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1013:, which have effects on receptors in target tissues. In his experiment, Loewi electrically stimulated the vagus nerve of a frog heart, which slowed the heart. Then he took the fluid from the heart and transferred it to a second frog heart without a vagus nerve. The second heart slowed without electrical stimulation. Loewi described the substance released by the vagus nerve as
1471:
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1317:. The cough is triggered by mechanical stimulation of the external auditory meatus and accompanied by other neuropathic features such as throat irritation (laryngeal paresthesia) and cough triggered by exposure to nontussive triggers such as cold air and eating (termed allotussia). These features suggest a neuropathic origin to the cough.
1297:
most of the signs and symptoms of vagus nerve dysfunction, apart from vocalisation, are vague and non specific. Laryngeal nerve palsy results in paralysis of an ipsilateral vocal cord and is used as a pointer to diseases affecting the vagus nerve from its origin down to termination of its branch of the laryngeal nerve.
1284:, suggesting that Parkinson's disease begins in the gastrointestinal tract and spreads via the vagus nerve to the brain. Or giving further evidence to the theory that dysregulated environmental stimuli, such as that received by the vagus nerve from the gut, may have a negative effect on the dopamine reward system of the
62:
42:
1327:
Pathology of the vagus nerve proximal to the laryngeal nerve typically presents with symptom hoarse voice and physical sign of paralysed vocal cords. Although a large proportion of these are the result of idiopathic vocal cord palsy but tumours especially lung cancers are next common cause. Tumours
1296:
The sympathetic and parasympathetic components of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) control and regulate the function of various organs, glands, and involuntary muscles throughout the body (e.g., vocalization, swallowing, heart rate, respiration, gastric secretion, and intestinal motility). Hence,
528:
The right and left vagus nerves descend from the cranial vault through the jugular foramina, penetrating the carotid sheath between the internal and external carotid arteries, then passing posterolateral to the common carotid artery. The cell bodies of
1328:
at the apex of right lung and at the hilum of the left lung are the most common oncological causes of vocal cord palsy. Less common tumours causing vocal cord palsy includes thyroid and proximal oesophageal malignancy.
1247:. The procedure curbs the feeling of hunger and is sometimes performed in conjunction with putting bands on patients' stomachs, resulting in an average of 43% of excess weight loss at six months with diet and exercise.
2527:
Dr. Camilleri says a follow-up double-blinded study, which will involve up to 300 patients at multiple medical centers including a limited number from Mayo Clinic, will be important for gauging the device's true
2251:, Crawford A, Liu WC, Kalnin A, Mosier K (October 2004). "Brain activation during vaginocervical self-stimulation and orgasm in women with complete spinal cord injury: fMRI evidence of mediation by the vagus nerves".
1219:
involving three medical centers in
Australia, Mexico, and Norway, vagus nerve blocking helped 31 obese participants lose an average of nearly 15 percent of their excess weight. As of 2008, a yearlong
1243:
and now superseded by oral medications, including H2 antagonists, proton pump inhibitors and antibiotics. Vagotomy is currently being researched as a less invasive alternative weight-loss procedure to
1204:: holding the breath for 20 to 60 seconds, dipping the face in cold water, coughing, humming or singing, or tensing the stomach muscles as if to bear down to have a bowel movement. Patients with
1434:
1040:, are called vagolytic because they inhibit the action of the vagus nerve on the heart, gastrointestinal tract, and other organs. Anticholinergic drugs increase heart rate and are used to treat
1968:
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Han W, Tellez LA, Perkins MH, Perez IO, Qu T, Ferreira J, Ferreira TL, Quinn D, Liu ZW, Gao XB, Kaelberer MM, Bohórquez DV, Shammah-Lagnado SJ, de
Lartigue G, de Araujo IE (October 2018).
2122:
Tellez LA, Medina S, Han W, Ferreira JG, Licona-Limón P, Ren X, Lam TT, Schwartz GJ, de Araujo IE (August 2013). "A gut lipid messenger links excess dietary fat to dopamine deficiency".
1273:
from food. The vagotomy reduces this secretion and ultimately leads to deficiency, which, if left untreated, causes nerve damage, tiredness, dementia, paranoia, and ultimately death.
955:
and colleagues have shown that the vagus nerve transmits reward signals from the body to the brain, potentially explaining how stimulation of the nerve leads to emotional changes.
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It comprises two nerves—the left and right vagus nerves, each containing about 100,000 fibres—but they are typically referred to collectively as a single subsystem.
346:
2294:
Pocai A, Lam TK, Gutierrez-Juarez R, Obici S, Schwartz GJ, Bryan J, et al. (April 2005). "Hypothalamic K(ATP) channels control hepatic glucose production".
1313:
ear-cough reflex, though uncommon, is a manifestation of a vagal sensory neuropathy and this is the cause of a refractory chronic cough that can be treated with
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3031:
1836:
Freitas, Carlos
Alberto Ferreira de; Santos, Luiz Roberto Medina Dos; Santos, Andreza Negreli; Amaral Neto, Augusto Barreto do; Brandão, Lenine Garcia (2020).
