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vegetation is lusher than is usual in the drier inner
Himalayan valleys. From mid April to June temperatures are moderate to cool (19 °C maximum). The Valley of Flowers also has the micro-climate of an enclosed inner Himalayan valley, and is shielded from the full impact of the southwest summer monsoon by the Greater Himalaya range to its south. There is often dense fog and rain especially during the late summer monsoon. Both Basin and Valley are usually snow-bound for six to seven months between late October and late March, the snow accumulating deeper and at lower altitudes on the shadowed southern than on the northern side of the valleys.
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bogs, stone desert and caves. The lower surrounding hills in the buffer zone are thickly forested. The Forest
Research Institute in 1992 recorded 600 species of angiosperms and 30 pteridophytes in the valley and surroundings, discovering 58 new records for the valley of which 4 were new for Himalayan state. Of these plants, 5 out of 6 species globally threatened are not found in
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and a trekker is likely to find many Sikh pilgrims on the route. As one nears
Ghangaria, one is greeted by fields of perfumed wild flowers, wild rose bushes and wild strawberries by the sides of the path. Visitors to the Valley of Flowers need to get a permit from the Forest Department, at Ghangaria.
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The park is administered by the
Uttarakhand State Forestry Department, the national Ministry of Environment and Forests, India. There is no settlement in the national park and grazing in the area has been banned since 1983. The park is open only for 4 to 5 months during summer from June to October.
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as follows: foothills alpine between 3,200 m and 3,500 m which is the upper height limit for trees, lower alpine between 3,500 m and 3,700 m, and higher alpine above 3,700 m. The habitats include valley bottom, river bed, small forests, meadows, eroded, scrubby and stable slopes, moraine, plateau,
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Being an inner
Himalayan valley, the Nanda Devi Basin has a distinctive micro-climate. Conditions are generally dry with low annual precipitation, but there is heavy monsoon rainfall from late June to early September. Prevailing mist and low cloud during the monsoon keeps the soil moist, hence the
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of the valley for a decade, beginning in 1993. He made an inventory of 520 alpine plants exclusively growing in this national park and authored two books – "The Valley of
Flowers – Myth and Reality" and "Ecology and Conservation of the Valley of Flowers National Park, Garhwal Himalaya.
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1988: The Nanda Devi
National Biosphere Reserve established (223,674 ha) with the national park as core zone (62,462 ha) and a 514,857 ha buffer area surrounding both sites; restrictions were imposed on the rights of nearby villagers. Inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage site;
834:. 31 species of rare and endangered categories were observed within the national park in 1998. Further his studies report that the dominant family in Valley of Flowers is Asteraceae with 62 species. 45 medicinal plants are used by local villagers and several species, such as
667:. Several have not been recorded outside of Uttarakhand. Two have not been recorded in Nanda Devi National Park. The diversity of threatened species of medicinal plants is higher than has been recorded in other Indian Himalayan protected areas. The entire
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A research nursery and seed/rhizome/tuber bank for propagating rare plants and valuable medicinal herbs has been created at
Musadhar near the entrance of the site. Rare and valuable medicinal plants are the subject of special programs. These include
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The density of wild animals in the valley is not high, but all the animals found are rare or endangered. Prior to 2004, a total 13 species of mammals are recorded for the park by CP Kala and its vicinity although only he sighted 9 species directly:
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Visitors are not allowed to stay inside the
National park and accommodation can be obtained at Ghangaria. The best time to visit is between July and early September, when the valley is full of flowers, just after the outbreak of monsoon.
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lies within the
Western Himalayas Endemic Bird Area (EBA). The Valley of Flowers National Park is the second core zone of the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve. Seven restricted-range bird species are endemic to this part of the EBA.
