278:
232:
341:
274:. An example of capillary malformation is cerebral cavernous malformations. This disease is linked to the central nervous system (brain, eye, spinal cord). They are abnormal clusters of closely packed, thin-walled blood vessels that usually form caverns. The lesions contain slow-moving or clotted blood. Lesions in the brain and spinal cord are particularly fragile and likely to bleed.
401:
The
International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies (ISSVA) classification is a basic and systematic classification of vascular anomalies with international acceptance. As such terms such as "Lymphangioma" and "Cystic Hygroma", which were used widely in the past, are outdated. Newer
307:. They can be macrocystic, microcystic, or a combination of the two. Macrocystic have cysts greater than 2 cubic centimetres (0.12 cu in), and microcystic lymphatic malformation have cysts that are smaller than 2 cubic centimetres (0.12 cu in).
250:
but now include others. Capillary malformations are limited to the superficial layers of the skin but they can thicken, become nodular, and sometimes become disfiguring. It has been proposed that the category of capillary malformations, also called
774:
320:
Venous malformations are the type of vascular malformation that involves the veins. They can often extend deeper from their surface appearance, reaching underlying muscle or bone. In the neck they may extend into the
392:
Combined types are defined as two or more vascular malformations found in one lesion. Examples of combined types include lymphatic-venous malformation (LVM) or capillary-venous-arteriovenous malformation (VAVM).
489:
Jackson, Ian T., et al. "Hemangiomas, vascular malformations, and lymphovenous malformations: classification and methods of treatment." Plastic and reconstructive surgery 91.7 (1993): 1216-1230.
982:
Mouchtouris, N; Jabbour, PM; Starke, RM; Hasan, DM; Zanaty, M; Theofanis, T; Ding, D; Tjoumakaris, SI; Dumont, AS; Ghobrial, GM; Kung, D; Rosenwasser, RH; Chalouhi, N (February 2015).
688:
Rozas-Muñoz, E; Frieden, IJ; Roé, E; Puig, L; Baselga, E (November 2016). "Vascular Stains: Proposal for a
Clinical Classification to Improve Diagnosis and Management".
402:
research may only reference ISSVA terminology and, as a consequence, sources of information can be missed by doctors and patients unaware of the ISSVA convention.
731:
Gonzalez, ME; Burk, CJ; Barbouth, DS; Connelly, EA (May–June 2009). "Macrocephaly-capillary malformation: a report of three cases and review of the literature".
1084:
1132:
202:; high-flow malformations involve an artery. There are also malformations that are of mixed-flow involving more than one type of vessel, such as an
277:
645:
Puttgen, KB; Pearl, M; Tekes, A; Mitchell, SE (October 2010). "Update on pediatric extracranial vascular anomalies of the head and neck".
366:
271:
110:
369:
causes arterial blood to be directly shunted into the veins as there is an absence of a capillary bed. This carries a high risk of an
1432:
72:
can be extremely effective, either alone, in small lesions, or combined with surgical resection or embolization, in larger lesions.
1174:
1301:
121:
The
International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies (ISSVA) classification has 5 types of Vascular Malformation.
1465:
1323:
1077:
1070:
838:
170:
303:
These lymph vessels can become blocked due to the collection of lymph which forms a cyst as a mass, and are known as
1394:
359:
354:
203:
300:. Abnormal development of the lymph vessels results in their failure to connect and drain into the venous system.
904:
Chen, RJ; Vrazas, JI; Penington, AJ (January 2021). "Surgical
Management of Intramuscular Venous Malformations".
1045:
310:
A severe venous malformation is known as a lymphaticovenous malformation that also involves the lymph vessels.
839:"Microcystic lymphatic malformation | Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program"
370:
803:
Elluru, RG; Balakrishnan, K; Padua, HM (August 2014). "Lymphatic malformations: diagnosis and management".
86:. They may cause aesthetic problems as they have a growth cycle, and can continue to grow throughout life.
1226:
330:
861:
Chim, H; Drolet, B; Duffy, K; Koshima, I; Gosain, AK (August 2010). "Vascular anomalies and lymphedema".
