Vaca Muerta - Knowledge (XXG)

1764:, YPF, and Wintershall; it has now been split into three blocks, with Wintershall as operator of Bandurria Norte, Pan American Energy as operator of Bandurria Centro, and YPF as operator of Bandurria Sur. YPF indicated in July 2015 that it planned to drill 20 wells in Bandurria Sur with the goal of beginning shale oil production within three years at a cost of US$ 282.2 million. ExxonMobil is the operator of the Bajo del Choique and La Invernada blocks and has an 85% working interest in them, with Gas y Petroleo del Neuquén holding the remaining 15%; they announced their first discovery on the former block in May 2014, and their first discovery on the latter in the following December. YPF and the Malaysian state oil company PETRONAS signed an agreement on August 28, 2014, whereby PETRONAS would receive a 50% interest together with YPF in return for contributing US$ 475 million as part of a three-year, US$ 550 million, pilot project of development in the Amarga Chica block, with YPF as operator. In November 2016 YPF and PETRONAS announced that they had spent US$ 165 million drilling 9 wells in the initial phase of Amarga Chica development, and that they had agreed to move to a second stage where they would spend another US$ 192.5 million on drilling 10 horizontal wells and constructing surface facilities. The El Orejano block, which (as mentioned above) YPF and Dow Argentina agreed to develop in 2013, was producing 750,000 cubic meters of shale gas (nearly 26 1/2 million cubic feet) daily from a total of 19 wells by December 2015; Dow and YPF agreed to invest another US$ 500 million in 2016 on top of the US$ 350 million already invested, and drill 30 more wells in order to triple that output. In January 2016, 1688:, the Malaysian state oil company, on a possible investment (agreed upon in the following August; see below) in the 187 square kilometer Amarga Chica zone of the Vaca Muerta formation; YPF also indicated that its current production in Vaca Muerta was over 20,000 barrels of oil equivalent a day from over 150 fracked wells using 19 fracking drill rigs. Helmerich & Payne disclosed on March 5, 2014, that it had contracted with YPF to deploy 10 drill rigs under five-year contracts from the United States to Argentina between the third quarter of 2014 and the first quarter of 2015 to work in the Vaca Muerta play in addition to the nine rigs Helmerich & Payne already had in the country. On April 10, 2014, Miguel Gallucio of YPF announced that Chevron had decided to continue its partnership with YPF in the "massive development" of Vaca Muerta; the US$ 1.24 billion pilot program financed by Chevron and ended in March had developed 161 fracked wells in a 20 square kilometer area. The new phase would frack 170 additional wells that year with a joint investment of over US$ 1.6 billion, with YPF continuing as operator. The goal agreed upon for future years would be to develop an area of 395 square kilometers with over 1500 fracked wells producing over 50,000 barrels of oil and 3 million cubic meters (over 100 million cubic feet) of natural gas a day. Chevron and YPF also agreed on a US$ 140,000,000, four-year exploration project to drill and analyze 7 vertical and 2 horizontal wells in a 200 square kilometer area (Narambuena) in the Chihuido de la Sierra Negra concession, to be financed by Chevron with YPF as operator. In an interview with the Argentine newspaper 612:(upper Tithonian – lower Valanginian), and to sabkha deposits of the Loma Montosa Formation (lower Valanginian), forming a mixed carbonate-siliciclastic depositional system. Westward the Vaca Muerta Formation includes slope facies (Huncal Member), and in the Chilean territory pass into shallow marine/volcanic deposits. By contrast, in the southern Mendoza area the Lower Mendoza Mesosequence consists of aggradational and divergent sequences, with a maximum thickness of 500 metres (1,600 ft) towards the center of the basin. It includes basinal to middle carbonate ramp deposits of the Vaca Muerta Formation (early Tithonian – early Valanginian) and middle to inner ramp oyster-deposits of the Chachao Formation (early Valanginian), which form an homoclinal carbonate ramp system. Westward, undated tidal to continental mixed deposits have been recognized and correlated with the Vaca Muerta and 1726:

active in Vaca Muerta. In June 2015, YPF announced a new discovery in Vaca Muerta, this time in the La Ribera I block, with an initial output of 43,000 cubic meters (over 1.5 million cubic feet) of gas a day. In November 2015, YPF indicated that production from Vaca Muerta was 54,000 barrels of oil equivalent daily, with 47,000 from Loma Campana; it also indicated that Chevron had invested US$ 2,500,000,000 over the last two years. YPF showed production for the third quarter of 2016 at 58,200 barrels of oil equivalent daily from 522 wells, with 11 rigs working. In September 2016, after the change of government in Argentina, YPF said that proposed new rates for gas would permit the continued development of gas in Vaca Muerta. As of 2017, there were almost 500 fracking wells, one of the most fracked sites outside North America.

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his company, with 4 producing wells in Vaca Muerta and 2 more drilling, would increase capital spending in Argentine shale to "about" US$ 500 million in 2014 from US$ 170 million in 2013. Luis Sapag, of the Sapag family which has dominated Neuquén politics for half a century, was reported by Bloomberg in December 2013 as saying that the YPF-Chevron joint venture would invest as much as US$ 16 billion if the US$ 1.2 billion pilot venture was successful by March 2014, which would generate almost US$ 9 billion in royalties for Neuquén.

