1129:Rough air speed (turbulence penetration speed).
781:Reference stall speed in landing configuration.
2134:Pilot's Encyclopedia of Aeronautical Knowledge
2005:https://skybrary.aero/bookshelf/books/3090.pdf
1262:Maximum window or canopy open operating speed
3136:
2299:
2297:
2169:
2167:
2165:
890:at any point on the approach. Also known as V
809:Speed at which the stall warning will occur.
405:Maximum speed for stability characteristics.
8:
1329:Whenever a limiting speed is expressed by a
820:Category A rotorcraft takeoff safety speed.
690:performance of military aircraft, the term V
680:for reciprocating-engine aircraft, or 1.05 V
62:important or useful to the operation of all
2675:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2210:. Skyhorse Publishing, Inc. pp. 15–9.
1524:(3rd ed.). McGraw Hill. pp. 3–6.
592:and prevent the advancing blade from going
3143:
3129:
3121:
3090:Getting to grips with aircraft performance
2587:
2585:
2583:
2537:
2535:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2110:
2108:
2106:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1857:
562:Maximum operating limit speed. Exceeding V
3096:. Airbus Customer Services. January 2002.
2826:
2824:
2822:
2204:Administration, Federal Aviation (2017).
2093:"14 CFR 25.335(a) Design cruising speed V
2014:
2012:
1926:. 2006. pp. Section 4–MRJT1 Page 3.
1924:Civil Aviation Authority (United Kingdom)
1855:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1406:is added to the accelerate-stop distance.
2026:(3rd ed.). Air Registration Board.
1811:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1140:Stall speed in a specific configuration
924:speed – the speed that provides maximum
863:
155:
109:control movement. The red line is the V
2401:Aircraft Performance Weight and Balance
2246:Bell Model 212 Rotorcraft Flight Manual
2207:Airplane Flying Handbook: FAA-H-8083-3B
2127:
2125:
2123:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1472:
1440:
3109:
3099:
2966:"Speeds: Various Aviation Authorities"
2943:
2808:
2797:
2776:
2765:
2520:. viii: U.S. Government. 12 April 2007
1226:Take-off climbout speed (helicopters)
2872:. Elite Electronic Engineering, Inc.
2867:"C-130 Takeoff and Landing Data Card"
2435:Aircraft Performance: Flying Training
2404:. Thiago Lopes Brenner. p. 245.
2398:Brenner, Thiago Lopes (15 May 2021).
1387:European Union Aviation Safety Agency
1058:Minimum speed for instrument flight (
618:Maximum operating maneuvering speed.
489:article for a thorough explanation. V
283:are available, the higher resulting V
7:
3313:Integrated standby instrument system
519:is sometimes simply referred to as V
2879:from the original on 19 August 2018
2758:"SR20 Pilot's Operating Handbook".
2683:Canadian Professional Pilot Studies
2357:"Code of Federal Regulations 23.73"
930:greatest gliding distance available
846:Speed that will allow for the best
383:is assumed to fail during takeoff.
180:
3063:Business & Commercial Aviation
271:multiplied by 1.3 or stall speed V
58:are standard terms used to define
27:Standard terms to define airspeeds
25:
3054:Albright, James (November 2014).
2926:"Cessna 152 – 4843H General Info"
2595:Ace the Technical Pilot Interview
2059:from the original on 5 March 2023
1816:Transport Canada (October 2012).
1341:: Maximum operating Mach number.
1118:deployment has been demonstrated
82:, aircraft performance, or both.
3288:Air data inertial reference unit
1488:. Mc-Graw Hill. pp. 13–15.
1092:have evolved to the same value.
684:for commuter category aircraft.
566:may trigger an overspeed alarm.
2592:Bristow, Gary (22 April 2002).
2330:Cox, John (29 September 2013).
2175:Federal Aviation Administration
2139:Federal Aviation Administration
1383:Federal Aviation Administration
831:Speed that will allow for best
3252:Horizontal situation indicator
3211:Horizontal situation indicator
2542:Brandon, John (October 2008).
