564:
it lacked leverage to influence the behavior of donor states and pharmaceutical companies. It has been suggested that initiatives for vaccine allocation and vaccine equity could be improved by increasing the simplicity, transparency and accountability of their mechanisms. Others argue that such a body needs high-level leadership that is able to act at political and diplomatic levels to address issues of
714:
In
September 2021, it was estimated that the world would have manufactured enough vaccines to vaccinate everyone on the planet by January 2022. Vaccine hoarding, booster shots, a lack of funding for vaccination infrastructure, and other forms of inequality mean that it is expected that many countries
563:
Ideally a global vaccine hub could have been developed by the international community before it was needed, rather than under the pressures of a pandemic. Improving it is important in preparation for future health crises. Analyses of Covax' institutional design and governance structures suggest that
555:
on 24 February 2021. In the next year Covax delivered 1.2 billion vaccines to 144 countries. Covax was not able to acquire doses directly from manufacturers at the levels it had hoped. An estimated that 60% of the doses it distributed in 2021 (543 million out of 910 million) were donated doses from
250:
There are important reasons to establish mechanisms for global vaccine equity. Multiple factors support the emergence and spread of pandemics, not least the ability of people to travel long distances and widely transmit viruses. A virus that remains in circulation somewhere in the world is likely to
666:
Vaccination barriers to migrants include language/literacy barriers, lack of understanding of the need for or their entitlement to vaccines, concerns about the side-effects, health professionals lack of knowledge of vaccination guidelines for migrants, and practical/legal issues, for example, having
547:
for the improvement of vaccine allocation. The intention with Covax was to collectively pool resources to ensure vaccine development and production. The resulting vaccine supplies could be fairly distributed to reach less wealthy countries and achieve vaccine equity. Foreign aid and resources from
486:
Low and middle income countries tend to lack technological expertise and manufacturing capacity for the production of drugs and medical products. This leaves them dependent on diagnostics, treatments and vaccines from manufacturers in other countries and on availability in the global market. There
291:
The wealthy generally have better access to vaccines than the poor, both between and within countries. Within countries, there may be lower rates of vaccination in racial and ethnic minority groups, in older adults, and among those living with disabilities or chronic conditions. The distribution and
559:
Covax is an unprecedented initiative, but it has not met the goal of achieving vaccine equity. Higher income nations bypassed the proposed mechanism and negotiated directly with vaccine manufacturers, leaving Covax without the resources it needed to buy and distribute vaccines in a timely fashion.
335:
Achieving vaccine equity depends on having a sufficient supply of affordable vaccines available for global use. Ideally, a vaccine that is suitable for global use will be based on established technology; will have multiple available suppliers of the materials and equipment needed for production; be
622:
Communicating about public health risks is more effective when a message involves three or four specific talking points, which are then backed up with evidence. An initial message may focus on what is happening, what to do, and how to do it, followed up by details and how to find more information.
609:
was publicly vaccinated, on television, to encourage others to follow his example. Working with leaders and trusted community members within communities who can present important information and publicly identify and counter misinformation can be very successful. This type of approach was used in
588:
Cheap vaccines are often not administered due to a lack of infrastructure funding. Logistical difficulties are an obstacle to achieving global vaccine equity. Hot climates, remote regions, and low-resource settings need cheap, transportable, easy-to-use vaccines. To achieve vaccine equity, vaccine
575:
Open vial wastage, which occurs when only part of a vial of vaccine is used, could also be reduced. Strategies include making less doses available in a single vial, and organizing appointments to more effectively ensure that doses are used by overbooking (since some people will not appear) or not
571:
The allocation of vaccines and the issue of wastage are related. When high income countries buy more than they use, doses go to waste. If higher income countries donate near-expiration doses to lower income countries, those doses may expire before they can be effectively reallocated and used. This
447:
attempts to charge each person the maximum they would be willing to pay, and charges every purchaser more than they would be charged in a fully-competitive market. A vaccine monopolist has no incentive to let the rich actually subsidize the poor. Medical-product monopolists may claim that the high
344:
Developing a new drug and gaining regulatory approval for it is a long and expensive process that can involve a variety of stakeholders. The time to develop a new drug can be 10 to 15 years, or longer. The average cost of developing at least one successful epidemic infectious disease vaccine from
694:
Vaccine inequality has been a major concern in the COVID-19 pandemic, with most vaccines being reserved by wealthy countries, including vaccines manufactured in developing countries. Globally, the problem has been distribution; supply is adequate. Not all countries have the ability to produce the
597:
To reach communities and successfully deploy a vaccine and achieve vaccine equity, it is important to take a “human-centered” public health approach that can address and respond to the concerns of local individuals and organizations. For example, vaccines could be made available by going to where
584:
Barriers to deployment may be both physical and mental. In addition to supply and demand, barriers to immunization can include systems barriers related to organization of the health care system; health care provider barriers relating to availability and education of health care staff; and patient
490:
The COVID-19 pandemic has led to recommendations to diversify pharmaceutical production and increase the productive ability of LMICs. This could allow those countries to better ensure that their own production needs are being met, which would help to achieve global vaccine equity. For example the
649:
Migrants and refugees arriving and living in Europe face various difficulties in getting vaccinated and many of them are not fully vaccinated. People arriving from Africa, Eastern Europe, the
Eastern Mediterranean, and Asia are more likely to be under-vaccinated (partial or delayed vaccination).
