2443:
2345:, and his central point was this: "It is impossible to conclude, of any given mass of acquired wealth, merely by the fact of its existence, whether it signifies good or evil to the nation in the midst of which it exists. Its real value depends on the moral sign attached to it, just as strictly as that of a mathematical quantity depends on the algebraic sign attached to it. Any given accumulation of commercial wealth may be indicative, on the one hand, of faithful industries, progressive energies, and productive ingenuities: or, on the other, it may be indicative of mortal luxury, merciless tyranny, ruinous chicanery."
2662:, power is the governing principle as rooted in the centrality of private ownership. Private ownership is wholly and only an act of institutionalized exclusion, and institutionalized exclusion is a matter of organized power. And since the power behind private ownership is denominated in prices, Nitzan and Bichler argue, there is a need for a power theory of value. There is, however, a causality dilemma to their argument that has drawn criticism: power is based on the ability of firms to set monopoly prices yet the ability to set prices is based on firms possessing a degree of power in the market.
2738:," which many believed to be unsolvable. The diamond–water paradox questions why diamonds are so much more valuable than water when water is necessary for life. This paradox was answered by the subjective theory of value by realizing that water, in total, is more valuable than diamonds because the first few units are necessary for life. The key difference between water and diamonds is that water is more plentiful and diamonds are rare. Because of the availability, one additional unit of diamonds exceeds the value of one additional unit of water. The subjective theory emphasizes the role of
1222:
2379:, the quality by which firms produce those goods and services most valued by society. The market value of a machine part, for example, will depend upon a variety of objective facts involving its efficiency versus the efficiency of other types of part or other types of machine to make the kind of products that consumers will value in turn. In such a case, market value has both objective and subjective components.
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43:
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2668:, in their theory, is a measure of power, as illuminated through the present discounted value of future earnings (while also taking into account hype and risk). This formula is basic to finance which is the overarching logic of capitalism. The logic is also inherently differential as every capitalist strives to accumulate greater earnings than their competitors (but not
145:
2579:, where "Money is the necessary form of appearance of value (and of capital) in the sense that prices constitute the only form of appearance of the value of commodities." Similarly to the exchange theory, this theory emphasizes value as being socially determined, rather than having a physical substance.
2356:
asserted that "value" is a subjective judgment. Prices can only be determined by taking these subjective judgments into account, and that this is done through the price mechanism in the market. Thus, it was false to say that the economic value of a good was equal to what it cost to produce or to its
2548:
In either case, what is being addressed are general prices—i.e., prices in the aggregate, not a specific price of a particular good or service in a given circumstance. Theories in either class allow for deviations when a particular price is struck in a real-world market transaction, or when a price
2470:
theory) that explained value was determined by several different factors, including wages and rents. This theory of value, according to Smith, best explained the natural prices in the market. While an underdeveloped theory at the time, it did offer an alternative to another popular value theory of
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questions this by examining the use in comparison to price of these goods. Water, while necessary for life, is far less expensive than diamonds, which have basically no use. Which value theory holds true divides economic thinkers, and is the base for many socioeconomic and political beliefs.
2331:
see values as part of his sociopolitical interpretation and critique of capitalism and other societies, and deny that it was intended to serve as a category of economics. According to a third interpretation, Marx aimed for a theory of the dynamics of price formation but did not complete it.
2655:. The structure of prices has little to do with the so-called "material" sphere of production and consumption. The quantification of power in prices is not the consequence of external laws—whether natural or historical—but entirely internal to society.
2238:. Many neoclassical economic theories equate the value of a commodity with its price, whether the market is competitive or not. As such, everything is seen as a commodity and if there is no market to set a price then there is no economic value.
2733:
in the late 19th century. These theories contradicted earlier labour theories of values proposed by classical economists which emphasize the role of socially necessary labour in producing value. The subjective theory of value helped answer the
2171:
has puzzled economists since the beginning of the discipline. First, economists tried to estimate the value of a good to an individual alone, and extend that definition to goods that can be exchanged. From this analysis came the concepts
2128:
for a good or service?” Value for money is often expressed in comparative terms, such as "better", or "best value for money", but may also be expressed in absolute terms, such as where a deal does, or does not, offer value for money.
2304:, "is the largest amount of exertion that anyone will render in exchange for it. But as men always seek to gratify their desires with the least exertion this is the lowest amount for which a similar thing can otherwise be obtained."
2495:
denied value theory in economics. He thought that value theory is useless and prevents economics from becoming science and that a currency administration guided by value theory is doomed to sterility and inactivity.
2209:
Said another way, value is how much a desired object or condition is worth relative to other objects or conditions. Economic values are expressed as "how much" of one desirable condition or product will, or would be
2257:
is not, in theory, dependent on the existence of a market and price and value are not seen as equal. This is complicated, however, by the efforts of classical economists to connect price and labor value.
