1066:
638:
31:
1038:
674:
662:
650:
686:
1014:
1054:
1026:
998:
625:. The shortest distance between each lead ion is 4.48 Å. The octahedron shares two of its opposite faces with that of neighbouring vanadinite units, forming a continuous chain of octahedrons. Each vanadium atom is surrounded by four oxygen atoms at the corners of an irregular
445:
in 1801. He called the mineral "brown lead" and asserted that it contained a new element, which he first named pancromium and later, erythronium. However, he was later led to believe that this was not a new element but merely an impure form of chromium. In 1830,
706:. This internal structure is often reflected in the hexagonal external shape of the crystals. The crystals are usually in the form of short hexagonal prisms, but can also be found as hexagonal pyramids, rounded masses or crusts. A
450:
discovered a new element, which he named vanadium. It was later revealed that this was identical to the metal discovered earlier by Andrés Manuel del Río. Del Río's "brown lead" was also rediscovered, in 1838 in
Zimapan,
710:
of vanadinite, the smallest divisible unit that possesses the same symmetry and properties, is in the form of a hexagonal prism. The unit cell of vanadinite is composed of two of its molecules and has the dimensions
1065:
1053:
1037:
843:
Vanadinite is usually bright-red or orange-red in colour, although sometimes brown, red-brown, grey, yellow, or colourless. Its distinctive colour makes it popular among mineral collectors. Its
410:
Vanadinite is an uncommon mineral, only occurring as the result of chemical alterations to a pre-existing material. It is therefore known as a secondary mineral. It is found in
613:
Cl. It is composed (by weight) of 73.15% lead, 10.79% vanadium, 13.56% oxygen, and 2.50% chlorine. Each structural unit of vanadinite contains a chlorine ion surrounded by six
178:
Bright red, orange-red, red-brown, brown, yellow, whitish, grey or colourless or weakly tinted in transmitted light; pale straw-yellow;. may be concentrically zoned
629:. The distance between each oxygen and vanadium atom is either 1.72 or 1.76 Å. Three oxygen tetrahedrons adjoin each of the lead octahedrons along the chain.
455:, Mexico, and was named vanadinite because of its high vanadium content. Other names that have since been given to vanadinite are johnstonite and lead vanadate.
1013:
1325:
1025:
871:, meaning that some of its properties differ when measured along different axes. When measured perpendicular and parallel to its axis of anisotropy, its
836:
substitute for vanadium (in the first two cases) or lead (in the second). Vanadinite when containing a high amount of the arsenic impurity is known as
938:. Vanadinite is also occasionally used as a source of lead. A common process for extracting the vanadium begins with the heating of vanadinite with
1416:
1463:
1275:
J. A. Pérez-Bustamante de
Monasterio (1990). "Highlights of Spanish chemistry at the time of the chemical revolution of the 18th century".
1468:
621:, with one of the lead ions provided by an adjoining vanadinite molecule. The distance between each lead and chlorine ion is 317
94:
792:. Whereas most chemical series involve the substitution of metallic ions, this series substitutes its anion groups; phosphate (PO
997:
1234:
891:
223:
1059:
Crystals of vanadinite (var. endlichite), from
Touissit, Touissit District, Oujda-Angad Province, Oriental Region, Morocco
256:
1458:
442:
1448:
637:
586:
673:
661:
1397:
713:
699:
649:
109:
30:
685:
447:
573:
Vanadinite deposits are found in over 400 mines across the world. Notable vanadinite mines include those at
84:
1453:
1229:. Vol. IV (Arsenates, Phosphates, Vanadates). Chantilly, VA, US: Mineralogical Society of America.
1220:
Anthony, John W.; Bideaux, Richard A.; Bladh, Kenneth W.; Nichols, Monte C., eds. (2000). "Vanadinite".
967:
931:
894:, about the same as a copper coin. Vanadinite is particularly heavy for a translucent mineral. It has a
848:
213:
203:
582:
1119:
590:
402:, vanadinite deposits have since been unearthed in South America, Europe, Africa, and North America.