304:
Achieving control of a disease (such as COVID-19) requires not only developing and licensing vaccines but also producing them at scale, pricing them so that they are globally affordable, allocating them to be available where and when they are needed, and deploying them to local communities. An
702:
Throughout the data of COVID-19 vaccination records, rates have consistently been much lower for lower income groups than that of middle and higher income groups. COVID-19 vaccination rates are higher in urban settings, and lower in rural settings. In an underdeveloped country such as
Nigeria,
690:
was announced as a partnership between the United States
Department of Health and Human Services and the Department of Defense. $ 18 Billion was contracted out to eight different companies to develop COVID-19 vaccinations intended for the US population; major companies included where Moderna,
698:
Vaccine inequity during the COVID-19 pandemic showed the disparity between minority groups and countries. Based on income and rural or urban setting, vaccination rates were vastly disproportionate. As of 19 March 2022, 79% of people in high income countries had received one or more doses of a
626:
Part of effective communication is to avoid confusing or overwhelming people. A simple message can be followed by more complex ones. Messages should be clear about the limits of what is known: explicitly identifying the boundaries of evolving knowledge rather than speculating and sending out
348:
Decisions about what drugs to develop reflect the priorities of the companies and countries where drug development occurs. As of 2021, the United States was the country launching the highest number of new drugs, and the country with the largest expenditure overall on pharmaceutical discovery,
282:
Achieving vaccine equity requires addressing inequalities and roadblocks in the production, trade, and health care delivery of vaccines. Challenges include scaling-up of technology transfer and production, costs of production, safety profiles of vaccines, and anti vaccine disinformation and
474:(MSF; Doctors without Borders) have criticized government support of some vaccine monopolies, on the grounds that the monopolies dramatically increase prices and impair vaccine equity. During the COVID-19 pandemic, there were calls for COVID-related IP to be suspended, using the
572:
type of closed vial wastage could be reduced, through the improvement of supply chain management within countries, the internationally coordinated monitoring and tracking of vaccines, and well-organized systems for the timely donation and reallocation of surplus vaccines.
635:
that may affect communities. Disinformation tends to thrive under conditions of confusion, distrust and disenfranchisement. Countering disinformation is not just a matter of presenting facts and figures. People need to feel heard and their concerns need to be considered.
3033:
Crawshaw, Alison F; Farah, Yasmin; Deal, Anna; Rustage, Kieran; Hayward, Sally E; Carter, Jessica; Knights, Felicity; Goldsmith, Lucy P; Campos-Matos, Ines; Wurie, Fatima; Majeed, Azeem; Bedford, Helen; Forster, Alice S; Hargreaves, Sally (September 2022).
630:
Often, the most useful and effective communication comes from local officials and people with expertise who know their community and the issue involved well. It is important to be aware of and address issues such as medical disparities, abuse, neglect, and
699:
covid-19 vaccine, compared with just 14% of people in low income countries. By April 25, 2022, 15.2% of people in low income countries had received at least one dose, while overall globally 65.1% of the global population had received at least one dose.
734:
denounced the "distortion of reality based on fear" that has ripped across the world during the COVID-19 pandemic. He urged journalists to help those misled by coronavirus-related misinformation and fake news to better understand the scientific facts.
526:
can create serious delays for the production of vaccines. This may be particularly true in the case of novel technologies. LMICs may be better situated to produce vaccines that are based on more established technologies, if those are available.
685:
Priorly developed work for other coronaviruses allowed the COVID-19 vaccination development team to have a head start, speeding up development and trials. Specifically, COVID-19 vaccination development began in
January 2020. On May 15, 2020,
1043:
Baker, Rachel E.; Mahmud, Ayesha S.; Miller, Ian F.; Rajeev, Malavika; Rasambainarivo, Fidisoa; Rice, Benjamin L.; Takahashi, Saki; Tatem, Andrew J.; Wagner, Caroline E.; Wang, Lin-Fa; Wesolowski, Amy; Metcalf, C. Jessica E. (April 2022).
722:
repeated these criticisms of booster shots on the 18th, saying "we're planning to hand out extra life-jackets to people who already have life-jackets while we're leaving other people to drown without a single life jacket".
667:
no fixed address
Vaccines uptake of migrants can be increased by customised communications, clear policies, community-guided interventions (such as vaccine advocates), and vaccine offers in local accessible settings.
336:
appropriate to the regions where it is to be produced or deployed, in terms of scalability of production and storage conditions; and be supported by local infrastructure for its production, delivery and regulation.
275:, access for all to essential medicines such as vaccines is fundamentally related to the human right to health, which is well founded in international law. Economically, vaccine inequity damages the global economy.
560:
Smaller and poorer countries had to wait or negotiate for themselves, with varying success. Middle income countries with finances to cover the cost of vaccines still had considerable difficulty in obtaining them.
