831:
4980:
4897:
580:
4942:
4912:
4867:
325:
4995:
433:
5025:
5010:
4852:
872:
4882:
31:
1043:
5507:
213:
675:
4927:
5529:
624:
3609:
E.; Barba-PingarĂłn, Luis; Ortiz-ButrĂłn, AgustĂn; Blancas-Vázquez, Jorge; Rivera-González, Irán; SolĂs-Rosales, Corina; RodrĂguez-Ceja, MarĂa; Gandy, Devlin A.; Navarro-Gutierrez, Zamara; de la Rosa-DĂaz, JesĂşs J.; Huerta-Arellano, Vladimir; MarroquĂn-Fernández, Marco B.; MartĂnez-Riojas, L. Martin; LĂłpez-JimĂ©nez, Alejandro; Higham, Thomas; Willerslev, Eske (2020).
4725:
520:. Therefore, the flora and fauna of Beringia were more related to those of Eurasia rather than North America. Beringia received more moisture and intermittent maritime cloud cover from the north Pacific Ocean than the rest of the Mammoth steppe, including the dry environments on either side of it. This moisture supported a shrub-tundra habitat that provided an
2602:
Loog, Liisa; Thalmann, Olaf; Sinding, Mikkel-Holger S.; Schuenemann, Verena J.; Perri, Angela; Germonpré, Mietje; Bocherens, Herve; Witt, Kelsey E.; Samaniego
Castruita, Jose A.; Velasco, Marcela S.; Lundstrøm, Inge K.C.; Wales, Nathan; Sonet, Gontran; Frantz, Laurent; Schroeder, Hannes; Budd, Jane;
3608:
Ardelean, Ciprian F.; Becerra-Valdivia, Lorena; Pedersen, Mikkel
Winther; Schwenninger, Jean-Luc; Oviatt, Charles G.; MacĂas-Quintero, Juan I.; Arroyo-Cabrales, Joaquin; Sikora, Martin; Ocampo-DĂaz, Yam Zul E.; Rubio-Cisneros, Igor I.; Watling, Jennifer G.; De Medeiros, Vanda B.; De Oliveira, Paulo
4333:
Westgate, John A; Pearce, G. William; Preece, Shari J; Schweger, Charles E; Morlan, Richard E; Pearce, Nicholas J.G; Perkins, T. William (2017). "Tephrochronology, magnetostratigraphy and mammalian faunas of Middle and Early
Pleistocene sediments at two sites on the Old Crow River, northern Yukon
1008:
and pushed back the possible date of the first peopling of the
Americas. Academics generally believe that humans reached North America south of the Laurentide Ice Sheet at some point between 15,000 and 20,000 years ago. Some new controversial archaeological evidence suggests the possibility that
524:
for plants and animals. In East
Beringia 35,000 YBP, the northern arctic areas experienced temperatures 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) degrees warmer than today but the southern sub-Arctic regions were 2 °C (4 °F) degrees cooler. During the LGM 22,000 YBP the average summer temperature was
272:
During the
Pleistocene epoch, global cooling led periodically to the expansion of glaciers and the lowering of sea levels. This created land connections in various regions around the globe. Today, the average water depth of the Bering Strait is 40–50 m (130–160 ft); therefore the land
3957:
Chatters, James C.; Potter, Ben A.; Prentiss, Anna Marie; Fiedel, Stuart J.; Haynes, Gary; Kelly, Robert L.; Kilby, J. David; Lanoë, François; Holland-Lulewicz, Jacob; Miller, D. Shane; Morrow, Juliet E.; Perri, Angela R.; Rademaker, Kurt M.; Reuther, Joshua D.; Ritchison, Brandon T.; Sanchez,
2941:
Moreno-Mayar, J. VĂctor; Potter, Ben A.; Vinner, Lasse; SteinrĂĽcken, Matthias; Rasmussen, Simon; Terhorst, Jonathan; Kamm, John A.; Albrechtsen, Anders; Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo; Sikora, Martin; Reuther, Joshua D.; Irish, Joel D.; Malhi, Ripan S.; Orlando, Ludovic; Song, Yun S.; Nielsen, Rasmus;
529:
to 7.5 °C (13.5 °F) cooler in the Yukon. In the driest and coldest periods of the Late
Pleistocene, and possibly during the entire Pleistocene, moisture occurred along a north–south gradient with the south receiving the most cloud cover and moisture due to the air-flow from the North
702:
as the changing climate affected the environment, determining which plants and animals were able to survive. The land mass could be a barrier as well as a bridge: during colder periods, glaciers advanced and precipitation levels dropped. During warmer intervals, clouds, rain and snow altered
1603:
Jakobsson, Martin; Pearce, Christof; Cronin, Thomas M.; Backman, Jan; Anderson, Leif G.; Barrientos, Natalia; Björk, Göran; Coxall, Helen; De Boer, Agatha; Mayer, Larry A.; Mörth, Carl-Magnus; Nilsson, Johan; Rattray, Jayne E.; Stranne, Christian; Semilietov, Igor; O'Regan, Matt (2017).
775:
The existence of fauna endemic to the respective
Siberian and North American portions of Beringia has led to the 'Beringian Gap' hypothesis, wherein an unconfirmed geographic factor blocked migration across the land bridge when it emerged. Beringia did not block the movement of most dry
3085:
Posth, Cosimo; Nakatsuka, Nathan; Lazaridis, Iosif; Skoglund, Pontus; Mallick, Swapan; Lamnidis, Thiseas C.; Rohland, Nadin; Nägele, Kathrin; Adamski, Nicole; Bertolini, Emilie; Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen; Cooper, Alan; Culleton, Brendan J.; Ferraz, Tiago; Ferry, Matthew (2018-11-15).
2603:
Jimenez, Elodie-Laure; Fedorov, Sergey; Gasparyan, Boris; Kandel, Andrew W.; Lázničková-Galetová, Martina; Napierala, Hannes; Uerpmann, Hans-Peter; Nikolskiy, Pavel A.; Pavlova, Elena Y.; Pitulko, Vladimir V.; Herzig, Karl-Heinz; Malhi, Ripan S.; Willerslev, Eske; et al. (2019).
671: YBP. During the Holocene, many mesic-adapted species left the refugium and spread eastward and westward, while at the same time the forest-adapted species spread with the forests up from the south. The arid-adapted species were reduced to minor habitats or became extinct.
1121:, have a recurring geographical range: Europe, Africa, Asia, and North America. The pattern of bidirectional flow of biota has been asymmetric, with more plants, animals, and fungi generally migrating from Asia to North America than vice versa throughout the Cenozoic.
2517:
KoblmĂĽller, Stephan; VilĂ , Carles; Lorente-Galdos, Belen; Dabad, Marc; Ramirez, Oscar; Marques-Bonet, Tomas; Wayne, Robert K.; Leonard, Jennifer A. (2016). "Whole mitochondrial genomes illuminate ancient intercontinental dispersals of grey wolves (Canis lupus)".
1116:
Fossil evidence also indicates an exchange of primates and plants between North
America and Asia around 55.8 million years ago. 20 million years ago, evidence in North America shows the last natural interchange of mammalian species. Some, like the ancient
1021:
settled along both sides of the straits. The governments of Russia and the United States announced a plan to formally establish "a transboundary area of shared
Beringian heritage". Among other things this agreement would establish close ties between the
128:
together, totaling about 1.6 million km (620,000 sq mi), allowing biological dispersal to occur between Asia and North America. Today, the only land that is visible from the central part of the Bering land bridge are the
3474:
2654:
Werhahn, Geraldine; Senn, Helen; Ghazali, Muhammad; Karmacharya, Dibesh; Sherchan, Adarsh Man; Joshi, Jyoti; Kusi, Naresh; López-Bao, José Vincente; Rosen, Tanya; Kachel, Shannon; Sillero-Zubiri, Claudio; MacDonald, David W. (2018).
754:(reduction) approximately 25,000 YBP during the Last Glacial Maximum. This was followed by a single population of modern wolves expanding out of their Beringia refuge to repopulate the wolf's former range, replacing the remaining
2370:
Kuzmina SA, Sher AV, Edwards ME, Haile J, Yan EV, Kotov AV, Willerslev E. 2011 The late Pleistocene environment of the Eastern West Beringia based on the principal section at the Main River, Chukotka. Q. Sci. Rev. 30,
2351:
Anderson PH, Lozhkin AV. 2001 The Stage 3 interstadial complex (Karginskii/middle Wisconsinan interval) of Beringia: variations in paleoenvironments and implications for paleoclimatic interpretations. Q. Sci. Rev. 20,
2341:
Sher AV, Kuzmina SA, Kuznetsova TV, Sulerzhitsky LD. 2005 New insights into the Weichselian environment and climate of the East Siberian Arctic, derived from fossil insects, plants, and mammals. Q. Sci. Rev. 24,
2562:
240:. The underlying mechanism was first thought to be tectonics, but by 1930 changes in the ice mass balance, leading to global sea-level fluctuations were viewed as the cause of the Bering land bridge. In 1937,
248:
who had sailed into the strait in 1728. The American arctic geologist David Hopkins redefined Beringia to include portions of Alaska and Northeast Asia. Beringia was later regarded as extending from the
2361:
Guthrie RD. 1982 Mammals of the mammoth steppe as paleoenvironmental indicators. In Paleoecology of Beringia (eds Hopkins DM, Matthews JV, Schweger CE, Young SB), pp. 307–24. New York: Academic Press
1105:, Canada. The specimen was found in sediment dated 1 million YBP, however the geological attribution of this sediment is questioned. Slightly younger specimens were discovered at Cripple Creek Sump,
576:) trees. It has been proposed that the largest and most diverse megafaunal community residing in Beringia at this time could only have been sustained in a highly diverse and productive environment.
244:
proposed that around the Aleutians and the Bering Strait region were tundra plants that had originally dispersed from a now-submerged plain between Alaska and Chukotka, which he named Beringia after
157:
4472:
2381:
Meiri, M.; Lister, A. M.; Collins, M. J.; Tuross, N.; Goebel, T.; Blockley, S.; Zazula, G. D.; Van Doorn, N.; Dale Guthrie, R.; Boeskorov, G. G.; Baryshnikov, G. F.; Sher, A.; Barnes, I. (2013).
2022:
Meiri, M.; Lister, A. M.; Collins, M. J.; Tuross, N.; Goebel, T.; Blockley, S.; Zazula, G. D.; Van Doorn, N.; Dale Guthrie, R.; Boeskorov, G. G.; Baryshnikov, G. F.; Sher, A.; Barnes, I. (2013).
3958:
Guadalupe; Sánchez-Morales, Ismael; Spivey-Faulkner, S. Margaret; Tune, Jesse W.; Haynes, C. Vance (October 23, 2021). "Evaluating Claims of Early Human Occupation at Chiquihuite Cave, Mexico".
4081:
723:
once grew beyond their northernmost range today, indicating that there were periods when the climate was warmer and wetter. The environmental conditions were not homogenous in Beringia. Recent
273:
bridge opened when the sea level dropped more than 50 m (160 ft) below the current level. A reconstruction of the sea-level history of the region indicated that a seaway existed from
2474:
Rabassa, J.; Ponce, J.F. (2013). "The Heinrich and Dansgaard-Oeschger climatic events during Marine Isotopic Stage 3:searching for appropriate times for human colonization of the America".
2159:
4488:
Fagundes, Nelson J.R.; Kanitz, Ricardo; Eckert, Roberta; Valls, Ana C.S.; Bogo, Mauricio R.; Salzano, Francisco M.; Smith, David Glenn; Silva Jr., Wilson A.; et al. (3 March 2008).
968:
4112:
1216:
3372:
Ancient genetic landscape of archaeological human remains from Panama, South America and Oceania described through STR genotype frequencies and mitochondrial DNA sequences
822:
has been attributed to their inhabitation of Alaska and the Yukon being limited to interglacials. However, ground sloth eDNA has potentially been recovered from Siberia.
2902:
Courtin, Jérémy; Perfumo, Amedea; Andreev, Andrei A.; Opel, Thomas; Stoof-Leichsenring, Kathleen R.; Edwards, Mary E.; Murton, Julian B.; Herzschuh, Ulrike (July 2022).