193:
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990:. In healthy people, parasympathetic tone from these sources is well-matched to sympathetic tone. Hyperstimulation of parasympathetic influence promotes
3041:
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1446:
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1458:
1109:, decreases AgRP release, and through the vagus nerve, leads to decreased glucose production by the liver by decreasing gluconeogenic enzymes:
745:– which gives rise to the branchial efferent motor fibers of the vagus nerve and preganglionic parasympathetic neurons that innervate the heart
112:
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The vagus nerve also plays a role in satiation following food consumption. Knocking out vagal nerve receptors has been shown to cause
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1191:. Several noninvasive VNS devices that stimulate an afferent branch of the vagus nerve are available. GammaCore is recommended by
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and ascends between the trachea and esophagus. The left vagus further gives off thoracic cardiac branches, breaks up into the
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come from the same root). Sometimes the right and left branches together are spoken of in the plural and are thus called
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O’Connell, Susan; Dale, Megan; Morgan, Helen; Carter, Kimberley; Morris, Rhys; Carolan-Rees, Grace (December 2021).
1572:
The position and relation of the esophagus in the cervical region and in the posterior mediastinum, seen from behind
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and Aarhus
University Hospital have demonstrated that vagotomy prevents (halves the risk of) the development of
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1072:. Vasovagal syncope affects young children and women more than other groups. It can also lead to temporary
3355:
3185:
3170:
3158:
2747:
2396:"VNS therapy in treatment-resistant depression: clinical evidence and putative neurobiological mechanisms"
1793:
Berthoud HR, Neuhuber WL (December 2000). "Functional and chemical anatomy of the afferent vagal system".
1631:
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The vagus runs parallel to the common carotid artery and internal jugular vein inside the carotid sheath.
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Parasympathetic innervation of the heart is partially controlled by the vagus nerve and is shared by the
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The celiac ganglia with the sympathetic plexuses of the abdominal viscera radiating from the ganglia
1215:
Vagus nerve blocking (VBLOC) therapy is similar to VNS but used only during the day. In a six-month
1212:, and other illnesses may be trained to perform vagal maneuvers (or find one or more on their own).
157:
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3138:
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Dura mater and its processes exposed by removing part of the right half of the skull, and the brain
1209:
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831:
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513:. Besides giving some output to various organs, the vagus nerve comprises between 80% and 90% of
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3133:
2949:
2327:
2276:
2155:
1949:
1818:
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The right sympathetic chain and its connections with the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic plexuses
1080:
941:
759:– which receives information about deep/crude touch, pain, and temperature of the outer ear, the
600:
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and comprises both sensory and motor fibers. The sensory fibers have their nuclei either in the
2722:
575:. The right vagus then crosses anterior to the right subclavian artery, runs posterior to the
3745:
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2417:
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449:, whereas the motor fibers come from neurons of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus and the
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2002:
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Nemeroff CB, Mayberg HS, Krahl SE, McNamara J, Frazer A, Henry TR, et al. (July 2006).
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2075:"Deletion of leptin signaling in vagal afferent neurons results in hyperphagia and obesity"
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Upper part of medulla spinalis and hind- and mid-brains; posterior aspect, exposed in situ
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vagus nerve fibers innervating the pharynx and back of the throat are responsible for the
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71:
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Liu B, Fang F, Pedersen NL, Tillander A, Ludvigsson JF, Ekbom A, et al. (May 2017).
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
3403:
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2675:"Arnold's nerve cough reflex: evidence for chronic cough as a sensory vagal neuropathy"
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906:. The vagus nerve is also responsible for regulating inflammation in the body, via the
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1969:"Electrically Stimulating The Vagus Nerve May Be Able To Reverse Chronic Inflammation"
1806:
752:– which receives afferent taste information and primary afferents from visceral organs
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The hypersensitivity of vagal afferent nerves causes refractory or idiopathic cough.
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1018:
894:). It also has some afferent fibers that innervate the inner (canal) portion of the
408:
2159:
1953:
1893:
Moini, Jahangir; Avgeropoulos, Nicholas G.; Samsam, Mohtashem (2021). "Embryology".
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2626:"Vagotomy and Parkinson disease: A Swedish register-based matched-cohort study"
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1239:(cutting of the vagus nerve) is a now obsolete therapy that was performed for
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deficiency later in life – perhaps after about 10 years – that is similar to
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that carries sensory fibers that create a pathway that interfaces with the
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903:
883:
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This means that the vagus nerve is responsible for such varied tasks as
3638:
2437:"gammaCore for Cluster Headaches: A NICE Medical Technologies Guidance"
1180:
1098:
994:. When hyperstimulated, the left vagal branch predisposes the heart to
812:
568:
506:
502:
2362:
642:, continues into the esophageal plexus, and enters the abdomen as the
551:
543:
206:
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Section of the neck at about the level of the sixth cervical vertebra
1092:
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1084:
937:
863:
785:
611:
1755:
Clinical
Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations
1641:– A rare disorder can cause seizures and damage to the vagal nerve.
