806:
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intended to display multiple environmentally-friendly technologies, including rainwater capture, wetland water filtration, and solar energy. The center of the circular building is reserved for wind power generation through the use of a large-scale ion wind generator based on the EWICON implementation. The efficiency and power generation of the system at such a scale is not known, but the Dutch
Windwheel Corp. expects the building to generate more energy than it consumes.
33:
1206:
754:
3858:
624:
638:
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2818:, as current "wind power plants represent a risk of bird mortality." Wind turbines have maximum speeds of operation which vary by design. Wind turbines shut down when "cut-out" speeds are exceeded to prevent damage. Therefore turbines are unable to generate energy in high speed winds which fall beyond the window of performance, while ion wind generators can theoretically continue to operate.
3846:
3870:
1440:{\displaystyle {\overset {\rightarrow }{F}}_{i,w}={\frac {\pi }{8}}\cdot C_{d}\cdot \rho _{a}\cdot d^{2}\cdot \left|{\overset {\rightarrow }{v}}_{w}-{\overset {\rightarrow }{v}}_{d}\right|^{2}\cdot {\frac {{\overset {\rightarrow }{v}}_{w}-{\overset {\rightarrow }{v}}_{d}}{|{\overset {\rightarrow }{v}}_{w}-{\overset {\rightarrow }{v}}_{d}|}}}
2827:
whereas conventional wind turbine systems have an efficiency of 45% at their rated speeds. Improvements are suggested that could lead to an efficiency of the EWICON in the range of 25–30%." At the 2005 International
Conference on Future Power Systems, suggestions for future advancements included changes to the method of
2476:
2826:
The technology is still in its nascence, and ion wind generators are not as efficient as conventional wind turbines. During tests conducted in 2005, the EWICON was unable to match wind turbine output. Researchers were able to demonstrate "a conversion of 7% of the wind energy into electrical energy,
2725:
The charged particles and the collector, now also charged, form an electric field which exerts a force on the particles in the opposite direction of the wind. Though the force of the wind initially exceeds the force of the electric field, the continuous flow of particles increases the force of the
2776:
The Dutch
Windwheel is a building design that is expected to incorporate EWICON technology. The plans were proposed by a partnership of three Rotterdam companies through the Dutch Windwheel Corp., who expected the building to be completed by 2022, but has not begun construction. The structure is
2745:
The EWICON functions using the same principles as the previous implementation, but abandons the collector. Instead, the EWICON is insulated from the Earth, and releases charged particles into the air. The dispersal of negatively charged particles from an initially neutral system increases its
2746:
potential energy. Once the charging system has a polarity, which is opposite to that of the particles, an attractive force is exerted. If there is little wind, the force may transport the particles back to the charging system, losing the net energy gained from their dispersal.
1837:
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electric field. The force may become strong enough to move the particles back towards the charging system, or they may simply pass by the collector. The particles which never reach the collector do not contribute to the net energy generation.
1664:
952:
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by Alvin Marks in 1977, was a twofold device comprising a charging system and separate collector. The EWICON is a derivative of the design that allows the system to function without the need for a separate collector.
1708:
2809:
properties of wind turbine blades and inner mechanical workings produce the noise, yet both features are not present in ion wind generators. Quieter operation has led researchers to consider using the technology in
2031:
2835:, and designing a more dense array of nozzles. Tests have yet to indicate that the technology has developed enough to rival wind turbines in efficiency. Several prototypes have been built for testing and
1991:
2839:, but researchers hope to build a larger device with greater power output. While the current level of development does not surpass wind turbines in efficiency, the technology could contribute to the
1062:
792:
difference. Though they are not identical in operation, Lord Kelvin's
Thunderstorm demonstrates the behavior of water and concepts of electrostatics that underpin modern ion wind generators.
3742:
1012:
2785:
Ion wind generators and wind turbines share some of the same advantages and disadvantages. Both are subject to the conditions of the wind, and are unable to generate electricity if the
1551:
2729:
The system performs at maximum efficiency when all particles reach the collector. Adjusting variables such as wind speed and collector size can improve the performance of the system.
2722:
by its non-conducting mechanical support. Though the collector is initially neutral, the particles transfer their charge upon contact, increasing the collector's potential energy.
2471:{\displaystyle {\vec {F}}_{i}={\vec {F}}_{i,g}+{\vec {F}}_{i,B}+{\vec {F}}_{i,w}+{\vec {F}}_{i,B}+{\vec {F}}_{i,E}+\sum _{j\neq i}^{i}{\vec {F}}_{i,j}=m_{i}\cdot {\vec {a}}_{i}}
891:
2689:. The researchers use this to calculate the potential energy difference for the droplet. The sum of work done on each droplet yields the total energy generated from the wind.
2749:
The EWICON system performs at maximum efficiency when all particles leave the charging system and reach the Earth, which acts as the collector in lieu of a secondary system.