1486:Better Takeoffs & Landings
1154:Stall speed at 1g load factor
218:Minimum takeoff safety speed.
89:(and not by, for example, the
1:
2994:"Takeoff Safety Training Aid"
2924:Blue Ridge Air Works (n.d.).
1962:FAA Advisory Circular 23-19A
651:in conjunction with the term
551:with one engine inoperative.
416:Maximum flap extended speed.
74:. Using them is considered a
2856:, retrieved 18 November 2015
2831:Flight Sim Aviation (2009).
2737:"Wills Wing Hang Glider Mfg"
2598:. McGraw Hill Professional.
1337:: Maximum operating speed, M
535:Minimum control speed ground
177:should no longer be aborted
134:Federal Aviation Regulations
1211:Take-off speed. (see also V
1020:Maximum brake energy speed
178:
130:Code of Federal Regulations
43:indicating its V-speeds in
3370:
3257:Inertial navigation system
3247:Course deviation indicator
1043:. (alternatively same as V
113:, the never-exceed speed.
2462:. August 1985. p. 76
2244:Bell Helicopter Textron:
2019:Davies, David P. (1971).
1480:Love, Michael C. (2005).
1303:Minimum zero flaps speed
513:Minimum control speed air
312:Design speed for maximum
98:general aviation aircraft
2287:12 February 2017 at the
1166:Safe single-engine speed
1116:whole-aircraft parachute
1039:) – often identical to V
1009:Lowest selectable speed
3216:Turn and slip indicator
2680:Croucher, Phil (2007).
2432:Void, Joyce D. (1990).
2141:. 2007. pp. G–16.
1971:7 December 2016 at the
1516:Craig, Paul A. (2004).
1114:Maximum speed at which
764:Reference stall speed.
577:Minimum unstick speed.
379:The speed at which the
229:Flap retraction speed.
173:The speed beyond which
140:, the regulatory body,
3318:Primary flight display
2807:Cite journal requires
2775:Cite journal requires
2487:. Osprey. p. 60.
2481:Gunston, Bill (1988).
1429:Balanced field takeoff
686:In discussions of the
590:retreating blade stall
47:
1617:. FAA. Archived from
1585:. FAA. Archived from
487:minimum control speed
483:Minimum control speed
427:Final takeoff speed.
394:Designed flap speed.
35:
3354:Aircraft performance
3267:Satellite navigation
2950:: CS1 maint: year (
2565:airplanedriver.net.
2291:Retrieved 2012-01-06
1975:Retrieved 2012-01-06
1651:on 29 September 2006
1560:on 29 September 2006
1251:Max threshold speed
676:. Must be at least V
126:aviation regulations
2903:The Free Dictionary
2739:. 25 September 2014
2554:on 1 November 2008.
2282:USA 14 CFR §23.1507
2177:. (February 2009).
1966:, Section 48 (p.27)
1943:on 14 November 2009
1624:on 3 September 2013
1592:on 3 September 2013
867:V-speed designator
159:V-speed designator
148:Regulatory V-speeds
3242:Aircraft periscope
3201:Attitude indicator
3173:Airspeed indicator
3152:Flight instruments
3035:. Federal Register
2852:E.G. Tulapurkara,
2548:FlySafe.raa.asn.au
2311:. Federal Register
1895:From The Ground Up
1748:. Federal Register
1522:Multiengine Flying
1103:Aquaplaning speed
1062:) for helicopters
926:lift-to-drag ratio
102:airspeed indicator
87:indicated airspeed
72:type-certification
48:
41:airspeed indicator
3336:
3335:
3206:Heading indicator
2644:on 24 August 2021
2567:"Cessna Citation"
2494:978-0-85045-820-6
2411:979-8-5678-1522-9
2185:on 4 October 2010
2148:978-1-60239-034-8
1643:FAA (July 2008).
