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While many plants reproduce by vegetative reproduction, they rarely exclusively use that method to reproduce. Vegetative reproduction is not evolutionary advantageous; it does not allow for genetic diversity and could lead plants to accumulate deleterious mutations. Vegetative reproduction is favored
448:
Some analyses suggest that vegetative reproduction is a characteristic which makes a plant species more likely to become invasive. Since vegetative reproduction is often faster than sexual reproduction, it "quickly increases populations and may contribute to recovery following disturbance" (such as
855:
is a process which includes the bending of plant branches or stems so that they touch the ground and are covered with soil. Adventitious roots develop from the underground part of the plant, which is known as the layer. This method of vegetative reproduction also occurs naturally. Another similar
296:
Grafting is often not a complete cloning method because seedlings are used as rootstocks. In that case, only the top of the plant is clonal. In some crops, particularly apples, the rootstocks are vegetatively propagated so the entire graft can be clonal if the scion and rootstock are both clones.
532:
increases in size via cell multiplication and remains intact, the process is called "vegetative growth". However, in vegetative reproduction, the new plants that result are new individuals in almost every respect except genetic. Of considerable interest is how this process appears to reset the
844:, or a desired cutting, to the stem of another plant called stock that remains rooted in the ground. Eventually both tissue systems become grafted or integrated and a plant with the characteristics of the grafted plant develops, e.g. mango, guava, etc.
540:
As previously mentioned, plants vegetatively propagate both artificially and naturally. Most common methods of natural vegetative reproduction involve the development of a new plant from specialized structures of a mature plant. In addition to
671:
are solid enlarged underground stems that store nutrients in their fleshy and solid stem tissue and are surrounded by papery leaves. Corms differ from bulbs in that their centers consists of solid tissue while bulbs consist of layered leaves.
373:
to its offspring. It can be economically beneficial for commercial growers to clone a certain plant to ensure consistency throughout their crops. Vegetative propagation also allows plants to avoid the costly and complex process of producing
640:
develop from either the stem or the root. Stem tubers grow from rhizomes or runners that swell from storing nutrients while root tubers propagate from roots that are modified to store nutrients and get too large and produce a new plant.
963:
1101:
Scarcelli, N.; Tostain, S.; Vigouroux, Y.; Agbangla, C.; Daïnou, O.; Pham, J.-L. (August 2006). "Farmers' use of wild relative and sexual reproduction in a vegetatively propagated crop. The case of yam in Benin".
1939:
Ofori, D.A.; Newton, A.C.; Leakey, R.R.B.; Grace, J. (1996-08-01). "Vegetative propagation of
Milicia excelsa by leafy stem cuttings: effects of auxin concentration, leaf area and rooting medium".
418:
phase faster. In nature, that increases the chances for a plant to successfully reach maturity, and, commercially, it saves farmers a lot of time and money as it allows for faster crop overturn.
345:
that are constantly dividing allowing for plant growth and give rise to plant tissue systems. The meristem tissue's ability to continuously divide allows for vegetative propagation to occur.
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is a part of the plant, usually a stem or a leaf, is cut off and planted. Adventitious roots grow from cuttings and a new plant eventually develops. Usually those cuttings are treated with
1540:
Crutsinger, G. M.; Reynolds, W. N.; Classen, A. T.; Sanders, N. J. (2008). "Disparate effects of plant genotypic diversity on foliage and litter arthropod communities - Semantic
Scholar".
293:
develops from a cell that is genetically thorny. Thornless blackberry is a chimera, with the epidermal layers genetically thornless but the tissue beneath it genetically thorny.
549:, leaves and roots play an important role in plants' ability to naturally propagate. The most common modified stems, leaves and roots that allow for vegetative propagation are:
610:
are inflated parts of the stem within which lie the central shoots of new plants. They are typically underground and are surrounded by plump and layered leaves that provide
245:
is the process of plant reproduction of a species or cultivar, and it can be sexual or asexual. It can happen through the use of vegetative parts of the plants, such as
352:
which arise from other vegetative parts of the plants such as the stem or leaves. These roots allow for the development of new plants from body parts from other plants.
2015:
Maini, J. S.; Horton, K. W. (1966-09-01). "Vegetative
Propagation of Populus Spp.: I. Influence of Temperature on Formation and Initial Growth of Aspen Suckers".
898:
An offset is the lower part of a single culm with the rhizome axis basal to it and its roots. Planting of these is the most convenient way of propagating bamboo.