851:
Conversion between different forms of energy necessitates some energy loss, either to the environment or in a useless form, and fewer conversions improve theoretical output.
1693:
1195:
2797:
Ion wind generators are typically much smaller than wind turbines. Many wind turbine models exceed 400 feet (122 m) in height. Their size and complexity lead to high
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2505:
2020:
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2714:
A simplified model of an ion wind generator implementation. The charging system charges and releases particles, which are carried to the collector by the wind.
788:
and generate energy through related principles. However, the
Thunderstorm relied on the force of gravity and two oppositely charged reservoirs to generate a
669:
3332:
Djairam, D.; Hubacz, A.N.; Morshuis, P.H.F.; Marijnisen, J.C.M.; Smit, J.J. (2005). "The development of an electrostatic wind energy converter (EWICON)".
2756:
devised the system. One prototype of the device was installed on the university campus, and two more sit atop the
Stadstimmerhuis 010 building located in
2789:
conditions are not favorable. This can be mitigated to some degree with strategic placement of the devices in areas with more consistent wind speed.
871:
configuration and uniform electric field is assumed, wherein the electric force exerted on the particles will be directly opposite that of the wind.
817:
Ion wind generators use the force of the wind to move charged particles, typically water, against the force of an electric field. This increases the
863:
devised an equation to model the behavior of the water droplets as they move through the air in order to optimize the system mathematically and run
2805:, may account for a quarter of the total cost per kilowatt-hour. Wind turbines also produce noise which may disturb residents in the vicinity. The
3655:
3258:
Barrios, Luis; RodrĂguez, Alejandro (2004-02-12). "Behavioural and environmental correlates of soaring-bird mortality at on-shore wind turbines".
1913:
2718:
A grounded charging system produces a cloud of charged particles. The wind carries the particles toward a conducting collector. The collector is
164:
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3660:
3191:
3154:
491:
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2999:
1832:{\displaystyle {\overset {\rightarrow }{F}}_{i,w}={\frac {3\pi \cdot \eta _{a}\cdot d\cdot ({\vec {v}}_{w}-{\vec {v}}_{d})}{C_{c}}}}
725:, whose researchers developed some of the underlying technology. Ion wind generators are currently experimental, while conventional
311:
805:
662:
99:
32:
3493:
3095:
Rodman, Laura C.; Meentemeyer, Ross K. (2006-10-01). "A geographic analysis of wind turbine placement in
Northern California".
2741:
The EWICON uses the Earth as a collector. The charging system releases charged particles, which increases its potential energy.
2166:{\displaystyle {\vec {F}}_{i,j}={\frac {1}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}}}\cdot {\frac {q_{i}q_{j}}{r_{i,j}^{2}}}\cdot {\hat {r}}_{ij}}
355:
2753:
860:
757:
Lord Kelvin's
Thunderstorm directs oppositely charged droplets of water into metal reservoirs to create a voltage difference.
722:
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214:
149:
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3583:
3412:: Charged aerosol wind/electric power generator with solar and/or gravitational regeneration (Alvin Marks)
2867:
1134:{\displaystyle {\overset {\rightarrow }{F}}_{i,B}=-\rho _{a}\cdot V_{d}\cdot {\overset {\rightarrow }{g}}}
606:
415:
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348:
209:
129:
3874:
3618:
3613:
3578:
3563:
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3215:
Krishnappa, G. (1984). "Noise and
Vibration Measurements of 50 kW Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Gear Box".
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224:
139:
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to determine flow patterns. The flow is considered laminar when the
Reynolds Number is less than 1,
809:
Wind exerts a force on a positively charged particle in the direction of the positive electrode. Its
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54:
42:
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1659:{\displaystyle Re={\frac {\rho _{a}\cdot d\cdot |{\vec {v}}_{w}-{\vec {v}}_{d}|}{\eta _{a}}}<1}
3598:
3355:
2992:
The electrostatic wind energy converter : electrical performance of a high voltage prototype
878:
Two droplets acted upon by wind and a uniform electric field, whose equal charges repel one other
845:
286:
114:
24:
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1998:
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The electric force acting on the droplets is affected by both the external electric field (
1844:
1510:
1483:
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1025:
959:
3804:
3799:
3757:
1543:
1539:
947:{\displaystyle {\overset {\rightarrow }{F}}_{i,g}=m_{i}\cdot {\overset {\rightarrow }{g}}}
785:
219:
174:
104:
3228:
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of the particles, which can be likened to moving a mass upwards against the force of
601:
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338:
328:
179:
3359:
753:
3789:
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2832:
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2539:
1535:
780:, a device invented in 1867. Similar to ion wind generators, the Thunderstorm used
726:
540:
425:
94:
59:
3374:"EWICON bladeless wind turbine generates electricity using charged water droplets"
3186:. Bareiss, R. (Rainer), 1965-, Guidati, G. (Gianfranco), 1968-. Berlin: Springer.
