292:. He also acted as an expert witness in many areas, including animal behavior, environmental policy, native treaties, wildlife law enforcement and policy, and wildlife/vehicle collisions cases in the United States and Canada. He testified on wildlife conservation policy in court, before Senate of the State of Montana and before the Parliamentary Committee on Environment, and Sustainable Development in Ottawa.
31:
248:
in 1957 and started to study zoology at the
University of British Columbia in Vancouver, where he met his wife in 1958. They married on May 20th 1961, had three children, and stayed usually in Port Alberni, where Renate's relatives lived. Valerius Geist earned a B.Sc. in zoology (1960), and Ph.D. in
496:
Geist's interest in
Neanderthal people was captured in a National Geographic article suggesting that Neanderthal may not have learned to throw, supported by their hunting methods. He noted the likely possibility that they engaged in cannibalism, and that they may have actually ranched children from
321:
and recognized them as dangerous predators to humans. He was of the opinion that wolves are most likely to fulfill their ecological function in unpopulated and very thinly populated areas. His publications on wolves include as topics also the development of great shyness towards humans by hunting,
525:
were the largest and most powerful carnivorous land mammals in North
America, with the potential specialization in obtaining and dominating distant and scarce resources. Humans in this hypothesis, though familiar with brown bears, would not have been able to avoid predation or effectively compete
440:
In the opinion of
Valerius Geist, the climax of the escalation has been reached at level seven when wolves have lost their fear of humans and attack. As they are still inexperienced and a bit clumsy, persons may still be able to defend themselves against a single wolf, but even armed men have few
436:
Stage six is reached when wolves examine people as potential new kind of prey, appearing to be tame in the immediate vicinity of people. They nudge walkers with their noses, tug on clothing or even pinch the arm. They can be driven away by screaming and waving, but they don't run far. Everything
432:
In stage five, attacks on large farm animals increase: In this phase, for example, riders are surrounded and pursued or larger farm animals such as cattle are injured. They are found with ears torn off, tails cut in half or genitals mutilated. Wolves approach houses, mount verandas and look into
400:, then possible explorative attacks, in which they only approach, up to predatory attacks on people, that usually take place only under the precondition that the seven steps described by him are passed through. He became involved in the inquiry surrounding the
1187:
Pansani, Thais R.; Pobiner, Briana; Gueriau, Pierre; Thoury, Mathieu; Tafforeau, Paul; Baranger, Emmanuel; Vialou, Águeda V.; Vialou, Denis; McSparron, Cormac; de Castro, Mariela C.; Dantas, Mário A. T.; Bertrand, Loïc; Pacheco, Mírian L. A. F. (2023-07-12).
897:
587:"Gray wolves and the black side of the 'Nature knows best' dogma, or how hands-on management is vital to high biodiversity, productivity and a humane treatment of wildlife". In: Beiträge zur Jagd- & Wildforschung, Band 44, 2019, page 65-71
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In phase four the presence of wolves can no longer be overlooked. They attack dogs and small farm animals even during the day, even if they are in close proximity to houses. They appear on terraces and in gardens, establishing their
477:) attrition on ungulate calves during birthing seasons. Further, the explanation offered by Geist to how the Pleistocene ecology of the Gray Wolf did not have the same impacts, were that megafaunal hypercarnivores such as the taxa
197:. He was a specialist on the biology, behavior, and social dynamics of North American large mammals (elk, moose, bighorn sheep, other wild ungulates and wolves), and well respected on his views of Neanderthal people and behavior.
1084:
Pigati, Jeffrey S.; Springer, Kathleen B.; Honke, Jeffrey S.; Wahl, David; Champagne, Marie R.; Zimmerman, Susan R. H.; Gray, Harrison J.; Santucci, Vincent L.; Odess, Daniel; Bustos, David; Bennett, Matthew R. (2023-10-06).
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seems playful, but they are testing how humans behave when attacked, what kind of claws and teeth these skinny bears have. They still withdraw when confronted, but defend kills by moving towards people, growling and barking.
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other tribes for food. He suggested that ancient cave art was more likely to be graffiti, left by young men who dared one another to go deep into the earth to make their marks. In this, he strongly supported
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was a mistake both scientifically and economically. When calamities caused by disease and the collapse of the market forced many ranchers to slaughter their animals and close their farms, this was confirmed.