1373: 1772:, and YPF announced a preliminary agreement for the development of two more blocks, at a cost of over US$ 500 million in the next three years: Bajada de Añelo and the southern zone of Cerro Arena, the latter together with Pluspetrol and Gas y Petróleo del Neuquén; an affiliate of American Energy Partners would acquire up to a 50% participation in both. Also Madalena Ventures, Azabache, and Tecpetrol participate in exploration and production. 506: 1838: 1062: 1824: 869: 1852: 317: 1380: 529:) age. The formation covers a total area of 30,000 square kilometres (12,000 sq mi). The shale is at a depth of about 9,500 feet (2,900 m), where it has been found productive of oil and gas. Although called a shale, and with a total organic carbon content varying from 1 percent to 5 percent, the Vaca Muerta is predominately 595:, a Tithonian–Valanginian broad shallowing-upward sedimentary cycle. In the southern part of the Neuquén Basin the Lower Mendoza Mesosequence includes the basinal deposits of the Vaca Muerta Formation (early to middle Tithonian), which to the south-southeast change to mixed carbonate-siliciclastic nearshore deposits of the 1603:

well in the Vaca Muerta was drilled and completed. By October 2012, 31 wells had been drilled and completed, and another 20 had been drilled and were awaiting completion. The drilling had extended the Vaca Muerta producing extent to an area of at least 300 square kilometres (120 sq mi). As of 2011, the total

541:. Formed in a marine environment with little clay and brittle rock, the deposit is 30 to 1,200 metres (98 to 3,937 ft) (usually over 400 metres (1,300 ft)) thick, extending throughout the basin. At the time of deposition, the Vaca Muerta was situated on the eastern margin of the Pacific Ocean. 1602:

recognized the productive potential of the Vaca Muerta Shale of the Neuquén Basin, and completed Argentina's first shale gas well at the Loma La Lata field. In November 2010, the company completed a tight oil well in the Vaca Muerta Shale in the Loma Campana area. In August 2011, the first horizontal

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1) Configuring a team of explorationists under the leadership of Mikel Erquiaga with German Bottessi heading the team searching for gas. M di Benedetto was added to the team once the oil potential was fully identified. 2) Assigning budget and resources to that team. 3) Appointing a Welshman (R Ll

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subsidiary Dow Argentina had signed an agreement to drill 16 natural gas wells in the El Orejano block of the Vaca Muerta formation over a 12-month period, with Dow contributing US$ 120,000,000 and YPF US$ 68,000,000. Shell Argentina CEO Juan Jose Aranguren was quoted on December 10, 2013, as saying

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In May 2013, YPF announced that it had negotiated a joint venture in which Chevron would invest US$ 1.5 billion drilling 132 wells on the Loma Campana field. Chevron's participation was complicated by efforts by the plaintiffs who obtained a judgement in Ecuador with respect to actions by Texaco in

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As part of the visualization the logistics required to develop the assets were investigated with the need for importation of drilling rigs and fracturing equipment being identified together with an opportunity for ín-country proppant sand production. The critical path was however identified as being

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Kietzmann, D.A., Martín-Chivelet, J., Palma, R.M., López-Gómez, J., Lescano, M., Concheyro, A., 2011a. Evidence of precessional and eccentricity orbital cycles in a Tithonian source rock: the mid-outer carbonate ramp of the Vaca Muerta Formation, Northern Neuquén Basin, Argentina. AAPG Bulletin 95,

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In April 2015, Gallucio stated that production in the Loma Campana field had reached 44,000-45,000 barrels of oil equivalent a day. In April 2015, YPF signed a memorandum on cooperation with Gazprom, though it had previously denied the report. As of May 2015, more than 30 oil and gas companies were

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Kietzmann, D.A., Palma, R.M., Riccardi, A.C., Martín-Chivelet, J., López-Gómez, J., 2014. Sedimentology and sequence stratigraphy of a Tithonian-Valanginian carbonate ramp (Vaca Muerta Formation): a misunderstood exceptional source rock in the Southern Mendoza area of the Neuquén Basin, Argentina.

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Target well locatíons were selected in most of the exploration and production leases. A policy of systematically testing the wells after they had been stimulated was adopted with wells in the Loma La Lata/ Loma Campana area being tied into existing production facilities. These policies accelerated

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In February 2014, Archer Ltd. announced it had an "approximately US$ 400 million" contract with YPF to provide "five new built drilling rigs to support YPF's development of unconventional shale resources in the Neuquén area in Argentina." On February 18 of the same year, YPF announced that it had

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development; they indicated that Sinopec Argentina Exploration and Production S.A. was already doing due diligence on exploration and development in "certain areas" of Vaca Muerta together with YPF. In January 2015 YPF indicated that it and Chevron had invested over US$ 3 billion in their Loma

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Leanza, H. A., Sattler, F., Martinez, R., Carbone, O., 2011. La Formación Vaca Muerta y Equivalentes (Jurásico Tardío – Cretácico Temprano) en la Cuenca. Neuquina. In: Leanza, H.A., Arregui, C., Carbone, O., Daniela, J.C., Vallés, J.M. (Eds.), Geología y Recursos Naturales de la Provincia del

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As of April 2022, the following banks financed operations in Vaca Muerta: Citi Bank, Credit Suisse, Deutsche Bank, Goldman Sachs, HSBC, ING, Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (ICBC) and Morgan Stanley. Both IBD and World Bank have funded massive urban planning projects in Añelo city.

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In July 2013, protests against the ratification of the YPF-Chevron US$ 16 billion agreement to exploit the Loma Campana concession were heavily repressed by the police. Each oil well demands 640 water trucks, the equivalent of nine Olympic-size pools, over the lifetime of the well. Other

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Legarreta, L., Gulisano, C.A., 1989. Análisis estratigráfico secuencial de la Cuenca Neuquina (Triásico superior- Terciario inferior, Argentina). In: Chebli, G., Spalletti, L.A., (Eds.), Cuencas Sedimentarias Argentinas. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Serie Correlación Geológica 6, p.

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Mitchum, R.M., Uliana, M.A., 1985. Seismic stratigraphy of carbonate depositional sequences, Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous. Neuquén Basin, Argentina. In: Berg, R.B., Woolverton, D.G. (Eds.), Seismic Stratigraphy: An Integrated Approach to Hydrocarbon Exploration. AAPG Memoir 39,

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Spalletti, L.A., Franzese, J.R., Matheos, S.D. and Schwarz, E. (2000) Sequence stratigraphy of a tidally dominated carbonate-siliciclastic ramp; the Tithonian-Early Berriasian of the Southern Neuquén Basin, Argentina. Geological Society of London, Special Publication 157, pp.