2906:"EWICON bladeless wind turbine generates electricity using charged water droplets"
733:
generation. But ion wind generators, which have no moving parts, could be used in
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1050:
718:
637:
545:
420:
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333:
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119:
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The London, Edinburgh and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science
2844:
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734:
730:
555:
380:
375:
343:
306:
291:
74:
3289:
3244:
3116:
3009:
2653:{\displaystyle W_{i}=\int ({\vec {F}}_{i}-{\vec {F}}_{i,w})\cdot d{\vec {l}}}
3635:
3517:
3341:
3201:
2757:
2697:
There are two mainstream implementations of ion wind generators. The first,
1696:
868:
710:
410:
390:
159:
69:
3845:
3130:
1699:. When the flow is indeed laminar, the drag force can be calculated using
3701:
3500:
3047:
2814:. The bladeless design of ion wind generators could make wind power more
1054:
550:
435:
430:
84:
79:
49:
3711:
3688:
3683:
3280:
2786:
2761:
1872:, which is assumed to be 1 for particles greater than 1ÎĽm in diameter.
883:
822:
789:
572:
530:
266:
249:
3236:
3726:
3721:
3706:
3593:
2698:
2216:. The sum of these forces represents the researchers' full equation,
738:
737:
where wind turbines are impractical due to vibrational noise, moving
261:
3404:: Charged aerosol generator with uni-electrode source (Alvin Marks)
709:
Ion wind generators are not commercially available, though working
2765:
2736:
2709:
1019:
873:
804:
781:
752:
496:
1534:
is the droplet speed. The equation may be simplified in cases of
825:. The method of collecting the energy varies by implementation.
1053:
into account. The atmosphere also exerts a force in the form of
840:
of the wind to rotate several blades about a rotor. The rotor's
742:
695:
594:
3420:
828:
The design of ion wind generators eliminates the intermediate
3416:
2026:
droplet, and the electric fields of other charged droplets,
1986:{\displaystyle {\vec {F}}_{i,E}=q_{i}\cdot {\vec {E}}_{ext}}
3155:"Operation and maintenance costs of wind generated power"
3131:"National Wind Watch | Size of Industrial Wind Turbines"
2554:
droplet can be calculated using the previous equation,
813:
increases as the wind works against the electric field.
3072:"The Dutch Windwheel - circular wind energy converter"
3334:
2005 International Conference on Future Power Systems
2668:
2562:
2517:
2486:
2224:
2181:
2034:
2001:
1916:
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717:have been created. Several prototypes exist in the
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2014:
1985:
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1133:
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1006:
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946:
836:undergone in wind turbines. Wind turbines use the
2931:"Do Alternative Designs for Wind Turbines Work?"
1201:. The droplets are also acted upon by the wind,
3432:
3304:"How Do Wind Turbines Survive Severe Storms?"
663:
8:
2733:EWICON (Electrostatic Wind Energy Converter)
1007:{\displaystyle {\overset {\rightarrow }{g}}}
882:Each particle is acted upon by the force of
3439:
3425:
3417:
867:. For the purposes of the model, a simple
844:is converted into electrical energy by an
670:
656:
31:
15:
3279:
2847:where a wind turbine may be impractical.
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2006:
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967:
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906:
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893:
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23:
2962:. Taylor & Francis. 1867. p.
165:List of low-energy building techniques
3327:
3325:
3323:
3177:
3175:
2801:costs, which, when combined with the
7:
3869:
2985:
2983:
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2979:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2952:
2950:
2900:
2898:
1538:, which can be expressed using the
2760:. The prototypes were designed by
2507:is the total force exerted on the
14:
3217:Noise Control Engineering Journal
1870:Cunningham slip correction factor
1170:is the volume of the droplet and
3880:
3868:
3857:
3856:
3844:
3272:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2004.00876.x
3024:"Energy loss - Energy Education"
2208:is the distance between droplet
772:One of the earliest examples of
636:
623:
622:
100:Energy efficiency implementation
2764:, a local architecture firm in
356:Ocean thermal energy conversion
2754:Delft University of Technology
2644:
2629:
2611:
2589:
2579:
2456:
2415:
2366:
2338:
2310:
2282:
2254:
2232:
2148:
2042:
1965:
1924:
1908:) of the device's electrodes,
1813:
1801:
1779:
1769:
1718:
1633:
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1598:
1587:
1430:
1418:
1398:
1388:
1374:
1354:
1320:
1300:
1216:
1126:
1072:
1049:is constant and does not take
999:
939:
901:
861:Delft University of Technology
776:energy generation is found in
723:Delft University of Technology
1:
3753:Blade element momentum theory
3159:www.wind-energy-the-facts.org
2781:Comparison with wind turbines
185:Passive solar building design
3743:2020s in wind power research
2863:Energy conversion efficiency
2752:A group of researchers from
761:
729:are the most common form of
3763:Energy return on investment
3109:10.1016/j.enpol.2005.03.004
855:Simplified analytical model
690:is a device that generates
684:vaneless ion wind generator
643:Renewable energy portal
361:Renewable energy transition
3941:
3260:Journal of Applied Ecology
1016:gravitational acceleration
778:Lord Kelvin's Thunderstorm
765:
762:Lord Kelvin's Thunderstorm
721:, one of which resides in
3838:
3810:Variable renewable energy
2990:Djairam, Dhiradj (2008).