410:
and cuttings might reflect the attributes of only one or some of the parent cell lines. Vegetative propagation also allows plants to circumvent the immature
226:
have developed asexual propagation techniques that use vegetative propagules to replicate plants. Success rates and difficulty of propagation vary greatly.
301:(including apospory and diplospory) is a type of reproduction that does not involve fertilization. In flowering plants, unfertilized seeds are produced, or
895:, is then cultured in a hormone-ladened medium and eventually develops into plantlets which are then planted and eventually develop into grown plants.
341:
Meristem tissue makes the process of asexual reproduction possible. It is normally found in stems, leaves, and tips of stems and roots and consists of
268:
Although most plants normally reproduce sexually, many can reproduce vegetatively, or can be induced to do so via hormonal treatments. This is because
513:) can contribute to vegetative reproduction of a plant. Most plant species that survive and significantly expand by vegetative reproduction would be
60:
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is the process of asexual reproduction through seed, in the absence of meiosis and fertilization, generating clonal progeny of maternal origin.
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grow and form a dense compact mat that is attached to the parent plant. Too many suckers can lead to smaller crop size, so excess suckers are
521:
harsh conditions. A plant that persists in a location through vegetative reproduction of individuals over a long period of time constitutes a
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Vegetative reproduction from a stem cutting less than a week old. Some species are more conducive to this means of propagation than others.
1686:
1888:
Spillane, Charles; Curtis, Mark D; Grossniklaus, Ueli (June 2004). "Apomixis technology development—virgin births in farmers' fields?".
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are miniature structures that arise from meristem in leaf margins that eventually develops roots and drop from the leaves they grew on.
528:
In a sense, this process is not one of reproduction but one of survival and expansion of biomass of the individual. When an individual
265:
per unit of resource than reproduction through seed production. In general, juveniles of a plant are easier to propagate vegetatively.
1802:
584:, runners are modified stems that, unlike rhizomes, grow from existing stems just below the soil surface. As they are propagated, the
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produces plantlets along the margins of its leaves. When they are mature enough, they drop off and root in any suitable soil beneath.
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to ensure the consistency of the new cultivar and its successful production on a commercial level. However, as can be seen in many
1409:
Snow, Allison A.; Whigham, Dennis F. (1989-10-01). "Costs of Flower and Fruit
Production in Tipularia Discolor (Orchidaceae)".
86:
2051:
1493:
64:
1672:(General J. Grant (1864). "Vegetative Reproduction in New York: a comprehensive study. Stony Brook University Press: NY, NY.
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860:, involved the scraping and replanting of tree branches which develop into trees. Examples are Jasmine and Bougainvillea.
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93:
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Vegetative reproduction offers research advantages in several areas of biology and has practical usage when it comes to
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almost by definition, since specialized organs of vegetative reproduction, like seeds of annuals, serve to survive
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1974:
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on the modified stems produce roots and stems. Those buds are more separated than the ones found on the rhizome.
375:
1975:"Kumar, G. (2011). "Propagation of Plants by Grafting and Budding" (PDF). Pacific Northwest Extension. pp. 3–5"
546:
273:
153:
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Birget, Philip L. G.; Repton, Charlotte; O'Donnell, Aidan J.; Schneider, Petra; Reece, Sarah E. (2017-08-16).
425:. The most common use made of vegetative propagation by forest geneticists and tree breeders has been to move
1853:
Roest, S.; Bokelmann, G.S. (1975-12-01). "Vegetative propagation of
Chrysanthemum morifolium Ram. in vitro".
1628:"Widespread genetic mosaicism in the marine angiosperm Zostera marina is correlated with clonal reproduction"
1335:
219:
1818:
Oliver, Chadwick
Dearing (1980-01-01). "Forest development in North America following major disturbances".
342:
149:. The small plant in front is about 1 cm tall. The concept of "individual" is stretched by this process.
369:
of their parent plants. If a plant has favorable traits, it can continue to pass down its advantageous
1583:
Frankham, R (2005-07-27). "Conservation
Biology: Ecosystem recovery enhanced by genotypic diversity".
394:
is extremely difficult, so, once farmers develop the desired traits in, for example, a lily, they use
1639:
1418:
1218:
Bonga, J. M. (1982). "Vegetative
Propagation in Relation to Juvenility, Maturity, and Rejuvenation".