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of Tithonian – Berriasian age. In the central part of the Neuquén Basin, also known as Neuquén embayment, the Lower Mendoza Mesosequence consists of basinal deposits of the Vaca Muerta Formation (early to upper Tithonian), which to the east change to shoreface deposits of the

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Kietzmann, D.A., Palma, R.M., Bressan, G.S., 2008. Facies y microfacies de la rampa tithoniana-berriasiana de la Cuenca Neuquina (Formación Vaca Muerta) en la sección del arroyo Loncoche – Malargüe, provincia de Mendoza. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina 63,

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Gulisano, C.A., Gutiérrez Pleimling, A.R., Digregorio, R.E., 1984. Análisis estratigráfico del intervalo Tithoniano-Valanginiano (Formaciones Vaca Muerta, Quintuco y Mulichinco) en el suroeste de la provincia de Neuquén. 9 Congreso Geológico Argentino, Actas 1,

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Spalletti, L. A., G. D. Veiga, E. Schwarz, and J. Franzese, 2008, Depósitos de flujos gravitacionales subácueos de sedimentos en el flanco activo de la Cuenca Neuquina durante el Cretácico Temprano: Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina, v. 63,

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were described in 1892 by Dr. Guillermo Bodenbender. German paleontologists Beherendsen and Steuer determined the Tithonian age of these shales. In several outcrop locations, the Vaca Muerta Formation has been the site of paleontological finds: the

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Leanza, H.A., Hugo, C.A., Repol, D., Salvarredy Aranguren, M., 2003. El Miembro Huncal (Berriasiano inferior): un episodio turbidítico en la Formación Vaca Muerta, Cuenca Neuquina, Argentina. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina 58,

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As of 2013 Vaca Muerta was divided into different development blocks. Consortium of YPF (50%) and Chevron (50%) develops General Enrique Mosconi concession, including Loma La Lata Norte and Loma Campana fields. Consortium of

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Leanza, H.A., 1973. Estudio sobre los cambios faciales de los estratos limítrofes Jurásico-Cretácicos entre Loncopué y Picun Leufú, Provincia del Neuquén, República Argentina. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina 28,

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Given the natural decline in gas production and dimininishing returns from conventional exploration activity, in 2008 the Repsol-YPF executive Tomas Garcia Blanco sponsored the search for "unconventional" shale gas by:

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was active in the Vaca Muerta in 2012–2013, but agreed to sell all its Argentine assets to YPF for US$ 800 million in an agreement signed February 12, 2014. The Bandurria block was formerly a joint venture of

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Kietzmann, D.A., Vennari, V.V., 2013. Sedimentología y estratigrafía de la Formación Vaca Muerta (Tithoniano-Berriasiano) en el área del cerro Domuyo, norte de Neuquén, Argentina. Andean Geology 40, 41–65

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Legarreta, L., Kozlowski, E., Boll, A., 1981. Esquema estratigráfico y distribución de facies del Grupo Mendoza en el ámbito surmendocino de la cuenca neuquina. 8º Congreso Geológico Argentino, Actas 3,

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Although the name Vaca Muerta Formation was introduced to the geological literature in 1931 by American geologist Charles E. Weaver, the highly bituminous shales in the Salado River valley in southern

1751:(45%) and Gas y Petroleo del Neuquén (10%). Consortium of Shell (65%, operator) Medanito (25%) and Gas y Petroleo del Neuquén (10%) develops Águila Mora and Sierras Blancas areas. Consortium of 3030: 3658: 1650:. However, the government exempted tight gas from controls, and in 2011 the Vaca Muerta gas was selling for US$ 4–$ 7. The higher gas prices attracted major oil companies, including 3055: 1621:'s production alone was nearly 45,000 barrels per day (7,200 m/d). In February 2012, Repsol YPF SA raised its estimate of oil reserves to 22.5 billion barrels (3.58 404:'s production alone was nearly 45,000 barrels per day (7,200 m/d). In February 2012, Repsol YPF SA raised its estimate of oil reserves to 22.5 billion barrels (3.58 3613: 2539:"A new Patagonian species of Cricosaurus (Crocodyliformes, Thalattosuchia): first evidence of Cricosaurus in Middle–Upper Tithonian lithographic limestone from Gondwana" 1584:

This team screened all Argentine source rock formations and proposed Vaca Muerta as principal objective given that logistics were easier and it held greater potential.

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Herrera Y, Gasparini Z, Fernandez MS (2015). "Purranisaurus potens Rusconi, an enigmatic metriorhynchid from the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous of the Neuquén Basin".

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The Vaca Muerta Formation (Late Jurassic—Early Cretaceous): History, Stratigraphic Context and Events of this Emblematic Unit of the Neuquén Basin, Argentina

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By March 2012 significant data was available from over 25 stimulated wells. The D-129 source rock had also started to be explored had tested positive.

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published September 14, 2014, Gallucio indicated that production in the Loma Campana field had reached 31,000 barrels of oil equivalent a day.

2026:"Technically Recoverable Shale Oil and Shale Gas Resources: An Assessment of 137 Shale Formations in 41 Countries Outside the United States" 3623: 1646:

One problem in attracting development was Argentina's price controls on natural gas, keeping the price down to US$ 2.00-$ 2.50 per million

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On October 8, 2014, Argentine Industry Minister Débora Georgi reported that YPF had signed a confidential agreement in principle with

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M. S. Fernández. 1997. A new Ichthyosaur from the Tithonian (Late Jurassic) of the Neuquen Basin, Northwestern Patagonia, Argentina.