2528:
required to produce it. When speaking in terms of a labor theory of value, value without any qualifying adjective theoretically refers to the amount of labor necessary for the production of a marketable
2367:
in economics. He thought that value theory is useless and prevents economics from becoming science and that a currency administration guided by value theory is doomed to sterility and inactivity.
2230:, the value of an object or service is often seen as nothing but the price it would bring in an open and competitive market. This is determined primarily by the demand for the object relative to
2155:
is willing to buy a good, it implies that the customer places a higher value on the good than the market price. The difference between the value to the consumer and the market price is called "
2676:. In order to have a power theory of value there needs to be differential accumulation where some owners' rate of growth of capitalization is faster than the average pace of capitalization.
2214:
in exchange for some other desired condition or product. Among the competing schools of economic theory there are differing metrics for value assessment and the metrics are the subject of a
2277:
makes the claim that "value" refers to "the innate worth of a commodity, which determines the normal ('equilibrium') ratio at which two commodities exchange." To Keen and the tradition of
2390:, often referred to as the "Three Es", may be used as complementary factors contributing to an assessment of the value for money provided by a purchase, project or activity. The UK
2116:
represents an assessment of whether financial or other resources are being used effectively in order to secure such benefit. Economic value is generally measured through units of
2623:(2009) argue that it was never possible to separate economics from politics. This separation is required to allow for neoclassical economics to base their theory on
2199:
and seller. Just as the buyer reveals what he is willing to pay for a certain amount of a good, so too does the seller reveal what it costs him to give up the good.
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was the belief that price and value were solely based on how much "use" an individual received from a commodity. However, this theory is rejected in Smith's work
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emphasizes the role of consumer preferences in influencing price. According to this theory, the consumer places a value on a commodity by determining the
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2159:". It is easy to see situations where the actual value is considerably larger than the market price: purchase of drinking water is one example.
3035:
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is obtained by the rate at which transactions occur, telling observers the extent to which the purchase of the good has value over time.
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attempted to quantify and embody all labor components in order to develop a theory of the real, or natural, price of a commodity.
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2262:, for one, saw exchange value as the "form of appearance" (This interpretation of Marx is along the lines of the Marxist thinker
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2323:, Marx, like Ricardo, developed a "labor theory of price" where the point of analyzing value was to allow the calculation of
2319:" (how much labor-time the sale of the commodity can claim, Smith's "labor commanded" value). By most interpretations of his
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2218:. Value theories are a large part of the differences and disagreements between the various schools of economic theory.
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which implies that, although value is separate from exchange value, it is meaningless without the act of exchange.
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Value for money and international development: Deconstructing myths to promote a more constructive discussion
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Efficiency: the relationship between the output from goods or services and the resources to produce them –
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published a critique of the economic concept of value from a moral point of view. He entitled the volume
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Effectiveness: the relationship between the intended and actual results of public spending (outcomes) –
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2195:. When an economist observes an exchange, two important value functions are revealed: those of the
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that states a
Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
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2297:" in which a commodity's "innate worth" was the amount of labor needed to produce it.
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2281:, this corresponds to the classical concept of long-run cost-determined prices, what
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1937:
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1802:
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asserts that the economic value of a commodity is determined by the total amount of
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678:
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31:
2311:, what a commodity provides to its buyer), labor cost which he calls "value" (the
2462:, but believed it did not fully explain price and profit. Instead, he proposed a
4414:
4404:
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4073:
4017:
3492:
3187:
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was greatly inspired by Ruskin's book and published a paraphrase of it in 1908.
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In another classical tradition, Marx distinguished between the "value in use" (
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3364:
Stigler, George J. (1950-01-01). "The
Development of Utility Theory. I".
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2117:
957:
864:
318:
228:
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3385:
2862:
2833:
2624:
258:
2953:
Ferry to be built at
Ferguson yard despite not being 'value for money'
2398:
Economy: minimising the cost of resources used or required (inputs) –
2120:, and the interpretation is therefore "what is the maximum amount of
3377:
2132:
Among the competing schools of economic theory there are differing
2441:
2394:
uses the following summaries to explain the meaning of each term:
2196:
2188:
2144:
2121:
2101:
343:
27:
The measure of benefit provided by a good or service in an economy
3192:"Marx's Monetary Theory of Value, Fictitious Capital and Finance"
2427:
In philosophy, economic value is a subcategory of a more general
2300:"The value of a thing in any given time and place", according to
3164:
Proceedings of the
Seventh International Conference in Economics
3073:
3434:
3245:"Capitalism as a Mode of Power interviewed by Piotr Dutkiewicz"
2721:
Subjectivist or marginalist theories of value were created by
2602:
constitutes the actual presupposition for this incorporation.