221:, he and his mother, aunt and grandmother, had to flee from Russia to Germany. After 10 years growing up in Austria and Germany, he immigrated to Canada in 1953, the same year his German-born wife arrived in
422:
In the second phase, wolves follow their prey and approach human dwellings, especially at night. This can be recognized, among other things, by dogs barking restlessly, or howls of wolves even during daytime
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272:. Since 1977, he has taught at the University of Calgary, where he was a founding member and first Program Director of Environmental Science in the Faculty of Environmental Design. He resided on
1049:
Paul, Matheus (2001). "Pleistocene carnivores and humans in eastern
Beringia: did short-faced bears really keep people out of North America?". In Gerlach, S. Craig; Murray, Maribeth S. (eds.).
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by anthropologists. Paul
Matheus argued that there were negligible ecological differences across the mammoth steppe, and that humans successfully competed against and even hunted territorial
571:
992:
Steffen, Martina L.; Fulton, Tara L. (2018-02-01). "On the association of giant short-faced bear (Arctodus simus) and brown bear (Ursus arctos) in late
Pleistocene North America".
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and threaten her safety. When wolves appear friendly, they are simply examining the menu. He was openly critical of the myth that wolves do not attack people and observed that
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Wolves and the dark side of the dogma "nature knows best", or why practical management is vital for high biodiversity, productivity and a humane treatment of wildlife.
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and other large
Pleistocene North American carnivores, making human expansion difficult in Beringia and impossible south of the ice sheets. However, this theory has
1390:
254:
1148:
Boëda, Eric; Gruhn, Ruth; Vialou, Agueda
Vilhena; Aschero, Carlos; Vialou, Denis; Pino, Mario; Gluchy, Maria; Pérez, Antonio; Ramos, Marcos Paulo (2021-01-02).
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were a barrier for humans (along with other
Siberian megafauna such as moose, grey wolves and brown bears) when migrating into North America (both Beringia and
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384:. Humans can save the game the brutality of getting torn by wolves. Hunters practicing ethical hunting would treat game far more humanely than "nature" does.
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Regarding the behavior of wolves towards human beings he described seven steps from strong shyness and avoiding the nearness of the human, then searching
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In his lectures and writings he pointed out that wolves cause serious damage to wildlife and that they cause great suffering to wild ungulates such as
469:) predation on Holarctic ungulates, resulting in the lowering of ungulate distributions and populations to suboptimal levels, and kept suboptimal via
253:. The family went in 1967 to Germany on a post-doctoral fellowship awarded to Valerius, and he completed his postdoctoral studies in Seewiesen at the
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in November 2005 at Wollaston Lake in Saskatchewan, Canada. Geist expressed growing concern as wolves began to follow his wife outside their home on
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According to Valerius Geist, stage three begins when the wolves also show themselves during daylight, observing people, approaching buildings
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The first signs are deer, stags and other prey animals that increasingly arrive in villages or cities, fleeing from the wolf into urban areas
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in herbivores and humans. By triggering panicky flight behaviour in deer packs and causing them to migrate, wolves promote the spread of
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and the present wild fauna. In relation to the respective works, he pointed out the presence of 'Predator pits' that were caused by
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in ranches as a way to use the animals while protecting them, he warned that Alberta's government's recommendation to keep deer in
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promulgated this Big Lie in his effort to disarm the rural population which had traditionally kept firearms for protection.
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an unlikely impediment to expansion. Indeed, new dates establish an extended co-existence of humans and megafauna such as
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Statement by Valerius Geist pertaining to the death of Kenton Carnegie - Circumstances leading to wolf attacks on people
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specializing in marine architecture (his mother worked on submarines and icebreakers). In 1943, probably considered as
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of the self-regulation of nature is, according to his findings, a simple-minded intellectual error. The mechanisms of
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suppressed them as a direct consequence of intense competition amongst the megafauna predator guild, at the time.