1111:
1059:
884:
204:
100:
2052:"VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF RADIATA PINE BY TISSUE CULTURE: PLANTLET FORMATION FROM EMBRYONIC TISSUE"
680:
370:
1163:"Phenotypic plasticity in reproductive effort: malaria parasites respond to resource availability"
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991:
695:, suckers are plant stems that arise from buds on the base of the parent plant's stems or roots.
491:
407:
290:
1794:
Tuberous, cormous and bulbous plants : biology of an adaptive strategy in
Western Australia
1382:
Hussey, G. (1978). "The application of tissue culture to the vegetative propagation of plants".
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There are several advantages of vegetative reproduction, mainly that the produced offspring are
184:
has reproduced vegetatively underground to make two bulbs, each of which produces a flower stem.
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Another important ability that allows for vegetative propagation is the ability to develop
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of the parent plant or specialized reproductive structures, which are sometimes called
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that have desirable characteristics is very common practice. It is used by farmers and
545:, roots that arise from plant structures other than the root, such as stems or leaves,
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964:"Isidia as Vegetative Propagules in Peltigera Aphthosa VAR. Variolosa (Massal.) Thoms"
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1744:"Plant form. An illustrated guide to flowering plant morphology. By Adrian D. Bell"
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1465:"Vegetative propagation in an epiphytic orchid occurrence and ecological relevance"
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to produce new plants or through growth from specialized vegetative plant parts.
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and nurtured in a sterilized medium. The mass of developed tissue, known as the
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Swingle, Charles F. (1940-07-01). "Regeneration and vegetative propagation".
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to produce better crops with desirable qualities. The most common methods of
1992:"Indiana Yard and Garden – Purdue Consumer Horticulture - Purdue University"
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A major disadvantage of vegetative propagation is that it prevents species
139:
1494:"THE USE OF VEGETATIVE PROPAGULES IN FOREST GENETICS AND TREE IMPROVEMENT"
1251:
McKey, Doyle; Elias, Marianne; Pujol, Benoît; Duputié, Anne (2010-04-01).
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1222:. Forestry Sciences. Vol. 5. Springer, Dordrecht. pp. 387–412.
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from selected trees to some convenient location, usually designated a
1253:"The evolutionary ecology of clonally propagated domesticated plants"
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plants, this does not always apply, because many plants actually are
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Many plants naturally reproduce this way, but it can also be induced
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Production of new individuals along a leaf margin of the air plant,
1901:
1520:"What Traits Distinguish Invasive Plants from Non-invasive Plants?"
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437:, clone-holding orchard, or seed orchard where their genes can be
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occurring in plants in which a new plant grows from a fragment or
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Forbes, James C.; Forbes, Jim C.; Watson, Drennan (1992-08-20).
887:, plant cells are taken from various parts of the plant and are
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1797:. Nedlands, W.A. : University of Western Australia Press.
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California Exotic Pest Plant
Council 1996 Symposium Proceedings
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plants, and typically involves structural modifications of the
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Forest Research Institute, New Zealand Forest Service, Rotorua
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School of Forestry and Conservation and Department of Genetics
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are additional offshoots which develop on vegetative stems or
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36:
1341:
Vegetative Propagation from the Standpoint of Plant Anatomy
283:
method. However, root cuttings of thornless blackberries (
1356:"root | Definition, Types, Morphology, & Functions"
333:
are sometimes formed instead of the flowers of garlic.
1996:
Indiana Yard and Garden - Purdue Consumer Horticulture
1377:
1375:
30:
For vegetative reproduction of animals and fungi, see
1718:
The Cambridge Illustrated Glossary of Botanical Terms
1626:
Reusch, Thorsten; Boström, Christoffer (2011-07-01).
1311:
Plant Propagation Concepts and Laboratory Exercises
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
724:An example of a plant that uses plantlets is the
323:) and many grasses such as Kentucky bluegrass (
279:Vegetative propagation is usually considered a
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1708:
1680:
1678:
962:Kershaw, K. A.; Millbank, J. W. (April 1970).
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1485:
329:) all use this form of asexual reproduction.
234:, making them more challenging to propagate.
8:
1458:
1456:
1308:Beyl, Caula A.; Trigiano, Robert N. (2008).
1791:Pate, J. S.; Dixon, Kingsley Wayne (1982).
1715:Hickey, Michael; King, Clive (2000-11-16).