1688:{\displaystyle \eta _{a}}
1190:{\displaystyle \rho _{a}}
205:Sustainable refurbishment
3925:Electrostatic generators
3830:Wind resource assessment
2816:environmentally friendly
190:Sustainable architecture
145:Glass in green buildings
135:Environmental technology
65:Compact fluorescent lamp
3342:10.1109/FPS.2005.204208
2883:Electrospray ionization
2201:{\displaystyle r_{i,j}}
1901:{\displaystyle E_{ext}}
1542:(Re), which is used in
1507:is the wind speed, and
796:Design and construction
511:Human-powered transport
215:Tropical green building
150:Green building and wood
3825:Wind profile power law
3820:Wind power forecasting
2868:Distributed generation
2742:
2715:
2679:
2654:
2532:
2501:
2472:
2407:
2202:
2167:
2016:
1987:
1902:
1862:
1833:
1689:
1660:
1528:
1501:
1470:
1441:
1191:
1164:
1135:
1057:as the droplets fall,
1043:
1008:
977:
948:
879:
814:
758:
741:, and danger posed to
607:Personal rapid transit
349:Tidal stream generator
210:Thermal energy storage
130:Environmental planning
3851:Wind power portal
3409:U.S. patent 4,433,248
3401:U.S. patent 4,206,396
3048:"The Dutch Windwheel"
2740:
2713:
2705:
2680:
2655:
2533:
2531:{\displaystyle a_{i}}
2502:
2500:{\displaystyle F_{i}}
2473:
2387:
2203:
2168:
2022:is the charge of the
2017:
2015:{\displaystyle q_{i}}
1988:
1903:
1863:
1861:{\displaystyle C_{c}}
1834:
1690:
1661:
1529:
1527:{\displaystyle v_{d}}
1502:
1500:{\displaystyle v_{w}}
1471:
1469:{\displaystyle C_{d}}
1442:
1192:
1165:
1163:{\displaystyle V_{d}}
1136:
1044:
1042:{\displaystyle m_{i}}
1009:
978:
976:{\displaystyle m_{i}}
949:
877:
808:
801:Theoretical operation
756:
451:Sustainable transport
396:Floating wind turbine
225:Zero heating building
140:Fossil fuel phase-out
3656:Consulting companies
3464:Airborne wind energy
3336:. pp. 4 pp.–4.
2873:Electrohydrodynamics
2666:
2560:
2515:
2484:
2222:
2179:
2032:
1999:
1914:
1879:
1845:
1709:
1672:
1552:
1511:
1484:
1453:
1207:
1174:
1147:
1063:
1026:
1022:. The model assumes
991:
960:
892:
865:computer simulations
768:Kelvin water dropper
585:Personal transporter
480:Wind-powered vehicle
324:Marine current power
230:Zero-energy building
90:Efficient energy use
3885:Additional portals:
3815:Virtual power plant
3648:Wind power industry
3526:Lists of wind farms
3229:1984NCE....22...18K
3182:Wagner, S. (1996).
3135:National Wind Watch
2935:Scientific American
2829:electrohydrodynamic
2772:The Dutch Windwheel
2706:Alvin Marks' patent
2135:
983:is the mass of the
272:Carbon-neutral fuel
200:Sustainable habitat
55:Building insulation
43:Energy conservation
19:Part of a series on
3184:Wind turbine noise
3052:dutchwindwheel.com
3028:energyeducation.ca
2845:urban environments
2812:urban environments
2743:
2716:
2678:{\displaystyle dl}
2675:
2650:
2528:
2497:
2468:
2198:
2163:
2115:
2012:
1983:
1898:
1858:
1829:
1685:
1656:
1524:
1497:
1466:
1437:
1187:
1160:
1131:
1039:
1004:
973:
944:
880:
846:electric generator
815:
759:
287:Geothermal heating
115:Energy saving lamp
25:Sustainable energy
3915:Energy conversion
3902:
3901:
3494:on public display
3237:10.3397/1.2827623
3103:(15): 2137–2149.