1464:
Transverse section of thorax, showing relations of pulmonary artery
61:
41:
1440:
Inferior view of the human brain, with the cranial nerves labeled.
1371:
1350:
982:. Vagal and spinal ganglionic nerves mediate the lowering of the
962:
550:
542:
518:
498:
416:
128:
1935:
1512:
Section of the medulla oblongata at about the middle of the olive
3548:
2776:
at The
Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University) (
2519:"Device blocking stomach nerve signals shows promise in obesity"
1682:- Vasovagal syncope is one of the major types of reflex syncope.
816:
719:
494:
420:
2789:
1135:
1193:
The
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)
2541:"Ulcer surgery may help treat obesity – Diet and nutrition"
1403:
1397:
1187:
patients and has been approved for treating drug-resistant
1056:, which is a parasympathetic overcompensation for a strong
886:, and quite a few muscle movements in the mouth, including
780:
division of the glossopharyngeal nerve is derived from the
384:
375:
2073:
de
Lartigue G, Ronveaux CC, Raybould HE (September 2014).
1423:
nerve since it innervates both the lungs and the stomach.
1400:
1009:
first demonstrated that nerves secrete substances called
533:
fibers of the vagus nerve are located bilaterally in the
381:
521:
information about the state of the body's organs to the
970:
fibers of the vagus nerve (bottom right) innervate the
928:-mediated afferent vagus stimulation in the gut due to
1412:
387:
2729:. National institute for health and care excellence.
1394:
1336:
NICE in the UK recommend VNS for cluster headaches.
372:
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1391:
369:
187:
175:
163:
151:
139:
127:
122:
84:
79:
34:
2487:Davis, MD CP (22 August 2005). Shiel Jr WC (ed.).
1079:Research has shown that women having had complete
599:at the lower part of the esophagus and enters the
1838:"Anatomical study of jugular foramen in the neck"
1105:(ATP)-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels in the
671:Superior cervical cardiac branches of vagus nerve
505:, where it contributes to the innervation of the
2347:"Where does insulin resistance start? The brain"
1596:The thymus of a full-term fetus, exposed in situ
1179:implanted in the chest has been used to control
1060:response associated with stress, can also cause
951:(greatly increased food intake). Neuroscientist
738:output to the viscera, especially the intestines
27:Main nerve of the parasympathetic nervous system
2673:Ryan NM, Gibson PG, Birring SS (October 2014).
1419:). The vagus was also historically called the
1087:through the vagus nerve, which can go from the
1052:Excessive activation of the vagal nerve during
1751:"Cranial Nerve XI: The Spinal Accessory Nerve"
1261:. The vagus normally stimulates the stomach's
940:(as in some medical procedures) can lead to a
559:The right vagus nerve gives rise to the right
2801:
453:. The vagus was also historically called the
340:
8:
2569:. Turner Broadcasting System. Archived from
2521:(Press release). Mayo Clinic. Archived from
646:in the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm.
378:
3491:
3361:
3123:
2808:
2794:
2786:
2603:"Parkinson's disease may begin in the gut"
2026:"The vagus nerve, food intake and obesity"
1700:Prescott SL, Liberles SD (February 2022).
1524:Hind- and mid-brains; postero-lateral view
347:
333:
216:
60:
40:
2698:
2649:
2460:
2411:
2370:
2198:
2175:"A Neural Circuit for Gut-Induced Reward"
2098:
2049:
1869:
1725:
1250:One serious side effect of vagotomy is a
898:(via the auricular branch, also known as
2482:
2480:
1842:Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology
986:. The right vagus branch innervates the
936:. Stimulation of the vagus nerve in the
722:which emerge from or converge onto four
2233:from the original on 19 September 2015.
1895:Epidemiology of Brain and Spinal Tumors
1692:
1476:The arch of the aorta, and its branches
1430:
1357:means literally "wandering" (the words
1288:, thereby causing Parkinson's disease.
1198:VNS may also be achieved by one of the
219:
1265:to secrete acid and intrinsic factor.
567:and ascends into the neck between the
477:, the vagus nerve extends through the
433:The vagus is the longest nerve of the
204:
31:
2499:from the original on 16 December 2008
811:fibers to all the organs (except the
7:
2563:"Could nerve-snip spur weight loss?"
1702:"Internal senses of the vagus nerve"
535:inferior ganglion of the vagus nerve
2691:10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2014.04.22
1584:The thyroid gland and its relations
1903:10.1016/B978-0-12-821736-8.00024-8
819:down to the second segment of the
46:Plan of the upper portions of the
25:
1500:The tracheobronchial lymph glands
1111:phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
1005:At this location, neuroscientist
2748:grossanatomy/h_n/cn/cn1/cn10.htm
2723:"gammaCore for cluster headache"
2609:. Medical Xpress. Archived from
2223:"Exploring the Mind-Body Orgasm"
1613:
1601:
1589:
1577:
1565:
1553:
1541:
1529:
1517:
1505:
1493:
1481:
1469:
1457:
1445:
1433:
1387:
1140:
823:. The vagus also controls a few
676:Inferior cervical cardiac branch
610:The left vagus nerve enters the
365:
201:Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
2585:"The Pernicious Anemia Society"
1076:under moments of extreme fear.