1460:
1405:
1345:
450:
382:
297:
256:
178:
1261:
1116:
422:
Lymphangioma, Cystic hygroma, Lymphangioma circumscriptum, Cavernous lymphangioma, lymphangiomatosis
102:
153:
Syndromes in which vascular malformations are complicated by symptoms other than vascular anomalies
1277:
1272:
1137:
929:
886:
756:
713:
670:
296:
Lymphatic malformations are congenital, developing from badly-formed lymphatic vessels in early
198:
types. Low-flow malformations involve a single type of blood or lymph vessel, and are known as
1413:
1013:
964:
921:
878:
820:
748:
705:
662:
627:
586:
537:
55:
1093:
1003:
995:
956:
913:
870:
812:
775:"Cerebral Cavernous Malformations | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke"
740:
697:
654:
617:
576:
568:
527:
519:
470:
460:
150:
Abnormalities in the origin/course/number of major blood vessels that have anatomical names
83:
1424:
1213:
247:
235:
1153:
1124:
1101:
1008:
983:
581:
556:
532:
507:
465:
326:
231:
344:
3D image of an arteriovenous malformation shown in purple on the ring finger of a hand
17:
1454:
933:
816:
744:
69:
890:
760:
717:
674:
1169:
960:
606:"Vascular Anomalies (Part I): Classification and Diagnostics of Vascular Anomalies"
455:
304:
291:
158:
340:
1050:
917:
874:
572:
322:
90:
984:"Biology of cerebral arteriovenous malformations with a focus on inflammation"
658:
604:
Sadick, M; MĂĽller-Wille, R; Wildgruber, M; Wohlgemuth, WA (September 2018).
243:
1017:
999:
968:
925:
882:
824:
752:
709:
666:
631:
590:
541:
523:
113:(AVMs or cAVMs). The arteriovenous type is the most common in the brain.
622:
605:
281:
Drawing of a microcystic lymphangioma on the left side of a boy's tongue
1037:
701:
1062:
98:
947:
Markovic, JN; Shortell, CK (October 2021). "Venous malformations".
147:
Defined as two or more vascular malformations found in one lesion.
339:
333:. A severe venous malformation can involve the lymph vessels as a
276:
230:
94:
1066:
555:
Leblanc, GG; Golanov, E; Awad, IA; Young, WL (December 2009).
89:
Vascular malformations of the brain include those involving
270:
A capillary malformation is also a feature of the disorder
246:, and are the most common type. They used to refer only to
255:, be classified into seven major clinical types including
1410:
Limb CM + congenital non-progressive limb overgrowth
1027:
101:. Capillary malformations in the brain are known as
1387:
1370:
1344:
1322:
1288:
1225:
1203:
1196:
1187:
1162:
1146:
1109:
1100:
1031:
64:
54:
40:
35:
109:. Those involving the mix of vessels are known as
508:"Classification of Vascular Anomalies: An Update"
557:"Biology of vascular malformations of the brain"
190:Vascular malformations can also be divided into
1214:Cutaneous and/or mucosal CM ("port-wine" stain)
259:also known as nevus simplex, commonly known as
1078:
988:Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism
8:
1117:Infantile hemangioma / Hemangioma of infancy
1312:Familial intraosseous vascular malformation
1200:
1193:
1106:
1085:
1071:
1063:
1028:
506:Steiner, JE; Drolet, BA (September 2017).
206:. Low-flow vascular malformations include
32:
1007:
621:
580:
531:
501:
499:
497:
495:
1269:“Acquired” progressive lymphatic anomaly
798:
796:
794:
404:
123:
27:Blood vessel or lymph vessel abnormality
856:
854:
852:
482:
438:Port-wine strain, Capillary hemangioma
949:The Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery
7:
1380:Capillary-arteriovenous malformation
512:Seminars in Interventional Radiology
362:occur between an artery and a vein.