138:
36:
3430:
3036:"The Natural Economic Order/Part III/Chapter 3 – Bibliowiki"
2863:
Some
Important Phases in the Evolution of the Idea of Value
2533:, including the labor necessary for the development of any
156:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
3157:"Marx's Value Theory Revisited. A 'Value-form' Approach."
162:
2702:, or additional satisfaction of one additional unit.
2582:
According to this analysis, when money incorporates
4460:
4102:
3836:
3585:
3550:
3468:
3088:
History of
Economic Thought: A Critical Perspective
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3133:; Peach, Terry "Interpreting Ricardo", Cambridge:
2375:The theory of value is closely related to that of
2955:, published 16 May 2023, accessed 8 December 2023
3316:"What is utility theory? definition and meaning"
3232:Capital as Power: A Study of Order and Creorder
3212:Capital as Power: A Study of Order and Creorder
3446:
2073:
1182:
8:
2718:to explain consumer preferences and price.
3453:
3439:
3431:
2942:on 22 March 2011, accessed 8 December 2023
2934:Department of Finance (Northern Ireland),
2880:; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905).
2680:Subjective theory of value and marginalism
2293:and price. Ricardo, but not Keen, used a "
2147:, nor is economic value the same thing as
2100:is a measure of the benefit provided by a
2080:
2066:
1200:
1189:
1175:
196:
2672:). Nitzan and Bichler label this process
2285:called "natural prices" and Marx called "
185:Learn how and when to remove this message
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
2927:
2567:, especially those associated with the
1212:
208:
3111:Part III. Chapter 3. So-called "Value"
2985:, New York, Zed Books (2001) p. 271,
3405:
3403:
3051:
3049:
2892:(1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
2809:Real versus nominal value (economics)
2537:used in the production process. Both
7:
2549:is set in some price fixing regime.
65:adding citations to reliable sources
3530:Agent-based computational economics
3339:Staff, Investopedia (2008-02-13).
3290:Staff, Investopedia (2003-11-23).
3265:Staff, Investopedia (2011-01-20).
2936:Definition of best value for money
2512:Cost-of-production theory of value
2464:cost-of-production theory of value
2291:cost-of-production theory of value
25:
2883:"Value (political economy)"
2598:relation and the exploitation of
3988:neoclassical–Keynesian synthesis
3013:The Science of Political Economy
2861:W. G. Langworthy Taylor. 1985. "
2752:
2651:), Nitzan and Bichler propose a
2047:
2035:
1220:
1156:
1144:
143:
41:
2571:(New Readings of Marx) such as
2458:agreed with certain aspects of
1322:Concepts, theory and techniques
52:needs additional citations for
3411:"Austrian school of economics"
3125:, Oxford: Philip Allan, 1982,
2889:New International Encyclopedia
2313:socially-necessary labour time
1:
3924:Critique of political economy
2794:Non-extractive economic value
2760:Business and economics portal
2712:marginal rate of substitution
2627:and for Marxists to base the
2590:circulation, it functions as
2268:critique of political economy
2202:Additional information about
948:Critique of political economy
606:Critique of political economy
3366:Journal of Political Economy
3267:"Subjective Theory Of Value"
2867:Journal of Political Economy
2236:perfectly competitive market
998:Periodizations of capitalism
4556:Theory of value (economics)
2824:Theory of value (economics)
694:Simple commodity production
4572:
4062:Real business-cycle theory
3234:, Routledge, 2009, p. 228.
3135:Cambridge University Press
3106:The Natural Economic Order
2940:Northern Ireland Executive
2819:Subjective theory of value
2696:subjective theory of value
2686:Subjective theory of value
2683:
2556:
2509:
2503:
2357:current replacement cost.
1003:Perspectives on capitalism
29:
4502:
3214:, Routledge, 2009, p. 10.
3057:Assessing value for money
2918:Resources in your library
2799:Objective theory of value
2706:employs concepts such as
2674:differential accumulation
2433:goodness and value theory
2191:through the mechanism of
3194:, 6 November 2015, p. 6.
3059:, accessed 15 March 2019
2784:Marginal theory of value
2614:institutional economists
2577:monetary theory of value
2553:Monetary theory of value
2526:socially necessary labor
2420:Sometimes a fourth 'E',
2167:The economic value of a
1310:JEL classification codes
274:Economic interventionism
30:Not to be confused with
3702:Industrial organization
3525:Computational economics
3415:Encyclopedia Britannica
3055:National Audit Office,
2637:utility theory of value
2563:Critics of traditional
2476:utility theory of value
2466:(to later develop into
2247:(Labor Theory of Value)
2126:willing and able to pay
1496:Industrial organization
1353:Computational economics
943:Criticism of capitalism
3907:Modern monetary theory
3572:Experimental economics
3542:Pluralism in economics
3515:Mathematical economics
3320:BusinessDictionary.com
3017:. Politicaleconomy.org
2774:Labour theory of value
2742:in determining price.