331:
Age-out; children who don't get vaccinated on-schedule often have to pay for their shots. Disruption from natural disasters or conflict can mean that entire generations go unprotected.(affordability, deployment)
602:, measures taken included repairing roads to remote areas, buying vans with modern refrigeration to transport vaccines, and visiting residences, temples, and schools to discuss the importance of vaccination.
662:
were less likely to be fully vaccinated than other people from the same groups. Those with little contact to healthcare services, no citizenship and lower income are also more likely to be under-vaccinated.
1710:
Gouglas, Dimitrios; Le, Tung Thanh; Henderson, Klara; Kaloudis, Aristidis; Danielsen, Trygve; Hammersland, Nicholas
Caspersen; Robinson, James M.; Heaton, Penny M.; Røttingen, John-Arne (1 December 2018).
255:
variants. Vaccine equity can be essential to stop both the spread and the evolution of a disease. Ensuring that all populations receive access to vaccines is a pragmatic means towards achieving global
251:
spread and recur in other areas. The more widespread a virus is, and the larger and more varied the population it affects, the more likely it is to evolve more transmissible, more virulent, and more
2685:
Lazarus, Jeffrey V.; Karim, Salim S. Abdool; Selm, Lena van; Doran, Jason; Batista, Carolina; Amor, Yanis Ben; Hellard, Margaret; Kim, Booyuel; Kopka, Christopher J.; Yadav, Prashant (1 April 2022).
3153:
Kim, Jerome H.; Hotez, Peter; Batista, Carolina; Ergonul, Onder; Figueroa, J. Peter; Gilbert, Sarah; Gursel, Mayda; Hassanain, Mazen; Kang, Gagandeep; Lall, Bhavna; Larson, Heidi (2021-07-01).
1015:
831:
Yamey, Gavin; Garcia, Patricia; Hassan, Fatima; Mao, Wenhui; McDade, Kaci
Kennedy; Pai, Madhukar; Saha, Senjuti; Schellekens, Philip; Taylor, Andrea; Udayakumar, Krishna (24 March 2022).
2293:
321:
Five clinic visits in the first year of life is often too many; for people in remote areas with many children, it can be much more costly and difficult to get to a clinic. (deployment)
691:
Pfizer, and
Johnson & Johnson. These three companies received the earliest emergency use approval from the FDA, therefore being the most common vaccinations in the United States.
593:“It’s important to figure out who are the most marginalized people living in your area. ... How can you make the vaccine easy for them to get? That is what vaccine equity looks like.”
349:
approximately 40% of the research done globally. The United States is also the country with the highest profits for pharmaceutical companies, and the highest drug costs for patients.
3362:
3336:
535:
In the absence of well-organized systems to develop and distribute vaccines, vaccine companies and high income nations may monopolize available resources. Organizations such as
3422:
3399:; Mathieu, Edouard; Rodés-Guirao, Lucas; Appel, Cameron; Giattino, Charlie; Ortiz-Ospina, Esteban; Hasell, Joe; Macdonald, Bobbie; Beltekian, Diana; Roser, Max (2020-03-05).
2047:
Carlson, Colin J.; Albery, Gregory F.; Merow, Cory; Trisos, Christopher H.; Zipfel, Casey M.; Eskew, Evan A.; Olival, Kevin J.; Ross, Noam; Bansal, Shweta (28 April 2022).
703:
vaccination rates are under 11% nationally. Because of persistent vaccine inequity, many countries continue to not have access to free or affordable COVID-19 vaccinations.
769:
376:
1770:"Barriers Influencing Vaccine Development Timelines, Identification, Causal Analysis, and Prioritization of Key Barriers by KOLs in General and Covid-19 Vaccine R&D"
496:
3036:"Defining the determinants of vaccine uptake and undervaccination in migrant populations in Europe to improve routine and COVID-19 vaccine uptake: a systematic review"
2173:"Food-borne and water-borne diseases under climate change in low- and middle-income countries: Further efforts needed for reducing environmental health exposure risks"
764:
540:
2320:"Governments must act fast on consensus supporting historic move to suspend monopolies during pandemic / COVID-19: Governments must build consensus around waiver"
1277:
956:
Van De Pas, Remco; Widdowson, Marc-Alain; Ravinetto, Raffaella; N Srinivas, Prashanth; Ochoa, Theresa J.; Fofana, Thierno Oumar; Van Damme, Wim (2 January 2022).
305:
effective global approach to achieving vaccine equity must address challenges in the dimensions of vaccine production, allocation, affordability, and deployment.
296:. Some countries have programs to redress this inequality. Political, economic, social, and diplomatic factors can limit vaccine availability in some countries.
2228:
2847:
1460:
Wouters, Olivier J.; Shadlen, Kenneth C.; Salcher-Konrad, Maximilian; Pollard, Andrew J.; Larson, Heidi J.; Teerawattananon, Yot; Jit, Mark (13 March 2021).
