697:, Jenner's own translation of "smallpox of the cow". That term lent its name to the whole idea of vaccination. When it was realized that the virus used in smallpox vaccination was not, or was no longer, the same as cowpox virus, the name 'vaccinia' was used for the virus in smallpox vaccine. (See OED.) Vaccine potency and efficacy prior to the invention of refrigerated methods of transportation was unreliable. The vaccine would be rendered impotent by heat and sunlight, and the method of drying samples on quills and shipping them to countries in need often resulted in an inactive vaccine. Another method employed was the "arm to arm" method. This involved vaccinating an individual then transferring it to another as soon as the infectious pustule forms, then to another, etc. This method was used as a form of living transportation of the vaccine, and usually employed orphans as carriers. However, this method was problematic due to the possibility of spreading other blood diseases, such as hepatitis and syphilis, as was the case in 1861, when 41 Italian children contracted syphilis after being vaccinated by the "arm to arm" method.
520:
prevent progeny formation when single virus particles infected host chick embryo cells, could still produce viable progeny viruses when host cells were infected by two or more of these inactivated viruses; that is, MR could occur. Kim and Sharp demonstrated MR of vaccinia virus after treatment with UV-light, nitrogen mustard, and X-rays or gamma rays. Michod et al. reviewed numerous examples of MR in different viruses, and suggested that MR is a common form of sexual interaction in viruses that provides the advantage of recombinational repair of genome damages.
56:
777:(CDC) reported that a woman in Washington had contracted vaccinia virus infection after digital vaginal contact with her boyfriend, a military member who had recently been vaccinated for smallpox. The woman had a history of childhood eczema, but she had not been symptomatic as an adult. The CDC indicated that it was aware of four similar cases in the preceding 12 months of vaccinia infection after sexual contact with a recent military vaccinee. Further cases—also in patients with a history of eczema—occurred in 2012.
87:
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membrane, while the CEV and EEV are both surrounded by two membrane layers and the IEV has three envelopes. The IMV is the most abundant infectious form and is thought to be responsible for spread between hosts. On the other hand, the CEV is believed to play a role in cell-to-cell spread and the EEV
1116:
Carroll, Darin S.; Emerson, Ginny L.; Li, Yu; Sammons, Scott; Olson, Victoria; Frace, Michael; Nakazawa, Yoshinori; Czerny, Claus Peter; Tryland, Morten; Kolodziejek, Jolanta; Nowotny, Norbert; Olsen-Rasmussen, Melissa; Khristova, Marina; Govil, Dhwani; Karem, Kevin; Damon, Inger K.; Meyer, Hermann
519:
Vaccinia virus is able to undergo multiplicity reactivation (MR). MR is the process by which two, or more, virus genomes containing otherwise lethal damage interact within an infected cell to form a viable virus genome. Abel found that vaccinia viruses exposed to doses of UV light sufficient to
725:
A paper published in 1915 by
Fredrick W. Twort, a student of Willian Bulloch, is considered to be the beginning of modern phage research. He was attempting to grow vaccinia virus on agar media in the absence of living cells when he noted that many colonies of contaminating micrococci grew up and
605:
infection. For this reason, vaccinia virus was, and still is, being used as a live-virus vaccine against smallpox. Unlike vaccines that use weakened forms of the virus being vaccinated against, the vaccinia virus vaccine cannot cause a smallpox infection because it does not contain the smallpox
745:
In March 2007, a 2-year-old
Indiana boy and his mother contracted a life-threatening vaccinia infection from the boy's father. The boy developed the telltale rash over 80 percent of his body after coming into close contact with his father, who was vaccinated for smallpox before being deployed
1674:
Warren, Luigi; Manos, Philip D.; Ahfeldt, Tim; Loh, Yuin-Han; Li, Hu; Lau, Frank; Ebina, Wataru; Mandal, Pankaj K.; Smith, Zachary D.; Meissner, Alexander; Daley, George Q.; Brack, Andrew S.; Collins, James J.; Cowan, Chad; Schlaeger, Thorsten M.; Rossi, Derrick J. (2010).
726:
appeared mucoid, watery or glassy, and this transformation could be induced in other colonies by inoculation of the fresh colony with material from the watery colony. Using a microscope, he observed that bacteria had degenerated into small granules that stained red with
506:: intracellular mature virion (IMV), the intracellular enveloped virion (IEV), the cell-associated enveloped virion (CEV) and the extracellular enveloped virion (EEV). Although the issue remains contentious, the prevailing view is that the IMV consists of a single
2685:
2673:
2658:
1840:
1451:
Sharp DG, Kim KS (July 1966). "Multiplicity reactivation and radiation survival of aggregated vaccinia virus. Calculation of plaque titer based on MR and particle aggregation seen in the electron microscope".
454:; historically the two were often considered to be one and the same. The precise origin of vaccinia virus is unknown due to the lack of record-keeping, as the virus was repeatedly cultivated and
1028:
Johnson, L.; Gupta, A. K.; Ghafoor, A.; Akin, D.; Bashir, R. (2006). "Characterization of vaccinia virus particles using microscale silicon cantilever resonators and atomic force microscopy".