2723:William Stanley Jevons
2645:labour theory of value
2641:neoclassical economics
2629:labour theory of value
2447:
2228:neoclassical economics
1348:Experimental economics
973:Exploitation of labour
684:Primitive accumulation
165:by rewriting it in an
76:"Value" economics
3155:Milios, John (2003).
2736:diamond–water paradox
2653:power theory of value
2606:Power theory of value
2522:labor theory of value
2506:Labor theory of value
2500:Labor theory of value
2486:diamond–water paradox
2481:The Wealth of Nations
2460:labor theory of value
2445:
2392:National Audit Office
2377:allocative efficiency
2321:labor theory of value
2295:labor theory of price
1151:Capitalism portal
963:Culture of capitalism
918:Capitalist propaganda
674:Industrial Revolution
664:Commercial Revolution
3781:Social choice theory
3537:Behavioral economics
3520:Complexity economics
3103:(1916, trsl. 1929),
3090:. London: Routledge.
2287:prices of production
2266:) of value, in his
1575:Social choice theory
1126:Right-libertarianism
1056:Classical liberalism
1023:Venture philanthropy
659:Capitalism and Islam
654:Age of Enlightenment
249:Capital accumulation
61:improve this article
3865:American (National)
3565:Economic statistics
3086:Hunt, E.K. (2015).
2983:Debunking Economics
2971:. p. 7-1, 7-2.
2670:profit maximization
2518:classical economics
2429:philosophical value
2352:Economists such as
2315:it embodies), and "
2289:". It is part of a
2273:In this tradition,
2243:classical economics
2187:Value is linked to
2042:Business portal
1363:Operations research
1343:National accounting
1163:Business portal
279:Economic liberalism
269:Competitive markets
3292:"Marginal Utility"
2966:"Consumer Surplus"
2938:, endorsed by the
2448:
2371:Connected concepts
2139:Economic value is
1373:Industrial complex
1368:Middle income trap
923:Capitalist realism
314:Goods and services
294:Fictitious capital
167:encyclopedic style
154:is written like a
4551:Political economy
4538:
4537:
4069:New institutional
3121:Junankar, P. N.,
2904:Library resources
2839:Value (marketing)
2740:supply and demand
2716:opportunity costs
2649:Marxian economics
2594:implementing the
2569:Neue Marx-LektĂĽre
2565:Marxian economics
2424:, is also added.
2181:value in exchange
2134:theories of value
2090:
2089:
1199:
1198:
1018:Spontaneous order
988:History of theory
631:New institutional
601:Market monetarism
536:Economic theories
369:Supply and demand
304:Free price system
195:
194:
187:
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
4563:
3742:Natural resource
3577:Economic history
3503:Mechanism design
3455:
3448:
3441:
3432:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3421:
3407:
3398:
3397:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3277:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3241:
3235:
3228:Shimshon Bichler
3221:
3215:
3208:Shimshon Bichler
3201:
3195:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3161:
3152:
3146:
3123:Marx's economics
3119:
3113:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3083:
3077:
3066:
3060:
3053:
3044:
3043:
3038:. Archived from
3032:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3007:
3001:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2962:
2956:
2949:
2943:
2932:
2893:
2885:
2804:Paradox of value
2762:
2757:
2756:
2708:marginal utility
2700:marginal utility
2621:Shimshon Bichler
2573:Michael Heinrich
2437:science of value
2431:, as defined in
2354:Ludwig von Mises
2264:Michael Heinrich
2157:consumer surplus
2082:
2075:
2068:
2054:Money portal
2052:
2051:
2050:
2040:
2039:
1536:Natural resource
1328:Economic systems
1224:
1201:
1191:
1184:
1177:
1161:
1160:
1149:
1148:
953:Critique of work
928:Capitalist state
611:Critique of work
494:Regulated market
396:Economic systems
349:Private property
299:Financial market
289:Entrepreneurship
284:Economic surplus
197:
190:
183:
179:
176:
170:
147:
146:
139:
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
21:
4571:
4570:
4566:
4565:
4564:
4562:
4561:
4560:
4541:
4540:
4539:
4534:
4531:Business portal
4498:
4497:
4496:
4456:
4220:von Böhm-Bawerk
4108:
4107:
4098:
3870:Ancient thought
3848:
3847:
3841:
3832:
3831:
3830:
3581:
3546:
3498:Contract theory
3483:Decision theory
3464:
3459:
3429:
3428:
3419:
3417:
3409:
3408:
3401:
3363:
3362:
3358:
3349:
3347:
3338:
3337:
3333:
3324:
3322:
3314:
3313:
3309:
3300:
3298:
3289:
3288:
3284:
3275:
3273:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3249:
3247:
3243:
3242:
3238:
3224:Jonathan Nitzan
3222:
3218:
3204:Jonathan Nitzan
3202:
3198:
3186:
3182:
3173:
3171:
3159:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3120:
3116:
3099:
3095:
3085:
3084:
3080:
3067:
3063:
3054:
3047:
3034:
3033:
3029:
3020:
3018:
3009:
3008:
3004:
2980:
2976:
2968:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2950:
2946:
2933:
2929:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2900:
2876:
2858:
2856:Further reading
2853:
2758:
2751:
2748:
2692:
2684:Main articles:
2682:
2635:. Instead of a
2633:abstract labour
2617:Jonathan Nitzan
2608:
2561:
2555:
2514:
2508:
2502:
2453:
2414:spending wisely
2373:
2325:relative prices
2253:is recognized,
2224:
2216:theory of value
2169:good or service
2165:
2114:value for money
2086:
2048:
2046:
2034:
2027:
2026:
1997:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1748:von Böhm-Bawerk
1636:
1625:
1624:
1386:
1378:
1377:
1333:Economic growth
1323:
1315:
1314:
1256:
1254:classifications
1195:
1155:
1143:
1136:
1135:
1041:
1033:
1032:
1008:Post-capitalism
913:Anti-capitalism
908:
900:
899:
795:
787:
786:
707:
699:
698:
649:
641:
640:
537:
529:
528:
519:State-sponsored
397:
389:
388:
254:Capital markets
219:
191:
180:
174:
171:
163:help improve it
160:
148:
144:
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Value for money
15:
12:
11:
5:
4569:
4567:
4559:
4558:
4553:
4543:
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4535:
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4207:
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4127:
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4109:
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4076:
4071:
4066:
4065:
4064:
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4053:
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4042:
4037:
4032:
4031:
4030:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4009:
4008:
4007:
4006:
3996:
3991:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3934:Disequilibrium
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3910:
3909:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3851:
3849:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3829:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3747:Organizational
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
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3583:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3568:
3567:
3556:
3554:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3533:
3532:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3510:Macroeconomics
3507:
3506:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3478:Microeconomics
3474:
3472:
3466:
3465:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3450:
3443:
3435:
3427:
3426:
3399:
3378:10.1086/256962
3356:
3331:
3307:
3282:
3257:
3236:
3216:
3196:
3180:
3147:
3114:
3093:
3078:
3061:
3045:
3042:on 2017-12-10.
3027:
3002:
2974:
2957:
2944:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2874:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2814:Store of value
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2747:
2744:
2681:
2678:
2666:Capitalization
2631:on quantified
2607:
2604:
2575:, emphasize a
2554:
2551:
2504:Main article:
2501:
2498:
2468:exchange value
2452:
2449:
2446:Value or price
2418:
2417:
2410:
2403:
2372:
2369:
2342:Unto This Last
2317:exchange value
2255:economic value
2251:exchange value
2223:
2220:
2164:
2161:
2110:economic agent
2098:economic value
2088:
2087:
2085:
2084:
2077:
2070:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2044:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2009:
2004:
1998:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1982:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
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1795:
1790:
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1740:
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1695:
1690:
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1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1541:Organizational
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1387:
1385:By application
1384:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
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1234:
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1210:
1209:
1197:
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1186:
1179:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1153:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1116:Ordoliberalism
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
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1039:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
993:Market economy
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
909:
907:Related topics
906:
905:
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789:
788:
785:
784:
779:
777:State monopoly
774:
769:
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754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
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387:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
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351:
346:
341:
336:
334:Liberalization
331:
326:
324:Invisible hand
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
239:Businessperson
236:
234:Business cycle
231:
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216:
213:
212:
206:
205:
193:
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151:
149:
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135:
134:
49:
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40:
26:
24:
14:
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10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4568:
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4459:
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4278:
4276:
4273:
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4246:
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4228:
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4218:
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4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
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4198:
4196:
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4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
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4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4115:de Mandeville
4113:
4112:
4110:
4106:
4101:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4063:
4060:
4059:
4058:
4057:New classical
4055:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4029:
4026:
4025:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4013:Malthusianism
4011:
4005:
4002:
4001:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3989:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3974:Institutional
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
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3945:
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3900:
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3873:
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3868:
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3858:
3856:
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3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3778:
3777:Public choice
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3752:Participation
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3712:Institutional
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3662:Expeditionary
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3652:Environmental
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3549:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3456:
3451:
3449:
3444:
3442:
3437:
3436:
3433:
3416:
3412:
3406:
3404:
3400:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3372:(4): 307–27.