718:
On August 4, 2021, the United
Nations called for a moratorium on booster doses in high-income countries, so that low-income countries can be vaccinated. The
598:
people live, and partnering with houses of worship and other community centers, rather than relying on people to travel to hospitals or doctor's offices. In
1942:
2250:
1188:
Marks, Stephen P. (November 29, 2012). "Access to Essential Medicines as acomponent of the right to health". In Clapham, Andrew; Robinson, Mary (eds.).
448:
prices charged to the rich subsidize the lower prices charged to the poor when in fact both are being charged well over independent estimates of the
1385:"The association between travel time to health facilities and childhood vaccine coverage in rural Ethiopia. A community based cross sectional study"
499:
has called on countries and organizations to enable the production of at least 60% of the total vaccine doses required on the continent by 2040.
41:
pandemic but is relevant to other illnesses and vaccines as well. Historically, world-wide immunization campaigns have led to the eradication of
2950:
1189:
478:. The waiver had support from most countries, but opposition from within the EU (especially Germany), UK, Norway, and Switzerland, among others.
318:
Getting vaccines to children; this is expensive and gets even more difficult in conflict zones and natural disasters (affordability, deployment)
3276:
1383:
Okwaraji, Yemisrach B; Mulholland, Kim; Schellenberg, JoannaRMArmstrong; Andarge, Gashaw; Admassu, Mengesha; Edmond, Karen M (22 June 2012).
1024:
237:
2759:
345:
preclinical to the launch phase, taking into account the cost of failed attempts, has been estimated at from 18.1 million to 1 billion USD.
3213:
487:
are some exceptions such as China, Cuba, and India, which are actively producing pharmaceuticals to internationally accepted standards.
2276:"MSF calls for no patents or profiteering on COVID-19 drugs and vaccines / No profiteering on COVID-19 drugs and vaccines, says MSF"
1975:
Califf, Robert M.; Slavitt, Andrew (23 April 2019). "Lowering Cost and Increasing Access to Drugs Without Jeopardizing Innovation".
589:
development needs to prioritize concerns about whether a vaccine can survive outside a fridge or be administered in a single shot.
396:
2868:
392:
279:
cross borders: areas with very high vaccination rates still depend on areas with lower vaccination rates for goods and services.
2294:"Countries must not let another opportunity slip by to advance the global waiver on overcoming COVID-19 medical-tool monopolies"
2343:
680:
353:
1646:
Hayman, Benoit; Bowles, Alex; Evans, Beth; Eyermann, Elizabeth; Nepomnyashchiy, Lyudmila; Pagliusi, Sonia (22 February 2021).
614:
in 2014. In that public health campaign, 98% of the “social mobilizers” involved were women, whose involvement was critical.
1551:
2996:
471:
3509:
2631:
2483:
1916:
1827:
311:(MSF) lists five major obstacles to vaccine equity, taking into account that many of those to be vaccinated are children:
3264:
3292:
263:
Infectious diseases are disproportionately likely to affect those in low and middle-income neighborhoods and countries (
3111:"Operation Warp Speed: Accelerated COVID-19 Vaccine Development Status and Efforts to Address Manufacturing Challenges"
2251:"Vaccine monopolies make cost of vaccinating the world against COVID at least 5 times more expensive than it could be"
361:
3086:
1648:"Advancing innovation for vaccine manufacturers from developing countries: Prioritization, barriers, opportunities"
695:
vaccine. In low-income countries, vaccination rates long remained almost zero. This has caused sickness and death.
1462:"Challenges in ensuring global access to COVID-19 vaccines: production, affordability, allocation, and deployment"
2344:"Ten Actions To Boost Low & Middle Income Countries' Productive Capacity For Medicines - Health Policy Watch"
719:
424:
368:
230:
551:
As an allocation mechanism, Covax has succeeded in distributing Covid-19 vaccines, beginning with a shipment to
3472:
3310:
492:
2319:
1520:
2433:
1713:"Estimating the cost of vaccine development against epidemic infectious diseases: a cost minimisation study"
1104:
308:
2275:
2112:
Trovato, Maria; Sartorius, Rossella; D’Apice, Luciana; Manco, Roberta; De Berardinis, Piergiuseppe (2020).
711:
provides up to date statistics of COVID-19 vaccine access between nations, socioeconomic groups, and more.
37:. The importance of vaccine equity has been emphasized by researchers and public health experts during the
3550:
3545:
194:
890:
Ye, Yang; Zhang, Qingpeng; Wei, Xuan; Cao, Zhidong; Yuan, Hsiang-Yu; Zeng, Daniel Dajun (February 2022).
744:
463:
420:
199:
118:
2021:
2457:
548:
richer countries would cover the cost of distributing doses to lower-middle and low income countries.
3540:
2384:
2060:
687:
444:
223:
204:
3490:
606:
432:
292:
accessibility of vaccines show significant disparities between urban and rural areas especially in
1852:
Ledley, Fred D.; McCoy, Sarah Shonka; Vaughan, Gregory; Cleary, Ekaterina Galkina (3 March 2020).
3012:
2968:
2777:
2408:
2094:
2000:
1344:
749:
523:
449:
293:
252:
209:
427:. IP currently operates by granting pharmaceutical monopolies lasting decades. The economics of
267:), making vaccine equity an issue for local and national public health and for foreign policy.