1955:"Early smallpox vaccine manufacturing in the United States: Introduction of the "animal vaccine" in 1870, establishment of "vaccine farms", and the beginnings of the vaccine industry"
1749:
Rao, Agam K.; Petersen, B. W.; Whitehill, F.; Razeq, J. H.; Isaacs, S. N.; Merchlinsky, M. J.; Campos-Outcalt, D.; Morgan, R. L.; Damon, I.; Sánchez, P. J.; Bell, B. P. (2022-06-03).
2781:
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1818:
1844:
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1627:"The E3L and K3L vaccinia virus gene products stimulate translation through inhibition of the double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase by different mechanisms"
606:
virus. However, certain complications and/or vaccine adverse effects occasionally arise. The chance of this happening is significantly increased in people who are
462:
virus (the causative agent of smallpox) were all derived from a common ancestral virus. There is also speculation that vaccinia virus was originally isolated from
911:
793:
to develop heat stable vaccine in powdered form. Used as the basis for vaccine production during the World Health
Organization Smallpox Eradication Campaign (SEC)
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2508:"Comparative analysis of viral gene expression programs during poxvirus infection: A transcriptional map of the vaccinia and monkeypox genomes"
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In addition to the morbidity of uncomplicated primary vaccination, transfer of infection to other sites by scratching, and post-vaccinial
1258:
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Vaccinia virus infection is typically very mild and often does not cause symptoms in healthy individuals, although it may cause rash and
2767:
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showed that the smallpox vaccines being used in the 20th century and cowpox virus were not the same, but were immunologically related.
2068:
2562:
2446:
2356:
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2098:
610:. Approximately 1 to 2 people out of every 1 million people vaccinated could die as a result of life-threatening reactions to the
2969:
2292:"Secondary and tertiary transmission of vaccinia virus after sexual contact with a smallpox vaccinee—San Diego, California, 2012"
64:
2620:
1810:
3291:
3306:
957:
845:(also known as MVA): a highly attenuated (not virulent) strain created by passaging vaccinia virus several hundred times in
807:. Used in the SEC, it was replaced in 2008 by ACAM2000 (see below), produced by Acambis. It was produced as preparations of
569:) is another protein encoded by Vaccinia. E3L also inhibits PKR activation, and is also able to bind to double stranded RNA.
3523:
862:
sick and therefore may be safer to use in humans who have weaker immune systems due to being very young, very old, having
466:, and analysis of DNA from an early (1902) sample of smallpox vaccine showed that it was 99.7% similar to horsepox virus.
3589:
1677:"Highly Efficient Reprogramming to Pluripotency and Directed Differentiation of Human Cells with Synthetic Modified mRNA"
3735:
3535:
618:
86:
3579:
3470:
3215:
2949:
1279:
Schrick, Livia; Tausch, Simon H; Dabrowski, P. Wojciech; Damaso, Clarissa R; Esparza, José; Nitsche, Andreas (2017).
2173:"Household transmission of vaccinia virus from contact with a military smallpox vaccinee—Illinois and Indiana, 2007"
1751:"Use of JYNNEOS (Smallpox and Monkeypox Vaccine, Live, Nonreplicating) for Preexposure Vaccination | Smallpox | CDC"
3269:
2959:
2954:
2897:
2592:
1536:
Kim KS, Sharp DG (January 1968). "Multiplicity reactivation of gamma- and x-irradiated
Vaccinia virus in L cells".
755:
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2215:
652:
342:
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2700:
2039:
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233:
379:(smallpox of the cow). However, the origins of the smallpox vaccine became murky over time, especially after
3540:
3210:
2872:
750:. The United States military resumed smallpox vaccinations in 2002. The child acquired the infection due to
669:, as a vector for expression of foreign genes within a host, in order to generate an immune response. Other
656:
458:
in research laboratories for many decades. The most common notion is that vaccinia virus, cowpox virus, and
223:
2506:
Rubins, K. H.; Hensley, L. E.; Bell, G. W.; Wang, C; Lefkowitz, E. J.; Brown, P. O.; Relman, D. A. (2008).
228:
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3431:
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1750:
1724:
238:
770:. On April 19, 2007, he was sent home with no after effects except for possible scarring of the skin.
730:. He concluded that "...it might almost be considered as an acute infectious disease of micrococci."
3666:
3493:
3134:
3124:
2838:
2519:
1545:
1130:
891:
785:
This is a list of some of the well-characterized vaccinia strains used for research and vaccination.