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The Valley of Flowers is a high-altitude Himalayan valley that has long been acknowledged by renowned mountaineers, botanists, and in literature. It has been recognized internationally for over a century and is referenced in the
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valley which runs parallel to Valley of Flowers some 10 km south. Valley of Flowers runs east-west approximately 15 km in length with average width of 6 km. A small tributary of Pushpawati river originates from
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Govindghat is a small place close to Joshimath (around one hour driving distance), where the trek begins. From Govindghat, shared taxis up to 4 km and then a trek of less than 11 km (8.6 mi) brings trekkers to
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The area is within the West Himalayan Endemic Bird Area but there have been no surveys specific to the Valley. 114 species were seen in 1993 in Nanda Devi Park. Species frequently seen in the valley include lammergeier
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Characteristic of the sub-alpine zone are high altitude forests which help to retain moisture and snow and support a large number of floral and faunal communities. It is dominated by the uncommon Himalayan maple
534:, a small settlement located about 3 km (about 2 mi) from the valley. One can also hire a porter, mule or helicopter to reach Ghangaria. The trek from Govindghat to Ghangaria is common to the
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2000: The Biosphere Reserve extended by the government to 586,069 ha and the Valley of Flowers National Park was added as the second core zone (62,462 ha+ 8,750 ha, totalling core areas of 71,212 ha);
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388:, arrived at the valley to study flowers and while traversing some rocky slopes to collect flowers, she slipped and died. Her sister later visited the valley and erected a memorial near the spot.
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Kala, C.P. (2004) Distribution pattern and conservation status of mammals and birds in the Valley of Flowers National Park and its vicinity, Uttaranchal. Himalayan Biosphere Reserves, 6: 91–102
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1980: The Valley of Flowers was declared a national park by Government Order 4278/XIV-3-66-80 under the provisions of the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972, for the conservation of its flora;
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and happened upon the valley, which was full of flowers. They were attracted to the beauty of the area and named it the "Valley of Flowers." Smythe later authored a book of the same name.
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322:. The park stretches over 87.50 km and is about 8 km long and 2 km wide. It lies completely in the temperate alpine zone. Both parks are encompassed in the
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are known to have visited the valley for meditation. The Valley of Flowers has many different colorful flowers, taking on various shades of color's as time progressed.
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are known as Bhyundar Valley. The Valley of Flowers, which lies between 30° 41' to 30° 48'N and 79° 33' to 79° 46'E, in the Pushpawati valley is 20 km northwest of
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1333:. Along with the flowers are wild bees and many species of butterfly which need to be more researched. A few of the more evident species are lime butterfly
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Kala, CP 1998. Ecology and Conservation of Alpine Meadows in the Valley of Flowers National Park, Garhwal Himalaya. Forest Research Institute, Dehradun
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At 3,352 to 3,658 meters above sea level, the gentle landscape of the Valley of Flowers National Park complements the rugged mountain wilderness of
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Lamba, B. 1987. Status survey report of fauna: Nanda Devi National Park. Records of the Zoological. Survey of India Occasional Paper No. 103. 50 pp
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Pastoralism, plant conservation, and conflicts on proliferation of Himalayan knotweed in high altitude protected areas of the Western Himalaya
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without damaging other plants or the surface of the soil. A first annual survey was conducted in 2004 and will be repeated annually.
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1980: The park was established as Sanjay Gandhi National Park by Notification 3912/ XIV 3-35-80; grazing and mountaineering stopped;
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1935:
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514:, both about 270 km (168 mi) south of Joshimath. From Delhi, one can take the train to Haridwar and then travel by bus to
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Indigenous uses, population density, and conservation of threatened medicinal plants in protected areas of the Indian Himalayas.
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alpine flowers and the variety of flora. This richly diverse area is also home to rare and endangered animals, including the
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The Valley of Flowers has gained importance as a region containing a diversity of alpine flora, representative of the
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1974–82: The sanctuary was opened to mountaineering, but the ensuing degradation led to its closure to all users;
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Valley of Flowers, Article by Asif N Khan in Hornbill April–June 2015 P.p. 10-15, Bombay Natural History Society.
1527:. Research plots have been set up to determine the best way to control the spread of the tall Himalayan knotweed
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The park is open only during summer from June to October and is covered by heavy snow for the rest of the year.
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is reported from lower parts of the valley closer to the villages. Local people have also reported evidence of
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Getting to the Valley of Flowers requires a trek of about 17 km (10.5 mi). The nearest major town is
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This article is about the national park in Uttarakhand. For the "Valley of Flowers" sanctuary in Sikkim, see
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Kala, C.P. 2004. The Valley of Flowers; Myth and Reality. International Book Distributors, Dehradun, India
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1939: The basin established as the Nanda Devi Game Sanctuary by Government Order 1493/XIV- 28 of 7/01;
326:(223,674 ha) which is further surrounded by a buffer zone (5,148.57 km). Nanda Devi National Park
2017:"A multifaceted review on the biodiversity conservation of the Valley of Flowers National Park, India"
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from 1993 onward concludes that the Valley of Flowers is endowed with 520 species of higher plants (
651:. The rich diversity of species reflects the valley's location within a transition zone between the
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to the east. Together, they encompass a unique transition zone between the mountain ranges of the
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The permit is valid for three days. Only visiting and trekking are allowed during the day time.