1048:Urogenital and hormonal effects
807:The vagus nerve supplies motor
563:, which hooks around the right
113:inferior pharyngeal constrictor
105:superior pharyngeal constrictor
66:Course and distribution of the
2489:"Supraventricular Tachycardia"
2265:10.1016/j.brainres.2004.07.029
1993:Mandal A (25 September 2013).
1757:(3rd ed.). Butterworths.
1608:Deep dissection of vagus nerve
1017:, which was later found to be
856:Superior, middle and inferior
509:, reaching all the way to the
1:
3688:Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve
1807:10.1016/S1566-0702(00)00215-0
1269:is needed to absorb vitamin B
795:division originates from the
732:dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve
626:. It gives rise to the left
109:middle pharyngeal constrictor
2642:10.1212/WNL.0000000000003961
2091:10.1016/j.molmet.2014.06.003
2042:10.1016/j.regpep.2007.08.024
1718:10.1016/j.neuron.2021.12.020
1206:supraventricular tachycardia
900:Arnold's or Alderman's nerve
837:Levator veli palatini muscle
767:and the mucosa of the larynx
579:, descends posterior to the
475:inferior cerebellar peduncle
3826:Nerves of the head and neck
3467:Inferior salivatory nucleus
2679:Journal of Thoracic Disease
2345:Pagotto U (November 2009).
2024:Berthoud HR (August 2008).
1854:10.1016/j.bjorl.2018.09.004
1782:– via NCBI Bookshelf.
3847:
2911:lateral geniculate nucleus
2872:anterior olfactory nucleus
2453:10.1007/s41669-021-00276-5
2191:10.1016/j.cell.2018.08.049
1928:Problem Based Neurosurgery
1629:
1129:
1058:sympathetic nervous system
616:left common carotid artery
3831:Innervation of the tongue
3591:Superior cervical cardiac
3284:Superior salivary nucleus
3037:spinal trigeminal nucleus
1149:This section needs to be
892:recurrent laryngeal nerve
842:Salpingopharyngeus muscle
757:spinal trigeminal nucleus
718:The vagus nerve includes
686:Thoracic cardiac branches
681:Recurrent laryngeal nerve
630:, which hooks around the
628:recurrent laryngeal nerve
561:recurrent laryngeal nerve
199:
59:
39:
3796:Autonomic nervous system
3724:spinal accessory nucleus
3164:pterygopalatine ganglion
2955:Edinger–Westphal nucleus
2441:PharmacoEconomics - Open
1620:Vagus nerve – dissection
1427:Additional illustrations
1101:signaling activates the
1064:due to a sudden drop in
661:Superior laryngeal nerve
435:autonomic nervous system
3106:no significant branches
3008:no significant branches
2848:no significant branches
2763:Yale School of Medicine
2400:Neuropsychopharmacology
2144:10.1126/science.1239275
1660:Vagus nerve stimulation
1195:for cluster headaches.
1173:Vagus nerve stimulation
1132:Vagus nerve stimulation
1074:loss of bladder control
1024:Drugs that inhibit the
858:pharyngeal constrictors
852:Palatopharyngeus muscle
765:posterior cranial fossa
487:internal carotid artery
481:, then passes into the
3801:Thorax (human anatomy)
3426:Stylopharyngeal branch
3186:submandibular ganglion
3171:Nerve to the stapedius
2685:(Suppl 7): S748–S752.
2413:10.1038/sj.npp.1301082
2357:(Suppl 2): S174–S177.
1795:Autonomic Neuroscience
1632:anatomical terminology
1245:gastric bypass surgery
1103:adenosine triphosphate
1070:cerebral hypoperfusion
975:
556:
548:
523:central nervous system
1292:Vagus nerve pathology
1121:Clinical significance
1115:glucose 6-phosphatase
1000:atrioventricular node
966:
708:Posterior vagal trunk
636:ligamentum arteriosum
597:posterior vagal trunk
583:, and contributes to
554:
546:
491:internal jugular vein
395:), also known as the
89:Levator veli palatini
3274:Facial motor nucleus
2970:parasympathetic root
2551:on 15 December 2013.
2079:Molecular Metabolism
1995:"Vomiting Mechanism"
1967:Haseltine, William.
1241:peptic ulcer disease
1175:(VNS) therapy via a
1026:muscarinic receptors
974:tissue (middle left)
847:Palatoglossus muscle
797:cranial neural crest
703:Anterior vagal trunk
644:anterior vagal trunk
622:and descends on the
537:(nodose ganglia).
3816:Human head and neck
3586:Recurrent laryngeal
3431:Pharyngeal branches
3209:Posterior auricular
3057:trigeminal ganglion
2493:eMedicineHealth.com
2316:10.1038/nature03439
2308:2005Natur.434.1026P
2302:(7036): 1026–1031.