433:
423:
272:
218:
81:
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3043:
2994:
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698:
391:
was subsequently recognized as a separate viral species. Whole-genome sequencing has revealed that
358:
308:
2245:"Vaccinia Virus Infection After Sexual Contact with a Military Smallpox Vaccinee—Washington, 2010"
601:. Immune responses generated from a vaccinia virus infection protects the person against a lethal
387:
demonstrated in 1939 that the modern smallpox vaccine was serologically distinct from cowpox, and
55:
3286:
3175:
3029:
2892:
2857:
2827:
2031:
1561:
1322:"Vaccinia Virus DNA Replication Occurs in Endoplasmic Reticulum-enclosed Cytoplasmic Mini-Nuclei"
872:
CV-1: an attenuated strain developed in the United States and used there in the late 1960s- 1970s
747:
547:
135:
3574:
3165:
1240:
304:
3684:
2427:"Vulvar vaccinia infection after sexual contact with a military smallpox vaccinee—Alaska, 2006"
3720:
3653:
3518:
3362:
3281:
3259:
3129:
2984:
2887:
2667:
2547:
2494:
2438:
2410:
2384:
2315:
2258:
2186:
2147:
2123:
2104:
2094:
1992:
1974:
1920:
1882:
1780:
1706:
1656:
1604:
1569:
1518:
1469:
1433:
1395:
1369:
1351:
1302:
1248:
1221:
1189:
1166:
1148:
1060:
1008:
767:
734:
704:
In 1913, E. Steinhardt, C. Israeli, and R. A. Lambert grew vaccinia virus in fragments of pig
607:
502:. During its replication cycle, VV produces four infectious forms which differ in their outer
428:
384:
259:
3241:
3230:
3011:
2852:
2537:
2527:
2484:
2474:
2400:
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1982:
1966:
1912:
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1646:
1638:
1596:
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1508:
1500:
1461:
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1385:
1341:
1333:
1292:
1156:
1138:
1096:
1037:
859:
557:
439:
367:
had been an endemic human disease that had a 30% fatality rate. In 1796, the
British doctor
338:
213:
1865:
Vanderplasschen, A.; Pastoret, P.-P. (December 2003). "The Uses of
Poxviruses as Vectors".
1587:
Michod RE, Bernstein H, Nedelcu AM (2008). "Adaptive value of sex in microbial pathogens".
3422:
3097:
3018:
2060:
856:
479:
147:
2426:
2344:
2291:
1416:
ABEL P (August 1962). "Multiplicity reactivation and marker rescue with vaccinia virus".
345:(WHO) used to eradicate smallpox in a global vaccination campaign in 1958–1977. Although
2523:
1549:
1134:
827:: The current strain in use in the US, produced by Acambis. ACAM2000 was derived from a
3380:
3351:
3324:
3301:
3114:
2877:
2790:
2542:
2507:
2489:
2462:
2310:
1987:
1954:
1775:
1701:
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1101:
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633:
487:
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293:
30:
This article is about the virus related to smallpox vaccines. For the plant genus, see
2694:
1916:
1651:
1626:
1513:
1488:
718:
1950s US smallpox vaccine, produced by the
National Drug Company in Philadelphia from
640:
stockpiled 192.5 million doses of the new vaccine (see list of common strains below).
589:
419:, other complications of vaccinia infections may be divided into the following types:
375:
virus would also confer immunity to the deadly smallpox. Jenner referred to cowpox as
3714:
3459:
3357:
3180:
3071:
2816:
1900:
1489:"Multiplicity reactivation of vaccinia virus particles treated with nitrogen mustard"
1465:
1429:
1346:
1321:
1085:"The Immunological Relationship of the Virus of Spontaneous Cowpox to Vaccinia Virus"
808:
800:
686:
542:
503:
380:
368:
183:
2345:"Notice to Readers: Newly Licensed Smallpox Vaccine to Replace Old Smallpox Vaccine"
1642:
714:
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3341:
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3201:
3161:
3152:
3000:
2754:
2740:
1953:
Esparza, José; Lederman, Seth; Nitsche, Andreas; Damaso, Clarissa R. (2020-06-19).
832:
815:
727:
614:. The rate of myopericarditis with ACAM2000 is 5.7 per 1,000 of primary vaccinees.
491:
416:
354:
123:
111:
1970:
945:
681:
The original vaccine for smallpox, and the origin of the idea of vaccination, was
511:
is thought to be important for long range dissemination within the host organism.
2705:
2532:
1600:
1390:
1373:
1143:
3638:
3498:
852:
763:
754:, which is a known risk factor for vaccinia infection. The boy was treated with
611:
507:
3629:
1692:
1504:
3528:
3484:
3141:
3060:
2939:
2027:
1212:
Huygelen C (1996). "Jenner's cowpox vaccine in light of current vaccinology".
1041:
836:
670:
573:
533:
171:
159:
67:
17:
2216:"SIGA's Smallpox Drug Candidate Administered to Critically Ill Human Patient"
1978:
1878:
1152:
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2806:
2735:
2711:
2108:
759:
483:
475:
334:
330:
318:
31:
2551:
2498:
2463:"Use of Reporter Genes in the Generation of Vaccinia Virus-Derived Vectors"
2442:
2414:
2319:
2262:
2190:
2151:
2142:
1996:
1886:
1784:
1766:
1710:
1608:
1437:
1399:
1355:
1306:
1170:
383:
developed laboratory techniques for creating vaccines in the 19th century.
2405:
2388:
1924:
1660:
1573:
1522:
1473:
1337:
1225:
3623:
3090:
3085:
3080:
2944:
1297:
1280:
863:
824:
666:
629:
625:
602:
565:
396:
364:
300:
2650:
2604:
2089:
Waldor, Matthew K.; Friedman, David I.; Adhya, Sankar Lal, eds. (2005).