2567:
544:
3), steppe–tundra vegetation dominated large parts of Beringia with a rich diversity of grasses and herbs. There were patches of shrub tundra with isolated refugia of
2246:
Guthrie RD. 2001 Origin and causes of the mammoth steppe: a story of cloud cover, woolly mammal tooth pits, buckles, and inside-out Beringia. Q. Sci. Rev. 20, 549–74.
6752:
855:(ANA) lineage about 20,000 years ago. The ANA lineage was estimated as having been formed between 20,000 and 25,000 years ago by a mixture of East Asian (~65%) and
7590:
6747:
4815:
2075:
1713:
Hoffecker, John F.; Elias, Scott A.; O'Rourke, Dennis H.; Scott, G. Richard; Bigelow, Nancy H. (2016). "Beringia and the global dispersal of modern humans".
664: YBP, and this once again allowed gene flow between Eurasia and continental North America until the land bridge was finally closed by rising sea levels
1859:
Miller, K.G.; Kominz, M.A.; Browning, J.V.; Wright, J.D.; Mountain, G.S.; Katz, M.E.; Sugarman, P.J.; Cramer, B.S.; Christie-Blick, N.; Pekar, S.F. (2005).
2327:
164:(YBP). This would have occurred as the American glaciers blocking the way southward melted, but before the bridge was covered by the sea about 11,000 YBP.
2464:
Gowan, E.J. (2013) An assessment of the minimum timing of ice free conditions of the western Laurentide Ice Sheet. Quaternary Science Review, 75, 100–13.
1000:
have progressively shed more light on the subject, significant questions remain unresolved. The "Clovis first theory" refers to the hypothesis that the
4783:
7788:
5571:
4091:
2328:
Entering America, Northeast Asia and Beringia Before the Last Glacial Maximum (ed. Madsen DB), pp. 29–61. Salt Lake City, UT: University of Utah Press
2786:"Extinction chronology of the woolly rhinoceros Coelodonta antiquitatis in the context of late Quaternary megafaunal extinctions in northern Eurasia"
620:-adapted species left the refugium and spread westward into what had become tundra-vegetated northern Asia and eastward into northern North America.
598: YBP (MIS 3 to MIS 2) the environment was wetter and colder than the steppe–tundra to the east and west, with warming in parts of Beringia from
1201:
3195:
516:
southwards to China, and from Spain eastwards across Eurasia and over the Bering land bridge into Alaska and the Yukon where it was blocked by the
3584:
1005:
657:, which blocked gene flow between Beringia (and Eurasia) and continental North America. The Yukon corridor opened between the receding ice sheets
2904:"Pleistocene glacial and interglacial ecosystems inferred from ancient DNA analyses of permafrost sediments from Batagay megaslump, East Siberia"
2200:
3147:
2326:, Lozhkin AV, Anderson PM, Glushkova OY. 2004 Paleoenvironmental conditions in Western Beringia before and during the Last Glacial Maximum. In
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7115:
1023:
3926:"New AMS Radiocarbon Ages from the Preceramic Levels of Coxcatlan Cave, Puebla, Mexico: A Pleistocene Occupation of the Tehuacan Valley?"
6390:
513:
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5718:
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2228:
Elias SA, Crocker B. 2008 The Bering land bridge: a moisture barrier to the dispersal of steppe-tundra biota? Q. Sci. Rev. 27, 2473–83
1390:
1170:
1027:
876:
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4778:
7813:
7798:
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4808:
4758:
2284:
2563:"Regional differences in bone collagen δ13C and δ15N of Pleistocene mammoths: Implications for paleoecology of the mammoth steppe"
7793:
1140:
2747:"A New Species of Pinus Subgenus Pinus Subsection Contortae From Pliocene Sediments of Ch'Ijee's Bluff, Yukon Territory, Canada"
1321:
Goebel, Ted; Waters, Michael R.; O'Rourke, Dennis H. (2008). "The Late Pleistocene Dispersal of Modern Humans in the Americas".
776:
steppe-adapted large species such as saiga antelope, woolly mammoth, and caballid horses. Notable restricted fauna include the
3310:
1224:
686:) became extinct around 12,000–9,000 years ago due to human-related activities, climate change, or a combination of both. See
4490:"Mitochondrial Population Genomics Supports a Single Pre-Clovis Origin with a Coastal Route for the Peopling of the Americas"
1698:
Hopkins DM. 1967. Introduction. In: Hopkins DM, editor. The Bering land bridge. Stanford: Stanford University Press. pp. 1–6.
1606:"Post-glacial flooding of the Beringia Land Bridge dated to 11,000 cal yrs YBP based on new geophysical and sediment records"
1386:"Mitochondrial Population Genomics Supports a Single Pre-Clovis Origin with a Coastal Route for the Peopling of the Americas"
4031:
1109:, Alaska, in strata dated 810,000 YBP. Both discoveries point to the origin of these wolves in eastern Beringia during the
493:
YBP, which is consistent with evidence that glacial meltwater was the primary source for an abrupt rise in sea level 14,500
152:
It is believed that a small human population of at most a few thousand arrived in Beringia from eastern Siberia during the
7773:
7576:
6742:
5564:
5517:
3664:
Becerra-Valdivia, Lorena; Higham, Thomas (2020). "The timing and effect of the earliest human arrivals in North America".
1755:
Hultén E. 1937. Outline of the history of arctic and boreal biota during the Quaternary Period. New York: Lehre J. Cramer.
521:
232:
at the close of the nineteenth century indicated that a past land connection might lie beneath the shallow waters between
6238:
1977:; Rosenbloom, Nan (2010). "Influence of Bering Strait flow and North Atlantic circulation on glacial sea-level changes".
960:
955:, by 12,000 to 14,000 years ago. The earliest populations in the Americas, before roughly 10,000 years ago, are known as
7783:
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6430:
5423:
4801:
1555:
Elias, Scott A.; Short, Susan K.; Nelson, C. Hans; Birks, Hilary H. (1996). "Life and times of the Bering land bridge".
525:
3–5 °C (5–9 °F) degrees cooler than today, with variations of 2.9 °C (5.2 °F) degrees cooler on the
4788:
579:
7763:
7693:
6927:
6730:
5383:
687:
498:
6001:
3028:
Castro e Silva, Marcos Araújo; Ferraz, Tiago; Bortolini, Maria Cátira; Comas, David; Hünemeier, Tábita (2021-04-06).
2855:
Blinnikov, Mikhail S.; Gaglioti, Benjamin V.; Walker, Donald A.; Wooller, Matthew J.; Zazula, Grant D. (2011-10-01).
2079:
4136:
3282:
3015:
17.5-14.6 kya for the separation of Paleo Indian into North Native Americans (NNA) and South Native Americans (SNA).
1669:
Proceedings of the 15th International Ornithological Congress, The Hague, The Netherlands 30 August–5 September 1970
4032:"Scientists say they've confirmed evidence that humans arrived in the Americas far earlier than previously thought"
497:
YBP and the bridge was finally inundated around 11,000 YBP. The fossil evidence from many continents points to the
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7617:
5328:
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852:
237:
2383:"Faunal record identifies Bering isthmus conditions as constraint to end-Pleistocene migration to the New World"
2024:"Faunal record identifies Bering isthmus conditions as constraint to end-Pleistocene migration to the New World"
324:
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120:, that was up to 1,000 km (620 mi) wide at its greatest extent and which covered an area as large as
830:
432:
3715:
Gruhn, Ruth (22 July 2020). "Evidence grows that peopling of the Americas began more than 20,000 years ago".
1498:"The Phylogeny of the Four Pan-American MtDNA Haplogroups: Implications for Evolutionary and Disease Studies"
834:
Schematic illustration of maternal (mtDNA) gene-flow in and out of Beringia, from 25,000 years ago to present
612: YBP, as the warming provided increased forage for browsers and mixed feeders. At the beginning of the
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Siddall, M.; Rohling, E.J.; Almogi-Labin, A.; Hemleben, C.; Eischner, D.; Schmelzer, I; Smeed, D.A. (2003).
421:
34:
Beringia sea levels (blues) and land elevations (browns) measured in metres from 21,000 years ago to present
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1994:
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The precise date for the peopling of the Americas is a long-standing open question, and while advances in
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212:
24:
2657:"The unique genetic adaptation of the Himalayan wolf to high-altitudes and consequences for conservation"
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3030:"Deep genetic affinity between coastal Pacific and Amazonian natives evidenced by Australasian ancestry"
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19:
This article is about the prehistoric land mass. For the battle of World War I in Beringia, Darfur, see
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583:
Duration of snow cover in days, East Beringia, 20000 years ago. Chelsa Trace 21ka variable bio/scd 200.
469:, which occurred during the last years of the Pleistocene era. The Ice Age reached its peak during the
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2785:
1805:"Beringia as a glacial refugium for boreal trees and shrubs: New perspectives from mapped pollen data"
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CBC News: New map of Beringia 'opens your imagination' to what landscape looked like 18,000 years ago
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26.1-23-9 kya for the separation of the East Asian lineage of ANA from modern East Asian populations;
2955:
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2605:"Ancient DNA suggests modern wolves trace their origin to a late Pleistocene expansion from Beringia"
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4612:"On the Number of New World Founders: A Population Genetic Portrait of the Peopling of the Americas"
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1999:
1849:[Lowe JJ, Walker M. 1997 Reconstructing quaternary environments, 2nd edn. Harlow, UK: Prentice Hall.
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3900:"Scientists still are figuring out how to age the ancient footprints in White Sands National Park"
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around the world have emerged and disappeared in the same way. Around 14,000 years ago, mainland
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20:
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Jiang, Dechun; Klaus, Sebastian; Zhang, Ya-Ping; Hillis, David M; Li, Jia-Tang (15 March 2019).
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Hoffecker JF, Elias SA. 2007 Human ecology of Beringia. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
4401:"Asymmetric biotic interchange across the Bering land bridge between Eurasia and North America"
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are good examples of this, as very similar genera members are found in Asia and the Americas.
82:
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Wang, Sijia; Lewis, C. M. Jr.; Jakobsson, M.; Ramachandran, S.; Ray, N.; et al. (2007).
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4579:
4511:
4503:
4467:
4436:
4412:
4378:
4343:
4307:
4299:
4230:
4183:
3967:
3937:
3732:
3681:
3630:
3550:
3540:
3380:
3335:
3318:
3230:
3115:
3099:
3057:
3041:
2963:
2915:
2876:
2805:
2758:
2717:
2676:
2626:
2616:
2584:
2535:
2499:
2491:
2447:
2402:
2394:
2272:
2174:
2124:
2043:
2035:
2004:
1935:
1880:
1824:
1722:
1634:
1613:
1574:
1557:
1527:
1517:
1468:
1458:
1407:
1399:
1350:
1293:
1283:
763:
526:
221:
134:
121:
3311:"Terminal Pleistocene Alaskan genome reveals first founding population of Native Americans"
2944:"Terminal Pleistocene Alaskan genome reveals first founding population of Native Americans"
959:. Indigenous peoples of the Americas have been linked to Siberian populations by proposed
7513:
7483:
7372:
7340:
7315:
6964:
6937:
6932:
6895:
6846:
6616:
6344:
6302:
6135:
6130:
5949:
5910:
5900:
5858:
5795:
5790:
5768:
5748:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5706:
5459:
5429:
5370:
5193:
4762:
1915:
1102:
1047:
909:
888:
844:
791:
755:
605: YBP. These changes provided the most likely explanation for mammal migrations after
533:
In the Late Pleistocene, Beringia was a mosaic of biological communities. Commencing from
405:
397:
254:
193:
130:
50:
4755:
4692:
4575:
4226:
3874:
Resilient Cultures: America's Native Peoples Confront European Colonialization 1500-1800
3728:
3677:
3626:
3527:
Surovell, T. A.; Allaun, S. A.; Gingerich, J. A. M.; Graf, K. E.; Holmes, C. D. (2022).
3331:
3216:
3009:
25-20 kya for the admixture event of ANE and early East Asian lineages ancestral to ANA;
2959:
2872:
2801:
2713:
2672:
2580:
2531:
2487:
2443:
2120:
2107:; Mitrovica, J. X.; Hostetler, S. W.; McCabe, A. M. (2009). "The Last Glacial Maximum".