3076:www.altenergy.org
2803:cost of operation
2685:is the droplet's
2647:
2614:
2592:
2459:
2418:
2369:
2341:
2313:
2285:
2257:
2235:
2151:
2136:
2086:
2045:
1968:
1927:
1827:
1804:
1782:
1721:
1648:
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1601:
1435:
1421:
1401:
1377:
1357:
1323:
1303:
1244:
1219:
1129:
1075:
1002:
942:
904:
859:Researchers from
842:mechanical energy
834:mechanical energy
715:proofs of concept
700:charged particles
692:electrical energy
680:
679:
277:Geothermal energy
3932:
3889:Renewable energy
3884:
3872:
3871:
3860:
3859:
3849:
3848:
3695:GE Offshore Wind
3441:
3434:
3427:
3418:
3411:
3403:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3329:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3283:
3255:
3249:
3248:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3179:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3082:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3020:
3014:
3013:
2987:
2968:
2967:
2954:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2902:
2858:Renewable energy
2831:atomization, or
2684:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2659:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2640:
2628:
2627:
2616:
2615:
2607:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2593:
2585:
2572:
2571:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2461:
2460:
2452:
2445:
2444:
2432:
2431:
2420:
2419:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2383:
2382:
2371:
2370:
2362:
2355:
2354:
2343:
2342:
2334:
2327:
2326:
2315:
2314:
2306:
2299:
2298:
2287:
2286:
2278:
2271:
2270:
2259:
2258:
2250:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2236:
2228:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2197:
2196:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2153:
2152:
2144:
2137:
2134:
2129:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2103:
2102:
2092:
2087:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2064:
2059:
2058:
2047:
2046:
2038:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2011:
2010:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1970:
1969:
1961:
1954:
1953:
1941:
1940:
1929:
1928:
1920:
1907:
1905:
1904:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1867:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1816:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1805:
1797:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1783:
1775:
1759:
1758:
1739:
1734:
1733:
1722:
1714:
1697:viscosity of air
1694:
1692:
1691:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1657:
1649:
1647:
1646:
1637:
1636:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1624:
1616:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1602:
1594:
1590:
1576:
1575:
1565:
1533:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1506:
1504:
1503:
1498:
1496:
1495:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1465:
1464:
1446:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1402:
1394:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1358:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1324:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1296:
1284:
1283:
1271:
1270:
1258:
1257:
1245:
1237:
1232:
1231:
1220:
1212:
1196:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1186:
1185:
1169:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1159:
1158:
1140:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1130:
1122:
1117:
1116:
1104:
1103:
1088:
1087:
1076:
1068:
1048:
1046:
1045:
1040:
1038:
1037:
1013:
1011:
1010:
1005:
1003:
995:
982:
980:
979:
974:
972:
971:
953:
951:
950:
945:
943:
935:
930:
929:
917:
916:
905:
897:
819:potential energy
811:potential energy
672:
665:
658:
645:
641:
640:
631:
626:
625:
463:Electric vehicle
312:Run-of-the-river
297:Hydroelectricity
282:Geothermal power
243:Renewable energy
195:Sustainable city
170:Low-energy house
110:Energy recycling
35:
16:
3940:
3939:
3935:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3930:
3929:
3905:
3904:
3903:
3898:
3843:
3834:
3805:Tip-speed ratio
3800:Net energy gain
3758:Capacity factor
3731:
3670:
3642:
3545:
3531:Community-owned
3512:
3450:
3445:
3415:
3407:
3399:
3396:
3391:
3382:
3380:
3372:
3371:
3367:
3352:
3331:
3330:
3321:
3312:
3310:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3257:
3256:
3252:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3194:
3181:
3180:
3173:
3164:
3162:
3153:
3152:
3148:
3139:
3137:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3080:
3078:
3070:
3069:
3065:
3056:
3054:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3032:
3030:
3022:
3021:
3017:
3002:
2989:
2988:
2971:
2956:
2955:
2948:
2939:
2937:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2914:
2912:
2904:
2903:
2896:
2892:
2887:
2853:
2837:experimentation
2824:
2795:
2783:
2774:
2735:
2708:
2695:
2693:Implementations
2664:
2663:
2604:
2582:
2563:
2558:
2557:
2518:
2513:
2512:
2487:
2482:
2481:
2449:
2436:
2408:
2359:
2331:
2303:
2275:
2247:
2225:
2220:
2219:
2182:
2177:
2176:
2141:
2104:
2094:
2093:
2075:
2068:
2035:
2030:
2029:
2002:
1997:
1996:
1958:
1945:
1917:
1912:
1911:
1882:
1877:
1876:
1848:
1843:
1842:
1817:
1794:
1772:
1750:
1740:
1712:
1707:
1706:
1675:
1670:
1669:
1638:
1613:
1591:
1567:
1566:
1550:
1549:
1544:fluid mechanics
1540:Reynolds Number
1514:
1509:
1508:
1487:
1482:
1481:
1456:
1451:
1450:
1412:
1392:
1386:
1368:
1348:
1347:
1314:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1275:
1262:
1249:
1210:
1205:
1204:
1177:
1172:
1171:
1150:
1145:
1144:
1108:
1095:
1066:
1061:
1060:
1029:
1024:
1023:
989:
988:
963:
958:
957:
921:
895:
890:
889:
857:
803:
798:
770:
764:
751:
676:
635:
634:
621:
614:
613:
453:
443:
442:
245:
235:
234:
220:Waste-to-energy
175:Microgeneration
105:Energy recovery
45:
12:
11:
5:
3938:
3936:
3928:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3907:
3906:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3878:
3866:
3854:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3780:Energy subsidy
3777:
3776:
3775:
3768:Energy storage
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3739:
3737:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3717:Siemens Gamesa
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3698:
3697:
3686:
3680:
3678:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3652:
3650:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3640:
3639:
3638:
3633:
3623:
3622:
3621:
3616:
3606:
3604:Unconventional
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3569:Crosswind kite
3566:
3561:
3555:
3553:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3538:
3536:Offshore farms
3533:
3528:
3522:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3509:
3508:
3498:
3497:
3496:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3460:
3458:
3452:
3451:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3436:
3429:
3421:
3414:
3413:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3365:
3350:
3319:
3295:
3250:
3207:
3193:978-3540605928
3192:
3171:
3146:
3122:
3087:
3063:
3039:
3015:
3000:
2969:
2946:
2929:Irfan, Umair.