2035:
3465:
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2919:
2909:
1565:
846:
828:
644:
622:
577:
529:
495:
459:
38:
2219:
1374:"The formation and function of extracellular enveloped Vaccinia virus"
1057:
Jenner's
Smallpox Vaccine: The Riddle of Vaccinia Virus and Its Origin
3109:
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2847:
2677:
2662:
2479:
849:
796:
751:
705:
682:
451:
372:
326:
314:
74:
3600:
2091:
Phages : their role in bacterial pathogenesis and biotechnology
2011:
1557:
799:(also known as "Wyeth"): the vaccine strain previously used in the
789:
Lister (also known as
Elstree): the English vaccine strain used by
2794:
2716:
1119:"Chasing Jenner's Vaccine: Revisiting Cowpox Virus Classification"
869:
LC16m8: an attenuated strain developed and currently used in Japan
811:
804:
713:
690:
598:
588:
552:
463:
296:
98:
1320:
Tolonen N, Doglio L, Schleich S, Krijnse Locker J (1 July 2001).
3250:
3102:
2755:
Virus
Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR): Poxviridae
2461:
Al Ali, S; Baldanta, S; Fernández-Escobar, M; Guerra, S (2016).
655:(EMA) in 2013. This strain has been used in vaccines during the
322:
3671:
3604:
2763:
2578:
494:. Therefore, the large genome is required for encoding various
2218:(Press release). SIGA Technologies. 2007-03-17. Archived from
311:
1903:(1999). "Edward Jenner's Inquiry; a bicentenary analysis".
1625:
Davies MV, Chang HW, Jacobs BL, Kaufman RJ (1 March 1993).
1184:
James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. (2006).
450:
Vaccinia virus is closely related to the virus that causes
353:
virus is still studied widely by scientists as a tool for
1247:(3rd ed.). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: WB Saunders.
632:
which can be produced quickly upon need. Manufactured by
701:
introduced a method for vaccine production from calves.
498:
and proteins involved in viral DNA replication and gene
399:, and the cowpox strains found in Great Britain are the
1725:"Side Effects of Smallpox Vaccination | Smallpox | CDC"
2010:
Steinhardt E, Israeli C, Lambert RA (September 1913).
1281:"An Early American Smallpox Vaccine Based on Horsepox"
855:. Unlike some other vaccinia strains it does not make
528:
Vaccinia contains within its genome genes for several
2124:"Allan Watt Downie. September 1901 – 26 January 1988"
2012:"Studies on the cultivation of the virus of vaccinia"
954:
International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)
2640:
2129:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
1841:"European public assessment report summary: Imvanex"
3613:
3557:
3507:
3482:
3447:
3420:
3411:
3378:
3339:
3239:
3228:
3194:
3150:
3069:
3058:
3027:
2982:
2928:
2906:
2836:
2825:
2814:
2805:
2726:
2644:
2621:"The mystery virus that protects against monkeypox"
2061:"Tube for smallpox vaccine with two sealed needles"
1186:
Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology
268:
258:
253:
766:(ST-246), a (then) experimental drug developed by
371:proved that an infection with the relatively mild
593:Site of a vaccinia injection, several days later.
556:(eIF-2alpha). K3L protein inhibits the action of
337:. The vaccinia virus is the source of the modern
2565:. National Center for Biotechnology Information
1940:Scourge: The Once and Future Threat of Smallpox
2065:Thackray Museum of Medicine Collections Online
1372:, Vanderplasschen A, Law M (1 December 2002).
912:International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
910:Taxonomical species names were updated by the
3565:Asymmetric periflexural exanthem of childhood
2775:
1620:
1618:
8:
1078:
1076:
673:are also used as live recombinant vaccines.
2389:"Poxvirus genomes: a phylogenetic analysis"
1755:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
1207:
1205:
321:in length, which encodes approximately 250
3601:
3417:
3368:Papular purpuric gloves and socks syndrome
3236:
3066:
2833:
2822:
2811:
2802:
2782:
2768:
2760:
2641:
2601:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2423:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2288:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2241:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2169:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
775:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
638:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
250:
54:
43:
2541:
2531:
2488:
2478:
2404:
2309:
2141:
1986:
1774:
1700:
1650:
1512:
1389:
1345:
1296:
1160:
1142:
1100:
1089:British Journal of Experimental Pathology
436:(vaccinia gangrenosum, vaccinia necrosum)
2122:Tyrrell, D. A. J.; McCarthy, K. (1990).
3039:Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus
2163:
2161:
1411:
1409:
937:
903:
1243:. In Plotkin SA, Orenstein WA (eds.).
2597:Emergency Preparedness & Response
2577:Condit RC, Moussatche N, Traktman P.
2297:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
2250:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
2178:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
572:B18R is a protein which serves as an
411:Classification of vaccinia infections
7:
3570:Post-vaccination follicular eruption
821:EM63: Russian strain used in the SEC
333:, with a mass of approximately 5–10
1811:"FDA approves new smallpox vaccine"
1809:Heilprin, John (1 September 2007).
3731:Virus-related cutaneous conditions
1487:Kim KS, Sharp DG (February 1967).
1220:(5): 479–536, discussion 537–538.