1990:
1931:
1876:
1820:
1570:
1513:
1454:
1336:
7538:
7528:
7379:
7320:
7200:
7154:
7100:
6997:
6880:
6777:
6688:
6359:
6217:
6207:
6098:
6031:
5885:
5880:
5811:
5640:
5625:
5391:
5111:
5065:
4640:
4611:
4516:
4489:
4441:
4400:
3555:
3528:
3120:
3087:
3062:
3012:
22.0-18.1 kya for the separation of Ancient Beringian from other Paleo-Indian lineages;
2903:
2631:
2604:
2407:
2382:
2178:
2048:
2023:
1532:
1497:
1473:
1436:
1412:
1385:
1298:
1269:
1155:
1135:
1001:
924:
728:
724:
509:
462:
441:
241:
177:
161:
7568:
4234:
3610:
3470:
2430:
Burns, J.A. (2010). "Mammalian faunal dynamics in Late Pleistocene, Alberta, Canada".
7752:
7345:
7310:
7276:
7271:
7251:
7226:
7058:
6959:
6922:
6868:
6856:
6822:
6631:
6626:
6594:
6579:
6517:
6411:
6334:
6292:
6287:
6212:
6195:
6164:
6108:
6083:
6061:
6056:
5996:
5986:
5927:
5711:
5694:
5408:
4946:
4941:
4931:
4926:
4656:
4355:
3987:
3752:
3701:
3650:
3394:
2276:
2196:
1828:
1804:
1274:
1089:
1066:
1018:
956:
917:
913:
617:
389:
361:
345:
109:
90:
78:
4599:
4319:
4285:"Phylogenetic Systematics of the North American Fossil Caninae (Carnivora: Canidae)"
3283:"In the Bones of a Buried Child, Signs of a Massive Human Migration to the Americas"
3250:
3029:
2880:
2809:
2770:
2547:
1836:
1370:
7303:
7159:
7105:
7063:
7053:
7031:
7026:
6900:
6651:
6641:
6636:
6507:
6502:
6339:
6324:
6314:
6228:
6154:
6149:
6140:
6115:
5890:
5753:
5689:
5592:
5511:
5464:
5198:
5173:
4984:
4979:
4616:
3355:
2983:
2144:
1955:
1900:
1803:
Brubaker, Linda B.; Anderson, Patricia; Edwards, Mary E.; Anatoly, Lozhkin (2005).
1742:
1586:
1057:
evidence demonstrates previous connections between North America and Asia. Similar
1054:
997:
781:
357:
245:
181:
3971:
4700:
4630:
4560:
Hoffecker, JF; Elias, SA; O'Rourke, DH (2014). "Anthropology. Out of Beringia?".
4534:
4137:"Arctic dinosaur may have crossed between Asia and America to dominate the north"
4009:. Garland reference library of the humanities. Vol. 1537. pp. 682–683.
3804:
50 Great Myths of Human Evolution: Understanding Misconceptions about Our Origins
3545:
2831:
2588:
2495:
2451:
2076:"IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2007 – Palaeoclimatic Perspective"
1522:
1463:
1288:
587:
Analysis at Chukotka on the Siberian edge of the land bridge indicated that from
7714:
7659:
7557:
7433:
7231:
7134:
7068:
7004:
6982:
6949:
6905:
6885:
6762:
6705:
6700:
6661:
6493:
6483:
6365:
6297:
6281:
6036:
5976:
5848:
5758:
5699:
5652:
5630:
5365:
5333:
5323:
4370:
4347:
3278:
2681:
2656:
1165:
1083:
1071:
986:
982:
964:
892:
812:
623:
373:
365:
259:
201:
189:
113:
70:
62:
4507:
3736:
3475:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3148:"What Happens When an Archaeologist Challenges Mainstream Scientific Thinking?"
3103:
1403:
1004:
represents the earliest human presence in the Americas about 13,000 years ago.
767:
has been described from Pliocene sediments in the Yukon areas of the refugium.
7677:
7463:
7110:
6807:
6797:
6678:
6606:
6599:
6527:
6473:
6202:
6174:
6011:
5868:
5743:
5403:
5313:
5293:
5143:
4871:
4866:
4770:
includes animation showing the gradual disappearance of the Bering land bridge
3857:
3822:
3787:
3685:
3634:
2943:
921:
800:
381:
369:
274:
229:
74:
42:
4745:
4740:
4432:
4424:
4242:
4195:
3979:
3111:
3053:
2927:
2888:
2817:
1789:
23:. For modern proposals to construct a connection over the Bering Strait, see
7719:
7654:
7288:
7221:
7191:
7186:
7164:
7124:
7083:
6974:
6915:
6834:
6817:
6621:
6589:
6380:
6046:
6026:
6021:
5954:
5944:
5895:
5805:
5778:
5738:
5674:
5580:
5474:
5443:
5338:
5288:
5208:
5203:
5148:
5081:
4824:
4583:
4161:
3234:
3045:
2128:
1884:
1354:
1254:
1106:
940:
818:
699:
474:
401:
377:
353:
341:
225:
4708:
4649:
4591:
4525:
4450:
4258:
4113:"Fig. 1. Biogeographic connections of the Beringian region through time..."
3744:
3693:
3642:
3564:
3347:
3242:
3129:
3071:
2975:
2731:
2640:
2416:
2398:
2136:
2057:
2039:
1947:
1892:
1734:
1541:
1482:
1421:
1362:
1307:
851:(dubbed USR1), dated to 11,500 years ago. The AB lineage diverged from the
485:
YBP. Deglaciation commenced in the Northern Hemisphere approximately 19,000
317: YBP, followed by a Holocene sea-level rise that reopened the strait.
4724:
4382:
3385:
41:
is defined today as the land and maritime area bounded on the west by the
7488:
7473:
7453:
7418:
7357:
6944:
6666:
6498:
6461:
6439:
6277:
6224:
6145:
6016:
5679:
5635:
5620:
5398:
5188:
5163:
5153:
5116:
5101:
5086:
5076:
4999:
4994:
4607:
4416:
4086:
3578:
3576:
3574:
3088:"Reconstructing the Deep Population History of Central and South America"
1973:; Waelbroeck, Claire; Han, Weiqing; Loutre, Marie-France; Lambeck, Kurt;
1441:
1193:
1058:
972:
952:
806:
786:
732:
613:
385:
4250:
3942:
3925:
3611:"Evidence of human occupation in Mexico around the Last Glacial Maximum"
3339:
2967:
1939:
875:
Map showing the approximate location of the ice-free corridor along the
16:
Geographical region of Asia and North America currently partly submerged
7533:
7508:
7503:
7478:
7458:
7443:
7384:
7293:
7261:
7236:
7181:
7095:
6992:
6683:
6611:
6466:
6319:
6272:
6267:
6180:
6125:
6103:
6006:
5647:
5418:
5413:
5178:
5158:
5138:
5106:
5096:
5029:
5024:
5014:
5009:
4210:
3924:
Somerville, Andrew D.; Casar, Isabel; Arroyo-Cabrales, JoaquĂn (2021).
2503:
1726:
1618:
1605:
1077:
989:
932:
736:
720:
409:
197:
185:
125:
4793:
2722:
2697:
2621:
2539:
947:(26,000 to 19,000 years ago). These populations expanded south of the
7523:
7428:
7409:
7399:
7335:
7266:
7246:
7241:
7196:
6851:
6802:
6787:
6671:
6656:
6646:
6574:
6375:
6329:
6190:
5821:
5684:
5669:
5449:
5218:
4916:
4911:
4856:
4851:
4311:
4221:(6). Scientific American, a division of Nature America, Inc.: 84–91.
3464:
3462:
2919:
2103:
Clark, P. U.; Dyke, A. S.; Shakun, J. D.; Carlson, A. E.; Clark, J.;
1578:
936:
816:
being disputed in Late Pleistocene Siberia. The lack of mastodon and
740:
712:
708:
553:
417:
349:
233:
98:
86:
54:
46:
3585:"New Evidence Complicates the Story of the Peopling of the Americas"
3411:
The Emergence of Humans: An Exploration of the Evolutionary Timeline
2008:
1075:
was found in both Mongolia and western North America. Relatives of
2762:
1046:
Map shows the connection between North America and Asia during the
7550:
7543:
7518:
7498:
7493:
7468:
7448:
7283:
7256:
7171:
7149:
7090:
6873:
6456:
6446:
5843:
5657:
5549:
5223:
4828:
4303:
2832:"Beringia: Lost World of the Ice Age (U.S. National Park Service)"
2746:
1041:
870:
829:
795:
744:
716:
673:
622:
578:
569:
561:
545:
431:
323:
265:
211:
94:
29:
4174:
Fiorillo, Anthony R. (2014-05-05). "Dinosaurs of Arctic Alaska".
3196:"The Late Pleistocene dispersal of modern humans in the Americas"
7078:
7019:
6757:
6309:
5584:
4886:
4881:
4661:
After the Ice Age: The Return of Life to Glaciated North America
4162:
SAUROLOPHUS OSBORNI. The World of Dinosaurs: An Illustrated Tour
1270:"Genetic Variation and Population Structure in Native Americans"
1062:
704:
413:
7572:
5553:
4797:
454:, commonly referred to as the "Ice Age", spanned 125,000–14,500
4283:
Tedford, Richard H.; Wang, Xiaoming; Taylor, Beryl E. (2009).
976:
458:
4473:
Floating Coast: An Environmental History of the Bering Strait
3309:
Moreno-Mayar, JV; Potter, BA; Vinner, L; et al. (2018).
3194:
Goebel, Ted; Waters, Michael R.; O'Rourke, Dennis H. (2008).
1437:"Beringian Standstill and Spread of Native American Founders"
1009:
human arrival in the Americas may have occurred prior to the
4082:"Ancient land of 'Beringia' gets protection from US, Russia"
2171:
Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences
4773:
4750:
4007:
Archaeology of Prehistoric Native America: An Encyclopedia
2857:"Pleistocene graminoid-dominated ecosystems in the Arctic"
1496:
Achilli, A.; et al. (2008). MacAulay, Vincent (ed.).
3002:
Confidence intervals given in Moreno-Mayar et al. (2018):
340:, enough of the Earth's water became frozen in the great
2387:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
2074:
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (UN) (2007).
2028:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1246:
847:
lineage, based on the genome of an infant found at the
4394:
4392:
4182:(2s). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 54–61.
257:
in the east. The distribution of plants in the genera
4164:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 218-219.
1916:"Sealevel fluctuations during the last glacial cycle"
2784:
Stuart, Anthony J.; Lister, Adrian M. (2012-09-19).
2745:
McKown, A.D.; Stockey, R.A.; Schweger, C.E. (2002).
1715:
Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews
1435:
Tamm, Erika; et al. (2007). Carter, Dee (ed.).
887:
ice sheets. Also indicated are the locations of the
7728:
7702:
7686:
7670:
7647:
7631:
7610:
6973:
6526:
6358:
6173:
5804:
5591:
1861:"The Phanerozoic record of global sea-level change"
321:has continued to raise some sections of the coast.
4292:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
3408:Ash, Patricia J. & Robinson, David J. (2011).
859:(~35%) lineages, consistent with the model of the
360:shallow seas were exposed, including those of the
3504:The Oxford Handbook of North American Archaeology
3496:"Early Paleoindians, from Colonization to Folsom"
2568:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
2262:"GLACIATIONS Late Pleistocene Events in Beringia"
4746:International National Park in the Bering Strait
2307:
2305:
2303:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1598:
1596:
780:in Siberia (which went no further east than the
489:YBP and in Antarctica approximately 14,500 years
356:. For thousands of years the sea floors of many
6753:Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows
4107:
4105:
4103:
4101:
3839:21st Century Anthropology: A Reference Handbook
3034:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2954:(7687), Macmillan Publishers Limited: 203–207,
1017:Around 3,000 years ago, the progenitors of the
1006:Evidence of pre-Clovis cultures has accumulated
180:in 1937, from the Danish-born Russian explorer
4278:
4276:
4274:
3871:John E Kicza; Rebecca Horn (3 November 2016).
2319:
2317:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2234:
758:populations across Eurasia and North America.