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10 m). The US EIA estimates total recoverable hydrocarbons from this Vaca Muerta Formation to be 16.2 billion barrels (2.58

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10 m). The US EIA estimates total recoverable hydrocarbons from this Vaca Muerta Formation to be 16.2 billion barrels (2.58

2181: 3423: 1920: 1372: 3678: 3411: 3648: 3455: 3215: 2142: 3394: 3380: 2699: 2218:"Chitinoidellids from the Early Tithonian–Early Valanginian Vaca Muerta Formation in the Northern Neuquén Basin, Argentina" 3628: 291: 2834: 1769: 208: 3178: 3683: 3633: 2102: 3264: 3309: 2269: 2173: 429:

In July 2013, protests were heavily repressed by the police. The huge water consumption of fracking as well as the

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Integrated Dynamic Flow Analysis to Characterize an Unconventional Reservoir in Argentina: The Loma La Lata Case

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holds. As of 2017, there were almost 500 fracking wells, one of the most fracked sites outside North America.

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Estimated wingspan of over 3 metres, represents a distinct taxon from named species due to size differences.

3490: 3441: 1222: 2763: 600: 596: 145: 1743:(45%) develops the Rincon de Aranda concession. The Los Toldos blocks are developed by the consortium of 2505: 2103:"Everything You Need To Know About Vaca Muerta, One Of The Biggest Shale Fields Outside Of North America" 2910: 609: 155: 141: 2803: 2025: 2000: 1549: 2781:

https://www.ep.total.com/en/areas/unconventional-resources/vaca-muerta-bold-unconventional-development

1560:, which has had oil production since 1918. Wells producing from the Vaca Muerta itself are in several 2711: 2654: 2591: 2550: 2229: 1870: 1671: 1667: 1647: 1640: 423: 137: 117: 1670:

to collect the judgement from Chevron's Argentine assets. On September 24, 2013, YPF announced that

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Scott L. Weeden, "Argentina's shale-gas plays bring back majors," E&P Magazine, 3 Oct. 2011.

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that could lead to a US$ 1 billion investment in gas exploration and production "in Argentina".

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the collection of quality data needed for the certificación of resource and reserve estimates.

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Martín Álvarez Mullally, Lisandro Arelovich, Fernando Cabrera y Diego di Risio. (March 2017).

3313: 2737: 2619: 2177: 2167: 1744: 613: 2446:(Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from the Upper Jurassic of northwestern Patagonia, Argentina". 1639: m) of natural gas, more than even the Neuquén Basin's hydrocarbon-rich Middle Jurassic 422: m) of natural gas, more than even the Neuquén Basin's hydrocarbon-rich Middle Jurassic 3052:"YPF y Sinopec firman un MOU para desarrollar nuevos proyectos de petroleo y gas en el país" 2727: 2719: 2670: 2662: 2609: 2599: 2558: 2517: 2463: 2455: 2245: 2237: 2107: 1945: 1829: 1765: 1557: 1343: 1231: 1218: 1189: 545: 522: 482: 478: 462: 360: 356: 340: 3522: 2056: 1755:(50%, operator) and Gas y Petroleo del Neuquén (50%) develops the Aguada Federal block. 1604: 956: 927: 908: 897: 879: 862: 859: 505: 387: 2200: 2715: 2658: 2595: 2554: 2233: 2398: 2361: 1843: 1314: 1118: 1090: 1061: 1055: 1027: 841: 779: 569: 550: 3602: 3592: 3310:"Americas Petrogas Makes New Vaca Muerta Shale Exploration Discovery-Gas and Liquids" 2749: 2684: 2477: 1865: 1857: 1801: 1713:

signed a memorandum of understanding for future cooperation in both conventional and

1531: 1170: 1100: 578: 514: 493:. Waste from the oil exploitation since 2011 has been deposited close to the town of 474: 442: 352: 322: 74: 27: 3289:"Petrobras finds unconventional petroleum in Argentina's Vaca Muerta shale deposits" 3031:"YPF desmintió a Débora Giorgi sobre la firma de un acuerdo con Gazprom - LA NACION" 2631: 2580:"An Unusual Marine Crocodyliform from the Jurassic-Cretaceous Boundary of Patagonia" 2077:"Mapuche group files lawsuit against multinationals over pollution from Vaca Muerta" 382:

The large oil discovery in the Vaca Muerta Formation was made in 2010 by the former

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The Biomarker Guide: Biomarkers and isotopes in petroleum systems and Earth history

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Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh

2062:. Argentina: Enlace por la Justicia Energética y Socioambiental (. p. 20. 1819: 1748: 1740: 1655: 1651: 1599: 1200: 1037: 761: 728: 670: 584: 574: 526: 383: 94: 59: 35: 2741: 1444: 1431: 230: 217: 3360:"Germany's Wintershall joins Patagonia's Vaca Muerta shale gas and oil rush" 2991:"Chevron decidió continuar con la etapa de desarrollo masivo en Vaca Muerta" 2604: 2579: 1851: 1786: 1736: 1561: 1399: 1137: 1072: 560: 518: 490: 486: 430: 376: 372: 368: 364: 260: 192: 99: 43: 31: 2623: 513:

The Vaca Muerta Shale is a continuous tight oil and shale gas reservoir of

603:(middle Tithonian – lower Berriasian), and to continental deposits of the 1809: 1685: 1296: 538: 494: 450: 196: 89: 84: 69: 64: 54: 1812:

as oily sludge residue from fracking was tipped in illegal waste dumps.

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for "dangerous waste" due to "deficient treatment" close to the town of

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as oily sludge residue from fracking was tipped in illegal waste dumps.

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for "dangerous waste" due to "deficient treatment" close to the town of

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Peters, Kenneth E.; Walters, Clifford C.; Moldowan, J. Michael (2005).

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Partial skeleton of a subadult individual, referred incomplete ulna

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Badessich, Matías Fernandez; Berrios, Vicente (8–10 October 2012).