242:Capillary malformations involve the
111:cerebral arteriovenous malformations
367:cerebral arteriovenous malformation
272:macrocephaly-capillary malformation
863:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
329:. They are the most common of the
25:
1433:Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndrome
187:* denotes high-flow malformation
107:capillary cavernous malformations
1175:Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma
1147:Locally aggressive or borderline
906:Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics
817:10.1053/j.sempedsurg.2014.07.002
745:10.1111/j.1525-1470.2009.00924.x
139:Associated with Other Anomalies
125:Types of Vascular Malformations
103:cerebral cavernous malformations
1418:Macrocephaly - CM (M-CM / MCAP)
1388:Associated with other anomalies
1309:Cerebral cavernous malformation
1302:Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome
1154:Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma
1252:Generalized lymphatic anomaly
961:10.23736/S0021-9509.21.11911-1
1:
1377:Lymphatic-venous malformation
1315:Verrucous venous malformation
805:Seminars in Pediatric Surgery
335:lymphaticovenous malformation
200:simple vascular malformations
1255:Kaposiform lymphangiomatosis
1231:Incorrect name: Lymphangioma
1227:Lymphatic malformations (LM)
918:10.1097/BPO.0000000000001667
875:10.1097/PRS.0b013e3181df803d
573:10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.563692
1402:Servelle-Martorell syndrome
1324:Arteriovenous malformations
1298:Familial VM cutaneo-mucosal
360:Arteriovenous malformations
171:Arteriovenous malformations
1482:
1421:Microcephaly - CM (MICCAP)
1395:Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome
380:
355:Arteriovenous malformation
352:
349:Arteriovenous malformation
323:lining of the mouth cavity
289:
204:arteriovenous malformation
93:, and those involving the
843:rarediseases.info.nih.gov
659:10.1007/s00381-010-1202-2
152:
149:
146:
1306:Glomuvenous malformation
305:lymphatic malformationss
1204:Capillary malformations
1129:Spindle-cell hemangioma
456:Lymphatic malformations
435:Capillary Malformation
419:Lymphatic malformation
371:intracranial hemorrhage
216:lymphatic malformations
208:capillary malformations
159:Lymphatic malformations
144:Capillary malformations
1189:Vascular malformations
1133:Epithelioid hemangioma
1000:10.1038/jcbfm.2014.179
647:Child's Nervous System
524:10.1055/s-0037-1604295
430:Caveronous Hemangioma
345:
331:vascular malformations
286:Lymphatic malformation
282:
239:
227:Capillary malformation
136:Of Major Named Vessels
18:Vascular malformations
1406:Sturge-Weber syndrome
1399:Parkes Weber Syndrome
1346:Arteriovenous fistula
1278:Nonne-Milroy syndrome
1121:Congenital hemangioma
733:Pediatric Dermatology
690:Pediatric Dermatology
451:Arteriovenous fistula
383:Arteriovenous fistula
377:Arteriovenous fistula
343:
298:embryonic development
280:
257:nevus flammeus nuchae
234:
179:Arteriovenous fistula
165:Venous malformations
80:vascular malformation
68:In low-flow lesions,
36:Vascular malformation
1289:Venous malformations
1262:Gorham-Stout disease
427:Venous malformation
315:Venous malformations
212:venous malformations
1238:Common (cystic) LM
623:10.1055/a-0620-8925
407:
126:
1466:Vascular anomalies
1273:Primary lymphedema
1138:Pyogenic granuloma
1094:Vascular anomalies
405:
346:
283:
240:
124:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1414:Maffucci syndrome
1366:
1365:
1183:
1182:
1060:
1059:
779:www.ninds.nih.gov
702:10.1111/pde.12939
442:
441:
185:
184:
76:
75:
45:Vascular giantism
30:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
1473:
1429:Proteus syndrome
1232:
1201:
1194:
1107:
1087:
1080:
1073:
1064:
1029:
1022:
1021:
1011:
979:
973:
972:
944:
938:
937:
901:
895:
894:
858:
847:
846:
835:
829:
828:
800:
789:
788:
786:
785:
771:
765:
764:
728:
722:
721:
685:
679:
678:
642:
636:
635:
625:
601:
595:
594:
584:
567:(12): e694-702.
552:
546:
545:
535:
503:
490:
487:
471:Vascular disease
461:Lymphohemangioma
408:
248:port-wine stains
127:
84:vascular anomaly
33:
21:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1440:
1425:CLOVES syndrome
1383:
1362:
1340:
1318:
1284:
1266:Channel type LM
1247:Mixed cystic LM
1230:
1229:
1221:
1179:
1158:
1142:
1102:Vascular tumors
1096:
1091:
1061:
1056:
1055:
1040:
1026:
1025:
981:
980:
976:
946:
945:
941:
903:
902:
898:
860:
859:
850:
837:
836:
832:
802:
801:
792:
783:
781:
773:
772:
768:
730:
729:
725:
687:
686:
682:
653:(10): 1417–33.
644:
643:
639:
603:
602:
598:
554:
553:
549:
505:
504:
493:
488:
484:
479:
447:
414:Outdated names
399:
390:
385:
379:
365:In the brain a
357:
351:
327:salivary glands
318:
294:
288:
253:vascular stains
236:Port-wine stain
229:
224:
119:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1479:
1477:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1453:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1438:
1437:CLAPO syndrome
1435:
1430:
1427:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1411:
1408:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1328:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1244:Microcystic LM
1242:
1241:Macrocystic LM
1235:
1233:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1205:
1198:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1177:
1172:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1159:
1157:
1156:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1127:
1125:Tufted angioma
1122:
1119:
1113:
1111:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1092:
1090:
1089:
1082:
1075:
1067:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1041:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1032:Classification
1024:
1023:
974:
955:(5): 456–466.