739:) was colder and drier than eastern Beringia (
184:. During the ice ages, Beringia, like most of
85:and Kamchatka Peninsulas in Russia as well as
7584:
6748:Lower Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests
5565:
4809:
3769:Deep Ancestry: Inside the Genographic Project
3529:"Late Date of human arrival to North America"
3167:Fagan, Brian M. & Durrani, Nadia (2016).
2696:Schweizer, Rena M.; Wayne, Robert K. (2020).
951:and spread rapidly southward, occupying both
8:
4784:Study suggests 20000 year hiatus in Beringia
4779:Paleoenvironments and Glaciation in Beringia
4663:(Chicago: University of Chicago Press) 1992
4533:Hoffecker, John F.; Elias, Scott A. (2007).
3772:. National Geographic Books. pp. 222–.
2942:Meltzer, David J.; Willerslev, Eske (2018),
2698:"Illuminating the mysteries of wolf history"
2224:
2222:
2220:
2098:
2096:
1384:Fagundes, Nelson J. R.; et al. (2008).
631:The latest emergence of the land bridge was
21:Invasion of Darfur § Battle of Beringia
3506:. Oxford University Press. pp. 86–95.
2337:
2335:
2069:
2067:
481:YBP and reached their maximum limits 26,500
295: YBP, an intermittent connection from
7591:
7577:
7569:
5572:
5558:
5550:
5257:
5252:
5052:
5047:
4969:
4964:
4841:
4836:
4816:
4802:
4794:
4188:10.1038/scientificamericandinosaurs0514-54
3369:Núñez Castillo, Mélida Inés (2021-12-20).
1633:John F. Hoffecker; Scott A. Elias (2007).
1101:specimen was a fossil tooth discovered at
4639:
4629:
4515:
4440:
3941:
3554:
3544:
3384:
3224:
3119:
3061:
2721:
2680:
2630:
2620:
2406:
2160:"Late Pleistocene Megafaunal Extinctions"
2047:
1998:
1617:
1531:
1521:
1472:
1462:
1411:
1344:
1297:
1287:
216:Bering land bridge – Wisconsin glaciation
3807:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 192–.
1639:. Columbia University Press. p. 3.
1187:
1185:
931:, which had formed between northeastern
810:in North America, with the existence of
747:), which was more ecologically diverse.
508:During the Ice Age a vast, cold and dry
224:mammals that had been discovered on the
2751:International Journal of Plant Sciences
1181:
505:, near the end of the last glaciation.
436:Beringia precipitation 22,000 years ago
3801:John H. Relethford (17 January 2017).
3170:World Prehistory: A Brief Introduction
2078:. The Nobel Foundation. Archived from
4768:Paleoenvironmental atlas of Beringia:
4005:. In Guy Gibbon; et al. (eds.).
65:; and on the south by the tip of the
7:
7116:Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert
4751:Bering Land Bridge National Preserve
4080:Llanos, Miguel (21 September 2012).
1024:Bering Land Bridge National Preserve
750:Grey wolves suffered a species-wide
698:Beringia constantly transformed its
332:caused a much lower global sea level
104:The area includes land lying on the
6391:Northern Triangle temperate forests
4756:D.K. Jordan, "Prehistoric Beringia"
3898:Baisas, Laura (November 16, 2022).
3836:H. James Birx, ed. (10 June 2010).
3445:. A&C Black. pp. 101–103.
1192:Shared Beringian Heritage Program.
735:demonstrate that western Beringia (
176:was coined by the Swedish botanist
4774:Yukon Beringia Interpretive Centre
4495:American Journal of Human Genetics
2269:Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science
2179:10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.10283-0
2173:, pp. 3202–17). pp. 700–712.
2167:Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science
2158:Elias, S.A.; Schreve, D. (2016) .
1391:American Journal of Human Genetics
1223:. virtualmuseum.ca. Archived from
1171:Yukon Beringia Interpretive Centre
1028:Cape Krusenstern National Monument
14:
4741:Shared Beringian Heritage Program
4371:"How primates crossed continents"
4235:10.1038/scientificamerican1204-84
2561:Szpak, Paul; et al. (2010).
7789:Natural history of North America
5528:
5527:
5505:
5023:
5008:
4993:
4978:
4940:
4925:
4910:
4895:
4880:
4865:
4850:
4723:
4211:"The Dinosaurs of Arctic Alaska"
1829:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2004.01203.x
1141:Little John (archeological site)
112:. At various times, it formed a
5351:Possible future supercontinents
4677:(2014). "Welcome to Beringia".
3966:(1). Informa UK Limited: 1–16.
2881:10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.07.002
2810:10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.06.007
2661:Global Ecology and Conservation
1610:Climate of the Past Discussions
1202:U.S. Department of the Interior
5916:Mongolian–Manchurian grassland
5719:Mongolian–Manchurian grassland
4476:. W. W. Norton & Company.
4369:Marris, Emma (March 3, 2008).
4001:Bryant, Vaughn M. Jr. (1998).
2277:10.1016/B0-44-452747-8/00132-0
826:Human habitation and migration
306: YBP, a land bridge from
284: YBP, a land bridge from
108:and Siberian land east of the
1:
6743:Meghalaya subtropical forests
4539:. Columbia University Press.
4209:Fiorillo, Anthony R. (2004).
4056:"A Study of the Yupik People"
3972:10.1080/20555563.2021.1940441
3583:Yasinski, Emma (2022-05-02).
1969:Hu, Aixue; Meehl, Gerald A.;
1672:. Brill Archive. p. 33.
665:
658:
639:
632:
606:
599:
588:
534:
307:
296:
285:
5129:Other prehistoric continents
4701:10.1126/science.343.6174.961
4631:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030193
3546:10.1371/journal.pone.0264092
3442:The Incredible Human Journey
2589:10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.12.009
2496:10.1016/j.quaint.2013.04.023
2452:10.1016/j.quaint.2009.08.003
1666:Karel Hendrik Voous (1973).
1523:10.1371/journal.pone.0001764
1464:10.1371/journal.pone.0000829
1289:10.1371/journal.pgen.0030185
160:sometime after 16,500 years
137:of St. Paul and St. George,
6928:Andaman and Nicobar Islands
4385:– via www.nature.com.
4348:10.1016/j.yqres.2012.09.003
4135:Hunt, Katie (May 6, 2020).
3494:Waguespack, Nicole (2012).
2682:10.1016/j.gecco.2018.e00455
1013:more than 20,000 years ago.
688:Quaternary extinction event
477:began advancing from 33,000
7830:
4508:10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.11.013
4030:Hunt, Katie (2023-10-05).
3737:10.1038/d41586-020-02137-3
3471:"Peopling of the Americas"
3173:. Routledge. p. 124.
3104:10.1016/j.cell.2018.10.027
2861:Quaternary Science Reviews
2790:Quaternary Science Reviews
1404:10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.11.013
1215:Dr Barbara Winter (2005).
439:
158:settlement of the Americas
156:before expanding into the
18:
7804:Natural history of Russia
7623:Seychelles Microcontinent
5497:
5255:
5251:
5050:
5046:
4967:
4963:
4839:
4835:
4536:Human ecology of Beringia
3877:(2 ed.). Routledge.
3686:10.1038/s41586-020-2491-6
3635:10.1038/s41586-020-2509-0
1636:Human Ecology of Beringia
1217:"A Journey to a New Land"
1030:in the United States and
853:Ancestral Native American
761:The extinct pine species
638:years ago. However, from
501:of large animals, termed
404:, and the dry bed of the
7814:Regions of North America
7799:Prehistory of the Arctic
7042:Greater and Lesser Tunbs
6239:Okhotsk–Manchurian taiga
5538:Chronology of continents
3930:Latin American Antiquity
2476:Quaternary International
2432:Quaternary International
1771:(Phrymaceae) From China"
1161:Peopling of the Americas
903:peopling of the Americas
863:via Beringia during the
861:peopling of the Americas
627:Beringia, 8000 years ago
461:and was the most recent
396:via the dry beds of the
7794:Natural history of Asia
4584:10.1126/science.1250768
4405:National Science Review
3439:Roberts, Alice (2010).
3235:10.1126/science.1153569
3046:10.1073/pnas.2025739118
2520:Journal of Biogeography
2129:10.1126/science.1172873
1971:Otto-Bliesner, Bette L.
1885:10.1126/science.1116412
1809:Journal of Biogeography
1355:10.1126/science.1153569
953:North and South America
939:due to the lowering of
707:and drainage patterns.
392:became an extension of
202:snowfall was very light
7299:Anti-Lebanon Mountains
6738:Western Coastal Plains
6726:Eastern Coastal Plains
6452:Philippine Archipelago
6431:Indonesian Archipelago
6079:Central Mountain Range
6002:Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau
5832:Northeastern Japan Arc
5299:Great Australian Bight
3766:Spencer Wells (2006).
3589:The Scientist Magazine
2399:10.1098/rspb.2013.2167
2040:10.1098/rspb.2013.2167
1131:Bering Strait crossing
1061:fossils occur both in
1051:
1032:Beringia National Park
963:, the distribution of
896:
857:Ancient North Eurasian
835:
695:
628:
584:
437:
368:to the north, and the
333:
217:
35:
25:Bering Strait crossing
7177:Eastern Mediterranean
6891:Trans-Karakoram Tract
6417:Greater Sunda Islands
5906:Northeast China Plain
5784:Trans-Karakoram Tract
5616:Greater Middle East
4383:10.1038/news.2008.637
4094:on 23 September 2012.
3842:. SAGE Publications.
3416:John Wiley & Sons
3386:10.53846/goediss-9012
1765:Nesom, G. L. (2011).
1198:National Park Service
1045:
994:physical anthropology
874:
849:Upward Sun River site
833:
756:Late Pleistocene wolf
752:population bottleneck
677:
655:Cordilleran Ice Sheet
626:
582:
503:Pleistocene megafauna
435:
327:
251:Verkhoyansk Mountains
215:
49:; on the east by the
33:
7774:Last Glacial Maximum
7600:Submerged continents
6773:Little Rann of Kutch
6422:Lesser Sunda Islands
5874:Greater Central Asia
5827:Japanese Archipelago
5523:Continental fragment
5518:Regions of the world
4732:at Wikimedia Commons
4334:Territory, Canada".
3098:(5): 1185–1197.e22.
1094:all came from Asia.
1038:Previous connections
1011:Last Glacial Maximum
949:Laurentide Ice Sheet
945:Last Glacial Maximum
929:Beringia land bridge
865:Last Glacial Maximum
651:Laurentide Ice Sheet
518:Wisconsin glaciation
471:Last Glacial Maximum
446:Asa Gray disjunction
372:to the south. Other
319:Post-glacial rebound
154:Last Glacial Maximum
106:North American Plate
7784:Paleo-Indian period
7710:Dampier Archipelago
6979:(not to be confused
6768:Great Rann of Kutch
6721:Indo-Gangetic Plain
6716:Indus Valley Desert
6585:Indian subcontinent
6407:Peninsular Malaysia
6254:Kamchatka Peninsula
5837:Sakhalin Island Arc
5480:Indian Subcontinent
5270:Submerged continent
4693:2014Sci...343..961P
4576:2014Sci...343..979H
4336:Quaternary Research
4227:2004SciAm.291f..84F
4215:Scientific American
4176:Scientific American
3943:10.1017/laq.2021.26
3729:2020Natur.584...47G
3678:2020Natur.584...93B
3627:2020Natur.584...87A
3500:Timothy R. Pauketat
3469:Null (2022-06-27).
3340:10.1038/nature25173
3332:2018Natur.553..203M
3281:(January 3, 2018).
3217:2008Sci...319.1497G
3211:(5869): 1497–1502.
2968:10.1038/nature25173
2960:2018Natur.553..203M
2873:2011QSRv...30.2906B
2802:2012QSRv...51....1S
2714:2020MolEc..29.1589S
2673:2018GEcoC..1600455W
2581:2010PPP...286...88S
2532:2016JBiog..43.1728K
2488:2013QuInt.299...94R
2444:2010QuInt.217...37B
2121:2009Sci...325..710C
1991:2010NatGe...3..118H
1975:Mitrovica, Jerry X.