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The Vaca Muerta Formation represents the most distal facies of the

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Hydrocarbon source rock maturity (Ro %) of the Vaca Muerta.

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Campos, L.; Fernández, M.S.; Herrera, Y. (22 October 2019).

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Campana venture, which YPF described as the most important

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in the Encyclopedia of Science and Technology in Argentina

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Herrera, Y.; Gasparini, Z.; Fernández, M.S. (7 May 2013).

1960:"Shale Veteran Takes On Argentina's $ 6 Billion Shortfall" 461:

The Vaca Muerta Formation, commonly known as Vaca Muerta (

371:. It is well known as the host rock for major deposits of 3491:"Argentina's YPF sees 1,181 TCF shale gas in Vaca Muerta" 3424:"Exxon makes second discovery in Argentina's Vaca Muerta" 2804:"Chevron agrees terms of Argentina shale investment: YPF" 2031:. U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). June 2013 1946:

http://www.ypf.com/YPFHoy/YPFSalaPrensa/Paginas/Home.aspx

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10 m) of oil and 308 trillion cubic feet (8.7

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10 m) of oil and 308 trillion cubic feet (8.7

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Gasparini, Z.; Pol, D.; Spalletti, L.A. (6 Jan 2006).

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Gasparini, Z.; O'Gorman, J. (2014). "A new species of

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Lifschitz, Alejandro; Grazina, Karina (2013-07-16).

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Codorniú, Laura; Gasparini, Zulma (September 2012).