1552:FAA (July 2008).
1322:
1321:
854:
853:
643:Used instead of V
254:maneuvering speed
36:A single-engined
16:(Redirected from
3361:
3262:Magnetic compass
3221:Turn coordinator
3145:
3138:
3131:
3122:
3117:
3111:
3107:
3105:
3097:
3095:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3060:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3025:
3019:
3018:
3013:
3011:
3005:
2998:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2970:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2949:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2928:. Archived from
2921:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2878:
2871:
2863:
2857:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2828:
2817:
2816:
2810:
2805:
2803:
2795:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2778:
2773:
2771:
2763:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2677:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2643:
2637:. Archived from
2632:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2589:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2550:. Archived from
2539:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2395:
2382:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2361:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2301:
2292:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2255:
2249:
2242:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2181:. Archived from
2171:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2129:
2118:
2112:
2101:
2100:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2049:"Cruising speed"
2044:
2038:
2037:
2016:
2007:
2001:
1995:
1991:
1985:
1982:
1976:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1942:
1936:. Archived from
1921:
1911:
1905:
1891:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1822:
1813:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1738:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1647:. Archived from
1640:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1623:
1616:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1591:
1584:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1556:. Archived from
1549:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1477:
1460:
1445:
1410:Transport Canada
1189:Touchdown speed
1178:Threshold speed
864:
657:(refusal speed).
471:Lift-off speed.
292:Davies defines V
192:
184:
156:
142:Transport Canada
21:
3369:
3368:
3364:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3358:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3332:
3308:Head-up display
3276:
3230:
3187:
3154:
3149:
3108:
3098:
3093:
3087:
3084:
3082:Further reading
3079:
3078:
3068:
3066:
3058:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3038:
3036:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3009:
3007:
3006:on 4 March 2016
3003:
2996:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2977:
2975:
2968:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2942:
2935:
2933:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2908:
2906:
2897:
2896:
2892:
2882:
2880:
2876:
2869:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2851:
2847:
2837:
2835:
2830:
2829:
2820:
2806:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2774:
2764:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2742:
2740:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2720:
2718:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2679:
2678:
2657:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2630:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2591:
2590:
2581:
2571:
2569:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2541:
2540:
2533:
2523:
2521:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2465:
2463:
2459:Flying Magazine
2456:
2455:
2451:
2441:
2439:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2397:
2396:
2385:
2378:
2374:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2340:
2338:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2314:
2312:
2303:
2302:
2295:
2289:Wayback Machine
2280:
2276:
2266:
2264:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2243:
2232:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2188:
2186:
2173:
2172:
2163:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2131:
2130:
2121:
2113:
2104:
2096:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2062:
2060:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2034:
2018:
2017:
2010:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1979:
1973:Wayback Machine
1960:
1956:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1893:Peppler, I.L.:
1892:
1835:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1815:
1814:
1761:
1751:
1749:
1740:
1739:
1664:
1654:
1652:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1614:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1582:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1563:
1561:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1420:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1376:
1365:
1358:runway length,
1356:
1351:
1348:
1340:
1336:
1327:
1311:
1300:
1288:
1287:
1273:
1272:
1259:
1248:
1247:
1234:
1223:
1214:
1208:
1197:
1186:
1175:
1162:
1151:
1150:
1137:
1126:
1111:
1100:
1091:
1087:
1081:
1070:
1055:
1046:
1042:
1028:
1017:
1006:
995:
984:
970:
959:
950:
940:
922:power-off glide
917:
902:
893:
889:
884:
878:
859:
843:
828:
817:
806:
795:
794:
793:
778:
777:
776:
761:
760:
747:
746:
733:
732:
719:
709:
705:
701:
693:
683:
679:
675:
674:
666:
656:
646:
640:
626:
615:
604:
585:
574:
565:
559:
545:
531:
522:
518:
509:
500:
496:
492:
479:
468:
457:
446:
435:
424:
413:
402:
391:
381:critical engine
376:
365:
354:
345:
339:
324:
309:
300:as equivalent.