1940:10.1038/nature01690
1932:2003Natur.423..853S
1877:2005Sci...310.1293M
1821:2005JBiog..32..833B
1571:1996Natur.382...60E
1514:2008PLoSO...3.1764A
1455:2007PLoSO...2..829T
1337:2008Sci...319.1497G
1331:(5869): 1497–1502.
1194:"What is Beringia?"
1151:Last glacial period
1146:Geologic time scale
969:genetic composition
895:Paleo-Indian sites.
692:Holocene extinction
522:ecological refugium
512:stretched from the
452:last glacial period
380:was linked to both
352:to cause a drop in
338:last glacial period
330:Last Glacial Period
253:in the west to the
228:and islands in the
139:St. Lawrence Island
116:referred to as the
67:Kamchatka Peninsula
7764:Historical geology
7405:Absheron Peninsula
7363:Caucasus Mountains
7353:Armenian Highlands
7331:Iranian Azerbaijan
7217:Jordan Rift Valley
6830:High-mountain Asia
6386:Mainland/Indochina
6074:Hamgyong Mountains
5992:Northern Silk Road
5970:Hengduan Mountains
5940:High-mountain Asia
5935:Liaodong Peninsula
5261:
5056:
4973:
4845:
4761:2008-12-25 at the
4730:Bering Land Bridge
4417:10.1093/nsr/nwz035
3379:(doctoralThesis).
3288:The New York Times
2393:(1776): 20132167.
2258:Brigham-Grette, J.
2034:(1776): 20132167.
1767:"A New Species of
1727:10.1002/evan.21478
1619:10.5194/cp-2017-11
1119:saber-toothed cats
1111:Middle Pleistocene
1052:
961:linguistic factors
897:
877:Continental Divide
836:
711:remains show that
696:
629:
585:
438:
394:continental Europe
334:
218:
143:St. Matthew Island
118:Bering land bridge
69:. It includes the
57:; on the north by
36:
7746:
7745:
7639:Kerguelen Plateau
7566:
7565:
7145:Lower Mesopotamia
7140:Upper Mesopotamia
7074:Arabian Peninsula
7010:Mediterranean Sea
6911:Laccadive Islands
6840:Saltoro Mountains
6711:Indus River Delta
6402:Malay Archipelago
6249:Chukchi Peninsula
6121:Pearl River Delta
6094:Leizhou Peninsula
5982:Qinling Mountains
5923:North China Plain
5864:Mongolian Plateau
5854:Taklamakan Desert
5774:Taklamakan Desert
5764:Mongolian Plateau
5611:Roof of the World
5547:
5546:
5493:
5492:
5488:
5487:
5309:Kerguelen Plateau
5247:
5246:
5242:
5241:
5042:
5041:
5037:
5036:
4959:
4958:
4954:
4953:
4789:The Fertile Shore
4728:Media related to
4669:978-0-226-66812-3
4546:978-0-231-13060-8
4482:978-0-393-35832-2
4468:Demuth, Bathsheba
4160:Norell, M. 2019.
4016:978-0-8153-0725-9
3884:978-1-315-50987-7
3849:978-1-4522-6630-5
3814:978-0-470-67391-1
3779:978-0-7922-6215-2
3513:978-0-19-538011-8
3452:978-1-4088-1091-0
3425:978-1-119-96424-7
3326:(7687): 203–207.
3180:978-1-317-34244-1
3146:(March 8, 2017).
2908:Environmental DNA
2867:(21): 2906–2929.
2723:10.1111/MEC.15438
2702:Molecular Ecology
2622:10.1111/mec.15329
2609:Molecular Ecology
2540:10.1111/jbi.12765
2188:978-0-12-409548-9
1979:Nature Geoscience
1871:(5752): 1293–98.
1679:978-90-04-03551-5
1646:978-0-231-13060-8
879:, separating the
841:Ancient Beringian
684:American mastodon
680:Mammut americanum
7821:
7759:1930s neologisms
7730:Transcontinental
7593:
7586:
7579:
7570:
7424:Taurus Mountains
7395:Lankaran Lowland
7390:Kur-Araz Lowland
7368:Greater Caucasus
7326:Fertile Crescent
7207:Palestine region
7130:Tigris–Euphrates
7049:Al-Faw Peninsula
7037:Strait of Hormuz
7015:Zagros Mountains
6986:
6864:Gulf of Khambhat
6813:Gilgit-Baltistan
6793:False Divi Point
6783:Coromandel Coast
6694:Pir Panjal Range
6539:
6479:Gulf of Thailand
6369:
6234:Russian Far East
6184:
6089:Suzuka Mountains
5965:Qilian Mountains
5960:Kunlun Mountains
5815:
5665:Greater Khorasan
5604:
5574:
5567:
5560:
5551:
5531:
5530:
5512:World portal
5510:
5509:
5447:
5396:
5353:
5281:
5258:
5253:
5131:
5069:
5053:
5048:
5027:
5012:
4997:
4982:
4970:
4965:
4944:
4929:
4914:
4899:
4884:
4869:
4854:
4842:
4837:
4818:
4811:
4804:
4795:
4727:
4712:
4687:(6174): 961–63.
4675:Pringle, Heather
4653:
4643:
4633:
4603:
4570:(6174): 979–80.
4556:
4554:
4553:
4529:
4519:
4455:
4454:
4444:
4396:
4387:
4386:
4366:
4360:
4359:
4330:
4324:
4323:
4289:
4280:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4265:
4206:
4200:
4199:
4171:
4165:
4158:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4147:
4132:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4122:
4109:
4096:
4095:
4090:. Archived from
4077:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4066:
4052:
4046:
4045:
4043:
4042:
4027:
4021:
4020:
3998:
3992:
3991:
3954:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3921:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3910:
3895:
3889:
3888:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3833:
3827:
3826:
3798:
3792:
3791:
3763:
3757:
3756:
3712:
3706:
3705:
3661:
3655:
3654:
3605:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3595:
3580:
3569:
3568:
3558:
3548:
3524:
3518:
3517:
3491:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3481:
3466:
3457:
3456:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3405:
3399:
3398:
3388:
3366:
3360:
3359:
3315:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3275:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3259:
3253:. Archived from
3228:
3200:
3191:
3185:
3184:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3144:Pringle, Heather
3140:
3134:
3133:
3123:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3065:
3025:
3019:
3000:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2920:10.1002/edn3.336
2914:(6): 1265–1283.
2899:
2893:
2892:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2725:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2634:
2624:
2615:(9): 1596–1610.
2599:
2593:
2592:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2471:
2465:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2410:
2378:
2372:
2368:
2362:
2359:
2353:
2349:
2343:
2339:
2330:
2324:Brigham-Grette J
2321:
2312:
2309:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2271:. p. 1057.
2266:
2253:
2247:
2244:
2229:
2226:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2205:
2199:. Archived from
2164:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2115:(5941): 710–14.
2100:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2071:
2062:
2061:
2051:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2002:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1926:(6942): 853–58.
1911:
1905:
1904:
1856:
1850:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1775:
1762:
1756:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1710:
1699:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1686:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1653:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1600:
1591:
1590:
1579:10.1038/382060a0
1552:
1546:
1545:
1535:
1525:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1476:
1466:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1415:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1348:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1301:
1291:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1227:on 28 April 2015
1212:
1206:
1205:
1189:
1050:period (~80Ma).
971:as reflected by
910:hunter-gatherers
843:(AB) is a human
764:Pinus matthewsii
670:
667:
663:
660:
648:
644:
641:
637:
634:
611:
608:
604:
601:
597:
593:
590:
539:
536:
527:Seward Peninsula
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
457:
316:
312:
309:
305:
301:
298:
294:
290:
287:
283:
279:
222:Late Pleistocene
135:Pribilof Islands
122:British Columbia
61:latitude in the
7829:
7828:
7824:
7823:
7822:
7820:
7819:
7818:
7749:
7748:
7747:
7742:
7724:
7698:
7682:
7666:
7643:
7627:
7606:
7597:
7567:
7562:
7373:Lesser Caucasus
7341:Iranian Plateau
7316:Sinai Peninsula
6980:
6978:
6977:
6969:
6965:Tibetan Plateau
6938:Nicobar Islands
6933:Andaman Islands
6896:Wakhan Corridor
6847:Siachen Glacier
6617:Carnatic region
6535:
6531:
6530:
6522:
6363:
6362:
6354:
6345:Outer Manchuria
6178:
6177:
6169:
6136:Wakhan Corridor
6131:Altai Mountains
5950:Tibetan Plateau
5911:Outer Manchuria
5901:Northeast China
5859:Greater Khingan
5809:
5808:
5800:
5796:Tibetan Plateau
5791:Siachen Glacier
5769:Western Regions
5749:Wakhan Corridor
5734:Pamir Mountains
5729:Altai Mountains
5724:Iranian Plateau
5707:Eurasian Steppe
5596:
5595:
5587:
5578:
5548:
5543:
5542:
5504:
5489:
5484:
5470:Eastern Siberia
5460:Central America
5448:
5441:
5435:
5430:Terra Australis
5397:
5381:
5375:
5371:Pangaea Proxima
5354:
5349:
5343:
5282:
5278:microcontinents
5267:
5243:
5238:
5184:East Antarctica
5132:
5127:
5121:
5070:
5066:supercontinents
5062:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5018:
5013:
5003:
4998:
4988:
4983:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4935:
4930:
4920:
4915:
4905:
4900:
4890:
4885:
4875:
4870:
4860:
4855:
4831:
4822:
4763:Wayback Machine
4720:
4715:
4673:
4606:
4559:
4551:
4549:
4547:
4532:
4487:
4463:
4461:Further reading
4458:
4398:
4397:
4390:
4368:
4367:
4363:
4332:
4331:
4327:
4287:
4282:
4281:
4272:
4263:
4261:
4208:
4207:
4203:
4173:
4172:
4168:
4159:
4155:
4145:
4143:
4134:
4133:
4129:
4120:
4118:
4111:
4110:
4099:
4079:
4078:
4074:
4064:
4062:
4054:
4053:
4049:
4040:
4038:
4029:
4028:
4024:
4017:
4000:
3999:
3995:
3956:
3955:
3951:
3923:
3922:
3918:
3908:
3906:
3904:Popular Science
3897:
3896:
3892:
3885:
3870:
3869:
3865:
3850:
3835:
3834:
3830:
3815:
3800:
3799:
3795:
3780:
3765:
3764:
3760:
3723:(7819): 47–48.
3714:
3713:
3709:
3672:(7819): 93–97.
3663:
3662:
3658:
3621:(7819): 87–92.
3607:
3606:
3602:
3593:
3591:
3582:
3581:
3572:
3539:(4): e0264092.
3526:
3525:
3521:
3514:
3493:
3492:
3488:
3479:
3477:
3468:
3467:
3460:
3453:
3438:
3437:
3433:
3426:
3418:. p. 289.