2921:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2823:
2820:
2794:
2791:
2782:
2779:
2773:
2770:
2734:
2731:
2707:
2704:
2694:
2691:
2674:
2671:
2646:
2643:
2637:
2634:
2631:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2613:
2610:
2603:
2598:
2591:
2588:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2570:
2566:
2525:
2521:
2494:
2490:
2465:
2458:
2455:
2448:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2417:
2414:
2405:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2368:
2365:
2358:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2340:
2337:
2330:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2312:
2309:
2302:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2284:
2281:
2274:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2256:
2253:
2246:
2241:
2234:
2231:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2185:
2160:
2157:
2150:
2147:
2140:
2133:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2111:
2107:
2101:
2097:
2090:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2044:
2041:
2009:
2005:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1967:
1964:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1926:
1923:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1855:
1851:
1824:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1803:
1800:
1793:
1788:
1781:
1778:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1737:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1720:
1717:
1682:
1678:
1655:
1652:
1645:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1622:
1619:
1612:
1607:
1600:
1597:
1589:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1521:
1517:
1494:
1490:
1463:
1459:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1417:
1411:
1406:
1400:
1397:
1390:
1382:
1376:
1373:
1367:
1362:
1356:
1353:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1328:
1322:
1319:
1313:
1308:
1302:
1299:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1218:
1215:
1184:
1180:
1157:
1153:
1128:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1074:
1071:
1036:
1032:
1001:
998:
970:
966:
941:
938:
933:
928:
924:
920:
915:
912:
909:
903:
900:
856:
853:
838:kinetic energy
802:
799:
797:
794:
766:Main article:
763:
760:
750:
747:
735:urban settings
704:electric field
678:
677:
675:
674:
667:
660:
652:
649:
648:
647:
646:
632:
616:
615:
612:
611:
610:
609:
599:
598:
597:
590:Rail transport
587:
582:
581:
580:
575:
570:
565:
563:Roller skating
560:
559:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
536:Cycle rickshaw
533:
523:
518:
508:
507:
506:
501:
500:
499:
492:Human-electric
487:Hybrid vehicle
484:
483:
482:
477:
472:
471:
470:
454:
449:
448:
445:
444:
441:
440:
439:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
378:
373:
368:
366:Renewable heat
363:
358:
353:
352:
351:
346:
341:
331:
326:
321:
320:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
258:
257:
246:
241:
240:
237:
236:
233:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
155:Green building
152:
147:
142:
137:
132:
127:
125:Energy storage
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
46:
41:
40:
37:
36:
28:
27:
21:
20:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3937:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3855:
3853:
3852:
3847:
3841:
3840:
3837:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3734:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3677:
3676:Manufacturers
3673:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3661:Manufacturers
3659:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3627:
3624:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3610:
3609:Vertical-axis
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3589:Pitch bearing
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3551:Wind turbines
3548:
3542:
3541:Onshore farms
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3515:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3499:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3479:Land vehicles
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3442:
3437:
3435:
3430:
3428:
3423:
3422:
3419:
3410:
3406:
3405:
3402:
3393:
3379:
3375:
3369:
3366:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3351:90-78205-02-4
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3320:
3309:
3305:
3299:
3296:
3291:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3254:
3251:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3211:
3208:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3189:
3185:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3160:
3156:
3150:
3147:
3136:
3132:
3126:
3123:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3097:Energy Policy
3091:
3088:
3077:
3073:
3067:
3064:
3053:
3049:
3043:
3040:
3029:
3025:
3019:
3016:
3011:
3007:
3003:
3001:9789085594826
2997:
2993:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2970:
2965:
2961:
2960:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2936:
2932:
2925:
2922:
2911:
2907:
2901:
2899:
2895:
2889:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2822:Disadvantages
2821:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2780:
2778:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2750:
2747:
2739:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2723:
2721:
2712:
2703:
2700:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2672:
2669:
2660:
2641:
2635:
2632:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2608:
2601:
2596:
2586:
2576:
2573:
2568:
2564:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2546:droplet. The
2545:
2541:
2523:
2519:
2510:
2492:
2488:
2478:
2463:
2453:
2446:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2412:
2403:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2363:
2356:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2335:
2328:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2307:
2300:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2279:
2272:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2251:
2244:
2239:
2229:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2183:
2173:
2158:
2155:
2145:
2138:
2131:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2116:
2109:
2105:
2099:
2095:
2088:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2039:
2027:
2025:
2007:
2003:
1993:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1962:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1921:
1909:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1883:
1873:
1871:
1853:
1849:
1839:
1822:
1818:
1808:
1798:
1791:
1786:
1776:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1735:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1715:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1680:
1676:
1666:
1653:
1650:
1643:
1639:
1627:
1617:
1610:
1605:
1595:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1519:
1515:
1492:
1488:
1480:coefficient,
1479:
1461:
1457:
1447:
1424:
1415:
1409:
1404:
1395:
1380:
1371:
1365:
1360:
1351:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1326:
1317:
1311:
1306:
1297:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1213:
1202:
1200:
1182:
1178:
1155:
1151:
1141:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1089:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1069:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1034:
1030:
1021:
1017:
996:
986:
968:
964:
954:
936:
931:
926:
922:
918:
913:
910:
907:
898:
887:
885:
876:
872:
870:
866:
862:
854:
852:
849:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
826:
824:
820:
812:
807:
800:
795:
793:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
774:electrostatic
769:
755:
748:
746:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
727:wind turbines
724:
720:
716:
712:
707:
705:
701:
697:
694:by using the
693:
689:
685:
673:
668:
666:
661:
659:
654:
653:
651:
650:
644:
639:
633:
630:
620:
619:
618:
617:
608:
605:
604:
603:
602:Rapid transit
600:
596:
593:
592:
591:
588:
586:
583:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
568:Skateboarding
566:
564:
561:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
528:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
513:
512:
509:
505:
502:
498:
495:
494:
493:
490:
489:
488:
485:
481:
478:
476:
475:Solar vehicle
473:
469:
466:
465:
464:
461:
460:
459:
458:Green vehicle
456:
455:
452:
447:
446:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
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402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
383:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
339:Tidal barrage
337:
336:
335:
332:
330:
329:Marine energy
327:
325:
322:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
294:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
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268:
265:
263:
260:
256:
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244:
239:
238:
231:
228:
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223:
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218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
180:Passive house
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
86:
83:
81:
78:
76:
73:
71:
68:
66:
63:
61:
58:
56:
53:
51:
48:
47:
44:
39:
38:
34:
30:
29:
26:
22:
18:
17:
3873:
3861:
3842:
3790:Hybrid power
3559:Aerodynamics
3381:. Retrieved
3378:newatlas.com
3377:
3368:
3333:
3311:. Retrieved
3307:
3298:
3266:(1): 72–81.
3263:
3259:
3253:
3220:
3216:
3210:
3183:
3163:. Retrieved
3158:
3149:
3138:. Retrieved
3134:
3125:
3100:
3096:
3090:
3079:. Retrieved
3075:
3066:
3055:. Retrieved
3051:
3042:
3031:. Retrieved
3027:
3018:
2991:
2958:
2938:. Retrieved
2934:
2924:
2913:. Retrieved
2910:newatlas.com
2909:
2878:Electrospray
2833:electrospray
2825:
2796:
2784:
2775:
2751:
2748:
2744:
2728:
2724:
2717:
2696:
2687:displacement
2661:
2556:
2551:
2550:done on the
2543:
2540:acceleration
2511:droplet and
2508:
2479:
2218:
2213:
2212:and droplet
2209:
2174:
2028:
2023:
1994:
1910:
1874:
1840:
1705:
1667:
1548:
1536:laminar flow
1448:
1203:
1142:
1059:
987:droplet and
984:
955:
888:
881:
858:
850:
827:
816:
771:
708:
687:
683:
681:
541:Kick scooter
526:Land vehicle
95:Energy audit
60:Cogeneration
3281:10261/39773
3161:(in French)
2807:aerodynamic
2799:maintenance
1701:Stoke's law
1199:air density
1051:evaporation
731:wind energy
719:Netherlands
688:power fence
546:Quadracycle
401:Forecasting
334:Tidal power
317:Small hydro
302:Micro hydro
255:Sustainable
120:Energy Star
3920:Wind power
3909:Categories
3795:Laddermill
3748:Betz's law
3693:including
3626:Yaw system
3518:Wind farms
3469:By country
3456:Wind power
3448:Wind power
3383:2018-10-15
3313:2018-10-15
3308:Energy.gov
3165:2018-10-15
3140:2018-10-15
3081:2018-11-03
3057:2018-11-03
3033:2018-10-31
2940:2018-10-17
2915:2018-10-17
2890:References
2841:energy mix
2793:Advantages
830:conversion
711:prototypes
702:across an
578:Watercraft
556:Velomobile
516:Helicopter
344:Tidal farm
307:Pico hydro
292:Hydropower
75:Eco-cities
3290:0021-8901
3245:0736-2501
3223:(1): 18.