2229:. 10 January 2007.
2136:2013Sci...341..800T
2030:Regulatory Peptides
1650:Inflammatory reflex
1282:Parkinson's disease
1210:atrial fibrillation
1189:clinical depression
908:inflammatory reflex
878:, gastrointestinal
832:Cricothyroid muscle
634:to the left of the
593:esophageal plexuses
581:right main bronchus
455:pneumogastric nerve
397:tenth cranial nerve
3569:Superior laryngeal
3436:Tonsillar branches
3134:Intermediate nerve
2950:oculomotor nucleus
2185:(3): 665–678.e23.
1926:Eljamel S (2011).
1897:. pp. 65–79.
1749:Walker HK (1990).
1630:This article uses
1302:Sensory neuropathy
1081:spinal cord injury
976:
942:vasovagal response
902:) and part of the
577:superior vena cava
557:
549:
93:salpingopharyngeus
3773:
3772:
3701:
3700:
3667:Posterior gastric
3562:pharyngeal plexus
3557:Pharyngeal branch
3480:
3479:
3344:Scarpa's ganglion
3332:lateral lemniscus
3327:striae medullares
3310:vestibular nuclei
3298:Vestibulocochlear
3292:
3291:
2636:(21): 1996–2002.
2607:Aarhus University
2525:on 8 March 2009.
2363:10.2337/dc09-S305
2005:on 4 January 2015
1945:978-981-4317-07-8
1912:978-0-12-821736-8
1332:Cluster headaches
1278:Aarhus University
1276:Researchers from
1259:pernicious anemia
1228:trial had begun.
1170:
1169:
1062:vasovagal syncope
1011:neurotransmitters
815:glands) from the
789:medulla oblongata
698:esophageal plexus
620:subclavian artery
605:esophageal hiatus
565:subclavian artery
531:visceral afferent
517:mostly conveying
467:medulla oblongata
465:Upon leaving the
357:
356:
279:Vestibulocochlear
215:
214:
210:
16:(Redirected from
3838:
3811:Gustatory system
3719:nucleus ambiguus
3693:Solitary nucleus
3683:Nucleus ambiguus
3662:Anterior gastric
3609:Inferior cardiac
3539:Auricular branch
3534:Meningeal branch
3492:
3472:Solitary nucleus
3462:Nucleus ambiguus
3441:Lingual branches
3362:
3356:Glossopharyngeal
3279:Solitary nucleus
3159:Greater petrosal
3124:
2974:ciliary ganglion
2810:
2803:
2796:
2787:
2770:
2769:on 3 March 2016.
2765:. Archived from
2731:
2730:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2702:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2653:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2613:on 27 June 2015.
2599:
2593:
2592:
2591:on 24 July 2010.
2587:. Archived from
2581:
2575:
2574:
2573:on 13 July 2007.
2559:
2553:
2552:
2547:. Archived from
2537:
2531:
2530:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2484:
2475:
2474:
2464:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2415:
2406:(7): 1345–1355.
2391:
2385:
2384:
2374:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2202:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2102:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2053:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2001:. Archived from
1990:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1873:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1729:
1697:
1670:Polyvagal theory
1645:Vagovagal reflex
1617:
1605:
1593:
1581:
1569:
1557:
1545:
1533:
1521:
1509:
1497:
1485:
1473:
1461:
1449:
1437:
1415:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1322:Motor neuropathy
1286:substantia nigra
1267:Intrinsic factor
1217:open-label trial
1165:
1162:
1156:
1144:
1143:
1136:
1054:emotional stress
1030:anticholinergics
996:conduction block
992:bradyarrhythmias
980:thoracic ganglia
825:skeletal muscles
821:transverse colon
750:solitary nucleus
743:nucleus ambiguus
726:of the medulla:
696:Branches to the
692:pulmonary plexus
690:Branches to the
656:Pharyngeal nerve
640:pulmonary plexus
595:. It forms the
451:nucleus ambiguus
394:
393:
390:
389:
386:
383:
380:
377:
374:
371:
349:
342:
335:
285:Glossopharyngeal
217:
207:edit on Wikidata
101:palatopharyngeus
72:accessory nerves
68:glossopharyngeal
64:
52:accessory nerves
48:glossopharyngeal
44:
32:
21:
18:Vagal inhibition
3846:
3845:
3841:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3836:
3835:
3776:
3775:
3774:
3769:
3740:
3697:
3671:
3633:
3595:
3543:
3519:
3476:
3450:
3414:lesser petrosal
3409:tympanic plexus
3389:
3350:
3315:cochlear nuclei
3288:
3262:
3200:
3192:
3149:
3143:
3112:
3083:
3014:
2985:
2932:
2893:
2887:olfactory tract
2854:
2820:
2814:
2753:
2744:MedEd at Loyola
2740:
2735:
2734:
2727:www.nice.org.uk
2721:
2720:
2716:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2502:
2500:
2486:
2485:
2478:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2130:(6147): 800–2.