3407:
3406:
3402:
3368:
3367:
3363:
3313:
3308:
3307:
3303:
3293:
3291:
3277:
3276:
3272:
3263:
3261:
3257:
3226:10.1.1.398.9315
3198:
3193:
3192:
3188:
3181:
3166:
3165:
3161:
3142:
3141:
3137:
3084:
3083:
3079:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3001:
2997:
2988:
2986:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2854:
2853:
2849:
2840:
2838:
2830:
2829:
2825:
2783:
2782:
2778:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2463:
2459:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2369:
2365:
2360:
2356:
2350:
2346:
2340:
2333:
2322:
2315:
2310:
2301:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2264:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2232:
2227:
2218:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2189:
2162:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2102:
2101:
2094:
2085:
2083:
2073:
2072:
2065:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2009:10.1038/ngeo729
2000:10.1.1.391.8727
1968:
1967:
1963:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1773:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1712:
1711:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1602:
1601:
1594:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1346:10.1.1.398.9315
1320:
1319:
1315:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1230:
1228:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1191:
1190:
1183:
1179:
1127:
1103:Old Crow, Yukon
1069:. The dinosaur
1055:Biogeographical
1048:Late Cretaceous
1040:
1015:
1014:
869:
868:
828:
792:American badger
773:
668:
661:
653:fused with the
646:
642:
635:
609:
602:
595:
591:
560:) forests with
537:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
467:current ice age
455:
448:
430:
406:South China Sea
398:English Channel
314:
310:
303:
299:
292:
288:
281:
277:
255:Mackenzie River
220:The remains of
210:
194:Northeast China
170:
131:Diomede Islands
51:Mackenzie River
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7827:
7825:
7817:
7816:
7811:
7806:
7801:
7796:
7791:
7786:
7781:
7776:
7771:
7766:
7761:
7751:
7750:
7744:
7743:
7741:
7740:
7734:
7732:
7726:
7725:
7723:
7722:
7717:
7712:
7706:
7704:
7700:
7699:
7697:
7696:
7690:
7688:
7684:
7683:
7681:
7680:
7674:
7672:
7668:
7667:
7665:
7664:
7663:
7662:
7651:
7649:
7645:
7644:
7642:
7641:
7635:
7633:
7629:
7628:
7626:
7625:
7620:
7614:
7612:
7608:
7607:
7598:
7596:
7595:
7588:
7581:
7573:
7564:
7563:
7561:
7560:
7555:
7554:
7553:
7548:
7547:
7546:
7539:Biga Peninsula
7536:
7531:
7526:
7521:
7516:
7511:
7506:
7501:
7496:
7491:
7486:
7481:
7476:
7471:
7466:
7461:
7456:
7451:
7446:
7441:
7436:
7431:
7426:
7416:
7415:
7414:
7413:
7412:
7407:
7402:
7397:
7392:
7387:
7380:South Caucasus
7377:
7376:
7375:
7370:
7355:
7350:
7349:
7348:
7338:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7321:Arabian Desert
7318:
7313:
7308:
7307:
7306:
7301:
7296:
7291:
7286:
7281:
7280:
7279:
7269:
7264:
7259:
7254:
7249:
7244:
7239:
7234:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7214:
7209:
7194:
7189:
7184:
7179:
7174:
7169:
7168:
7167:
7162:
7160:Akkad (region)
7157:
7155:Nineveh Plains
7152:
7147:
7142:
7132:
7127:
7122:
7121:
7120:
7119:
7118:
7113:
7103:
7101:Eastern Arabia
7098:
7093:
7088:
7087:
7086:
7071:
7066:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7045:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7024:
7023:
7022:
7012:
7007:
7002:
7001:
7000:
6998:Hanish Islands
6989:
6987:
6971:
6970:
6968:
6967:
6962:
6957:
6952:
6947:
6942:
6941:
6940:
6935:
6925:
6920:
6919:
6918:
6913:
6903:
6898:
6893:
6888:
6883:
6881:Gulf of Mannar
6878:
6877:
6876:
6866:
6861:
6860:
6859:
6849:
6844:
6843:
6842:
6832:
6827:
6826:
6825:
6820:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6778:Deccan Plateau
6775:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6734:
6733:
6723:
6718:
6713:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6697:
6696:
6691:
6689:Kashmir Valley
6681:
6676:
6675:
6674:
6669:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6603:
6602:
6597:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6571:
6570:
6565:
6564:
6563:
6553:
6542:
6540:
6524:
6523:
6521:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6470:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6449:
6444:
6443:
6442:
6428:
6427:
6426:
6425:
6424:
6419:
6409:
6395:
6394:
6393:
6383:
6378:
6372:
6370:
6356:
6355:
6353:
6352:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6332:
6327:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6306:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6259:
6258:
6257:
6256:
6251:
6241:
6236:
6222:
6221:
6220:
6218:Ural Mountains
6210:
6205:
6200:
6199:
6198:
6187:
6185:
6171:
6170:
6168:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6112:
6111:
6101:
6099:Gulf of Tonkin
6096:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6070:
6069:
6064:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5973:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5937:
5932:
5931:
5930:
5920:
5919:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5893:
5888:
5886:Outer Mongolia
5883:
5881:Inner Mongolia
5878:
5877:
5876:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5840:
5839:
5834:
5824:
5818:
5816:
5802:
5801:
5799:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5787:
5786:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5715:
5714:
5704:
5703:
5702:
5697:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5661:
5660:
5650:
5645:
5644:
5643:
5641:Sea of Galilee
5638:
5633:
5628:
5626:Aralkum Desert
5618:
5613:
5607:
5605:
5589:
5588:
5579:
5577:
5576:
5569:
5562:
5554:
5545:
5544:
5541:
5540:
5535:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5499:
5498:
5495:
5494:
5491:
5490:
5486:
5485:
5483:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5465:Eastern Africa
5462:
5457:
5452:
5438:
5436:
5434:
5433:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5378:
5376:
5374:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5346:
5344:
5342:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5264:
5262:
5256:
5249:
5248:
5245:
5244:
5240:
5239:
5237:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5124:
5122:
5120:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5059:
5057:
5051:
5044:
5043:
5040:
5039:
5035:
5034:
5021:
5019:
5006:
5004:
4991:
4989:
4976:
4974:
4968:
4961:
4960:
4957:
4956:
4952:
4951:
4938:
4936:
4923:
4921:
4908:
4906:
4893:
4891:
4878:
4876:
4863:
4861:
4848:
4846:
4840:
4833:
4832:
4823:
4821:
4820:
4813:
4806:
4798:
4792:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4765:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4719:
4718:External links
4716:
4714:
4713:
4671:
4654:
4604:
4557:
4545:
4530:
4485:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4456:
4411:(4): 739–745.
4388:
4361:
4325:
4270:
4201:
4166:
4153:
4127:
4097:
4072:
4047:
4022:
4015:
3993:
3949:
3936:(3): 612–626.
3916:
3890:
3883:
3863:
3848:
3828:
3813:
3793:
3778:
3758:
3707:
3656:
3600:
3570:
3519:
3512:
3486:
3458:
3451:
3431:
3424:
3400:
3361:
3301:
3270:
3186:
3179:
3159:
3135:
3077:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3003:
2995:
2933:
2894:
2847:
2823:
2776:
2763:10.1086/340425
2757:(4): 687–697.
2737:
2708:(9): 1589–91.
2688:
2646:
2594:
2575:(1–2): 88–96.
2553:
2509:
2466:
2457:
2438:(1–2): 37–42.
2422:
2373:
2363:
2354:
2344:
2331:
2313:
2299:
2285:
2248:
2230:
2216:
2187:
2150:
2092:
2063:
2014:
1961:
1906:
1851:
1842:
1795:
1757:
1748:
1700:
1691:
1678:
1658:
1645:
1625:
1592:
1547:
1488:
1427:
1376:
1313:
1260:
1238:
1207:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1156:Paleoshoreline
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1136:Bluefish Caves
1133:
1126:
1123:
1039:
1036:
1002:Clovis culture
975:data, such as
925:Mammoth steppe
899:
898:
845:archaeogenetic
838:
837:
827:
824:
798:-like equids,
787:Arctodus simus
772:
769:
729:woolly mammoth
725:stable isotope
649: YBP the
514:arctic islands
510:Mammoth steppe
463:glacial period
442:Mammoth steppe
429:
426:
278: 135,000
209:
206:
169:
166:
162:Before Present
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7826:
7815:
7812:
7810:
7807:
7805:
7802:
7800:
7797:
7795:
7792:
7790:
7787:
7785:
7782:
7780:
7777:
7775:
7772:
7770:
7767:
7765:
7762:
7760:
7757:
7756:
7754:
7739:
7736:
7735:
7733:
7731:
7727:
7721:
7718:
7716:
7713:
7711:
7708:
7707:
7705:
7701:
7695:
7692:
7691:
7689:
7687:North America
7685:
7679:
7676:
7675:
7673:
7669:
7661:
7658:
7657:
7656:
7653:
7652:
7650:
7646:
7640:
7637:
7636:
7634:
7630:
7624:
7621:
7619:
7616:
7615:
7613:
7609:
7605:
7601:
7594:
7589:
7587:
7582:
7580:
7575:
7574:
7571:
7559:
7556:
7552:
7549:
7545:
7542:
7541:
7540:
7537:
7535:
7532:
7530:
7527:
7525:
7522:
7520:
7517:
7515:
7512:
7510:
7507:
7505:
7502:
7500:
7497:
7495:
7492:
7490:
7487:
7485:
7482:
7480:
7477:
7475:
7472:
7470:
7467:
7465:
7462:
7460:
7457:
7455:
7452:
7450:
7447:
7445:
7442:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7427:
7425:
7422:
7421:
7420:
7417:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7403:
7401:
7398:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7382:
7381:
7378:
7374:
7371:
7369:
7366:
7365:
7364:
7361:
7360:
7359:
7356:
7354:
7351:
7347:
7346:Dasht-e Kavir
7344:
7343:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7329:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7311:Levantine Sea
7309:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7278:
7277:Aram-Naharaim
7275:
7274:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7252:Syrian Desert
7250:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7227:Golan Heights
7225:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7204:
7202:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7137:
7136:
7133:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7117:
7114:
7112:
7109:
7108:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7089:
7085:
7082:
7081:
7080:
7077:
7076:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7059:Gulf of Aqaba
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7029:
7028:
7025:
7021:
7018:
7017:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
6999:
6996:
6995:
6994:
6991:
6990:
6988:
6984:
6976:
6972:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6960:Tropical Asia
6958:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6943:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6930:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6923:Paropamisadae
6921:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6908:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6875:
6872:
6871:
6870:
6869:Gulf of Kutch
6867:
6865:
6862:
6858:
6857:Bay of Bengal
6855:
6854:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6841:
6838:
6837:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6824:
6823:Shigar Valley
6821:
6819:
6816:
6815:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6732:
6729:
6728:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6686:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6664:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6632:Eastern Ghats
6630:
6628:
6627:Western Ghats
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6595:Kangchenjunga
6593:
6592:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6580:Greater India
6578:
6576:
6573:
6569:
6566:
6562:
6559:
6558:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6548:
6547:
6544:
6543:
6541:
6537:
6529:
6525:
6519:
6518:Tropical Asia
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6454:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6441:
6438:
6437:
6436:
6432:
6429:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6414:
6413:
6412:Sunda Islands
6410:
6408:
6405:
6404:
6403:
6399:
6396:
6392:
6389:
6388:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6373:
6371:
6367:
6361:
6357:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6335:Bering Strait
6333:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6320:Yenisey Basin
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6293:Khatanga Gulf
6291:
6289:
6288:Baraba steppe
6286:
6283:
6279:
6276:
6275:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6263:Extreme North
6261:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6246:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6231:
6230:
6226:
6223:
6219:
6216:
6215:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6197:
6196:Arctic Circle
6194:
6193:
6192:
6189:
6188:
6186:
6182:
6176:
6172:
6166:
6165:Tropical Asia
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6126:Yenisey Basin
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6110:
6109:Yangtze Delta
6107:
6106:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6084:Japanese Alps
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6062:Loess Plateau
6060:
6059:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5997:Hexi Corridor
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5987:Sichuan Basin
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5942:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5929:
5928:Yan Mountains
5926:
5925:
5924:
5921:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5898:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5875:
5872:
5871:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5829:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5819:
5817:
5813:
5807:
5803:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5785:
5782:
5781:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5713:
5712:Kazakh Steppe
5710:
5709:
5708:
5705:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5695:Kazakh Steppe
5693:
5692:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5659:
5656:
5655:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5623:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5608:
5606:
5602:
5601:
5594:
5590:
5586:
5582:
5575:
5570:
5568:
5563:
5561:
5556:
5555:
5552:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5513:
5508:
5501:
5500:
5496:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5446:
5445:
5444:Subcontinents
5440:
5439:
5437:
5432:
5431:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5409:Kumari Kandam
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5395:
5393:
5389:
5385:
5380:
5379:
5377:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5352:
5348:
5347:
5345:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5280:
5279:
5275:
5271:
5266:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5259:
5254:
5250:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5130:
5126:
5125:
5123:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5068:
5067:
5061:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5054:
5049:
5045:
5032:
5031:
5026:
5020:
5017:
5016:
5011:
5005:
5002:
5001:
4996:
4990:
4987:
4986:
4981:
4975:
4972:
4971:
4966:
4962:
4949:
4948:
4947:South America
4943:
4937:
4934:
4933:
4932:North America
4928:
4922:
4919:
4918:
4913:
4907:
4904:
4903:
4898:
4892:
4889:
4888:
4883:
4877:
4874:
4873:
4868:
4862:
4859:
4858:
4853:
4847:
4844:
4843:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4819:
4814:
4812:
4807:
4805:
4800:
4799:
4796:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4760:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4731:
4726:
4722:
4721:
4717:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4681:
4676:
4672:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4657:Pielou, E. C.