960:from the original on 8 August 2022
532:that give the virus resistance to
25:
2563:"Vaccinia virus, complete genome"
2359:from the original on May 20, 2022
329:are roughly 360 Ă— 270 Ă— 250
3585:Viral-associated trichodysplasia
2970:Modified varicella-like syndrome
2793:, symptoms and signs related to
1821:from the original on 26 May 2018
1030:Sensors and Actuators B Chemical
835:. It is produced in cultures of
85:
3292:Epidermodysplasia verruciformis
2449:from the original on 2021-06-28
2355:(8): 207–8. February 29, 2008.
2326:from the original on 2021-03-09
2269:from the original on 2021-04-23
2197:from the original on 2021-03-10
2093:. Washington, D.C.: ASM Press.
2071:from the original on 2024-05-29
2042:from the original on 2022-03-31
1942:. New York: Grove/Atlantic Inc.
1791:from the original on 2022-08-08
1731:from the original on 2022-05-26
1643:10.1128/JVI.67.3.1688-1692.1993
1285:New England Journal of Medicine
1261:from the original on 2009-06-01
1059:. Heinemann Educational Books.
881:Connaught Laboratories (Canada)
617:On September 1, 2007, the U.S.
3307:Verrucae palmares et plantares
2579:"The Vaccinia Virion: 3D Tour"
1239:Henderson DA, Moss B (1999) .
1214:Verh. K. Acad. Geneeskd. Belg.
1003:Ryan KJ, Ray CG, eds. (2004).
560:, an activator of interferons.
553:eukaryotic initiation factor 2
349:no longer exists in the wild,
1:
3524:Hand, foot, and mouth disease
3019:Cytomegalic inclusion disease
1971:10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.05.037
1917:10.1016/S0264-410X(98)00207-2
1007:(4th ed.). McGraw Hill.
818:and treated with antibiotics.
3536:Foot-and-mouth disease virus
2533:10.1371/journal.pone.0002628
2431:MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep
2349:MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep
1938:Tucker, Jonathan B. (2001).
1843:. 2018-09-17. Archived from
1601:10.1016/j.meegid.2008.01.002
1466:10.1016/0042-6822(66)90211-X
1430:10.1016/0042-6822(62)90150-2
1391:10.1099/0022-1317-83-12-2915
1144:10.1371/journal.pone.0023086
1005:Sherris Medical Microbiology
665:is also used in recombinant
651:strain, was approved by the
619:Food and Drug Administration
474:Poxviruses are unique among
3580:Eruptive pseudoangiomatosis
3471:Congenital rubella syndrome
3216:Molluscum contagiosum virus
2383:Gubser C, Hué S, Kellam P,
395:is most closely related to
3752:
2960:Disseminated herpes zoster
2898:Herpetic gingivostomatitis
1693:10.1016/j.stem.2010.08.012
1505:10.1128/JVI.1.1.45-49.1967
756:intravenous immunoglobulin
36:
29:
3315:
3171:Bovine papular stomatitis
2801:
1042:10.1016/j.snb.2005.08.047
693:term used for Cowpox was
653:European Medicines Agency
515:Multiplicity reactivation
343:World Health Organization
234:Vaccinia virus Copenhagen
210:
205:
80:
62:
53:
46:
3590:Gianotti–Crosti syndrome
3391:Merkel cell polyomavirus
3277:Laryngeal papillomatosis
2863:Herpes simplex keratitis
1879:10.2174/1566523034578168
946:"ICTV 9th Report (2011)
843:Modified vaccinia Ankara
649:Modified vaccinia Ankara
647:, which is based on the
325:. The dimensions of the
37:Not to be confused with
3541:Boston exanthem disease
3211:Yaba monkey tumor virus
2893:Herpetiform esophagitis
2873:Neonatal herpes simplex
2028:10.1093/infdis/13.2.294
1241:"Smallpox and Vaccinia"
1055:Baxby, Derrick (1981).
657:2022 monkeypox outbreak
292:) is a large, complex,
224:Rabbitpox virus Utrecht
2965:Zoster-associated pain
2143:10.1098/rsbm.1990.0004
1767:10.15585/mmwr.mm7122e1
980:"Taxon Details | ICTV"
921:Orthopoxvirus vaccinia
722:
594:
198:Orthopoxvirus vaccinia
48:Orthopoxvirus vaccinia
3397:Merkel cell carcinoma
3320:Bovine papillomavirus
2406:10.1099/vir.0.19565-0
1338:10.1091/mbc.12.7.2031
1188:. Saunders Elsevier.
831:of a Dryvax virus by
717:
621:(FDA) licensed a new
592:
229:Vaccinia virus Ankara
3494:Alphavirus infection
3358:Erythema infectiosum
3135:Progressive vaccinia
3125:Generalized vaccinia
2950:Herpes zoster oticus
2290:(CDC) (March 2013).
1867:Current Gene Therapy
1298:10.1056/NEJMc1707600
892:B13R (virus protein)
643:A smallpox vaccine,
576:inhibitor in one of
546:) is a protein with
434:Progressive vaccinia
424:Generalized vaccinia
273:Progressive vaccinia
82:Virus classification
3736:Genetic engineering
2995:Human herpesvirus 6
2524:2008PLoSO...3.2628R
1550:1968RadR...33...30K
1135:2011PLoSO...623086C
1083:Downie, AW (1939).