832:
3272:
3192:
3174:
3065:
2828:
2724:
2706:
2687:"COVID-19 vaccine wastage in the midst of vaccine inequity: causes, types and practical steps"
2612:
2594:
2552:
2534:
2400:
2210:
2192:
2153:
2135:
2086:
2078:
1992:
1891:
1873:
1809:
1791:
1768:
Janse, Marga; Brouwers, Thomas; Claassen, Eric; Hermans, Peter; van de Burgwal, Linda (2021).
1750:
1732:
1685:
1667:
1618:
1610:
1499:
1481:
1424:
1406:
1336:
1328:
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1170:
1152:
1083:
1065:
1020:
995:
977:
929:
911:
865:
707:
565:
453:
440:
189:
156:
146:
76:
3182:
3166:
3055:
3047:
3004:
2958:
2818:
2767:
2714:
2698:
2602:
2586:
2542:
2524:
2392:
2200:
2184:
2143:
2125:
2068:
1984:
1950:
1881:
1865:
1854:"Profitability of Large Pharmaceutical Companies Compared With Other Large Public Companies"
1853:
1799:
1781:
1740:
1724:
1675:
1659:
1602:
1559:
1489:
1473:
1414:
1396:
1318:
1248:
1232:
1160:
1142:
1073:
1057:
985:
969:
919:
903:
855:
847:
676:
518:
Lack of national or local infrastructure (e.g. reliable energy, electricity, transportation)
436:
166:
136:
3510:"Pope Francis calls access to accurate information on coronavirus vaccines 'a human right'"
2657:
1606:
3136:"Operation Warp Speed Contracts for COVID-19 Vaccines and Ancillary Vaccination Materials"
1589:
Everts, Maaike; Cihlar, Tomas; Bostwick, J. Robert; Whitley, Richard J. (6 January 2017).
404:
380:
3423:"Vaccination is Local: COVID-19 Vaccination Rates Vary by County and Key Characteristics"
3135:
1590:
2388:
2064:
1442:
3396:
3187:
3154:
3060:
3035:
2823:
2806:
2719:
2607:
2574:
2547:
2512:
2205:
2172:
2148:
2113:
1886:
1804:
1769:
1745:
1712:
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1494:
1461:
1419:
1384:
1253:
1220:
1165:
1130:
1078:
1045:
990:
957:
924:
892:"Equitable access to COVID-19 vaccines makes a life-saving difference to all countries"
891:
860:
655:
632:
428:
357:
62:
3170:
3051:
2889:
2590:
2188:
1728:
1477:
1323:
1306:
1236:
3534:
3016:
2972:
2781:
2412:
2372:
2098:
2004:
1348:
659:
611:
257:
161:
141:
113:
3087:"FAQ - Vaccine information - Coronavirus Digital Resource Center | Northwell Health"
2915:
1591:"Accelerating Drug Development: Antiviral Therapies for Emerging Viruses as a Model"
731:
543:, and the World Health Organization have proposed multilateral initiatives such as
475:
384:
360:. Pharmaceutical companies have few financial incentives to develop treatments for
276:
54:
1663:
973:
1147:
3400:
1647:
388:
151:
98:
84:
17:
3361:
Craven, Matt; Sabow, Adam; Van der Veken, Lieven; Wilson, Matt (May 21, 2021).
3238:
3008:
2686:
2529:
2396:
2073:
2048:
1111:. François-Xavier Bagnoud (FXB) Center for Health and Human Rights. 9 June 2017
1061:
907:
796:
2963:
2807:"Recommended solutions to the barriers to immunization in children and adults"
2772:
2702:
1786:
1564:
408:
325:
103:
58:
3178:
2710:
2598:
2538:
2196:
2139:
2130:
2082:
1877:
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1736:
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1614:
1485:
1410:
1401:
1332:
1244:
1156:
1069:
981:
915:
851:
268:
3446:
3196:
3069:
2832:
2728:
2616:
2556:
2511:
de Bengy Puyvallée, Antoine; Storeng, Katerini Tagmatarchi (5 March 2022).
2404:
2214:
2157:
2090:
1996:
1988:
1895:
1869:
1813:
1754:
1689:
1622:
1503:
1428:
1340:
1262:
1174:
1087:
999:
933:
869:
585:
barriers around a parent or patient's fears or beliefs about immunization.
260:. Failing to do so increases the likelihood of further waves of a disease.
3110:
2114:"Viral Emerging Diseases: Challenges in Developing Vaccination Strategies"
435:
and set prices that many, often most, potential customers can't afford (a
2914:
Rahman Siddique, Anisur; Singh, Prem; Trived, Geetali (August 15, 2014).
2848:"Doctors Without Borders criticizes Gates-backed global vaccine strategy"
512:
Inconsistent or unsupportive national and international policy frameworks
42:
38:
34:
1941:
Sarnak, Dana O. Sarnak; Squires, David; Bishop, Shawn (5 October 2017).