3117:0301-4215
3010:839641603
2758:Rotterdam
2720:insulated
2645:→
2633:⋅
2612:→
2602:−
2590:→
2577:∫
2457:→
2447:⋅
2416:→
2396:≠
2389:∑
2367:→
2339:→
2311:→
2283:→
2255:→
2233:→
2149:^
2139:⋅
2089:⋅
2077:ε
2073:π
2043:→
1966:→
1956:⋅
1925:→
1802:→
1792:−
1780:→
1767:⋅
1761:⋅
1752:η
1748:⋅
1745:π
1719:→
1677:η
1640:η
1621:→
1611:−
1599:→
1584:⋅
1578:⋅
1569:ρ
1419:→
1410:−
1399:→
1375:→
1366:−
1355:→
1343:⋅
1321:→
1312:−
1301:→
1286:⋅
1273:⋅
1264:ρ
1260:⋅
1247:⋅
1239:π
1217:→
1179:ρ
1127:→
1119:⋅
1106:⋅
1097:ρ
1093:−
1073:→
1000:→
940:→
932:⋅
902:→
869:electrode
784:to carry
521:Hydrofoil
386:Community
160:Heat pump
70:Eco hotel
3863:Category
3736:Concepts
3702:Goldwind
3666:Software
3619:Darrieus
3614:Savonius
3579:Floating
3564:Airborne
3506:panemone
3501:Windmill
3489:Turbines
3484:Offshore
3360:45083070
3202:34546907
2851:See also
2699:patented
1055:buoyancy
698:to move
629:Category
551:Tricycle
436:Windpump
431:Windbelt
406:Industry
85:Ecolabel
80:Ecohouse
50:Arcology
3875:Commons
3712:Senvion
3689:GE Wind
3684:Enercon
3631:bearing
3584:Nacelle
3474:History
3394:Patents
3225:Bibcode
2787:weather
2762:Mecanoo
2542:of the
2538:is the
1868:is the
1695:is the
1476:is the
1197:is the
1014:is the
884:gravity
823:gravity
790:voltage
786:charges
749:History
739:shadows
573:Walking
531:Bicycle
504:Plug-in
468:Bicycle
426:Turbine
416:Outline
267:Biomass
250:Biofuel
3894:Energy
3727:Vestas
3722:Suzlon
3707:Nordex
3594:QBlade
3574:Design
3358:
3348:
3288:
3243:
3200:
3190:
3115:
3008:
2998:
2662:where
2480:where
2175:where
1995:where
1841:where
1668:where
1449:where
1143:where
956:where
627:
421:Rights
262:Biogas
3636:drive
3599:Small
3356:S2CID
2994:. :
2766:Delft
1020:Earth
782:water
743:birds
497:Twike
371:Solar
3785:HVDC
3773:grid
3346:ISBN
3286:ISSN
3241:ISSN
3198:OCLC
3188:ISBN
3113:ISSN
3006:OCLC
2996:ISBN
2548:work
1651:<
1478:drag
713:and
696:wind
595:Tram
411:Lens
391:Farm
381:Wind
376:Wave
3338:doi
3276:hdl
3268:doi
3233:doi
3105:doi
2964:391
2843:in
1703:,
1018:of
832:of
686:or
3911::
3398:*
3376:.
3354:.
3344:.
3322:^
3306:.
3284:.
3274:.
3264:41
3262:.
3239:.
3231:.
3221:22
3219:.
3196:.
3174:^
3157:.
3133:.
3111:.
3101:34
3099:.
3074:.
3050:.
3026:.
3004:.
2972:^
2949:^
2933:.
2908:.
2897:^
2768:.
886:,
848:.
745:.
706:.
682:A
3440:e
3433:t
3426:v
3386:.
3362:.
3340::
3316:.
3292:.
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3270::
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3143:.
3119:.
3107::
3084:.
3060:.
3036:.
3012:.
2966:.
2943:.
2918:.
2673:l
2670:d
2642:l
2636:d
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2625:w
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2619:i
2609:F
2597:i
2587:F
2580:(
2574:=
2569:i
2565:W
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2438:m
2434:=
2429:j
2426:,
2423:i
2413:F
2404:i
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2385:+
2380:E
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2357:+
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2329:+
2324:w
2321:,
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2308:F
2301:+
2296:B
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2280:F
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2268:g
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2252:F
2245:=
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2194:j
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2100:i
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2050:i
2040:F
2024:i
2008:i
2004:q
1979:t
1976:x
1973:e
1963:E
1951:i
1947:q
1943:=
1938:E
1935:,
1932:i
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1894:t
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1888:e
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1823:c
1819:C
1814:)
1809:d
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1124:g
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1090:=
1085:B
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919:=
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911:,
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