2121:
2120:
2116:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2008:
2006:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1977:
1975:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1946:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1913:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1777:
1775:
1765:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1635:
1628:
1621:
1618:
1609:
1606:
1597:
1594:
1585:
1582:
1573:
1570:
1561:
1558:
1549:
1546:
1537:
1534:
1525:
1522:
1513:
1510:
1501:
1498:
1489:
1486:
1477:
1474:
1465:
1462:
1453:
1450:
1441:
1438:
1429:
1413:
1390:
1386:
1347:
1342:
1334:
1294:
1272:
1255:
1234:
1201:vagal maneuvers
1177:neurostimulator
1166:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1145:
1141:
1134:
1128:
1123:
1107:arcuate nucleus
1083:can experience
1050:
988:sinoatrial node
972:sinoatrial node
968:H&E stained
961:
959:Cardiac effects
930:gastroenteritis
925:
920:. In addition,
862:Muscles of the
809:parasympathetic
805:
774:
736:parasympathetic
716:
652:
515:afferent nerves
479:jugular foramen
463:
447:nodose ganglion
425:digestive tract
415:control of the
413:parasympathetic
401:cranial nerve X
368:
364:
353:
324:
211:
75:
55:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3844:
3842:
3834:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3821:Nervous system
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3791:Cranial nerves
3788:
3778:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3766:
3765:
3757:
3751:
3749:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3727:
3726:
3721:
3712:
3710:
3703:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3679:
3677:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3643:
3641:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3631:
3630:
3629:
3624:
3616:
3611:
3605:
3603:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3576:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3553:
3551:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3541:
3536:
3530:
3528:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3515:
3510:
3501:
3499:
3489:
3482:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3458:
3456:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3400:
3398:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3380:
3371:
3369:
3359:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3322:Cochlear nerve
3319:
3318:
3317:
3312:
3303:
3301:
3294:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3231:Parotid plexus
3228:
3227:
3226:
3221:
3211:
3205:
3203:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3176:Chorda tympani
3173:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3155:
3153:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3136:
3130:
3128:
3121:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3100:
3094:
3092:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3025:
3023:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3002:
2996:
2994:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2967:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2943:
2941:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2928:
2923:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2904:
2902:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2882:olfactory bulb
2876:
2875:
2874:
2865:
2863:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2831:
2829:
2822:
2821:
2818:cranial nerves
2815:
2813:
2812:
2805:
2798:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2771:
2759:Cranial Nerves
2751:
2739:
2738:External links
2736:
2733:
2732:
2714:
2665:
2616:
2594:
2576:
2554:
2532:
2528:effectiveness.
2510:
2476:
2447:(4): 577–586.
2427:
2386:
2337:
2286:
2259:(1–2): 77–88.
2253:Brain Research
2236:
2214:
2165:
2114:
2085:(6): 595–607.
2065:
2036:(1–3): 15–25.
2016:
1985:
1959:
1944:
1930:. p. 66.
1918:
1911:
1885:
1828:
1785:
1763:
1741:
1712:(4): 579–599.
1691:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1680:Reflex syncope
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1655:Vagus ganglion
1652:
1647:
1642:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1432:
1428:
1425:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1333:
1330:
1325:
1324:
1311:Arnold's nerve
1305:
1304:
1293:
1290:
1270:
1263:parietal cells
1253:
1233:
1230:
1168:
1167:
1148:
1146:
1139:
1130:Main article:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1095:to the brain.
1066:cardiac output
1049:
1046:
960:
957:
953:Ivan De Araujo
932:is a cause of
923:
872:
871:
860:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
804:
801:
773:
770:
769:
768:
753:
746:
739:
734:– which sends
715:
712:
711:
710:
705:
700:
694:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
651:
648:
483:carotid sheath
462:
459:
355:
354:
352:
351:
344:
337:
329:
326:
325:
323:
322:
317:
311:
308:
307:
306:
305:
299:
293:
287:
281:
275:
269:
263:
257:
251:
245:
239:
233:
224:
223:
221:Cranial nerves
213:
212:
203:
197:
196:
191:
185:
184:
179:
173:
172:
167:
161:
160:
155:
149:
148:
143:
137:
136:
131:
125:
124:
120:
119:
86:
82:
81:
77:
76:
65:
57:
56:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3843:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3743:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3704:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3674:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3640:
3636:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3618:Vagal trunks
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3598:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3570:
3567:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3550:
3546:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3526:jugular fossa
3522:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3497:jugular fossa
3493:
3490:
3487:
3483:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3453:
3447:
3446:Carotid sinus
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3420:
3419:otic ganglion
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3396:jugular fossa
3392:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3367:jugular fossa
3363:
3360:
3357:
3353:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3340:
3337:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3320:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3295:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3229:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3195:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3181:lingual nerve
3179:
3178:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3146:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3115:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3086:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3017:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2988:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2935:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2896:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2857:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2838:septal nuclei
2836:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2811:
2806:
2804:
2799:
2797:
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2775:
2774:cranialnerves
2772:
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2351:Diabetes Care
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2206:
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2169:
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2161:
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2076:
2069:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2052:
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2035:
2031:
2027:
2020:
2017:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1986:
1974:
1970:
1963:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1922:
1919:
1914:
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1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1801:(1–3): 1–17.