939:
912:(1): e67–e73.
896:
869:(2): 55e–69e.
848:
830:
790:
766:
723:
696:(6): 570–584.
680:
637:
616:(9): 825–835.
596:
547:
518:(3): 225–232.
491:
481:
480:
478:
475:
474:
473:
468:
466:Telangiectasia
463:
458:
453:
446:
443:
440:
439:
436:
432:
431:
428:
424:
423:
420:
416:
415:
412:
398:
395:
389:
388:Combined Types
386:
381:Main article:
378:
375:
353:Main article:
350:
347:
317:
312:
290:Main article:
287:
284:
228:
225:
223:
220:
183:
182:
175:
174:
167:
166:
162:
161:
155:
154:
151:
148:
145:
141:
140:
137:
134:
131:
118:
115:
74:
73:
66:
62:
61:
60:Cardiovascular
58:
52:
51:
42:
38:
37:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1478:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1228:
1224:
1218:Reticulate CM
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:Nevus simplex
1209:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1088:
1083:
1081:
1076:
1074:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1001:
997:
994:(2): 167–75.
993:
989:
985:
978:
975:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
943:
940:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
900:
897:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
857:
855:
853:
849:
844:
840:
834:
831:
826:
822:
818:
814:
811:(4): 178–85.
810:
806:
799:
797:
795:
791:
780:
776:
770:
767:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
727:
724:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
684:
681:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
641:
638:
633:
629:
624:
619:
615:
611:
607:
600:
597:
592:
588:
583:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
551:
548:
543:
539:
534:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
502:
500:
498:
496:
492:
486:
483:
476:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
448:
444:
437:
434:
433:
429:
426:
425:
421:
418:
417:
413:
410:
409:
403:
396:
394:
387:
384:
376:
374:
372:
368:
363:
361:
356:
348:
342:
338:
336:
332:
328:
324:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
301:
299:
293:
285:
279:
275:
273:
268:
266:
262:
258:
254:
249:
245:
237:
233:
226:
221:
219:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
188:
180:
177:
176:
172:
169:
168:
164:
163:
160:
157:
156:
143:
142:
138:
135:
132:
129:
128:
122:
116:
114:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
87:
85:
82:is a type of
81:
71:
70:sclerotherapy
67:
63:
59:
57:
53:
50:
46:
43:
39:
34:
19:
1461:Angiogenesis
1188:
1170:Angiosarcoma
1044:
991:
987:
977:
952:
948:
942:
909:
905:
899:
866:
862:
842:
833:
808:
804:
782:. Retrieved
778:
769:
739:(3): 342–6.
736:
732:
726:
693:
689:
683:
650:
646:
640:
613:
609:
599:
564:
560:
550:
515:
511:
485:
406:Terminology
400:
391:
364:
358:
334:
325:or into the
319:
314:
309:
302:
295:
292:Lymphangioma
269:
265:salmon patch
264:
260:
252:
241:
222:Simple Types
215:
211:
207:
199:
195:
191:
189:
186:
120:
106:
88:
79:
77:
49:Lymphangioma
48:
44:
411:ISSVA name
397:Terminology
244:capillaries
91:capillaries
41:Other names
1455:Categories
784:2024-09-12
477:References
261:stork bite
1359:In CM-AVM
1337:In CM-AVM
1295:Common VM
1163:Malignant
934:221199574
196:high-flow
65:Treatment
56:Specialty
1371:Combined
1353:Sporadic
1331:Sporadic
1018:25407267
969:34105926
926:32815867
891:30865392
883:20679788
825:25241095
761:27334360
753:19706101
718:22474320
710:27456075
675:12359248
667:20697721
632:29874693
591:19834013
542:28955111
445:See also
192:low-flow
133:Combined
99:arteries
1051:D054079
1009:4426734
582:2810509
533:5615389
1356:In HHT
1334:In HHT
1260:LM in
1197:Simple
1110:Benign
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561:Stroke
540:
530:
238:on leg
214:, and
130:Simple
930:S2CID
887:S2CID
757:S2CID
714:S2CID
671:S2CID
117:Types
95:veins
1046:MeSH
1014:PMID
965:PMID
922:PMID
879:PMID
821:PMID
749:PMID
706:PMID
663:PMID
628:PMID
610:RöFo
587:PMID
538:PMID
194:and
97:and
1004:PMC
996:doi
957:doi
914:doi
871:doi
867:126
813:doi
741:doi
698:doi
655:doi
618:doi
614:190
577:PMC
569:doi
528:PMC
520:doi
263:or
105:or
47:or
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