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373:, all British mountaineers, lost their way while returning from a successful expedition to Mt.
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1927:
395:, a botanist deputed by the Wildlife Institute of India, carried out a research study on the
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The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier, an Outstanding Contribution to the Modern Movement
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526:. It is also possible to drive from Delhi to Govindghat, a distance of about 500 km.
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The place was little known to the outside world due to its inaccessibility. In 1931,
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1878:"ET Recommendations: 5 best places to enjoy monsoon, movie to watch, gadget to buy"
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river near Joshimath in Garhwal region. The lower reaches of Bhyundar Ganga near
522:. Govindghat is approximately 24 km before another important destination of
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614:, This flower paints the Valley of Flowers in pink in the first week of August.
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1962: Border disputes closed the area to traffic, altering the local economy;
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2004: The two core zones and buffer zone designated a UNESCO MAB reserve.
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982:. In trampled areas where past livestock congregated, Himalayan knotweed
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range of the Himalayas with the highest point in the national park being
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from Gauri Parbat in the east and flows through the Valley of Flowers.
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1862: The Pushpawati River Valley was discovered by Col. Edmund Smyth;
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lying at the head of the Bhyundar valley, the other being the shorter
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and Western Himalaya flora. A number of plant species are considered
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637:. Local people have visited the valley since ancient times. Indian
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Valley of Flowers, see trek in left-hand side and valley in front.
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K R Keshava Murthy, 2020. Second edition- (Revised and enlarged)
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Among the reptiles, most often seen are the high altitude lizard
2155:
Floral Gallery of Himalayan Valley of Flowers and Adjacent Areas
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Floral Gallery of Himalayan Valley of Flowers and Adjacent Areas
840:(brahmakamal) are collected as religious offerings to goddesses
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across the wide valley of the Bhyundar Ganga. It is one of two
2071:"The Valley of Flowers; A newly declared World Heritage Site"
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ranges to the north and south, respectively, and between the
384:, (21 February 1885 – 4 July 1939) a botanist deputed by the
2021:
International Journal of Biodiversity Science and Management
1279:
An October 2004 faunal survey established the presence of
1059:. The park has many species of medicinal plants including
185:
Location of Valley of Flowers National Park in Uttarakhand
996:
The flowers were surveyed and inventoried in 1987 by the
1922:
At the eleventh hour : the biography of Swami Rama
1039:
cover parts of the park's area. A decade long study by
234:
206:
176:
1256:. The tahr is common, the serow, goral, musk deer and
848:. The site is designated a Centre of Plant Diversity.
419:
who wrote a book publicizing the "Valley of Flowers";
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1982: The park was renamed Nanda Devi National Park;
2582:
Rani-ki-Vav (the Queen's Stepwell) at Patan, Gujarat
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2402:
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1763:"How Valley of Flowers got World Heritage Site tag"
1634:Richard W. Butler; Douglas G. Pearce, eds. (1999).
123:
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34:
2117:
2115:
1919:
2597:Victorian Gothic and Art Deco Ensembles of Mumbai
1815:"Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks"
2455:Kakatiya Rudreshwara (Ramappa) Temple, Telangana
1961:
1959:
437:1936: Mountaineers Bill Tilman & Noel Odell
263:which was established in 1982. It is located in
2339:Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks
2318:Great Himalayan National Park Conservation Area
1926:. Honesdale, Pa.: Himalayan Institute. p.
80:Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks
2204:
506:, which has convenient road connections from
8:
1717:Colonel Frank Smythe – Francis Sydney Smythe
1602:Gopal K. Bhargava; S.C. Bhatt, eds. (2006).
494:One of the streams that cuts the trek route.
2422:Brihadisvara Temple, Gangaikonda Cholapuram
2211:
2197:
2189:
2157:, published by Walkin the woods. Dehradun.