955:
864:
856:
844:
246:
236:
1420:
1340:
1292:
1137:
971:
753:
733:
is the height of the prism. The volume of each unit cell of vanadinite, given by the formula V =
355:
193:
837:
418:
of primary lead minerals. Vanadinite is especially found in association with the lead sulfide,
1230:
963:
707:
703:
148:
46:
1284:
1127:
1086:
943:
907:
872:
852:
468:
284:
266:
58:
1363:
1315:
939:
452:
1221:
1262:
Treasures of the Earth: The
Minerals and Gemstone Collection – Vanadinite factsheet
1123:
789:
527:
104:
1047:, from Mibladene, Upper Moulouya lead district, Midelt, Drâa-Tafilalet Region, Morocco
1442:
1320:
1296:
1141:
876:
551:
464:
325:
302:
183:
116:
757:
567:
531:
476:
315:
165:
1389:
394:. It is an uncommon mineral, formed by the oxidation of lead ore deposits such as
188:
Prismatic or nodular; may be acicular, hairlike, fibrous; rarely rounded, globular
903:
868:
718:
626:
480:
312:
131:
1162:
923:
895:
883:
833:
821:
817:
618:
563:
508:
484:
123:
390:. A dense, brittle mineral, it is usually found in the form of red hexagonal
1004:
919:
622:
543:
496:
492:
488:
423:
1072:
935:
927:
887:
809:
797:
773:
614:
559:
523:
472:
427:
383:
379:
366:
1132:
1107:
1288:
983:
829:
825:
801:
749:
555:
539:
535:
515:
500:
391:
351:
347:
50:
1195:
1044:
578:
574:
547:
504:
438:
431:
419:
399:
395:
369:
860:
519:
415:
1314:
1075:, from Taouz Er Rachidia Province, Drâa-Tafilalet Region, Morocco
467:
of lead-bearing deposits; the vanadium is leached from wall-rock
899:
847:
can be either pale yellow or brownish-yellow. Vanadinite may be
601:
Vanadinite is a lead chlorovanadate with the chemical formula Pb
411:
387:
359:
926:, vanadinite is one of the main industrial ores of the element
1390:"Crystal structure refinements of vanadinite and pyromorphite"
1031:
A pile of thousands of crystals, showing their hexagonal shape
1329:. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1019:
Vanadinite that does not show the characteristic red colour
910:
can range between 6.6 and 7.2 because of impurities.
514:
Deposits of vanadinite are found worldwide including
382:. It is one of the main industrial ores of the metal
962:). This is dissolved in water and then treated with
334:
324:
311:
301:
283:
275:
265:
255:
245:
235:
222:
212:
202:
192:
182:
174:
164:
159:
147:
130:
115:
103:
93:
83:
57:
42:
37:
23:
875:are 2.350 and 2.416 respectively. This gives it a
756:, and forms a chemical series with the minerals
463:Vanadinite occurs as a secondary mineral in the
970:. This is then melted to form a crude form of
729:is the length of each side of the hexagon and
882:Vanadinite is very brittle, producing small,
8:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1277:Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1215:
1213:
966:to give an orange-coloured precipitate of
1419:. University College Cork. Archived from
1131:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
982:). Reduction of vanadium pentoxide with
1388:Dai, Yongshan; Hughes, John M. (1989).
1098:
993:
1362:J. Trotter & W. H. Barnes (1958).
1308:
1306:
617:lead ions at the corners of a regular
20:
7:
1108:"IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols"
788:Cl), with both of which it may form
698:Crystals of vanadinite conform to a
422:. Other associated minerals include
271:6.8–7.1 (measured) 6.95 (calculated)
16:Apatite supergroup, vanadate mineral
954:) at about 850 °C to produce
261:Transparent, translucent or opaque
14:
155:c = 7.3378 ; Z = 2
1064:
1052:
1036:
1024:
1012:
996:
684:
672:
660:
648:
636:
437:It was originally discovered in
29:
1313:Spencer, Leonard James (1911).
471:. Associated minerals include
398:. First discovered in 1801 in
1:
1364:"The Structure of Vanadinite"
1264:. Orbis Publishing Ltd. 1995.
890:. Its hardness is 3–4 on the
330:3,470 °F (1,910 °C)
930:, which can be extracted by
832:, where these may act as an
740:sin(60°), is 678.72 Å.
691:Vanadium coordination sphere
655:Chloride coordination sphere
441:by the Spanish mineralogist
358:, with the chemical formula
1464:Minerals in space group 176
1369:. The Canadian Mineralogist
1071:Crystals of vanadinite and
679:Lead #2 coordination sphere
667:Lead #1 coordination sphere
1485:
1469:Minerals described in 1838
241:Resinous to sub-adamantine
1163:"Vanadinite Mineral Data"
577:and Touisset in Morocco;
550:, and four states of the
28:
593:, in the United States.