1921:"Repsol hails largest ever 927 million bbl oil find" 3539:Ben Miller and Emilie Sweigart (October 11, 2019). 3037:. 9 October 2014 – via La Nacion (Argentina). 1564:, including the Loma La Lata, Loma Lata Norte, and 1538: 1514: 1496: 1491: 1483: 1475: 1470: 1460: 1423: 1415: 1405: 1395: 1361: 306: 298: 287: 279: 274: 266: 256: 246: 207: 202: 184: 174: 169: 161: 151: 133: 123: 113: 21: 3659:Fossiliferous stratigraphic units of South America 2137:. SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. 1948:, "YPF firmo un acuerdo con PETRONAS", 18.02.2014 1785:environmental externalities include the clash of 1780:Human right violations and environmental impacts 1722:project in the world outside the United States. 497:, which is about 1,200km south of Buenos Aires. 1355:Oil and gas exploration and production timeline 3412:ExxonMobil discovers oil and gas in Argentina 3046: 3044: 2201:"Argentina's Vaca Muerta draws GTW spotlight" 2020: 2018: 2016: 8: 3575:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3136:"A promising future beckons for Vaca Muerta" 2783:Exploration Production - Vaca Muerta - Total 1684:signed an memorandum of understanding with 1595:the availability of heavy motor mechanics. 270:>30,000 km (12,000 sq mi) 1358: 315: 18: 2764:"BNamericas - Loma de la Lata Norte area" 2731: 2674: 2613: 2603: 2562: 2521: 2510:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 2467: 2263: 2261: 2249: 2161: 2159: 2071: 2069: 1941: 1939: 1937: 1914: 1912: 1552:had long been known as a major petroleum 599:(lower part of the middle Tithonian) and 509:Stratigraphy of the Vaca Muerta Formation 433:interfere with agriculture. In 2018, the 3614:Lower Cretaceous Series of South America 2222:Journal of South American Earth Sciences 1263: 1260: 1135: 1132: 974: 971: 806: 803: 726: 723: 3541:"How Countries Manage Water: Argentina" 2835:"YPF, Chevron sign deal on Vaca Muerta" 2274:. AAPG Geoscience Technology Workshop. 2268:Leanza, Héctor A. (2–4 December 2012). 1881: 3568: 2195: 2193: 2050: 2048: 2046: 1975: 1973: 1607:were around 927 million barrels (147.4 3335:"Shell joins shale hunt in Argentina" 3199:"Acuerdo de continuidad YPF-Petronas" 2973:"Drilling Rig and Technology Company" 2001:"Repsol YPF Mb50's "Liquid Mud" Blog" 390:are around 927 million barrels (147.4 7: 3381:"YPF adquiere los activos de Apache" 1379: 700:Uncertain or tentative taxa are in 2647:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 165:30–1,200 m (98–3,937 ft) 14: 2216:Kietzmann, Diego A. (July 2017). 1800:were suing Exxon, French company 1581:Lolley) as engineering advisor. 1530: m or 927 million 660:Taxon falsely reported as present 3619:Jurassic System of South America 3609:Geologic formations of Argentina 2055:Diego di Risio (December 2017). 1850: 1836: 1822: 1789:with agriculture in the town of 1378: 1371: 3503:from the original on 2014-02-22 3246:from the original on 2015-09-24 3117:from the original on 2015-11-24 3088:from the original on 2015-11-25 2882:Pablo Gonzalez (June 5, 2013). 2816:from the original on 2013-11-23 2422:Sedimentary Geology 302, 64–86. 1889:Krauss, Clifford (2011-07-04). 1747:(45%, operator of the blocks), 665:Dubious taxon or junior synonym 16:Geologic formation in Argentina 3076:Bronstein, Hugh (2015-04-09). 2802:Grazina, Karina (2013-05-15). 2143:Society of Petroleum Engineers 1140:from the Vaca Muerta Formation 979:from the Vaca Muerta Formation 811:from the Vaca Muerta Formation 731:from the Vaca Muerta Formation 1: 3395:"Web Page Under Construction" 1958:Attwood, James (2014-12-16). 1500:45,000 barrels per day (~2.2 1221:pterosaur with affinities to 2667:10.1080/02724634.2014.904790 2460:10.5710/amgh.03.04.2014.2225 2242:10.1016/j.jsames.2017.03.005 2101:Badkar, Mamta (2012-04-27). 1919:Canty, Daniel (2011-11-08). 1770:American Energy Partners, LP 1556:for other formations in the 3674:Geology of Neuquén Province 3624:Late Jurassic South America 627: 618:Lindero de Piedra Formation 3707: 2977:Helmerich & Payne, Inc 2332:Neuquén, Neuquén, 113–129. 2174:Cambridge University Press 1617: m), and as of 2014 593:Lower Mendoza Mesosequence 400: m), and as of 2014 3664:Paleontology in Argentina 3654:Reservoir rock formations 3523:"Vaca Muerta Megaproject" 3399:www.buenosairesherald.com 2724:10.1017/S1755691013000388 2523:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz095 1497:Current production of oil 1366: 786: 777: 775: 773: 771: 759: 634: 630: 605:Bajada Colorada Formation 314: 26: 3362:. MercoPress. 2014-01-08 3291:. MercoPress. 2013-12-04 1715:unconventional petroleum 1709:In January 2015 YPF and 632: 616:, receiving the name of 3679:Oil fields in Argentina 3521:Diego di Risio (2017). 2864:. Bloomberg. 2013-05-16 2605:10.1126/science.1120803 2492:Journal of Paleontology 1387:Location of Vaca Muerta 1223:Archaeopterodactyloidea 533:and consists of mature 3649:Source rock formations 3442:"Acuerdo YPF-Petronas" 1515:Estimated oil in place 1065: 872: 708:taxa are discredited. 510: 2083:. pp. 2018–12–22 1981:"Vacamuertashale.com" 1923:. Arabian Oil and Gas 1445:38.20000°S 69.50000°W 1064: 871: 601:Picún Leufú Formation 597:Carrin Cura Formation 508: 333:Vaca Muerta Formation 323:Huincul basement high 231:38.20000°S 69.50000°W 22:Vaca Muerta Formation 3629:Cretaceous Argentina 3265:"Campo Loma Campana" 2199:Carol Cain McGowen, 1871:Los Molles Formation 1739:(55%, operator) and 1730:Blocks and financing 1720:unconventional (oil) 1679:Developments in 2014 1672:Dow Chemical Company 1668:Lago Agrio oil field 1641:Los Molles Formation 1539:Producing formations 1476:Start of development 1450:-38.20000; -69.50000 481:age, located in the 424:Los Molles Formation 359:age, located in the 335:, commonly known as 236:-38.20000; -69.50000 118:Geological formation 3456:"Acuerdo YPF y Dow" 2840:Buenos Aires Herald 2716:2012EESTR.103..399C 2659:2015JVPal..35E4790H 2596:2006Sci...311...70G 2555:2013Palgy..56..663H 2234:2017JSAES..76..152K 1806:Pan American Energy 1793:, Chubut province. 