646:Western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows
426:was reached and described by mountaineers
44:
31:
2275:Archaeological Site of Nalanda Mahavihara
2032:
1854:. Sanctuary Asia Magazine. Archived from
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1608:. Delhi: Kalpaz publ. pp. 208, 209.
1008:which found five species new to science.
711:Another Flower in Valley of Flowers (VoF)
1967:"Valley of Flowers: World Heritage Site"
1668:N. Ulysses and Tabish, Thingnam Girija.
1629:
1627:
1625:
1597:
558:The Valley of Flowers is nestled in the
415:1931: The valley visited by the climber
307:pheasant and other high-altitude birds.
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242:Valley of Flowers National Park (Earth)
214:Valley of Flowers National Park (India)
2505:Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park
2059:Conservation Biology, 19 (2): 368–378.
1692:"World Conservation Monitoring Centre"
1286:(EN) in the national park. The common
2270:Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodh Gaya
1837:
1835:
1756:
1754:
787:rushing out of the Valley of Flowers.
114:
106:
94:
84:
74:
54:
7:
2663:1980 establishments in Uttar Pradesh
2653:1939 establishments in British India
2344:Qutub Minar and its Monuments, Delhi
2184:United Nations Environment Programme
119:8,750 ha (33.8 sq mi)
2668:Protected areas established in 1980
2658:Protected areas established in 1939
2439:Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram
1163:) in the heart of Valley of Flowers
697:A Flower in Valley of Flowers (VoF)
332:World Network of Biosphere Reserves
16:National park in Uttarakhand, India
2168:Official valley-of-flowers website
1640:. London: Routledge. p. 205.
562:which is in the upper expanses of
303:. Birds found in the park include
14:
1852:"Valley of Flowers National Park"
2460:Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysalas
2444:Group of Monuments at Pattadakal
1152:
1135:
1117:
1100:
1027:and anemones carpet the ground.
752:
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728:
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610:A scene from Valley of Flowers,
233:
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205:
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1813:Centre, UNESCO World Heritage.
892:. Some of the common herbs are
770:Three types of sub-alpine zones
747:Beautiful purple flowers in VoF
684:Flowers blossomed in the valley
257:Valley of Flowers National Park
2427:Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur
1886:. 22 July 2012. Archived from
1486:Research nursery and seed bank
1124:Morning dew on a pink flower,
791:The valley has three types of
1:
2648:World Heritage Sites in India
2643:Geography of Chamoli district
2633:National parks in Uttarakhand
2394:Khangchendzonga National Park
2220:World Heritage Sites in India
2179:Official UNESCO website entry
2003:Biodiversity and Conservation
1275:Predators, leopards and bears
1254:Capricornis sumatraensis (VU)
822:), the blue Himalayan poppy (
50:View of the Valley of Flowers
2673:Hiking trails in Uttarakhand
2515:Churches and convents of Goa
2510:Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus
2264:Darjeeling Himalayan Railway
2246:Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi
2241:Khajuraho Group of Monuments
2149:Gurudwara Shri Hemkund Sahib
2134:K. R. Keshava Murthy, 2011.
2084:(6): 919–920. Archived from
1819:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
1340:, common yellow swallowtail
669:Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve
598:at 6,719 m above sea level.
536:Gurudwara Shri Hemkund Sahib
324:Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve
2434:Group of Monuments at Hampi
2138:, published by the author,
1670:"Trek to Valley of Flowers"
1541:Silent Valley National Park
1181:northern plains gray langur
1006:Wildlife Institute of India
2689:
2609:Mountain Railways of India
2572:Historic City of Ahmadabad
2412:Great Living Chola Temples
2236:Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka
1918:Tigunait, Rajmani (2001).
1546:Yumthang Valley of Flowers
1247:Hemitragus jemlahicus (VU)
773:
386:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
37:UNESCO World Heritage Site
21:Yumthang Valley of Flowers
18:
2605:
2587:The Jantar Mantar, Jaipur
2520:Dholavira:a Harappan city
2034:10.1080/17451590509618077
1321:, Himalayan ground skink
1237:Indian spotted chevrotain
1188:red giant flying squirrel
1002:Forest Research Institute
998:Botanical Survey of India
871:Rhododendron campanulatum
856:(VU), west Himalayan fir
759:Beautiful flower snapshot
162:
43:
23:. For the 2006 film, see
2449:Nilgiri Mountain Railway
2389:Manas Wildlife Sanctuary
2290:Sundarbans National Park
1412:, the nationally listed
1327:and Himalayan pit viper
1260:, blue sheep are rare.