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229:, Germany - 13 October 2014). received her Bachelor of Science degree in Bacteriology and Biology from the
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Valerius Geist is known for his scientific research on the behavior and population biology of many wild
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1150:"The Chiquihuite Cave, a Real Novelty? Observations about the Still-ignored South American Prehistory"
639:, by Valerius Geist, Robert Wegner (Foreword By), Michael H. Francis (Photographer), November 26, 2005
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in 2004. He is the only North American hunter to be honored with professional membership in both the
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1190:"Evidence of artefacts made of giant sloth bones in central Brazil around the last glacial maximum"
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of ungulates and canids and researched the differences in the ecological status of wolves in the
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The 7 stages leading to an attack on people by wolves, according to Valerius Geist, paraphrased:
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546:, leopards, tigers and wolves in Eurasia before reaching eastern Beringia, making the solitary
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1087:"Independent age estimates resolve the controversy of ancient human footprints at White Sands"
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Life Strategies, Human Evolution, Environmental Design: Toward a Biological Theory of Health
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326:), where distribution areas of both species overlap, hybridization with domestic dogs (
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People and Wildlife in Northern North America: Essays in honor of R. Dale Guthrie
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In the late 1980s, Geist hypothesized that "specialist, aggressive, competitive
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Paleoecology and ecomorphology of the giant short-faced bear in Eastern Beringia
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The Geists returned to Canada in 1968 where Valerius accepted a position at the
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in 1959, later a Bachelor degree in Education, teaching German, among others at
330:) in areas populated by humans, and diseases spread by wolves, for example the
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The Walking larder: patterns of domestication, pastoralism, and predation
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1247:"An Anthropological Conception of the Initial Peopling of the Americas"
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690:, by Valerius Geist, Michael H. Francis (Photographer), September 1993
189:(2 February 1938 – 6 July 2021) was a German-Canadian biologist and a
645:, by Valerius Geist, Michael H. Francis (Photographer) September 2001
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657:, by Valerius Geist, Dale E. Toweill, Ken Carlson (Illustrator) 1999
147:
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Whitetail Tracks: The Deer's History & Impact in North America
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by condemning them to a slow, agonising death when they are torn.
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and the USSR. Both parents, Olga Geist and Alexander Shutov, were
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Predator pits or biological deserts in Siberia and North America
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assumed in this concept would not work like this in nature, but
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62:
708:. Wildlife Behavior and Ecology Series, by Valerius Geist, 1971
936:"The Nature of Paleolithic Art by R. Dale Guthrie, an excerpt"
350:
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In: Beiträge zur Jagd- und Wildforschung. No 44, page 65-71 (
823:
Wildlife Scientist Devotes Rich Life to Educating the Public
728:
Wildlife Scientist Devotes Rich Life to Educating the Public
684:, by Valerius Geist and Ian McTaggart-Cowan October 15, 1995
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chances against an entire pack than can take down big bears.
651:, by Valerius Geist, Michael H. Francis (Photographer) 2001
667:
Deer of the World: Their Evolution, Behaviour, and Ecology
501:'s published views "The Nature of Paleolithic Art", 2006.
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on Vancouver Island. Renate née Brall (16 January 1937 in
785:
On the behaviour and evolution of American mountain sheep
663:, by Valerius Geist, Michael H. Francis, October 31, 1990
263:
On the behaviour and evolution of American mountain sheep
148:
On the behaviour and evolution of American mountain sheep
669:, by Valerius Geist, Swan Hill Press (February 16, 1999)
572:
International Council for Game and Wildlife Conservation
387:
1194:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
951:"Did Large Predators keep Humans out of North America?"
593:, by Valerius Geist, Dale E. Toweill, October 19, 2010
372:
would lead to a decline in biodiversity. With active
837:
Global Socioeconomic Impact of Cystic Echinococcosis
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562:Geist won the Wilderness Defenders Award from the
209:) at the coast of the Black Sea, then part of the
706:Mountain Sheep: A Study in Behavior and Evolution
649:Antelope Country: Pronghorns: The Last Americans
388:Geist's seven stages before wolves attack people
607:Circumstances leading to wolf attacks on people
205:He was born on February 2, 1938, in Nikolajew (
675:History and Legend of the North American Bison
655:Return of Royalty: Wild Sheep of North America
255:Max Planck Institute for Behavioral Physiology
193:in the Faculty of Environmental Design at the
591:Living on the Edge: The Mountain Goat's World
244:Valerius Geist graduated from high school in
8:
678:, by Valerius Geist, May 9, 1998 (also 1996)
376:and care, humans can achieve a much greater
300:After a period of supporting the keeping of
1376:Academic staff of the University of Calgary
870:When do wolves become dangerous to humans?]