1762:Pan American Energy 1660:Chevron Corporation 1484:Start of production 1441: / 1267:of the Vaca Muerta 447:Pan American Energy 227: / 28:Stratigraphic range 3684:Unconventional oil 3634:Jurassic Argentina 3545:Americas Quarterly 2564:10.1111/pala.12010 2081:Buenos Aires Times 1896:The New York Times 1757:Apache Corporation 1518:126 million tonnes 1066: 1026:A metriorhynchine 873: 655:Reclassified taxon 614:Chachao Formations 610:Quintuco Formation 511: 156:Tordillo Formation 3314:Americas Petrogas 3312:(Press release). 1745:Americas Petrogas 1662:to Vaca Muerta. 1550:Vaca Muerta Shale 1546: 1545: 1352: 1351: 1344:thalassochelydian 1254: 1253: 1185:Partial skeleton 1126: 1125: 965: 964: 797: 796: 712: 711: 703: 691: 690: 687: 680: 673: 666: 661: 656: 651: 537:, marls and lime 469:), is a geologic 441:, French company 347:), is a geologic 329: 328: 325:is shown in grey. 283:Charles E. Weaver 3696: 3639:Berriasian Stage 3581: 3580: 3574: 3566: 3564: 3555: 3549: 3548: 3536: 3530: 3529: 3527: 3518: 3512: 3511: 3509: 3508: 3487: 3481: 3480: 3469: 3463: 3462: 3460: 3452: 3446: 3445: 3438: 3432: 3431: 3428:www.worldoil.com 3420: 3414: 3409: 3403: 3402: 3391: 3385: 3384: 3377: 3371: 3370: 3368: 3367: 3356: 3350: 3349: 3347: 3346: 3331: 3325: 3324: 3322: 3321: 3306: 3300: 3299: 3297: 3296: 3285: 3279: 3278: 3276: 3275: 3261: 3255: 3254: 3252: 3251: 3229: 3223: 3222: 3220: 3216:"Tarifas de gas" 3212: 3206: 3205: 3203: 3195: 3186: 3185: 3183: 3175: 3169: 3168: 3157: 3151: 3150: 3148: 3147: 3132: 3126: 3125: 3123: 3122: 3103: 3097: 3096: 3094: 3093: 3073: 3067: 3066: 3064: 3063: 3054:. Archived from 3048: 3039: 3038: 3027: 3021: 3020: 3009: 3003: 3002: 2997:. Archived from 2987: 2981: 2980: 2969: 2963: 2962: 2955: 2949: 2948: 2937: 2931: 2930: 2919: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2899: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2879: 2873: 2872: 2870: 2869: 2858: 2852: 2851: 2849: 2848: 2831: 2825: 2824: 2822: 2821: 2799: 2793: 2790: 2784: 2778: 2772: 2771: 2760: 2754: 2753: 2735: 2710:(3–4): 399–408. 2695: 2689: 2688: 2678: 2642: 2636: 2635: 2617: 2607: 2575: 2569: 2568: 2566: 2534: 2528: 2527: 2525: 2501: 2495: 2488: 2482: 2481: 2471: 2439: 2433: 2429: 2423: 2419: 2413: 2409: 2403: 2396: 2390: 2384: 2378: 2372: 2366: 2359: 2353: 2349: 2343: 2339: 2333: 2329: 2323: 2319: 2313: 2309: 2303: 2299: 2290: 2289: 2287: 2286: 2265: 2256: 2255: 2253: 2213: 2207: 2197: 2188: 2187: 2163: 2154: 2153: 2151: 2150: 2136: 2125: 2119: 2118: 2116: 2115: 2108:Business Insider 2098: 2092: 2091: 2089: 2088: 2073: 2064: 2063: 2061: 2052: 2041: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2030: 2022: 2011: 2010: 2008: 2007: 1997: 1991: 1990: 1988: 1987: 1977: 1968: 1967: 1955: 1949: 1943: 1932: 1931: 1929: 1928: 1916: 1907: 1906: 1904: 1903: 1886: 1860: 1855: 1854: 1846: 1841: 1840: 1832: 1830:Argentina portal 1827: 1826: 1825: 1766:Aubrey McClendon 1635: 1634: 1628: 1624: 1613: 1612: 1526: 1525: 1506: 1505: 1456: 1455: 1453: 1452: 1451: 1446: 1442: 1439: 1438: 1437: 1434: 1416:Offshore/onshore 1410:Neuquén Province 1382: 1381: 1375: 1359: 1303:N. laticentralis 1261: 1232:Pterodactyloidea 1133: 972: 886:A. thalassonotus 804: 724: 701: 683: 676: 669: 664: 659: 654: 647: 644: 628: 523:Early Cretaceous 479:Early Cretaceous 418: 417: 411: 407: 396: 395: 357:Early Cretaceous 319: 251:Neuquén Province 242: 241: 239: 238: 237: 232: 228: 225: 224: 223: 220: 109: 46: 19: 3706: 3705: 3699: 3698: 3697: 3695: 3694: 3693: 3644:Tithonian Stage 3599: 3598: 3589: 3584: 3567: 3562: 3557: 3556: 3552: 3538: 3537: 3533: 3525: 3520: 3519: 3515: 3506: 3504: 3489: 3488: 3484: 3471: 3470: 3466: 3458: 3454: 3453: 3449: 3440: 3439: 3435: 3422: 3421: 3417: 3410: 3406: 3393: 3392: 3388: 3379: 3378: 3374: 3365: 3363: 3358: 3357: 3353: 3344: 3342: 3333: 3332: 3328: 3319: 3317: 3308: 3307: 3303: 3294: 3292: 3287: 3286: 3282: 3273: 3271: 3263: 3262: 3258: 3249: 3247: 3231: 3230: 3226: 3218: 3214: 3213: 3209: 3201: 3197: 3196: 3189: 3181: 3177: 3176: 3172: 3159: 3158: 3154: 3145: 3143: 3134: 3133: 3129: 3120: 3118: 3105: 3104: 3100: 3091: 3089: 3075: 3074: 3070: 3061: 3059: 3050: 3049: 3042: 3029: 3028: 3024: 3011: 3010: 3006: 2989: 2988: 2984: 2971: 2970: 2966: 2957: 2956: 2952: 2939: 2938: 2934: 2921: 2920: 2916: 2907: 2906: 2902: 2892: 2890: 2881: 2880: 2876: 2867: 2865: 2860: 2859: 2855: 2846: 2844: 2833: 2832: 2828: 2819: 2817: 2801: 2800: 2796: 2791: 2787: 2779: 2775: 2762: 2761: 2757: 2697: 2696: 2692: 2644: 2643: 2639: 2590:(5757): 70–73. 2577: 2576: 2572: 2536: 2535: 2531: 2503: 2502: 2498: 2489: 2485: 2441: 2440: 2436: 2430: 2426: 2420: 2416: 2410: 2406: 2397: 2393: 2385: 2381: 2373: 2369: 2360: 2356: 2350: 2346: 2340: 2336: 2330: 2326: 2320: 2316: 2310: 2306: 2300: 2293: 2284: 2282: 2267: 2266: 2259: 2215: 2214: 2210: 2198: 2191: 2184: 2176:. p. 894. 2172:. Vol. 2. 2165: 2164: 2157: 2148: 2146: 2134: 2127: 2126: 2122: 2113: 2111: 2100: 2099: 2095: 2086: 2084: 2075: 2074: 2067: 2059: 2054: 2053: 2044: 2034: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2023: 2014: 2005: 2003: 1999: 1998: 1994: 1985: 1983: 1979: 1978: 1971: 1957: 1956: 1952: 1944: 1935: 1926: 1924: 1918: 1917: 1910: 1901: 1899: 1888: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1856: 1849: 1842: 1835: 1828: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1782: 1732: 1707: 1681: 1632: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1610: 1608: 1605:proven reserves 1574: 1523: 1521: 1519: 1503: 1501: 1449: 1447: 1443: 1440: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1428: 1427: 1391: 1390: 1389: 1388: 1385: 1384: 1383: 1357: 1259: 1131: 1079:G. araucanensis 1016:C. araucanensis 970: 957:ophthalmosaurid 928:ophthalmosaurid 909:Ophthalmosaurus 898:ophthalmosaurid 880:Arthropterygius 863:ophthalmosaurid 860:platypterygiine 802: 792:P. almanzaensis 780:thalassophonean 722: 717: 699: 642: 626: 503: 459: 415: 413: 409: 405: 393: 391: 388:proven reserves 320: 235: 233: 229: 226: 221: 218: 216: 214: 213: 146:Picún Leufú Fm. 108: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 57: 52: 41: 40: 38: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3704: 3703: 3700: 3692: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3621: 3616: 3611: 3601: 3600: 3597: 3596: 3588: 3587:External links 3585: 3583: 3582: 3550: 3531: 3513: 3499:. 