862:, Himalayan white birch
798:Nanda Devi National Park
572:Nanda Devi National Park
382:Lady Joan Margaret Legge
350:Lady Joan Margaret Legge
312:Nanda Devi National Park
25:Valley of Flowers (film)
2535:Hill Forts of Rajasthan
2384:Kaziranga National Park
1477:Conservation management
1466:Stigmatopelia chinensis
1360:and common blue apollo
1142:Multi storied flowers,
1107:Himalayan bell flower,
1080:Polygonatum multiflorum
560:Pushpawati river valley
189:Show map of Uttarakhand
2628:Valleys of Uttarakhand
2577:Jaipur City, Rajasthan
2328:Keoladeo National Park
1787:Chandra Prakash Kala.
1761:Chandra Prakash Kala.
1529:Polygonum polystachium
1505:Dactylorhiza hatagirea
1493:Aconitum heterophyllum
1430:yellownape woodpeckers
1324:Leiolopisma himalayana
1271:
1216:yellow-throated marten
1184:Semnopithecus entellus
1062:Dactylorhiza hatagirea
985:Polygonum polystachium
788:
723:Flower snapshot in VoF
615:
495:
487:
353:
2323:Humayun's Tomb, Delhi
1789:"Paradise under fire"
1521:Podophyllum hexandrum
1513:Megacarpaea polyandra
1445:blue-throated barbets
1418:Lophophorus impejanus
1266:
1198:Ursus thibetanus (VU)
1191:Petaurista petaurista
1092:Podophyllum hexandrum
979:Trillidium govanianum
961:Pedicularis pectinata
925:Geranium wallichianum
907:Corydalis cashmeriana
901:Boschniakia himalaica
895:Arisaema jacquemontii
783:
609:
590:The area lies on the
493:
485:
348:
271:and is known for its
147:30.73000°N 79.61750°E
2465:Chennakeshava Temple
2417:Airavatesvara Temple
2364:Complexe du Capitole
2333:Kalka–Shimla railway
1397:Pyrrhocorax graculus
1382:, Himalayan vulture
1330:Gloydius himalayanus
1195:Himalayan black bear
1055:), of these 498 are
949:Nomochoris oxypetala
913:Polemonium caerulium
424:Nanda Devi Sanctuary
393:Chandra Prakash Kala
357:Documented explorers
2470:Hoysaleswara Temple
2172:Uttarakhand Tourism
2069:Kala, C.P. (2005).
2015:Kala, C.P. (2005).
1890:on 21 February 2013
1737:"Valley of Flowers"
1722:30 May 2013 at the
1637:Tourism Development
1509:Gymnadenia orchides
1409:Pucrasia macrolopha
1233:Moschus leucogaster
1230:Himalayan musk deer
1110:Campanula latifolia
1004:and in 1997 by the
988:is a rampant weed.
973:Primula denticulate
874:with Himalayan yew
837:Saussurea obvallata
831:Saussurea atkinsoni
825:Meconopsis aculeata
816:, Himalayan maple (
143: /
2285:Sun Temple, Konark
2091:on 17 October 2018
2055:Kala, C.P. (2005)
2005:, 13 (5): 985–995.
1979:on 17 October 2018
1942:valley of flowers.
1883:The Times of India
1672:. Flowers of India
1517:Picrorhiza kurrooa
1394:Red-billed choughs
1272:
1086:Fritillaria roylei
1074:Aconitum violaceum
1068:Picrorhiza kurrooa
807:Aconitum falconeri
789:
776:Montane ecosystems
616:
496:
488:
439:climbed Nanda Devi
354:
352:'s memorial grave.
281:Asiatic black bear
152:30.73000; 79.61750
2615:
2614:
1997:Kala, C.P. 2004.