1800:
1796:
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1764:9780409900774
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1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
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1676:
1675:Gastroparesis
1673:
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1421:pneumogastric
1418:
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1227:
1226:phase II
1223:
1218:
1213:
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1207:
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1196:
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1190:
1186:
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1059:
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1039:
1035:
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1027:
1022:
1020:
1019:acetylcholine
1016:
1012:
1008:
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997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
973:
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790:
787:
783:
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771:
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460:
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452:
448:
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436:
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428:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
409:cranial nerve
406:
402:
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362:
350:
345:
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318:
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288:
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147:
144:
142:
138:
135:
132:
130:
126:
121:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
97:palatoglossus
94:
90:
87:
83:
78:
73:
70:, vagus, and
69:
63:
58:
53:
50:, vagus, and
49:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3485:
3199:stylomastoid
3151:facial canal
3105:
3007:
2921:optic chiasm
2847:
2777:
2767:the original
2758:
2746:
2726:
2717:
2682:
2678:
2668:
2633:
2629:
2619:
2611:the original
2606:
2597:
2589:the original
2579:
2571:the original
2566:
2557:
2549:the original
2544:
2535:
2526:
2523:the original
2513:
2501:. Retrieved
2492:
2444:
2440:
2430:
2403:
2399:
2389:
2354:
2350:
2340:
2299:
2295:
2289:
2256:
2252:
2245:Komisaruk BR
2239:
2226:
2217:
2182:
2178:
2168:
2127:
2123:
2117:
2082:
2078:
2068:
2033:
2029:
2019:
2007:. Retrieved
2003:the original
1999:News Medical
1998:
1988:
1976:. Retrieved
1972:
1962:
1936:10.1142/7830
1927:
1921:
1894:
1888:
1848:(1): 44–48.
1845:
1841:
1831:
1798:
1794:
1788:
1776:. Retrieved
1754:
1744:
1709:
1705:
1695:
1420:
1382:
1377:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1354:
1348:
1335:
1326:
1321:
1309:
1306:
1301:
1295:
1275:
1249:
1235:
1222:double-blind
1214:
1199:
1197:
1171:
1161:January 2023
1158:
1150:
1097:
1078:
1051:
1023:
1004:
977:
946:
938:cervix uteri
912:
873:
806:
791:, while the
775:
717:
666:Aortic nerve
609:
603:through the
558:
539:
527:
493:down to the
485:between the
469:between the
464:
454:
432:
429:
404:
403:, or simply
400:
396:
360:
358:
290:
170:A14.2.01.153
134:nervus vagus
133:
29:
3786:Vagus nerve
3746:Hypoglossal
3127:Near origin
2926:optic tract
2503:28 November
1126:Stimulation
1042:bradycardia
1038:scopolamine
949:hyperphagia
880:peristalsis
782:basal plate
772:Development
632:aortic arch
624:aortic arch
555:Vagus nerve
547:Vagus nerve
361:vagus nerve
303:Hypoglossal
123:Identifiers
35:Vagus nerve
3780:Categories
3339:Vestibular
3251:mandibular
3224:stylohyoid
3214:Suprahyoid
3139:Geniculate
3077:mandibular
3067:ophthalmic
3020:Trigeminal
2938:Oculomotor
1978:26 October
1687:References
1665:Vagusstoff
1378:divagation
1315:gabapentin
1068:, causing
1032:) such as
1015:vagusstoff
1007:Otto Loewi
984:heart rate
918:gag reflex
876:heart rate
439:human body
277:CN VIII –
261:Trigeminal
249:Oculomotor
153:NeuroNames
85:Innervates
3759:Branches
3707:Accessory
3627:posterior
3614:Pulmonary
3300:(CN VIII)
3241:zygomatic
3219:digastric
3102:Branches