914:in June 2024, with
833:plaque purification
699:Henry Austin Martin
403:closely related to
359:genetic engineering
3473:("German measles")
3287:Bowenoid papulosis
2858:Herpes gladiatorum
2727:External resources
1384:(Pt 12): 2915–31.
748:United States Army
723:
595:
317:approximately 190
137:Nucleocytoviricota
27:Strain of poxvirus
3708:
3707:
3607:Taxon identifiers
3598:
3597:
3553:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3519:Coxsackie A virus
3499:Chikungunya fever
3407:
3406:
3363:Reticulocytopenia
3335:
3334:
3224:
3223:
3130:Eczema vaccinatum
3054:
3053:
3007:Exanthema subitum
2978:
2977:
2955:Ophthalmic zoster
2920:B virus infection
2888:Eczema herpeticum
2750:
2749:
1965:(30): 4773–4779.
1815:Houston Chronicle
1589:Infect Genet Evol
1291:(15): 1491–1492.
1254:978-0-7216-7443-8
1195:978-0-7216-2921-6
1117:(8 August 2011).
1066:978-0-435-54057-9
1014:978-0-8385-8529-0
768:SIGA Technologies
735:Allan Watt Downie
695:Variolae vaccinae
608:immunocompromised
490:, outside of the
429:Eczema vaccinatum
385:Allan Watt Downie
377:variolae vaccinae
303:family. It has a
299:belonging to the
278:
277:
248:Medical condition
246:
245:
239:Vaccinia virus WR
16:(Redirected from
3743:
3726:Chordopoxvirinae
3701:
3700:
3688:
3687:
3675:
3674:
3662:
3661:
3649:
3648:
3647:
3634:
3633:
3632:
3602:
3418:
3244:
3237:
3231:Papillomaviridae
3067:
3044:Kaposi's sarcoma
3012:Roseola vaccinia
2933:
2913:
2868:Herpetic sycosis
2853:Herpetic whitlow
2841:
2834:
2823:
2812:
2803:
2784:
2777:
2770:
2761:
2642:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2619:Gorvett, Zaria.
2615:
2613:
2612:
2603:. Archived from
2588:
2586:
2585:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2555:
2545:
2535:
2502:
2492:
2482:
2480:10.3390/v8050134
2457:
2455:
2454:
2418:
2408:
2387:(January 2004).
2369:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2313:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2165:
2156:
2155:
2145:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2076:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1990:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1852:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1778:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1736:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1704:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1654:
1637:(3): 1688–1692.
1622:
1613:
1612:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1516:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1413:
1404:
1403:
1393:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1349:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1300:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1209:
1200:
1199:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1164:
1146:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1080:
1071:
1070:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1000:
994:
993:
991:
990:
976:
970:
969:
967:
965:
942:
925:
908:
746:overseas by the
585:Use as a vaccine
580:'s technologies.
568:
545:
440:Roseola vaccinia
339:smallpox vaccine
251:
214:Buffalopox virus
90:
89:
58:
44:
21:
3751:
3750:
3746:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3741:
3740:
3711:
3710:
3709:
3704:
3696:
3691:
3683:
3678:
3670:
3665:
3657:
3652:
3643:
3642:
3637:
3628:
3627:
3622:
3609:
3599:
3594:
3575:LipschĂĽtz ulcer
3545:
3503:
3478:
3443:
3423:Paramyxoviridae
3403:
3374:
3331:
3311:
3240:
3220:
3190:
3166:Milker's nodule
3146:
3098:Monkeypox virus
3050:
3023:
2974:
2929:
2924:
2907:
2902:
2837:
2797:
2791:Skin infections
2788:
2751:
2746:
2745:
2722:
2721:
2653:
2639:
2625:
2623:
2618:
2610:
2608:
2591:
2583:
2581:
2576:
2568:
2566:
2561:
2558:
2505:
2460:
2452:
2450:
2421:
2382:
2378:
2376:Further reading
2373:
2372:
2362:
2360:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2329:
2327:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2272:
2270:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2225:
2223:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2200:
2198:
2167:
2166:
2159:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2101:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2074:
2072:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2045:
2043:
2009:
2008:
2004:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1850:
1848:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1824:
1822:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1794:
1792:
1761:(22): 734–742.