1525:Taxus wallichiana
1501:Arnebia benthamii
1459:Columba leuconota
1385:Gyps himalayensis
1379:Gypaetus barbatus
1318:Agama tuberculata
1226:Naemorhedus goral
1174:Species diversity
1161:Geranium pratense
1159:Meadow Geranium (
1145:Morina longifolia
1000:, in 1992 by the
943:Inula grandiflora
937:Morina longifolia
919:Impatiens sulcata
877:Taxus wallichiana
735:Flower blossoming
612:Impatiens sulcata
330:is in the UNESCO
254:
253:
245:Show map of Earth
217:Show map of India
2680:
2565:Ranthambore Fort
2349:Red Fort Complex
2213:
2206:
2199:
2190:
2122:
2119:
2110:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2090:
2075:
2066:
2060:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2036:
2012:
2006:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1978:
1972:. Archived from
1971:
1963:
1954:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1925:
1915:
1909:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1895:
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1758:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1733:
1727:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1694:. Archived from
1688:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1665:
1652:
1651:
1631:
1620:
1619:
1599:
1448:Megalaima virens
1405:koklass pheasant
1356:Papilio protenor
1346:, common Mormon
1336:Papilio demoleus
1240:Moschiola indica
1219:Martes flavigula
1214:, and Himalayan
1212:Mustela sibirica
1209:Himalayan weasel
1156:
1139:
1121:
1104:
1057:flowering plants
955:nemone rivularis
800:or elsewhere in
793:sub-alpine zones
785:Pushpawati River
756:
744:
732:
720:
708:
693:
681:
661:Eastern Himalaya
422:1934: The upper
371:R. L. Holdsworth
267:in the state of
246:
237:
236:
230:
218:
209:
208:
202:
190:
179:
178:
172:
158:
157:
155:
154:
153:
148:
144:
141:
140:
139:
136:
62:Chamoli District
48:
38:
32:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2611:
2601:
2525:Elephanta Caves
2486:
2398:
2370:
2294:
2250:
2222:
2217:
2164:
2131:
2129:Further reading
2126:
2125:
2120:
2113:
2108:
2104:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2078:Current Science
2073:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2054:
2050:
2014:
2013:
2009:
1996:
1992:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1938:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1903:
1893:
1891:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1861:
1859:
1858:on 24 June 2013
1850:
1849:
1845:
1840:
1833:
1823:
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1812:
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1807:
1797:
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1724:Wayback Machine
1715:
1711:
1701:
1699:
1698:on 10 July 1997
1690:
1689:
1685:
1675:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1655:
1648:
1633:
1632:
1623:
1616:
1601:
1600:
1575:
1570:
1537:
1488:
1479:
1474:
1433:Picus squamatus
1414:Himalayan monal
1373:
1349:Papilio polytes
1343:Papilio machaon
1313:
1305:Pseudois nayaur
1291:Panthera pardus
1277:
1223:Himalayan goral
1176:
1171:
1164:
1157:
1148:
1140:
1131:
1122:
1113:
1105:
1011:Flowers mostly
994:
778:
772:
767:
760:
757:
748:
745:
736:
733:
724:
721:
712:
709:
700:
698:
694:
685:
682:
657:Great Himalayas
630:
625:
604:
576:hanging valleys
556:
480:
475:
417:Frank S. Smythe
410:
363:Frank S. Smythe
359:
343:
320:Great Himalayas
305:Himalayan monal
250:
249:
248:
247:
244:
243:
240:
239:
238:
221:
220:
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212:
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51:
36:
28:
17:
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5:
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2555:Jaisalmer Fort
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2507:
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2475:Keshava Temple
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2313:Fatehpur Sikri
2310:
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1401:P. pyrrhocorax
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1300:and bharal or
1284:Panthera uncia
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1244:Himalayan tahr
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1739:. sikhnet.com
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1437:P. flavinucha
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1427:
1426:scaly-bellied
1423:
1419:
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2545:Chittor Fort
2530:Ellora Caves
2500:Ajanta Caves
2280:Santiniketan
2154:
2135:
2105:
2093:. Retrieved
2086:the original
2081:
2077:
2064:
2051:
2027:(1): 25–32.