3371:
3367:
3360:
3357:
3346:
3342:
3341:"Marginalism"
3335:
3332:
3321:
3317:
3311:
3308:
3297:
3293:
3286:
3283:
3272:
3268:
3261:
3258:
3246:
3240:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3220:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3200:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3184:
3181:
3169:
3165:
3158:
3151:
3148:
3144:
3143:0-521-26086-8
3140:
3136:
3132:
3131:0-86003-125-X
3128:
3124:
3118:
3115:
3112:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3101:Silvio Gesell
3097:
3094:
3089:
3082:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3068:Jackson, P.,
3065:
3062:
3058:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3041:
3037:
3031:
3028:
3016:
3014:
3006:
3003:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2991:1-86403-070-4
2988:
2984:
2978:
2975:
2967:
2961:
2958:
2954:
2948:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2931:
2928:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2884:
2879:
2878:Gilman, D. C.
2875:
2873:(4): 414–433.
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2850:
2849:Value network
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2769:Asset pricing
2767:
2766:
2761:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2737:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2691:
2687:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2661:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2647:(as found in
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2625:utility value
2622:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2560:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2544:
2540:
2539:David Ricardo
2536:
2532:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2513:
2507:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2493:Silvio Gesell
2490:
2487:
2484:. The famous
2483:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2450:
2444:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2425:
2423:
2415:
2411:
2408:
2407:spending well
2404:
2401:
2400:spending less
2397:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2388:effectiveness
2385:
2380:
2378:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2361:Silvio Gesell
2358:
2355:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2305:
2303:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2279:David Ricardo
2276:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2207:
2205:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2177:
2176:
2170:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2135:
2130:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2083:
2078:
2076:
2071:
2069:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2045:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1991:
1990:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1643:de Mandeville
1641:
1640:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1571:Public choice
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1546:Participation
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1506:Institutional
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1456:Expeditionary
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1446:Environmental
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1276:International
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1252:Branches and
1249:
1248:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1202:
1192:
1187:
1185:
1180:
1178:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1106:Neoliberalism
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1051:Authoritarian
1049:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
978:Globalization
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
938:Crisis theory
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
910:
904:
903:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
797:
794:Intellectuals
791:
790:
783:
782:Technological
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
709:
703:
702:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
651:
645:
644:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
581:
580:
577:
575:
574:Institutional
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
558:
555:
554:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
539:
533:
532:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
434:
433:Laissez-faire