1748:
1747:
1743:
1734:
1732:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1624:
1623:
1616:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1558:10.2307/3572239
1535:
1534:
1530:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1415:
1414:
1407:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1326:Mol. Biol. Cell
1319:
1318:
1314:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1264:
1262:
1255:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1211:
1210:
1203:
1196:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1082:
1081:
1074:
1067:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1015:
1002:
1001:
997:
988:
986:
978:
977:
973:
963:
961:
944:
943:
939:
934:
929:
928:
909:
905:
900:
888:
875:Western Reserve
857:immunodeficient
783:
743:
685:, described by
679:
587:
564:
550:to the protein
541:
526:
524:Host resistance
517:
472:
448:
413:
309:double-stranded
249:
219:Cantagalo virus
206:Member viruses
201:
149:Pokkesviricetes
84:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3749:
3747:
3739:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3713:
3712:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3702:
3689:
3676:
3663:
3650:
3645:Vaccinia virus
3635:
3619:
3617:
3615:Vaccinia virus
3611:
3610:
3605:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3561:
3559:
3555:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3532:
3531:
3526:
3515:
3513:
3510:Picornaviridae
3505:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3496:
3490:
3488:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3476:
3475:
3474:
3468:
3455:
3453:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3428:
3426:
3415:
3409:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3401:
3400:
3399:
3386:
3384:
3381:Polyomaviridae
3376:
3375:
3373:
3372:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3352:Parvovirus B19
3347:
3345:
3337:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3325:Equine sarcoid
3316:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3309:
3304:
3302:Pigmented wart
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3282:Butcher's wart
3279:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3262:
3260:Heck's disease
3257:
3247:
3245:
3234:
3226:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3198:
3196:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3158:
3156:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3115:Vaccinia virus
3112:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3077:
3075:
3064:
3056:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3046:
3035:
3033:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3009:
2990:
2988:
2980:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2936:
2934:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2916:
2914:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2878:Genital herpes
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2848:Herpes simplex
2844:
2842:
2831:
2820:
2809:
2799:
2798:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2779:
2772:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2748:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2708:
2697:
2682:
2670:
2654:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2645:Classification
2638:
2637:External links
2635:
2634:
2633:
2616:
2589:
2574:
2557:
2556:
2503:
2458:
2425:(CDC) (2007).
2419:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2336:
2279:
2257:(25): 773–75.
2243:(CDC) (2010).
2232:
2207:
2185:(19): 478–81.
2171:(CDC) (2007).
2157:
2114:
2099:
2081:
2052:
2022:(2): 294–300.
2002:
1945:
1930:
1911:(4): 301–307.
1892:
1873:(6): 583–595.
1857:
1832:
1801:
1741:
1727:. 2017-07-12.
1716:
1687:(5): 618–630.
1681:Cell Stem Cell
1666:
1614:
1595:(3): 267–285.
1579:
1528:
1479:
1443:
1405:
1361:
1332:(7): 2031–46.
1312:
1271:
1253:
1231:
1201:
1194:
1176:
1108:
1095:(2): 158–176.
1072:
1065:
1047:
1036:(1): 189–197.
1020:
1013:
995:
971:
936:
935:
933:
930:
927:
926:
918:being renamed
916:Vaccinia virus
902:
901:
899:
896:
895:
894:
887:
884:
883:
882:
879:
876:
873:
870:
867:
840:
822:
819:
803:, produced by
794:
791:Leslie Collier
782:
781:Common strains
779:
742:
739:
709:tissue culture
678:
675:
634:Sanofi Pasteur
586:
583:
582:
581:
570:
561:
525:
522:
516:
513:
471:
468:
447:
444:
443:
442:
437:
431:
426:
412:
409:
282:vaccinia virus
276:
275:
270:
266:
265:
262:
256:
255:
247:
244:
243:
242:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
208:
207:
203:
202:
195:
193:
189:
188:
181:
177:
176:
169:
165:
164:
157:
153:
152:
145:
141:
140:
133:
129:
128:
121:
117:
116:
109:
102:
101:
96:
92:
91:
78:
77:
72:Vaccinia virus
60:
59:
51:
50:
26:
24:
18:Vaccinia virus
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3748:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3699:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3655:
3651:
3646:
3640:
3636:
3631:
3625:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3603:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3556:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3486:
3481:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3462:
3461:
3460:Rubella virus
3457:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3451:
3450:Matonaviridae
3446:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3410:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3382:
3377:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3343:
3338:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3314:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3297:Verruca plana
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3232:
3227:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3143:
3140:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3096:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3057:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3020:
3017:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2945:Herpes zoster
2943:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2927:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2905:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2817:Herpesviridae
2813:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2785:
2780:
2778:
2773:
2771:
2766:
2765:
2762:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2742:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2732:
2729:
2725:
2718:
2714:
2713:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2669:
2665:
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2363:September 17,
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493:
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378:
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369:Edward Jenner
366:
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3342:Parvoviridae
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3265:Genital wart
3255:plantar wart
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3202:Yatapoxvirus
3176:Pseudocowpox
3162:Farmyard pox
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3001:Roseolovirus
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2605:the original
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2567:. Retrieved
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2434:
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1733:. Retrieved
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1244:
1234:
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482:only in the
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417:encephalitis
414:
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400:
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355:gene therapy
350:
346:
341:, which the
289:
285:
281:
279:
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196:
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172:
161:Chitovirales
160:
148:
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125:Bamfordvirae
124:
113:Varidnaviria
112:
105:
95:(unranked):
71:
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3639:Wikispecies
3485:Togaviridae
2393:J Gen Virol
2067:. 474.058.
1544:(1): 30–6.
1538:Radiat. Res
1499:(1): 45–9.
984:ictv.global
964:17 December
853:fibroblasts
764:Tecovirimat
636:, the U.S.
612:vaccination
534:interferons
508:lipoprotein
476:DNA viruses
3715:Categories
3529:Herpangina
3142:Buffalopox
3061:Poxviridae
2940:Chickenpox
2611:2007-07-26
2593:"Smallpox"
2584:2007-07-26
2569:2007-07-25
2473:(5): 134.