2024:
2020:
2010:
2002:
1993:
1981:. Retrieved
1974:the original
1949:
1941:
1921:
1913:
1904:
1892:. Retrieved
1888:the original
1881:
1872:
1860:. Retrieved
1856:the original
1846:
1822:. Retrieved
1818:
1808:
1796:. Retrieved
1792:
1782:
1770:. Retrieved
1766:
1741:. Retrieved
1731:
1712:
1700:. Retrieved
1696:the original
1686:
1674:. Retrieved
1636:
1604:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1497:A. falconeri
1496:
1492:
1489:
1480:
1472:Conservation
1465:
1463:spotted dove
1458:
1451:
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1422:rhododendron
1417:
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1298:Ursus arctos
1297:
1290:
1283:
1281:snow leopard
1278:
1268:Snow leopard
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1037:rhododendron
1019:, primulas,
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967:P. bicornuta
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854:Acer caesium
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846:Sunanda Devi
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819:Acer caesium
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628:Biodiversity
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596:Gauri parbat
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443:
436:
428:Eric Shipton
421:
414:
411:
401:conservation
390:
379:
367:Eric Shipton
360:
336:
309:
285:snow leopard
256:
255:
29:
2560:Kumbhalgarh
2550:Gagron Fort
1726:, 1900–1949
1605:Uttaranchal
1456:snow pigeon
1452:M. asiatica
1420:, found in
1049:gymnosperms
1045:angiosperms
1031:forests of
813:A. balfouri
802:Uttarakhand
473:Geoclimatic
432:Bill Tilman
269:Uttarakhand
150: /
125:Coordinates
99:1988 (12th
96:Inscription
66:Uttarakhand
2622:Categories
2095:21 January
1983:21 January
1772:17 October
1568:References
1561:Pushpawati
1424:thickets,
1365:hardwickei
1363:Parnassius
1353:, spangle
1302:blue sheep
1295:brown bear
1029:Sub-alpine
842:Nanda Devi
774:See also:
665:threatened
568:Gobindghat
541:Temple at
516:Govindghat
397:floristics
301:blue sheep
293:brown bear
138:79°37′03″E
135:30°43′48″N
108:Extensions
2638:Himalayas
2607:^part of
2540:Amer Fort
2376:Northeast
2354:Taj Mahal
2308:Agra Fort
2001:, India.
1416:pheasant
1041:C.P. Kala
649:ecoregion
554:Geography
532:Ghangaria
524:Badrinath
520:Rishikesh
500:Joshimath
380:In 1939,
289:musk deer
86:Reference
2043:84896241
1720:Archived
1535:See also
1358:protenor
1338:demoleus
1311:Reptiles
1127:Geranium
1021:marigold
512:Dehradun
508:Haridwar
478:Location
408:Timeline
57:Location
2228:Central
1824:7 April
1798:15 June
1702:20 July
1351:romulus
1288:leopard
1202:red fox
1025:daisies
1017:poppies
1013:orchids
992:Flowers
653:Zanskar
623:Ecology
602:Climate
592:Zanskar
580:Hemkund
543:Hemkund
504:Garhwal
341:History
328:Reserve
316:Zanskar
297:red fox
277:endemic
273:meadows
265:Chamoli
101:Session
90:335-002
76:Part of
2142:
2041:
1934:
1894:5 June
1862:8 June
1743:5 June
1676:5 June
1644:
1612:
1550:Sikkim
1258:bharal
868:, and
828:) and
430:&
391:Prof.
2404:South
2300:North
2089:(PDF)
2074:(PDF)
2039:S2CID
1977:(PDF)
1970:(PDF)
1563:River
1557:River
1441:great
1371:Birds
1251:serow
1169:Fauna
1033:birch
765:Flora
639:yogis
375:Kamet
70:India
2492:West
2256:East
2140:ISBN
2097:2013
1985:2013
1932:ISBN
1896:2013
1864:2013
1826:2022
1800:2002
1774:2012
1745:2013
1704:2018
1678:2013
1642:ISBN
1610:ISBN
1523:and
1461:and
1450:and
1443:and
1435:and
1428:and
1399:and
1392:and
1249:and
1089:and
1051:and
1035:and
976:and
886:and
844:and
655:and
539:Sikh
518:via
510:and
399:and
369:and
318:and
299:and
116:Area
111:2005
2029:doi
1548:in
502:in
275:of
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2170:|
2114:^
2082:89
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2076:.
2037:.
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2019:.
1958:^
1940:.
1930:.
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27:.
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