1365:
1131:"Vaccine equity: A fundamental imperative in the fight against COVID-19"
315:
Vaccine prices; new vaccines are on-patent and expensive (affordability)
2229:"G7 support for pharma monopolies is putting millions of lives at risk"
1954:
651:
272:
108:
66:
50:
2513:"COVAX, vaccine donations and the politics of global vaccine inequity"
556:
wealthy countries, beginning with the USA (41% of all donated doses).
3337:"'Absolutely Unacceptable' Vaccination Rates in Developing Countries"
2916:"Role of Social Mobilization (Network) in Polio Eradication in India"
724:
372:
3363:"Preventing pandemics with investments in public health | McKinsey"
2373:"The fight to manufacture COVID vaccines in lower-income countries"
1278:"Why global vaccine equity is the prescription for a full recovery"
515:
Size of markets, purchasing power, and variable demand for vaccines
2951:"Speaking of pandemics: The art and science of risk communication"
958:"COVID-19 vaccine equity: a health systems and policy perspective"
759:
552:
544:
467:
400:
46:
3473:"Opinion | The Global Vaccine Drive Is Failing. Can It Be Saved?"
3155:"Operation Warp Speed: implications for global vaccine security"
2049:"Climate change increases cross-species viral transmission risk"
754:
599:
536:
522:
Even when organizations are willing to share their information,
457:
264:
3214:"COVID-19 Virtual Press conference transcript - 18 August 2021"
352:
Emerging and reemerging viruses substantially affect people in
2997:"How to increase vaccination uptake among migrant communities"
2022:"Vaccine Capitalism: five ways big pharma makes so much money"
1016:
Spillover : animal infections and the next human pandemic
833:"It is not too late to achieve global covid-19 vaccine equity"
33:
means ensuring that everyone in the world has equal access to
2632:"See How Rich Countries Got to the Front of the Vaccine Line"
1307:"Whole Inactivated Virus and Protein-Based COVID-19 Vaccines"
797:"COVID vaccines: Widening inequality and millions vulnerable"
3269:
Africa in a Changing Global Order: Marginal But Meaningful?
2484:"One year on: COVAX gains momentum to drive vaccine equity"
439:
that charges what the market will bear, unlike traditional
1305:
Hotez, Peter J.; Bottazzi, Maria Elena (27 January 2022).
576:
booking (so that only those who do appear receive doses).
1943:"Prescription Drug Spending Why Is the U.S. an Outlier?"
431:
give the monopolist a strong financial incentive to use
3491:"Dear G20 leaders: Vaccine equity is a must for Africa"
681:
Deployment of COVID-19 vaccines § Equitable access
379:
support development of treatments for diseases such as
3508:
PaĂşl, MarĂa Luisa; Suliman, Adela (January 29, 2022).
2298:
Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF)/Doctors Without Borders
1197:. Zurich, Switzerland: Rüfer& Rub. pp. 82–101
1019:(1st ed.). New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
2760:"How to convince people to accept a Covid-19 vaccine"
356:(LMICs), a pattern that is likely to increase due to
2658:"What Went Wrong with COVAX, the Global Vaccine Hub"
2231:(Press release). Amnesty International. 10 June 2021
2575:"Access to COVID-19 vaccines: looking beyond COVAX"
605:As part of Laos' public health campaign, President
3421:Tolbert, Jennifer; Garfield, Rachel (2021-05-12).
2342:Zhan, James; Spennemann, Christoph (25 May 2020).
2253:(Press release). Oxfam International. 29 July 2021
1276:Gill, Indermit; Ruta, Michele (11 February 2022).
770:Developing Countries Vaccine Manufacturers Network
377:Developing Countries Vaccine Manufacturers Network
3293:"Impact of vaccine inequity on economic recovery"
1917:"Pharma revenue: worldwide share by country 2017"
1219:The Lancet Infectious Diseases (September 2021).
497:Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention
3271:. Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 194.
1046:"Infectious disease in an era of global change"
591:
541:Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations
443:charges the cost of production plus a markup).
2630:Collins, Keith; Holder, Josh (31 March 2021).
506:Availability of capital, technology and skills
2270:
2268:
231:
8:
3471:Bokat-Lindell, Spencer (14 September 2021).
2324:Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) International
2280:Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) International
1595:Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology
951:
949:
947:
945:
943:
2800:
2798:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2745:
1221:"COVID-19 vaccine equity and booster doses"
1214:
1212:
3451:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
3208:
3206:
2680:
2678:
2506:
2504:
2434:"Africa Calls for New Public Health Order"
1515:
1513:
238:
224:
71:
3186:
3059:
2962:
2822:
2771:
2718:
2606:
2568:
2566:
2546:
2528:
2366:
2364:
2204:
2147:
2129:
2072:
1885:
1803:
1785:
1744:
1679:
1641:
1639:
1584:
1582:
1563:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1493:
1418:
1400:
1322:
1252:
1164:
1146:
1077:
989:
923:
859:
727:supported a "Donate doses now" campaign.
1552:"Vaccinating the world against Covid-19"
1300:
1298:
791:
789:
787:
785:
715:will still have inadequate vaccination.
568:as well as streamlining its mechanisms.