2453:2017-09-17
2330:2017-09-17
2273:2017-09-17
2226:2018-07-20
2201:2017-09-17
2136:: 98–112.
2075:2024-05-29
2046:2019-09-11
1851:2014-05-19
1795:2022-08-08
1735:2022-05-25
1265:2017-09-17
989:2024-08-30
948:Poxviridae
932:References
878:Copenhagen
837:Vero cells
814:which was
671:poxviruses
574:interferon
173:Poxviridae
68:micrograph
3558:Ungrouped
3413:RNA virus
3103:Monkeypox
2883:Cold sore
2807:DNA virus
2736:eMedicine
2717:111852003
2712:SNOMED CT
2016:J Inf Dis
1979:0264-410X
1153:1932-6203
760:cidofovir
733:In 1939
504:membranes
488:host cell
484:cytoplasm
480:replicate
294:enveloped
260:Specialty
192:Species:
120:Kingdom:
32:Vaccinium
3721:Vaccinia
3685:11461153
3630:Q1986297
3624:Wikidata
3120:Vaccinia
3091:Alastrim
3086:Smallpox
2741:med/2356
2552:18612436
2512:PLOS ONE
2499:27213433
2447:Archived
2443:17476203
2415:14718625
2385:Smith GL
2357:Archived
2324:Archived
2320:23446513
2267:Archived
2263:20592687
2195:Archived
2191:17510612
2152:11622284
2109:57557385
2069:Archived
2040:Archived
2036:30073371
1997:32473878
1901:Baxby, D
1887:14683453
1819:Archived
1789:Archived
1785:35653347
1729:Archived
1711:20888316
1631:J. Virol
1609:18295550
1493:J. Virol
1454:Virology
1438:13858909
1418:Virology
1400:12466468
1370:Smith GL
1356:11452001
1307:29020595
1259:Archived
1245:Vaccines
1171:21858000
1123:PLOS ONE
958:Archived
886:See also
864:HIV/AIDS
825:ACAM2000
720:vaccinia
667:vaccines
663:Vaccinia
630:smallpox
628:against
626:ACAM2000
603:smallpox
548:homology
530:proteins
470:Virology
456:passaged
405:vaccinia
397:horsepox
393:vaccinia
389:vaccinia
365:Smallpox
351:vaccinia
347:smallpox
301:poxvirus
264:Virology
254:Vaccinia
168:Family:
132:Phylum:
3466:Rubella
3437:Measles
3206:Tanapox
3186:Sealpox
3081:Variola
2910:B virus
2795:viruses
2706:D014615
2681:: B08.0
2626:26 July
2543:2440811
2520:Bibcode
2490:4885089
2467:Viruses
2311:4604863
1988:7294234
1959:Vaccine
1925:9987167
1905:Vaccine
1776:9169520
1702:3656821
1661:8094759
1574:5634978
1566:3572239
1546:Bibcode
1523:5623957
1474:5922451
1226:9027132
1162:3152555
1131:Bibcode
1102:2065307
847:chicken
706:corneal
677:History
645:Imvanex
623:vaccine
578:Moderna
496:enzymes
492:nucleus
486:of the
460:variola
180:Genus:
156:Order:
144:Class:
75:virions
39:vaccine
3672:540221
3110:Cowpox
3072:Ortho.
3030:Gamma.
2828:Alpha.
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797:Dryvax
762:, and
752:eczema
683:Cowpox
566:P21605
543:P18378
464:horses
452:cowpox
446:Origin
373:cowpox
327:virion
315:genome
305:linear
3698:10245
3680:IRMNG
3659:7F865
3270:giant
3195:Other
3153:Para.
2985:Beta.
2695:051.0
2032:JSTOR
1562:JSTOR
1347:55651
898:Notes
829:clone
812:lymph
805:Wyeth
691:Latin
599:fever
563:E3L (
540:K3L (
401:least
323:genes
297:virus
269:Types
106:Realm
99:Virus
3693:NCBI
3251:Wart
2701:MeSH
2690:9-CM
2668:1E73
2628:2022
2548:PMID
2495:PMID
2439:PMID
2411:PMID
2365:2017
2316:PMID
2259:PMID
2187:PMID
2148:PMID
2105:OCLC
2095:ISBN
1993:PMID
1975:ISSN
1921:PMID
1883:PMID
1827:2018
1781:PMID
1707:PMID
1657:PMID
1605:PMID
1570:PMID
1519:PMID
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1434:PMID
1396:PMID
1352:PMID
1303:PMID
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1222:PMID
1190:ISBN
1167:PMID
1149:ISSN
1061:ISBN
1009:ISBN
966:2018
860:mice
809:calf
357:and
286:VACV
280:The
3667:EoL
3654:CoL
3432:MeV
3242:HPV
3181:Orf
2931:VZV
2839:HSV
2686:ICD
2674:ICD
2659:ICD
2538:PMC
2528:doi
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2475:doi
2401:doi
2306:PMC
2138:doi
2024:doi
1983:PMC
1967:doi
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288:or
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