615:Wolves in Russia - Anxiety Through the Ages
788:(Thesis). University of British Columbia.
696:, by Valerius Geist, June 1993 (also 1991)
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18:
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317:Geist became an outspoken commentator on
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1044:
1042:
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770:Renate Anna Gertrude Ida (Brall) GEIST
637:Moose: Behavior, Ecology, Conservation
1391:University of British Columbia alumni
1285:"Alberta Wilderness Defenders Awards"
910:List of wolf attacks in North America
782:Geist, Valerius (September 8, 1966).
702:, by Valerius Geist, January 26, 1979
237:. She translated volumes 3 and 10 of
7:
1055:. BAR Publishing. pp. 79–101.
211:Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
956:, in Clutton-Brock, Juliet (ed.),
576:Conseil International de la Chasse
570:and its European counterpart, the
450:Geist also worked in the field of
239:Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia
14:
261:. His doctoral thesis was titled
796:– via open.library.ubc.ca.
725:ALBERTA WILDERNESS ASSOCIATION:
612:Valerius Geist; Will N. Graves:
599:Wolves – When Ignorance Is Bliss
920:Valerius Geist, Leonid Baskin:
751:from the original on 2021-07-26
865:Wolf education international:
834:Wolf education international:
564:Alberta Wilderness Association
334:, whose larval stages lead to
251:University of British Columbia
249:zoology (1967), both from the
231:University of British Columbia
97:University of British Columbia
16:Canadian biologist (1938–2021)
1:
1300:Large Predators: Them and Us!
1263:10.1080/20555563.2023.2278948
1166:10.1080/20555563.2020.1851500
1027:Matheus, Paul Edward (1997).
1014:10.1016/j.geobios.2017.12.001
618:. Detselig Enterprises 2007.
402:Death of Kenton Joel Carnegie
682:Wildlife Conservation Policy
505:Migration barrier hypothesis
322:hybridization with coyotes (
171:Other academic advisors
1352:Nature Canada, Spring, 1987
1407:
1245:Gruhn, Ruth (2023-07-03).
741:"Obituary: Valerius Geist"
631:Wolves on Vancouver Island
280:Scientific and public work
180:
102:
28:
1386:Canadian science writers
949:Geist, Valerius (1989),
745:Port Alberni Valley News
370:self-reinforcing effects
1349:Canadian Who's Who 1993
1111:10.1126/science.adh5007
882:When Ignorance Is Bliss
604:Valerius Geist (2007):
596:Valerius Geist (2009):
568:Boone and Crockett Club
433:windows and open doors.
340:Chronic Wasting Disease
1206:10.1098/rspb.2023.0316
1061:10.30861/9781841712369
554:across North America.
35:Valerius Geist in 2011
582:Selected publications
270:University of Calgary
195:University of Calgary
135:University of Calgary
964:, pp. 282–294,
519:below the ice sheets
380:and productivity of
246:Regina, Saskatchewan
1381:Canadian biologists
1103:2023Sci...382...73P
1006:2018Geobi..51...61S
981:on 16 December 2008
532:never been accepted
374:wildlife management
235:Mount Royal College
165:Ian McTaggart-Cowan
1337:. October 15, 2001
794:10.14288/1.0302536
688:Wild Sheep Country
471:brown/grizzly bear
257:(1967-1968) under
191:professor emeritus
1070:978-1-4073-5292-3
661:Mule Deer Country
624:978-1-55059-332-7
396:food sources and
366:negative feedback
347:white-tailed deer
219:Black Sea Germans
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104:Scientific career
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1371:2021 deaths
1366:1938 births
962:Unwin Hyman
694:Elk Country
540:cave hyenas
467:Canis lupus
456:Pleistocene
398:habituation
1360:Categories
1335:Science.ca
1160:(1): 1–7.
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713:References
544:cave lions
536:cave bears
429:territory.
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