502:Potential problems to this can involve:
367:International organizations such as the
2884:
2882:
2337:
2335:
2333:
1360:
1358:
1038:
1036:
826:
824:
822:
820:
818:
781:
83:
3028:
3026:
2991:
2989:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2863:
2861:
2458:"The first shipment of COVAX vaccines"
1607:10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010716-104533
1109:Health and Human Rights Resource Guide
1105:"Access to Medicines and Human Rights"
610:India, which was certified as free of
3416:
3414:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3081:
3079:
2869:"Global vaccine plan draws criticism"
2656:Ducharme, Jamie (September 9, 2021).
2016:
2014:
1443:"Partnering for Vaccine Equity | CDC"
1366:"Global Dashboard for Vaccine Equity"
1099:
1097:
7:
627:conflicting and confusing messages.
3297:UNDP Covid-19 Data Futures Platform
2758:Tibbetts, John H. (31 March 2021).
1370:UNDP Covid-19 Data Futures Platform
803:. United Nations. 19 September 2021
25:
3401:"Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19)"
2371:Maxmen, Amy (15 September 2021).
2189:10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.03.012
1324:10.1146/annurev-med-042420-113212
1141:(2): e1003948. 22 February 2022.
397:severe acute respiratory syndrome
3311:"The pandemic's true death toll"
393:Middle East respiratory syndrome
294:low- and middle-income countries
1828:"Global Trends in R&D 2022"
1225:The Lancet. Infectious Diseases
354:low and middle income countries
3140:Congressional Research Service
3040:The Lancet Infectious Diseases
677:COVID-19 vaccine § Access
509:Adherence to quality standards
287:Patterns of vaccine inequality
1:
3171:10.1016/S2214-109X(21)00140-6
3052:10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00066-4
2890:"The impact of COVAX in Laos"
2591:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00617-6
1729:10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30346-2
1664:10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.12.085
1550:Holmes, Bob (18 April 2022).
1525:Doctors Without Borders - USA
1478:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00306-8
1237:10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00486-2
1191:Realizing the Right to Health
974:10.1080/14760584.2022.2004125
2846:Paulson, Tom (15 May 2012).
2573:The Lancet (13 March 2021).
1148:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003948
3265:"6. COVID and global order"
2949:Holmes, Bob (9 July 2020).
2925:. 53, Supplement 1: s50–s56
1050:Nature Reviews Microbiology
362:neglected tropical diseases
324:Keeping vaccines cold; see
3567:
3009:10.3310/nihrevidence_55367
2805:Anderson, EL (July 2014).
2530:10.1186/s12992-022-00801-z
2397:10.1038/d41586-021-02383-z
2074:10.1038/s41586-022-04788-w
1774:Frontiers in Public Health
1062:10.1038/s41579-021-00639-z
908:10.1038/s41562-022-01289-8
674:
640:Geographical distributions
45:and significantly reduced
3299:. UN Development program.
3243:World Health Organization
2964:10.1146/knowable-070920-1
2773:10.1146/knowable-033121-1
2703:10.1136/bmjgh-2022-009010
1787:10.3389/fpubh.2021.612541
1565:10.1146/knowable-041822-1
1372:. UN Development Program.
1311:Annual Review of Medicine
962:Expert Review of Vaccines
720:World Health Organization
425:intellectual property law
369:World Health Organization
3159:The Lancet Global Health
2517:Globalization and Health
2171:Cissé, Guéladio (2019).
2131:10.3389/fimmu.2020.02130
1947:www.commonwealthfund.org
1717:The Lancet Global Health
1402:10.1186/1471-2458-12-476
493:African Union Commission
472:Médecins Sans Frontières
2118:Frontiers in Immunology
1449:. CDC. 28 October 2021.
1013:Quammen, David (2012).
852:10.1136/bmj-2022-070650
650:Also, recently arrived
309:Doctors Without Borders
3263:Brosig, Malte (2021).
1989:10.1001/jama.2019.3846
1870:10.1001/jama.2020.0442
896:Nature Human Behaviour
595:
419:A major factor in the
195:Vaccine misinformation
27:Public health strategy
3142:: 2–3. March 1, 2021.
745:Economics of vaccines
464:Amnesty International
421:economics of vaccines
415:Vaccine affordability
200:Anti-vaccine activism
152:Measles/Mumps/Rubella
119:COVID-19 vaccine card
3447:"COVID Data Tracker"
1472:(10278): 1023–1034.
730:On 29 January 2022,
688:Operation Warp Speed
458:pneumococcal vaccine
454:GeneXpert cartridges
452:(see, for instance,
445:Price discrimination
205:Vaccine line jumping
3514:The Washington Post
2389:2021Natur.597..455M
2348:Health Policy Watch
2326:. 15 December 2020.
2300:. 13 September 2021
2065:2022Natur.607..555C
1723:(12): e1386–e1396.
645:Migrant populations
607:Thongloun Sisoulith
468:Oxfam International
433:value-based pricing
364:in poor countries.
340:Vaccine development
93:General information
3477:The New York Times
3165:(7): e1017–e1021.