1326:Encyclopædia Britannica
1415:Donal O'Leary (2000).
1223:Handbook of Mineralogy
1112:Mineralogical Magazine
820:of vanadinite include
725:= 7.343 Å, where
414:climates and forms by
386:and a minor source of
986:gives pure vanadium.
968:ammonium metavanadate
748:Vanadinite is in the
448:Nils Gabriel Sefström
443:Andrés Manuel del Río
95:Strunz classification
591:Gila County, Arizona
208:Uneven to conchoidal
1133:10.1180/mgm.2021.43
1124:2021MinM...85..291W
1106:Warr, L.N. (2021).
1459:Hexagonal minerals
1423:on 5 February 2017
1316:"Vanadinite"
1289:10.1007/BF00322401
972:vanadium pentoxide
873:refractive indices
589:, New Mexico, and
276:Optical properties
170:1416.27 g/mol
121:Dipyramidal (6/m)
1449:Vanadate minerals
964:ammonium chloride
851:, translucent or
585:, Argentina; and
350:belonging to the
341:
340:
47:Vanadate minerals
1476:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1394:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1368:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1318:
1310:
1301:
1300:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1258:
1241:
1240:
1228:
1217:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1192:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1165:. WebMineral.com
1159:
1146:
1145:
1135:
1103:
1087:List of minerals
1068:
1056:
1040:
1028:
1016:
1000:
944:sodium carbonate
908:specific gravity
898:of 1416.27
867:. Vanadinite is
688:
676:
664:
652:
640:
285:Refractive index
267:Specific gravity
228:
64:
63:(repeating unit)
33:
21:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1426:
1424:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1392:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1346:
1344:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1312:
1311:
1304:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1260:
1259:
1244:
1237:
1226:
1219:
1218:
1211:
1201:
1199:
1194:
1193:
1178:
1168:
1166:
1161:
1160:
1149:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1083:
1076:
1069:
1060:
1057:
1048:
1041:
1032:
1029:
1020:
1017:
1008:
1007:shaped crystals
1001:
992:
981:
977:
961:
956:sodium vanadate
953:
949:
916:
886:fragments when
859:can range from
815:
807:
795:
790:solid solutions
787:
783:
779:
771:
767:
763:
746:
744:Characteristics
696:
695:
694:
693:
692:
689:
681:
680:
677:
669:
668:
665:
657:
656:
653:
645:
644:
643:Crystal packing
641:
612:
608:
604:
599:
461:
408:
378:
374:
364:
296:
292:
251:brownish yellow
226:
154:
142:
122:
78:
74:
70:
62:
61:
49:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1482:
1480:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1434:
1407:
1380:
1354:
1343:. Minerals.net
1332:
1321:Chisholm, Hugh
1302:
1283:(2): 225–228.
1267:
1242:
1235:
1209:
1176:
1147:
1118:(3): 291–320.
1097:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1070:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1051:
1049:
1043:Vanadinite on
1042:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1011:
1009:
1003:Vanadinite in
1002:
995:
991:
988:
979:
975:
959:
951:
947:
915:
912:
813:
805:
793:
785:
781:
777:
769:
765:
761:
745:
742:
717:= 10.331
690:
683:
682:
678:
671:
670:
666:
659:
658:
654:
647:
646:
642:
635:
634:
633:
632:
631:
610:
606:
602:
598:
595:
528:Ural Mountains
507:, and various
460:
457:
407:
404:
376:
372:
362:
339:
338:
336:
332:
331:
328:
322:
321:
318:
309:
308:
305:
299:
298:
294:
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273:
272:
269:
263:
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243:
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239:
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216:
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206:
200:
199:
196:
190:
189:
186:
180:
179:
176:
172:
171:
168:
162:
161:
160:Identification
157:
156:
151:
145:
144:
140:
134:
128:
127:
119:
113:
112:
107:
105:Crystal system
101:
100:
97:
91:
90:
87:
81:
80:
76:
72:
68:
65:
55:
54:
44:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1481:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1454:Lead minerals
1452:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1422:
1418:
1411:
1408:
1404:(2): 189–192.
1403:
1400:
1399:
1398:Can. Mineral.