4655:
4651:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4618:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4564:
4558:
4548:
4542:
4538:
4537:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4502:(3): 583–92.
4501:
4497:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4474:
4469:
4466:
4465:
4460:
4452:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4395:
4393:
4389:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4365:
4362:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4329:
4326:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4304:10.1206/574.1
4301:
4297:
4293:
4286:
4279:
4277:
4275:
4271:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4205:
4202:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4170:
4167:
4163:
4157:
4154:
4142:
4138:
4131:
4128:
4117:
4114:
4108:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4098:
4093:
4089:
4088:
4083:
4076:
4073:
4061:
4057:
4051:
4048:
4037:
4033:
4026:
4023:
4018:
4012:
4008:
4004:
3997:
3994:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3953:
3950:
3944:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3920:
3917:
3909:September 18,
3905:
3901:
3894:
3891:
3886:
3880:
3876:
3875:
3867:
3864:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3845:
3841:
3840:
3832:
3829:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3810:
3806:
3805:
3797:
3794:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3775:
3771:
3770:
3762:
3759:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3711:
3708:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3660:
3657:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3604:
3601:
3590:
3586:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3571:
3566:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3523:
3520:
3515:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3490:
3487:
3476:
3472:
3465:
3463:
3459:
3454:
3448:
3444:
3443:
3435:
3432:
3427:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3412:
3404:
3401:
3396:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3373:
3365:
3362:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3320:
3312:
3305:
3302:
3290:
3289:
3284:
3280:
3274:
3271:
3260:on 2014-01-02
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3205:
3197:
3190:
3187:
3182:
3176:
3172:
3171:
3163:
3160:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3145:
3139:
3136:
3131:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3081:
3078:
3073:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3024:
3021:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2996:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2937:
2934:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2898:
2895:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2851:
2848:
2837:
2833:
2827:
2824:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2780:
2777:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2741:
2738:
2733:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2692:
2689:
2683:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2650:
2647:
2642:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2598:
2595:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2557:
2554:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2513:
2510:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2470:
2467:
2461:
2458:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2426:
2423:
2418:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2377:
2374:
2367:
2364:
2358:
2355:
2348:
2345:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2329:
2325:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2288:
2286:9780444527479
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2263:
2259:
2256:Elias, S.A.;
2252:
2249:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2206:on 2016-12-20
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2161:
2154:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2105:Wohlfarth, B.
2099:
2097:
2093:
2082:on 2015-10-30
2081:
2077:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2018:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1965:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1910:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1855:
1852:
1846:
1843:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1815:(5): 833–48.
1814:
1810:
1806:
1799:
1796:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1772:
1770:
1761:
1758:
1752:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1695:
1692:
1681:
1675:
1671:
1670:
1662:
1659:
1648:
1642:
1638:
1637:
1629:
1626:
1620:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1559:
1551:
1548:
1543:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1492:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1431:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1398:(3): 583–92.
1397:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1380:
1377:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1325:
1317:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1276:
1275:PLOS Genetics
1271:
1264:
1261:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1242:
1239:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1097:The earliest
1095:
1093:
1091:
1090:Tyrannosaurus
1086:
1085:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1073:
1068:
1067:North America
1064:
1060:
1056:
1049:
1044:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1019:Yupik peoples
1012:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
988:
984:
980:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
957:Paleo-Indians
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
923:
919:
918:North America
915:
914:Paleo-Indians
911:
908:
904:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
873:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
832:
825:
823:
821:
820:
815:
814:
809:
808:
803:
802:
797:
793:
789:
788:
783:
779:
771:Beringian Gap
770:
768:
766:
765:
759:
757:
753:
748:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
701:
693:
689:
685:
681:
676:
672:
669: 10,000
662: 13,000
656:
652:
647: 13,000
643: 24,000
636: 70,000
625:
621:
619:
618:mesic habitat
615:
610: 15,000
603: 15,000
596: 15,000
592: 57,000
581:
577:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
538: 57,000
531:
528:
523:
519:
515:
511:
506:
504:
500:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
453:
447:
443:
434:
427:
425:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
390:British Isles
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
362:Bering Strait
359:
355:
351:
347:
346:North America
343:
339:
331:
326:
322:
320:
315: 11,000
311: 30,000
304: 30,000
300: 60,000
293: 60,000
289: 70,000
282: 70,000
276:
270:
268:
267:
262:
261:
256:
252:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
214:
207:
205:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
167:
165:
163:
159:
155:
150:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
110:Chersky Range
107:
102:
100:
96:
92:
91:United States
88:
84:
80:
79:Bering Strait
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
32:
26:
22:
7737:
7304:Bekaa valley
7201:Syria region
7106:South Arabia
7064:Gulf of Aden
7054:Gulf of Oman
7032:Pirate Coast
7027:Persian Gulf
6955:Asia–Pacific
6901:Wakhjir Pass
6706:Indus Valley
6652:Pashtunistan
6642:Ganges Delta
6637:Ganges Basin
6561:Northwestern
6536:Subcontinent
6513:Asia–Pacific
6508:Ring of Fire
6503:Pacific Asia
6350:Asia–Pacific
6340:Ring of Fire
6325:Sikhote-Alin
6315:Yenisey Gulf
6243:
6229:Pacific Asia
6160:Asia–Pacific
6155:Ring of Fire
6150:Pacific Asia
6141:Wakhjir Pass
6116:Yellow River
5891:China proper
5754:Wakhjir Pass
5690:Kazakhstania
5598:
5503:
5442:
5428:
5392:hypothesised
5382:
5350:
5283:
5268:
5199:Kazakhstania
5174:Congo Craton
5128:
5064:Prehistoric
5063:
5022:
5007:
4992:
4985:Afro-Eurasia
4977:
4939:
4924:
4909:
4894:
4879:
4864:
4849:
4684:
4678:
4660:
4621:
4617:PLOS Biology
4615:
4567:
4561:
4550:. Retrieved
4535:
4499:
4493:
4471:
4408:
4404:
4374:
4364:
4339:
4335:
4328:
4295:
4291:
4262:. Retrieved
4218:
4214:
4204:
4179:
4175:
4169:
4156:
4144:. Retrieved
4140:
4130:
4119:. Retrieved
4116:ResearchGate
4115:
4092:the original
4085:
4075:
4063:. Retrieved
4059:
4050:
4039:. Retrieved
4035:
4025:
4006:
4003:"Pre-Clovis"
3996:
3963:
3960:PaleoAmerica
3959:
3952:
3933:
3929:
3919:
3907:. Retrieved
3903:
3893:
3873:
3866:
3838:
3831:
3803:
3796:
3768:
3761:
3720:
3716:
3710:
3669:
3665:
3659:
3618:
3614:
3603:
3592:. Retrieved
3588:
3536:
3532:
3522:
3503:
3489:
3478:. Retrieved
3441:
3434:
3410:
3403:
3377:Dissertation
3376:
3371:
3364:
3323:
3317:
3304:
3292:. Retrieved
3286:
3279:Zimmer, Carl
3273:
3262:. Retrieved
3255:the original
3208:
3202:
3189:
3169:
3162:
3151:
3138:
3095:
3091:
3080:
3037:
3033:
3023:
2998:
2987:, retrieved
2951:
2947:
2936:
2911:
2907:
2897:
2864:
2860:
2850:
2839:. Retrieved
2835:
2826:
2793:
2789:
2779:
2754:
2750:
2740:
2705:
2701:
2691:
2664:
2660:
2649:
2612:
2608:
2597:
2572:
2566:
2556:
2523:
2519:
2512:
2479:
2475:
2469:
2460:
2435:
2431:
2425:
2390:
2386:
2376:
2366:
2357:
2347:
2290:. Retrieved
2268:
2251:
2208:. Retrieved
2201:the original
2170:
2166:
2153:
2112:
2108:
2084:. Retrieved
2080:the original
2031:
2027:
2017:
1982:
1978:
1964:
1923:
1919:
1909:
1868:
1864:
1854:
1845:
1812:
1808:
1798:
1781:
1777:
1768:
1760:
1751:
1721:(2): 64–78.
1718:
1714:
1694:
1683:. Retrieved
1668:
1661:
1650:. Retrieved
1635:
1628:
1609:
1565:(6586): 60.
1562:
1556:
1550:
1508:(3): e1764.
1505:
1501:
1491:
1446:
1440:
1430:
1395:
1389:
1379:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1282:(11): e185.
1279:
1273:
1263:
1251:bbcearth.com
1250:
1241:
1229:. Retrieved
1225:the original
1220:
1210:
1115:
1098:
1096:
1088:
1082:
1076:
1070:
1053:
1016:
998:DNA analysis
935:and western
900:
817:
811:
805:
799:
785:
782:Anadyr River
778:woolly rhino
774:
762:
760:
749:
697:
679:
630:
586:
573:
565:
557:
549:
532:
507:
449:
374:land bridges
358:interglacial
335:
271:
264:
258:
246:Vitus Bering
219:
182:Vitus Bering
173:
171:
151:
117:
103:
38:
37:
7779:Pleistocene
7715:Sahul Shelf
7694:Grand Banks
7660:Sunda Shelf
7558:Alpide belt
7434:Paphlagonia
7232:Hula Valley
7212:Transjordan
7135:Mesopotamia
7069:Balochistan
7005:Caspian Sea
6983:Middle East
6950:Alpide belt
6906:Lakshadweep
6886:Palk Strait
6763:Bagar tract
6701:Thar Desert
6662:Balochistan
6494:Alpide belt
6484:East Indies
6366:East Indies
6298:Transbaikal
6282:Lake Baikal
5977:Tarim Basin
5849:Gobi Desert
5759:Mount Imeon
5700:Betpak-Dala
5653:Transoxiana
5631:Caspian Sea
5366:Novopangaea
5234:South China
5214:North China
4624:(6): e193.
3153:Smithsonian
2836:www.nps.gov
2526:(9): 1728.
2504:11336/26736
1778:Phytoneuron
1769:Erythranthe
1449:(9): e829.
1166:Pleistocene
1099:Canis lupus
1084:Triceratops
1072:Saurolophus
1034:in Russia.
987:Pleistocene
983:archaeology
965:blood types
943:during the
922:North Asian
907:Paleolithic
905:began when
881:Cordilleran
813:Homotherium
794:, American
727:studies of
540: YBP (
465:within the
366:Chukchi Sea
336:During the
260:Erythranthe
242:Eric Hultén
188:and all of
178:Eric Hultén
147:King Island
114:land bridge
71:Chukchi Sea
63:Chukchi Sea
7809:Bering Sea
7753:Categories
7678:Doggerland
7632:Antarctica
7604:lost lands
7464:Cappadocia
7111:Hadhramaut
6808:Aksai Chin
6798:Hindi Belt
6679:Marathwada
6607:Hindu Kush
6600:Nanda Devi
6546:Subregions
6474:Leyte Gulf
6310:Amur Basin
6203:Inner Asia
6057:Ordos Loop
6012:Liangguang
5869:Inner Asia
5744:Badakhshan
5600:The 'stans
5502:See also:
5404:Hyperborea
5394:continents
5329:Seychelles
5314:Madagascar
5294:Doggerland
5189:Euramerica
5144:Asiamerica
4872:Antarctica
4825:Continents
4552:2016-04-10
4264:2023-02-21
4121:2023-02-21
4041:2024-07-22
3858:1102541304
3823:1238190784
3788:1031966951
3594:2022-12-19
3480:2022-12-19
3294:January 3,
3264:2010-02-05
2989:January 3,
2841:2022-06-09
2667:: e00455.
2482:: 94–105.
2210:2017-05-04
2086:2017-05-04
1985:(2): 118.
1685:2016-04-10
1652:2016-04-10
1221:sfu.museum
1177:References
916:) entered
885:Laurentide
801:Bootherium
645: – c.
594: – c.
499:extinction
475:ice sheets
440:See also:
382:New Guinea
370:Bering Sea
354:sea levels
342:ice sheets
313: – c.