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
407:Authoritarian
405:
403:
400:
399:
393:
392:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
374:Surplus value
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
354:Privatization
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
221:
215:
214:
211:
207:
203:
199:
198:
189:
186:
178:
168:
164:
158:
157:
152:This article
150:
141:
140:
131:
128:
120:
117:December 2016
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
4526:Publications
4482:Publications
4449:
4045:Neoclassical
4035:Mercantilism
3944:Evolutionary
3806:Sociological
3779: /
3677:Geographical
3657:Evolutionary
3632:Digitization
3597:Agricultural
3560:Econometrics
3488:Price theory
3418:. Retrieved
3414:
3369:
3365:
3359:
3348:. Retrieved
3345:Investopedia
3344:
3334:
3323:. Retrieved
3319:
3310:
3299:. Retrieved
3296:Investopedia
3295:
3285:
3274:. Retrieved
3271:Investopedia
3270:
3260:
3248:. Retrieved
3239:
3231:
3219:
3211:
3199:
3183:
3172:. Retrieved
3163:
3150:
3122:
3117:
3104:
3096:
3087:
3081:
3064:
3040:the original
3030:
3019:. Retrieved
3015:, Chapter 8"
3012:
3005:
2982:
2981:Steve Keen,
2977:
2960:
2947:
2930:
2908:
2887:
2870:
2866:
2789:Market price
2779:Law of value
2720:
2693:
2664:
2657:
2652:
2609:
2581:
2576:
2562:
2547:
2515:
2491:
2479:
2473:
2454:
2426:
2419:
2413:
2406:
2399:
2381:
2374:
2365:value theory
2359:
2351:
2340:
2334:
2306:
2302:Henry George
2299:
2272:
2254:
2240:
2225:
2222:Explanations
2211:
2208:
2204:market value
2201:
2186:
2179:
2175:value in use
2173:
2166:
2149:market value
2145:market price
2143:the same as
2140:
2138:
2131:
2124:a person is
2113:
2097:
2091:
2012:Publications
1977:
1600:Sociological
1573: /
1471:Geographical
1451:Evolutionary
1426:Digitization
1391:Agricultural
1295:Mathematical
1266:Econometrics
1028:Wage slavery
968:Evergreening
679:Mercantilism
626:Neoclassical
454:Mercantilist
431:
378:
364:Rent seeking
329:Visible hand
181:
172:
153:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
32:Market value
4320:von Neumann
4089:Supply-side
4074:Physiocracy
4018:Marginalism
3707:Information
3647:Engineering
3627:Development
3622:Demographic
3493:Game theory
3470:Theoretical
3188:John Milios
3170:. p. 9
2731:Carl Menger
2727:LĂ©on Walras
2704:Marginalism
2690:Marginalism
2600:labor power
2337:John Ruskin
1848:von Neumann
1501:Information
1441:Engineering
1421:Development
1416:Demographic
1358:Game theory
1300:Methodology
1111:Objectivism
1096:Libertarian
1013:Speculation
933:Consumerism
767:Progressive
706:Development
689:Physiocracy
636:Supply-side
444:Libertarian
422:Free-market
402:Anglo-Saxon
384:Wage labour
339:Marginalism
309:Free market
264:Corporation
4545:Categories
4477:Economists
4350:Schumacher
4255:Schumpeter
4225:von Wieser
4145:von ThĂĽnen
4105:Economists
4004:Circuitism
3969:Humanistic
3964:Historical
3939:Ecological
3929:Democratic
3902:Chartalism
3892:Behavioral
3855:Mainstream
3816:Statistics
3811:Solidarity
3732:Managerial
3697:Humanistic
3692:Historical
3637:Ecological
3602:Behavioral
3420:2017-03-02
3350:2017-03-02
3325:2017-03-02
3301:2017-03-02
3276:2017-03-02
3250:1 February
3174:2015-01-12
3166:. Ankara:
3076:, May 2012
3021:2012-04-17
2951:BBC News,
2898:References
2844:Value form
2660:capitalism
2596:capitalist
2584:production
2559:Value-form
2557:See also:
2510:See also:
2471:the time.
2456:Adam Smith
2435:or in the
2384:efficiency
2283:Adam Smith
2275:Steve Keen
2007:Economists
1878:Schumacher
1783:Schumpeter
1753:von Wieser
1673:von ThĂĽnen
1634:economists
1610:Statistics
1605:Solidarity
1526:Managerial
1491:Humanistic
1486:Historical
1431:Ecological
1396:Behavioral
1290:Mainstream
1091:Liberalism
1076:Humanistic
1061:Democratic
1040:Ideologies
875:Schumpeter
621:Monetarist
552:Chartalism
499:Regulatory
474:Neoliberal
427:Humanistic
210:Capitalism
175:March 2024
87:newspapers
4395:Greenspan
4360:Samuelson
4340:Galbraith
4310:Tinbergen
4250:von Mises
4245:Heckscher
4205:Edgeworth
4084:Stockholm
4079:Socialist
3979:Keynesian
3959:Happiness
3919:Classical
3880:Mutualism
3875:Anarchist
3860:Heterodox
3757:Personnel
3717:Knowledge
3682:Happiness
3672:Financial
3642:Education
3617:Democracy
3552:Empirical
3462:Economics
3394:153732595
2829:Use value
2586:into its
2543:Karl Marx
2531:commodity
2382:Economy,
2335:In 1860,
2309:use-value
2260:Karl Marx