1391:
1384:
1381:
1365:
1358:
1355:
1342:
1336:
1333:
1328:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1271:
1268:
1263:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1232:
1225:
1224:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1197:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1164:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1102:
1099:
1092:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1074:
1067:
1062:
1055:
1050:
1046:
1039:
1034:
1027:
1022:
1015:
1010:
1006:
999:
994:
990:Image gallery
989:
987:
985:
973:
969:
965:
957:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
913:
911:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
880:
878:
877:birefringence
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
841:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
811:
803:
799:
791:
775:
759:
755:
751:
743:
741:
739:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
715:
709:
705:
701:
687:
675:
663:
651:
639:
630:
628:
624:
620:
616:
596:
594:
592:
588:
587:Sierra County
584:
580:
576:
571:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
552:United States
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
512:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
465:oxidized zone
458:
456:
454:
449:
444:
440:
435:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
405:
403:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
371:
368:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
337:
333:
329:
327:
326:Melting point
323:
319:
317:
314:
310:
306:
304:
303:Birefringence
300:
288:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
268:
264:
260:
258:
254:
250:
248:
244:
240:
238:
234:
230:
225:
221:
217:
215:
211:
207:
205:
201:
197:
195:
191:
187:
185:
184:Crystal habit
181:
177:
173:
169:
167:
163:
158:
153:a = 10.3174,
152:
150:
146:
138:
135:
133:
129:
125:
120:
118:
117:Crystal class
114:
111:
108:
106:
102:
98:
96:
92:
88:
86:
82:
66:
60:
56:
52:
48:
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1425:. Retrieved
1421:the original
1410:
1401:
1396:
1383:
1371:. Retrieved
1357:
1345:. Retrieved
1341:"Vanadinite"
1335:
1324:
1280:
1276:
1270:
1261:
1222:
1200:. Retrieved
1198:. MinDat.org
1196:"Vanadinite"
1167:. Retrieved
1115:
1111:
1101:
917:
881:
842:
758:pyromorphite
747:
737:
734:
730:
726:
722:
712:
697:
600:
572:
568:South Dakota
532:South Africa
513:
477:pyromorphite
462:
436:
409:
343:
342:
316:fluorescence
279:Uniaxial (−)
166:Formula mass
136:
18:
918:Along with
869:anisotropic
849:transparent
627:tetrahedron
581:, Namibia;
481:descloizite
313:Ultraviolet
257:Diaphaneity
132:Space group
1443:Categories
1417:"Vanadium"
1236:0962209732
1093:References
942:(NaCl) or
924:roscoelite
896:molar mass
892:Mohs scale
884:conchoidal
879:of 0.066.
865:adamantine
855:, and its
838:endlichite
834:isomorphic
822:phosphorus
818:impurities
816:). Common
754:phosphates
702:system of
623:picometres
619:octahedron
564:New Mexico
511:minerals.
509:iron oxide
485:mottramite
459:Occurrence
356:phosphates
344:Vanadinite
335:References
293:= 2.416, n
224:Mohs scale
124:H-M symbol
85:IMA symbol
24:Vanadinite
1297:197594307
1142:235729616
1005:hexagonal
920:carnotite
888:fractured
752:group of
708:unit cell
700:hexagonal
597:Structure
544:Argentina
497:anglesite
493:cerussite
489:wulfenite
469:silicates
424:wulfenite
416:oxidation
354:group of
307:δ = 0.066
149:Unit cell
110:Hexagonal
1081:See also
1073:siderite
936:smelting
932:roasting
928:vanadium
906:and its
861:resinous
810:vanadate
798:arsenate
774:mimetite
772:Cl) and
704:symmetry
615:divalent
575:Mibladen
560:Colorado
524:Scotland
473:mimetite
428:limonite
392:crystals
384:vanadium
227:hardness
214:Tenacity
204:Fracture
194:Cleavage
43:Category
1427:26 June
1373:26 June
1347:26 June
1323:(ed.).
1120:Bibcode
984:calcium
830:calcium
826:arsenic
750:apatite
583:Cordoba
556:Arizona
540:Morocco
536:Namibia
516:Austria
501:calcite
453:Hidalgo
406:Origins
352:apatite
348:mineral
297:= 2.350
218:Brittle
126:: (6/m)
99:8.BN.05
59:Formula
51:Apatite
38:General
1295:
1233:
1202:9 June
1169:9 June
1140:
1045:barite
857:lustre
853:opaque
845:streak
808:) and
579:Tsumeb
566:, and
548:Mexico
526:, the
505:barite
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396:galena
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