299:
295:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
264:
249:
237:
226:
215:
214:
201:
188:
182:
170:
150:
132:, known as the
122:
112:
80:aviation safety
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3367:
3365:
3357:
3356:
3351:
3341:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3284:
3282:
3281:Related topics
3278:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3226:Turn indicator
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3197:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3164:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3140:
3133:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3083:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3046:
3020:
2985:
2957:
2932:on 5 July 2008
2916:
2890:
2858:
2845:
2818:
2809:|journal=
2786:
2777:|journal=
2750:
2728:
2717:. 27 July 2006
2706:
2692:
2655:
2618:
2604:
2579:
2557:
2531:
2507:
2493:
2473:
2449:
2424:
2410:
2383:
2372:
2348:
2322:
2293:
2274:
2250:
2230:
2216:
2196:
2161:
2147:
2119:
2102:
2094:
2084:
2070:
2039:
2032:
2008:
1996:
1986:
1977:
1954:
1932:
1906:
1833:
1759:
1662:
1635:
1603:
1571:
1544:
1530:
1508:
1494:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1374:
1368:runway overrun
1363:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1252:
1249:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1112:
1109:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1073:Minimum power
1071:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1000:
999:
996:
993:
989:
988:
987:Minimum power
985:
982:
978:
977:
971:
968:
964:
963:
960:
957:
953:
952:
948:
941:
938:
934:
933:
918:
915:
911:
910:
903:
900:
896:
895:
891:
887:
882:
879:
876:
872:
871:
868:
858:
857:Other V-speeds
855:
852:
851:
844:
841:
837:
836:
833:angle of climb
829:
826:
822:
821:
818:
815:
811:
810:
807:
804:
800:
799:
796:
791:
789:
787:
783:
782:
779:
774:
772:
770:
766:
765:
762:
758:
756:
752:
751:
748:
744:
742:
738:
737:
734:
730:
728:
724:
723:
720:
717:
713:
712:
707:
703:
699:
691:
681:
677:
672:
670:
667:
664:
660:
659:
654:
649:rotation speed
644:
641:
638:
634:
633:
627:
624:
620:
619:
616:
613:
609:
608:
605:
602:
598:
597:
586:
583:
579:
578:
575:
572:
568:
567:
563:
560:
557:
553:
552:
546:
543:
539:
538:
532:
529:
525:
524:
520:
516:
510:
507:
503:
502:
498:
494:
490:
480:
477:
473:
472:
469:
466:
462:
461:
458:
455:
451:
450:
447:
444:
440:
439:
436:
433:
429:
428:
425:
422:
418:
417:
414:
411:
407:
406:
403:
400:
396:
395:
392:
389:
385:
384:
377:
374:
370:
369:
366:
363:
359:
358:
355:
352:
348:
347:
343:
340:
337:
333:
332:
325:
322:
318:
317:
310:
307:
303:
302:
297:
293:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
265:
262:
258:
257:
250:
247:
243:
242:
238:
235:
231:
230:
227:
224:
220:
219:
216:
212:
210:
206:
205:
202:
199:
195:
194:
186:
171:
168:
164:
163:
160:
149:
146:
121:
118:
110:
106:stalling speed
68:flight testing
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3366:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3303:Glass cockpit
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3279:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3233:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3146:
3141:
3139:
3134:
3132:
3127:
3126:
3123:
3115:
3103:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3064:
3057:
3050:
3047:
3034:
3030:
3024:
3021:
3017:
3002:
2995:
2989:
2986:
2974:
2973:sdmiramar.edu
2967:
2961:
2958:
2953:
2947:
2931:
2927:
2920:
2917:
2904:
2900:
2894:
2891:
2875:
2868:
2862:
2859:
2855:
2849:
2846:
2834:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2814:
2801:
2790:
2787:
2782:
2769:
2761:
2760:Cirrus Design
2754:
2751:
2738:
2732:
2729:
2716:
2710:
2707:
2695:
2693:9780968192894
2689:
2685:
2684:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2656:
2640:
2636:
2635:skybrary.aero
2629:
2622:
2619:
2607:
2605:9780071396097
2601:
2597:
2596:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2568:
2561:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2519:
2518:
2511:
2508:
2496:
2490:
2486:
2485:
2477:
2474:
2461:
2460:
2453:
2450:
2437:
2436:
2428:
2425:
2413:
2407:
2403:
2402:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2381:
2376:
2373:
2358:
2352:
2349:
2337:
2333:
2326:
2323:
2310:
2306:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2283:
2278:
2275:
2262:
2261:
2254:
2251:
2247:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2219:
2217:9781510712843
2213:
2209:
2208:
2200:
2197:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2150:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2135:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2115:MIL-STD-3013A
2111:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2088:
2085:
2080:
2074:
2071:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2043:
2040:
2035:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2000:
1997:
1990:
1987:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1958:
1955:
1939:
1935:
1933:0-11-790653-0
1929:
1925:
1918:
1917:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1903:0-9690054-9-0
1900:
1896:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1819:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1747:
1743:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1650:
1646:
1639:
1636:
1620:
1613:
1607:
1604:
1588:
1581:
1575:
1572:
1559:
1555:
1548:
1545:
1533:
1531:0-07-142139-4
1527:
1523:
1519:
1512:
1509:
1497:
1495:0-07-038805-9
1491:
1487:
1483:
1476:
1473:
1466:
1444:
1441:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1411:
1408:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1371:
1369:
1361:
1344:
1342:
1332:
1324:
1317:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1200:Target speed
1199:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1002:
1001:
997:
991:
990:
986:
980:
979:
976:
972:
966:
965:
961:
955:
954:
946:
942:
936:
935:
931:
928:and thus the
927:
923:
919:
913:
912:
908:
904:
898:
897:
880:
874:
873:
869:
866:
865:
862:
856:
849:
848:rate of climb
845:
839:
838:
834:
830:
824:
823:
819:
813:
812:
808:
802:
801:
797:
785:
784:
780:
768:
767:
763:
754:
753:
749:
740:
739:
735:
726:
725:
721:
715:
714:
711:
697:
696:refusal speed
689:
668:
662:
661:
658:
650:
642:
636:
635:
631:
628:
622:
621:
617:
611:
610:
606:
600:
599:
595:
591:
587:
581:
580:
576:
570:
569:
561:
555:
554:
550:
547:
541:
540:
536:
533:
527:
526:
514:
511:
505:
504:
488:
484:
481:
475:
474:
470:
464:
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2572:14 February
2189:16 February
1752:19 February
1349:definitions
1331:Mach number
694:stands for
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189:definitions
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120:Regulations
3343:Categories
3328:Yaw string
3193:Gyroscopic
3183:Variometer
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3039:12 October
2909:19 January
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2699:20 January
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1947:9 December
1628:29 January
1596:29 January
1467:References
1413:aircraft."
1316:drag curve
594:supersonic
3178:Machmeter
3168:Altimeter
3112:ignored (
3102:cite book
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2336:USA Today
2223:3 October
1826:1 January
1360:wing flap
907:endurance
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3349:Airspeed
3323:V speeds
3033:ecfr.gov
2946:cite web
2874:Archived
2721:26 March
2309:ecfr.gov
2285:Archived
2057:Archived
2023:Handling
1969:Archived
1746:ecfr.gov
1655:1 August
1564:1 August
1418:See also
1385:and the
1031:Minimum
973:Minimum
702:and/or V
630:Rotation
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3010:18 June
2978:4 March
2899:"VTMAX"
2648:4 March
2365:27 June
2063:5 March
1381:The US
688:takeoff
327:Design
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175:takeoff
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