3072:maxillary
3063:Branches
3004:Branches
2991:Trochlear
2961:Branches
2860:Olfactory
2630:Neurology
2249:Whipple B
1862:1808-8686
1639:Porphyria
1345:Etymology
1252:vitamin B
896:outer ear
890:(via the
786:embryonic
618:and left
601:diaphragm
589:pulmonary
573:esophagus
461:Structure
301:CN XII –
297:Accessory
271:CN VII –
255:Trochlear
247:CN III –
237:Olfactory
3748:(CN XII)
3622:anterior
3579:internal
3574:external
3513:inferior
3508:superior
3504:Ganglia
3404:Tympanic
3383:inferior
3378:superior
3374:Ganglia
3256:cervical
3236:temporal
3120:(CN VII)
3089:Abducens
2979:inferior
2965:superior
2940:(CN III)
2826:Terminal
2709:25383210
2660:28446653
2545:NBC News
2497:Archived
2471:34322861
2422:16641939
2381:19875547
2324:15846348
2273:15451368
2231:Archived
2209:30245012
2160:38293563
2152:23950538
2109:25161883
2060:18482776
1954:78277439
1880:30348503
1823:30221339
1815:11189015
1773:21250228
1736:35051375
1626:See also
1366:vagabond
1237:Vagotomy
1232:Vagotomy
1185:epilepsy
1181:seizures
1034:atropine
934:vomiting
926:receptor
914:Efferent
904:meninges
884:sweating
803:Function
650:Branches
614:between
489:and the
473:and the
315:Overview
295:CN XI –
283:CN IX –
267:Abducens
265:CN VI –
253:CN IV –
241:CN II –
231:Terminal
3806:Abdomen
3763:lingual
3755:Nucleus
3731:Cranial
3715:Nuclei
3709:(CN XI)
3657:Hepatic
3639:Abdomen
3495:Before
3365:Before
3358:(CN IX)
3306:Nuclei
3201:foramen
3098:Nucleus
3091:(CN VI)
3053:Course
3028:Nuclei
3000:Nucleus
2993:(CN IV)
2946:Nuclei
2917:Course
2907:Nuclei
2901:(CN II)
2878:Course
2868:Nuclei
2844:Course
2834:Nuclei
2700:4222929
2651:5440238
2567:CNN.com
2462:8611122
2372:2811464
2332:4414624
2304:Bibcode
2281:9202518
2200:6195474
2132:Bibcode
2124:Science
2100:4142400
2051:2597723
2009:27 June
1871:9422587
1727:8857038
1360:vagrant
1340:History
1151:updated
1099:Insulin
1085:orgasms
998:at the
813:adrenal
793:sensory
784:of the
763:of the
585:cardiac
569:trachea
519:sensory
507:viscera
503:abdomen
445:or the
443:jugular
437:in the
407:, is a
289:CN X –
259:CN V –
235:CN I –
229:CN 0 –
146:D014630
117:viscera
80:Details
3736:Spinal
3676:Nuclei
3647:Celiac
3601:Thorax
3524:After
3488:(CN X)
3455:Nuclei
3394:After
3267:Nuclei
3246:buccal
3148:Inside
3118:Facial
3022:(CN V)
2862:(CN I)
2828:(CN 0)
2755:"10-1"
2707:
2697:
2658:
2648:
2469:
2459:
2420:
2379:
2369:
2330:
2322:
2296:Nature
2279:
2271:
2207:
2197:
2158:
2150:
2107:
2097:
2058:
2048:
1973:Forbes
1952:
1942:
1909:
1878:
1868:
1860:
1821:
1813:
1778:30 May
1771:
1761:
1734:
1724:
1706:Neuron
1375:, and
1093:cervix
1089:uterus
888:speech
868:speech
864:larynx
724:nuclei
714:Nuclei
612:thorax
591:, and
501:, and
423:, and
273:Facial
3652:Renal
3486:Vagus
2899:Optic
2328:S2CID
2277:S2CID
2227:Wired
2156:S2CID
1950:S2CID
1819:S2CID
1372:vague
1355:vagus
1353:word
1351:Latin
778:motor
720:axons
511:colon
499:chest
471:olive
421:lungs
417:heart
320:Table
291:Vagus
243:Optic
205:[
129:Latin
3549:Neck
2816:The
2705:PMID
2656:PMID
2505:2008
2467:PMID
2418:PMID
2377:PMID
2320:PMID
2269:PMID
2257:1024
2205:PMID
2179:Cell
2148:PMID
2105:PMID
2056:PMID
2011:2015
1980:2023
1940:ISBN
1907:ISBN
1876:PMID
1858:ISSN
1811:PMID
1780:2019
1769:PMID
1759:ISBN
1732:PMID
1383:vagi
1349:The
1091:and
1036:and
922:5-HT
817:neck
776:The
761:dura
755:The
748:The
741:The
730:The
571:and
495:neck
427:.
405:CN X
359:The
194:5731
182:6332
165:TA98
141:MeSH
3197:At
3047:TMN
3032:PSN
2972:of
2695:PMC
2687:doi
2646:PMC
2638:doi
2457:PMC
2449:doi
2408:doi
2367:PMC
2359:doi
2312:doi
2300:434
2261:doi
2195:PMC
2187:doi
2183:175
2140:doi
2128:341
2095:PMC
2087:doi
2046:PMC
2038:doi
2034:149
1932:doi
1899:doi
1866:PMC
1850:doi
1803:doi
1722:PMC
1714:doi
1710:110
1416:-jy
1414:VAY
1183:in
1021:.
189:FMA
177:TA2
158:702
3782::
3042:MN
2761:.
2757:.
2725:.
2703:.
2693:.
2681:.
2677:.
2654:.
2644:.
2634:88
2632:.
2628:.
2605:.
2565:.
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2495:.
2491:.
2479:^
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2416:.
2404:31
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