302: – c.
291: – c.
280: – c.
230:Bering Sea
196:, was not
75:Bering Sea
43:Lena River
7720:Zealandia
7655:Sundaland
7289:Phoenicia
7222:Philistia
7192:Kurdistan
7187:Eber-Nari
7165:Babylonia
7125:Al-Sharat
7084:Al-Yamama
6916:Aminidivi
6835:Karakoram
6818:Baltistan
6622:Tamilakam
6590:Himalayas
6435:Nusantara
6381:Sundaland
6360:Southeast
6208:Northeast
6047:Zhongyuan
6027:Guanzhong
6022:Jianghuai
5955:Karakoram
5945:Himalayas
5896:Manchuria
5812:Northeast
5779:Karakoram
5739:Tian Shan
5675:Arachosia
5475:Greenland
5339:Zealandia
5304:Jan Mayen
5289:Cathaysia
5209:Laurentia
5204:Laramidia
5194:Kalaharia
5149:Atlantica
5082:Kenorland
4902:Australia
4608:Hey, Jody
4433:2095-5138
4425:2053-714X
4356:140572760
4342:: 75–85.
4312:2246/5999
4298:: 1–218.
4243:0036-8733
4196:1936-1513
3988:239853925
3980:2055-5563
3753:220717778
3702:220715918
3651:220697089
3395:247052631
3221:CiteSeerX
3112:0092-8674
3054:0027-8424
2928:2637-4943
2889:0277-3791
2818:0277-3791
2371:2091–2106
2197:130031864
1995:CiteSeerX
1790:2153-733X
1341:CiteSeerX
1255:BBC Earth
1107:Fairbanks
973:molecular
967:, and in
941:sea level
920:from the
819:Megalonyx
700:ecosystem
530:Pacific.
422:Indochina
402:North Sea
378:Australia
344:covering
226:Aleutians
208:Geography
198:glaciated
172:The term
168:Etymology
59:72° north
7769:Ice ages
7738:Beringia
7618:Mauritia
7489:Lycaonia
7474:Corduene
7454:Bithynia
7439:Phasiane
7419:Anatolia
7358:Caucasus
6945:Maldives
6667:Gedrosia
6568:Southern
6556:Northern
6499:Far East
6462:Mindanao
6440:Wallacea
6398:Maritime
6278:Baikalia
6244:Beringia
6225:Far East
6146:Far East
6067:Shaanbei
6052:Shaannan
6042:Jiaozhou
6017:Jiangnan
5680:Khwarazm
5636:Dead Sea
5621:Aral Sea
5533:Category
5399:Atlantis
5384:Mythical
5319:Mauritia
5284:Beringia
5169:Cimmeria
5164:Chilenia
5154:Avalonia
5134:Amazonia
5117:Vaalbara
5102:Pannotia
5087:Laurasia
5077:Gondwana
5072:Columbia
5000:Americas
4759:Archived
4709:24578560
4650:15898833
4610:(2005).
4600:19479091
4592:24578571
4526:18313026
4451:34691929
4320:83594819
4259:15597984
4251:26060803
4087:NBC News
3745:32699366
3694:32699413
3643:32699412
3565:35442993
3533:PLOS ONE
3348:29323294
3251:36149744
3243:18339930
3130:30415837
3072:33782134
2976:29323294
2796:: 1–17.
2771:86234947
2732:32286714
2641:31840921
2548:88740690
2417:24335981
2260:(2007).
2137:19661421
2058:24335981
1948:12815427
1893:16311326
1837:86019879
1735:27061035
1612:: 1–22.
1542:18335039
1502:PLOS ONE
1483:17786201
1442:PLoS ONE
1422:18313026
1371:36149744
1363:18339930
1308:18039031
1125:See also
1059:dinosaur
1026:and the
927:via the
807:Camelops
733:collagen
614:Holocene
428:Refugium
386:Tasmania
238:Chukotka
200:because
174:Beringia
93:and the
39:Beringia
7703:Oceania
7534:Sophene
7509:Pisidia
7504:Galatia
7479:Chaldia
7459:Cilicia
7444:Isauria
7385:Shirvan
7294:Retjenu
7262:Samaria
7237:Galilee
7182:Mashriq
7096:Tihamah
6993:Red Sea
6731:Kalinga
6684:Kashmir
6612:Bactria
6551:Eastern
6489:Nanyang
6467:Visayas
6273:Siberia
6268:Tartary
6181:Siberia
6104:Yangtze
6032:Huizhou
6007:Lingnan
5648:Tartary
5593:Central
5581:Regions
5419:Meropis
5414:Lemuria
5229:Siberia
5179:Cuyania
5159:Baltica
5139:Arctica
5107:Rodinia
5097:Pangaea
5030:Oceania
5015:Eurasia
4689:Bibcode
4680:Science
4641:1131883
4572:Bibcode
4563:Science
4517:2427228
4470:(2019)
4442:8291635
4223:Bibcode
4146:Jan 17,
4065:Feb 21,
3725:Bibcode
3674:Bibcode
3623:Bibcode
3556:9020715
3502:(ed.).
3356:4454580
3328:Bibcode
3213:Bibcode
3204:Science
3121:6327247
3063:8040822
2984:4454580
2956:Bibcode
2869:Bibcode
2798:Bibcode
2710:Bibcode
2669:Bibcode
2632:7317801
2577:Bibcode
2528:Bibcode
2484:Bibcode
2440:Bibcode
2408:3871309
2342:533–69.
2145:1324559
2117:Bibcode
2109:Science
2049:3871309
1987:Bibcode
1956:4420155
1928:Bibcode
1901:7439713
1873:Bibcode
1865:Science
1817:Bibcode
1784:: 1–5.
1743:3519553
1587:4347413
1567:Bibcode
1533:2258150
1510:Bibcode
1474:1952074
1451:Bibcode
1413:2427228
1333:Bibcode
1324:Science
1299:2082466
1078:Troodon
1065:and in
990:geology
933:Siberia
784:), and
737:Siberia
616:, some
473:, when
410:Sumatra
408:linked
186:Siberia
126:Alberta
89:in the
83:Chukchi
7671:Europe
7611:Africa
7551:Tuwana
7529:Speri
7524:Arzawa
7514:Pontus
7429:Aeolis
7410:Kartli
7400:Alborz
7336:Hauran
7267:Arabah
7247:Gilead
7242:Canaan
7197:Levant
6852:Bengal
6803:Ladakh
6788:Konkan
6672:Makran
6657:Punjab
6647:Guzgan
6575:Orient
6534:Indian
6376:Orient
6330:Kolyma
6191:Arctic
5822:Orient
5685:Sistan
5670:Ariana
5455:Arabia
5450:Alaska
5390:, and
5361:Aurica
5356:Amasia
5219:Pampia
4917:Europe
4857:Africa
4707:
4667:
4648:
4638:
4598:
4590:
4543:
4524:
4514:
4480:
4449:
4439:
4431:
4423:
4375:Nature
4354:
4318:
4257:
4249:
4241:
4194:
4013:
3986:
3978:
3881:
3856:
3846:
3821:
3811:
3786:
3776:
3751:
3743:
3717:Nature
3700:
3692:
3666:Nature
3649:
3641:
3615:Nature
3563:
3553:
3510:
3449:
3422:
3393:
3354:
3346:
3319:Nature
3249:
3241:
3223:
3177:
3128:
3118:
3110:
3070:
3060:
3052:
3040:(14).
2982:
2974:
2948:Nature
2926:
2887:
2816:
2769:
2730:
2639:
2629:
2546:
2415:
2405:
2352:93–125
2283:
2195:
2185:
2143:
2135:
2056:
2046:
1997:
1954:
1946:
1920:Nature
1899:
1891:
1835:
1788:
1741:
1733:
1676:
1643:
1585:
1558:Nature
1540:
1530:
1481:
1471:
1420:
1410:
1369:
1361:
1343:
1306:
1296:
1247:"Home"
1231:19 May
1087:, and
996:, and
937:Alaska
893:Folsom
889:Clovis
741:Alaska
721:poplar
713:spruce
709:Fossil
568:) and
566:Betula
554:spruce
552:) and
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
456:
418:Borneo
416:, and
388:, the
364:, the
350:Europe
234:Alaska
145:, and
133:, the
99:Canada
87:Alaska
81:, the
77:, the
73:, the
55:Canada
47:Russia
7544:Troad
7519:Mysia
7499:Lydia
7494:Lycia
7484:Doris
7469:Caria
7449:Ionia
7284:Negev
7257:Judea
7172:Suhum
7150:Sawad
7091:Hejaz
6981:with
6874:Halar
6528:South
6457:Luzon
6447:Timor
6175:North
5844:Korea
5658:Turan
5334:Sunda
5324:Sahul
5274:lands
5224:Sahul
4829:Earth
4596:S2CID
4421:eISSN
4352:S2CID
4316:S2CID
4288:(PDF)
4247:JSTOR
4060:Kibin
3984:S2CID
3749:S2CID
3698:S2CID
3647:S2CID
3498:. In
3391:S2CID
3352:S2CID
3314:(PDF)
3258:(PDF)
3247:S2CID
3199:(PDF)
2980:S2CID
2767:S2CID
2544:S2CID
2292:2 May
2265:(PDF)
2204:(PDF)
2193:S2CID
2163:(PDF)
2141:S2CID
1952:S2CID
1897:S2CID
1833:S2CID
1774:(PDF)
1739:S2CID
1583:S2CID
1367:S2CID
796:kiang
745:Yukon
731:bone
717:birch
705:soils
574:Alnus
570:alder
562:birch
558:Picea
550:Larix
546:larch
266:Pinus
190:North
95:Yukon
7648:Asia
7602:and
7272:Aram
7079:Najd
7020:Elam
6975:West
6758:Doab
6303:West
6213:Ural
5806:East
5585:Asia
5388:lost
5276:and
5092:Nena
4887:Asia
4705:PMID
4665:ISBN
4646:PMID
4588:PMID
4541:ISBN
4522:PMID
4478:ISBN
4447:PMID
4429:ISSN
4255:PMID
4239:ISSN
4192:ISSN
4148:2023
4067:2023
4011:ISBN
3976:ISSN
3911:2023
3879:ISBN
3854:OCLC
3844:ISBN
3819:OCLC
3809:ISBN
3784:OCLC
3774:ISBN
3741:PMID
3690:PMID
3639:PMID
3561:PMID
3508:ISBN
3447:ISBN
3420:ISBN
3344:PMID
3296:2018
3239:PMID
3175:ISBN
3126:PMID
3108:ISSN
3092:Cell
3068:PMID
3050:ISSN
2991:2018
2972:PMID
2924:ISSN
2885:ISSN
2814:ISSN
2728:PMID
2637:PMID
2413:PMID
2294:2017
2281:ISBN
2183:ISBN
2169:(in
2133:PMID
2054:PMID
1944:PMID
1889:PMID
1786:ISSN
1731:PMID
1674:ISBN
1641:ISBN
1538:PMID
1479:PMID
1418:PMID
1359:PMID
1304:PMID
1233:2015
1063:Asia
901:The
891:and
883:and
839:The
804:and
743:and
719:and
690:and
678:The
450:The
444:and
414:Java
400:and
384:and
348:and
328:The
263:and
236:and
192:and
124:and
5583:of
4827:of
4697:doi
4685:343
4636:PMC
4626:doi
4580:doi
4568:343
4512:PMC
4504:doi
4437:PMC
4413:doi
4379:doi
4344:doi
4308:hdl
4300:doi
4296:325
4231:doi
4219:291
4184:doi
4141:CNN
4036:CNN
3968:doi
3938:doi
3733:doi
3721:584
3682:doi
3670:584
3631:doi
3619:584
3551:PMC
3541:doi
3381:doi
3336:doi
3324:553
3231:doi
3209:319
3116:PMC
3100:doi
3096:175
3058:PMC
3042:doi
3038:118
2964:doi
2952:553
2916:doi
2877:doi
2806:doi
2759:doi
2755:163
2718:doi
2677:doi
2627:PMC
2617:doi
2585:doi
2573:286
2536:doi
2500:hdl
2492:doi
2480:299
2448:doi
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