3117:. 11 February 2021
2636:The New York Times
2464:. 24 February 2021
1955:10.26099/v5m7-yf04
750:Vaccine resistance
580:Vaccine deployment
531:Vaccine allocation
524:knowledge transfer
482:Vaccine production
450:cost of production
210:Vaccine resistance
3405:Our World in Data
3278:978-3-030-75408-2
3091:www.northwell.edu
2955:Knowable Magazine
2923:Indian Pediatrics
2811:Missouri Medicine
2764:Knowable Magazine
2691:BMJ Global Health
2383:(7877): 455–457.
2059:(7919): 555–562.
1983:(16): 1571–1573.
1556:Knowable Magazine
1389:BMC Public Health
1026:978-0-393-06680-7
708:Our World in Data
660:seekers of asylum
618:Vaccine messaging
566:vaccine diplomacy
441:cost-plus pricing
253:vaccine resistant
248:
247:
190:Vaccine hesitancy
16:(Redirected from
3558:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3487:
3481:
3480:
3468:
3462:
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3459:
3458:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3418:
3409:
3408:
3393:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3367:www.mckinsey.com
3358:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3333:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3317:. April 20, 2022
3307:
3301:
3300:
3289:
3283:
3282:
3260:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3239:"Vaccine equity"
3235:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3210:
3201:
3200:
3190:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3083:
3074:
3073:
3063:
3046:(9): e254–e266.
3030:
3021:
3020:
2993:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2966:
2946:
2935:
2934:
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2900:
2886:
2877:
2876:
2873:Nature News Blog
2865:
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2290:
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2247:
2241:
2240:
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2219:
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2208:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2151:
2133:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2076:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2018:
2009:
2008:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1889:
1849:
1843:
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1840:
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1824:
1818:
1817:
1807:
1789:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1748:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1683:
1658:(8): 1190–1194.
1643:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1586:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1567:
1547:
1536:
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953:
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927:
887:
881:
880:
878:
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863:
837:
828:
813:
812:
810:
808:
793:
437:pricing strategy
240:
233:
226:
72:
21:
18:Vaccine inequity
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3397:Ritchie, Hannah
3395:
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2222:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2031:
2029:
2028:. 18 March 2021
2026:Corporate Watch
2020:
2019:
2012:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1959:
1957:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1925:
1923:
1915:
1914:
1910:
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1303:
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1198:
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1129:
1128:
1124:
1114:
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1103:
1102:
1095:
1042:
1041:
1034:
1027:
1012:
1011:
1007:
955:
954:
941:
889:
888:
884:
874:
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835:
830:
829:
816:
806:
804:
795:
794:
783:
778:
741:
683:
673:
647:
642:
620:
582:
533:
484:
417:
405:enterovirus D68
381:West Nile virus
342:
302:
289:
244:
215:
214:
180:
172:
171:
132:
124:
123:
94:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3564:
3562:
3554:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3533:
3532:
3527:
3526:
3500:
3495:www.unicef.org
3482:
3463:
3438:
3410:
3379:
3353:
3328:
3302:
3284:
3277:
3255:
3230:
3202:
3145:
3127:
3102:
3075:
3022:
3003:. 2022-12-20.
2985:
2936:
2906:
2878:
2857:
2838:
2794:
2741:
2697:(4): e009010.
2674:
2648:
2622:
2585:(10278): 941.
2562:
2500:
2475:
2449:
2425:
2360:
2329:
2311:
2285:
2264:
2242:
2220:
2163:
2104:
2039:
2010:
1967:
1933:
1908:
1864:(9): 834–843.
1844:
1819:
1760:
1702:
1635:
1601:(1): 155–169.
1578:
1537:
1509:
1452:
1434:
1375:
1354:
1294:
1268:
1208:
1180:
1122:
1093:
1056:(4): 193–205.
1032:
1025:
1005:
939:
902:(2): 207–216.
882:
814:
780:
779:
777:
774:
773:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
740:
737:
672:
669:
646:
643:
641:
638:
633:disinformation
619:
616:
581:
578:
532:
529:
520:
519:
516:
513:
510:
507:
483:
480:
429:monopoly power
416:
413:
358:climate change
341:
338:
333:
332:
329:
328:. (deployment)
322:
319:
316:
301:
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285:
246:
245:
243:
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235:
228:
220:
217:
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187:
185:Vaccine equity
181:
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121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
95:
92:
91:
88:
87:
81:
80:
63:whooping cough
31:Vaccine equity
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3563:
3552:
3551:Health equity
3549:
3547:
3546:Public health
3544:
3542:
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3538:
3536:
3515:
3511:
3504:
3501:
3496:
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3424:
3417:
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3398:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3380:
3368:
3364:
3357:
3354:
3342:
3338:
3332:
3329:
3316:
3315:The Economist
3312:
3306:
3303:
3298:
3294:
3288:
3285:
3280:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3259:
3256:
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3215:
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3168:
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3149:
3146:
3141:
3137:
3131:
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3116:
3112:
3106:
3103:
3092:
3088:
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2579:The Lancet
2443:2024-07-01
2438:Africa CDC
1780:: 612541.
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776:References
675:See also:
409:Zika virus
326:cold chain
104:Vaccinator
59:diphtheria
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