2249:. Though
2094:economics
1923:Greenspan
1888:Samuelson
1868:Galbraith
1838:Tinbergen
1778:von Mises
1773:Heckscher
1733:Edgeworth
1551:Personnel
1511:Knowledge
1476:Happiness
1466:Financial
1436:Education
1411:Democracy
1305:Political
1271:Heterodox
1214:Economics
1131:Third Way
1121:Privatism
1081:Inclusive
1066:Dirigisme
860:von Mises
747:Illiberal
727:Corporate
722:Community
669:Feudalism
579:Keynesian
569:Classical
412:Corporate
224:Austerity
4506:Category
4486:journals
4472:Glossary
4425:Stiglitz
4390:Rothbard
4370:Buchanan
4355:Friedman
4345:Koopmans
4335:Leontief
4315:Robinson
4200:Marshall
4050:Lausanne
3954:Georgism
3949:Feminist
3897:Buddhist
3887:Austrian
3786:Regional
3762:Planning
3737:Monetary
3667:Feminist
3612:Cultural
3607:Business
3137:, 1993,
2999:45804669
2746:See also
2451:Theories
2212:given up
2193:exchange
2163:Overview
2153:consumer
2118:currency
2016:journals
2002:Glossary
1953:Stiglitz
1918:Rothbard
1898:Buchanan
1883:Friedman
1873:Koopmans
1863:Leontief
1843:Robinson
1728:Marshall
1632:Notable
1580:Regional
1556:Planning
1531:Monetary
1461:Feminist
1406:Cultural
1401:Business
1206:a series
1204:Part of
958:Cronyism
870:Rothbard
845:Marshall
830:Friedman
762:Merchant
717:Consumer
712:Advanced
547:Austrian
542:American
469:National
464:Monopoly
417:Dirigist
319:Investor
229:Business
218:Concepts
202:a series
200:Part of
4521:Outline
4492:Schools
4484: (
4445:Piketty
4440:Krugman
4305:Kuznets
4295:Kalecki
4270:Polanyi
4160:Cournot
4155:Bastiat
4140:Ricardo
4130:Malthus
4120:Quesnay
4023:Marxian
3914:Chicago
3844:history
3839:Schools
3826:Welfare
3796:Service
3587:Applied
3386:1828885
2834:Utility
2643:) or a
2611:Radical
2592:capital
2535:capital
2363:denied
2151:. If a
2106:service
2022:Schools
2014: (
1973:Piketty
1968:Krugman
1833:Kuznets
1823:Kalecki
1798:Polanyi
1688:Cournot
1683:Bastiat
1668:Ricardo
1658:Malthus
1648:Quesnay
1620:Welfare
1590:Service
1261:Applied
1237:Outline
1232:History
1086:Liberal
1046:Anarcho
983:History
815:Malthus
810:Ricardo
772:Rentier
757:Marxist
737:Finance
648:Origins
616:Marxist
564:Chicago
524:Welfare
484:Private
439:Liberal
259:Company
244:Capital
161:Please
101:scholar
4430:Thaler
4410:Ostrom
4405:Becker
4400:Sowell
4380:Baumol
4285:Myrdal
4280:Sraffa
4275:Frisch
4265:Knight
4260:Keynes
4235:Fisher
4230:Veblen
4215:Pareto
4195:Menger
4190:George
4185:Jevons
4180:Walras
4170:Gossen
4094:Thermo
3772:Public
3767:Policy
3722:Labour
3687:Health
3392:
3384:
3141:
3129:
2997:
2989:
2906:about
2729:, and
2714:, and
2639:(like
2588:M-C-M'
2520:, the
2422:equity
2347:Gandhi
2329:Others
2232:supply
2112:, and
2108:to an
1958:Thaler
1938:Ostrom
1933:Becker
1928:Sowell
1908:Baumol
1813:Myrdal
1808:Sraffa
1803:Frisch
1793:Knight
1788:Keynes
1763:Fisher
1758:Veblen
1743:Pareto
1723:Menger
1718:George
1713:Jevons
1708:Walras
1698:Gossen
1566:Public
1561:Policy
1516:Labour
1481:Health
1338:Market
885:Weaver
880:Veblen
855:Walras
850:Pareto
840:Keynes
742:Global
509:Social
479:Nordic
449:Market
359:Profit
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
4516:Lists
4511:Index
4462:Lists
4435:Hoppe
4420:Lucas
4385:Solow
4375:Arrow
4365:Simon
4330:Lange
4325:Hicks
4300:Röpke
4290:Hayek
4240:Pigou
4210:Clark
4125:Smith
4040:Mixed
3999:Post-
3821:Urban
3801:Socio
3791:Rural
3390:S2CID
3382:JSTOR
3160:(PDF)
2969:(PDF)
2909:Value
2409:; and
2234:in a
2197:buyer
2189:price
2122:money
1995:Lists
1963:Hoppe
1948:Lucas
1913:Solow
1903:Arrow
1893:Simon
1858:Lange
1853:Hicks
1828:Röpke
1818:Hayek
1768:Pigou
1738:Clark
1653:Smith
1615:Urban
1595:Socio
1585:Rural
1285:Macro
1281:Micro
1242:Index
895:Coase
890:Weber
835:Hayek
800:Smith
732:Crony
594:Post-
514:State
504:Rhine
459:Mixed
379:Value
344:Money
108:JSTOR
94:books
4451:more
4175:Marx
4165:Mill
4150:List
4028:Neo-
3984:Neo-
3252:2014
3226:and
3206:and
3168:METU
3139:ISBN
3127:ISBN
3074:OECD
2995:OCLC
2987:ISBN
2694:The
2688:and
2619:and
2541:and
2474:The
2386:and
2178:and
2102:good
1979:more
1703:Marx
1693:Mill
1678:List
865:Rand
825:Marx
805:Mill
752:Late
584:Neo-
80:news
4415:Sen
4135:Say
3994:New
3727:Law
3374:doi
2865:".
2658:In
2516:In
2241:In
2226:In
2141:not
2104:or
2092:In
1943:Sen
1663:Say
1521:Law
1101:Neo
1071:Eco
820:Say
589:New
557:MMT
489:Raw
63:by
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3413:.
3402:^
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