2013-07-24. 3482: 3464: 3447: 3433: 3415: 3404: 3386: 3372: 3351: 3326: 3301: 3280: 3256: 3224: 3207: 3187: 3170: 3152: 3127: 3113:. 2015-04-23. 3098: 3068: 3040: 3022: 3004: 3001:on 2014-04-13. 2982: 2964: 2950: 2932: 2914: 2900: 2874: 2853: 2826: 2794: 2785: 2773: 2768:BNamericas.com 2755: 2690: 2653:(2): e904790. 2637: 2570: 2549:(3): 663–678. 2529: 2496: 2483: 2454:(4): 269–283. 2434: 2424: 2414: 2404: 2391: 2379: 2367: 2354: 2344: 2334: 2324: 2314: 2304: 2291: 2257: 2208: 2189: 2182: 2155: 2120: 2093: 2065: 2042: 2012: 1992: 1969: 1950: 1933: 1908: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1874: 1873: 1868: 1862: 1861: 1847: 1844:Geology portal 1833: 1817: 1814: 1781: 1778: 1731: 1728: 1706: 1703: 1680: 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1028:metriorhynchid 1024: 1022: 1020: 1018: 1013: 1005: 1004: 1001: 998: 995: 992: 989: 986: 982: 981: 977:Pseudosuchians 969: 968:Pseudosuchians 966: 963: 962: 960: 953: 951: 949: 947: 945:C. gaspariniae 942: 934: 933: 931: 924: 922: 920: 918: 912: 904: 903: 901: 894: 892: 890: 888: 883: 875: 874: 865: 856: 854: 852: 850: 845: 842:Caypullisaurus 837: 836: 833: 830: 827: 824: 821: 818: 814: 813: 801: 798: 795: 794: 788: 787: 785: 776: 774: 772: 770: 768:P. patagonicus 765: 757: 756: 753: 750: 747: 744: 741: 738: 734: 733: 721: 718: 716: 713: 710: 709: 694: 692: 689: 688: 681: 674: 667: 662: 657: 652: 636: 635: 633: 631: 625: 622: 570:Caypullisaurus 551:crocodylomorph 502: 499: 458: 455: 327: 326: 312: 311: 308: 304: 303: 300: 296: 295: 289: 285: 284: 281: 277: 276: 272: 271: 268: 264: 263: 258: 254: 253: 248: 244: 243: 211: 205: 204: 200: 199: 186: 182: 181: 176: 172: 171: 167: 166: 163: 159: 158: 153: 149: 148: 138:Mulichinco Fm. 135: 131: 130: 125: 121: 120: 115: 111: 110: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 63: 58: 53: 48: 47: 24: 23: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3702: 3701: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3669:Neuquén Basin 3667: 3665: 3662: 3660: 3657: 3655: 3652: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3630: 3627: 3625: 3622: 3620: 3617: 3615: 3612: 3610: 3607: 3606: 3604: 3594: 3591: 3590: 3586: 3578: 3572: 3561: 3554: 3551: 3546: 3542: 3535: 3532: 3524: 3517: 3514: 3502: 3498: 3497: 3492: 3486: 3483: 3478: 3474: 3468: 3465: 3457: 3451: 3448: 3443: 3437: 3434: 3429: 3425: 3419: 3416: 3413: 3408: 3405: 3400: 3396: 3390: 3387: 3382: 3376: 3373: 3361: 3355: 3352: 3340: 3336: 3330: 3327: 3315: 3311: 3305: 3302: 3290: 3284: 3281: 3270: 3266: 3260: 3257: 3245: 3241: 3240: 3235: 3228: 3225: 3217: 3211: 3208: 3200: 3194: 3192: 3188: 3180: 3179:"YPF informa" 3174: 3171: 3166: 3162: 3156: 3153: 3141: 3140:ADI Analytics 3137: 3131: 3128: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3102: 3099: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3072: 3069: 3058:on 2016-03-04 3057: 3053: 3047: 3045: 3041: 3036: 3032: 3026: 3023: 3018: 3014: 3008: 3005: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2986: 2983: 2978: 2974: 2968: 2965: 2960: 2954: 2951: 2947:. 2013-12-17. 2946: 2942: 2936: 2933: 2929:. 2013-12-10. 2928: 2924: 2918: 2915: 2912: 2904: 2901: 2889: 2885: 2878: 2875: 2863: 2857: 2854: 2842: 2841: 2836: 2830: 2827: 2815: 2811: 2810: 2805: 2798: 2795: 2789: 2786: 2782: 2777: 2774: 2769: 2765: 2759: 2756: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2734: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2694: 2691: 2686: 2682: 2677: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2641: 2638: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2616: 2611: 2606: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2574: 2571: 2565: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2543:Palaeontology 2540: 2533: 2530: 2524: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2500: 2497: 2494:71(3):479-484 2493: 2487: 2484: 2479: 2475: 2470: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2438: 2435: 2428: 2425: 2418: 2415: 2408: 2405: 2401: 2395: 2392: 2389: 2383: 2380: 2376: 2371: 2368: 2364: 2358: 2355: 2348: 2345: 2338: 2335: 2328: 2325: 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1638: 1620: 1616: 1606: 1601: 1598:In July 2010 1596: 1592: 1589: 1585: 1582: 1578: 1571: 1569: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1558:Neuquén Basin 1555: 1551: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1499: 1495: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1471:Field history 1469: 1466: 1463: 1459: 1454: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1394: 1374: 1365: 1360: 1354: 1348: 1345: 1341: 1339: 1337: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1328: 1327: 1323: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1312: 1310: 1308: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1298: 1294: 1293: 1289: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1274: 1271: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1256: 1250: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1220: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1202: 1198: 1197: 1194: 1191: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1172: 1171:Herbstosaurus 1168: 1167: 1163: 1160: 1157: 1154: 1151: 1148: 1145: 1144: 1141: 1139: 1134: 1128: 1122: 1120: 1117:A geosaurine 1116: 1114: 1112: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1102: 1101:Purranisaurus 1098: 1097: 1094: 1092: 1089:A 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