760:Examples of plants that use keikis are the
490:Natural vegetative propagation is mostly a
1759:
1268:
1194:
289:) will revert to thorny type because the
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
938:"vegetative reproduction | horticulture"
698:Examples of plants that use suckers are
591:Examples of plants that use runners are
305:that grow instead of flowers. Hawkweed (
27:Asexual method of reproduction in plants
1018:"Physiology of vegetative reproduction"
929:
829:before being planted to induce growth.
675:Examples of plants that use corms are
617:Examples of plants that use bulbs are
261:when it allows plants to produce more
801:Vegetative propagation of particular
7:
1742:Kawasaki, Maria Lucia (1991-07-01).
65:adding citations to reliable sources
276:are present in many plant tissues.
25:
1344:. U.S. Department of Agriculture.
811:artificial vegetative propagation
2050:Reilly, Kathryn (4 April 1977).
1270:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03210.x
1124:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.02958.x
1016:RRB, Leakey (31 December 2004).
652:and examples of root tubers are
477:that can wipe out entire crops.
461:which can lead to reductions in
41:
1022:Encyclopedia of Forest Sciences
52:needs additional citations for
1721:. Cambridge University Press.
1691:. Cambridge University Press.
1338:; Swingle, Charles F. (1929).
1030:10.1016/B0-12-145160-7/00108-3
1:
1941:Forest Ecology and Management
1820:Forest Ecology and Management
1953:10.1016/0378-1127(96)03737-1
1867:10.1016/0304-4238(75)90046-1
1832:10.1016/0378-1127(80)90013-4
1492:Libby, W. (September 1973).
1228:10.1007/978-94-017-3538-4_13
644:Examples of stem tubers are
562:'Lipstick' hybrid strawberry
356:Advantages and disadvantages
727:Bryophyllum daigremontianum
2109:
2017:Canadian Journal of Botany
1314:. CRC Press. p. 170.
1220:Tissue Culture in Forestry
734:), which is also known as
376:sexual reproduction organs
29:
1652:10.1007/s10682-010-9436-8
1554:10.1007/s00442-008-1130-y
1384:Science Progress (1933- )
980:10.1017/S0024282970000257
732:Kalanchoe daigremontianum
197:vegetative multiplication
76:"Vegetative reproduction"
1518:Reichard, Sarah Hayden.
1336:Priestley, Joseph Hubert
738:for its many plantlets.
274:cellular differentiation
159:Kalanchoe daigremontiana
1360:Encyclopedia Britannica
942:Encyclopedia Britannica
189:Vegetative reproduction
1855:Scientia Horticulturae
1597:10.1038/sj.hdy.6800706
1463:Zotz, Gerhard (1999).
1179:10.1098/rspb.2017.1229
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343:undifferentiated cells
193:vegetative propagation
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18:Vegetative propagation
1688:Plants in Agriculture
840:involves attaching a
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213:vegetative propagules
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2088:Asexual reproduction
1890:Nature Biotechnology
1632:Evolutionary Ecology
1052:The Botanical Review
390:. Developing an ace
205:asexual reproduction
61:improve this article
1644:2011EvEco..25..899R
1423:1989Ecol...70.1286S
1116:2006MolEc..15.2421S
1064:1940BotRv...6..301S
753:of several orchids
736:mother of thousands
570:Fragaria × ananassa
449:fires and floods).
382:and the subsequent
371:genetic information
2083:Plant reproduction
1173:(1860): 20171229.
1072:10.1007/BF02919037
614:to the new plant.
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576:to grow new plants
543:adventitious roots
350:adventitious roots
291:adventitious shoot
270:meristematic cells
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1104:Molecular Ecology
968:The Lichenologist
807:horticulturalists
459:genetic diversity
243:Plant propagation
238:Plant propagation
230:typically lack a
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72:Find sources:
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50:This article
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1999:. Retrieved
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999:. Retrieved
971:
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947:22 September
945:. Retrieved
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858:air layering
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763:Phalaenopsis
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59:Please help
54:verification
51:
1826:: 153–168.
913:Hemerochory
535:aging clock
463:crop yields
445:offspring.
272:capable of
2077:Categories
2065:: 199–206.
2001:2018-04-20
1754:(3): 145.
1591:(3): 183.
1507:: 440–447.
1472:Ecotropica
1365:2018-04-19
924:References
778:genera of
775:Dendrobium
769:Epidendrum
519:seasonally
496:herbaceous
439:recombined
435:clone bank
404:variegated
361:Advantages
337:Mechanisms
178:A bulb of
117:March 2008
87:newspapers
2037:0008-4026
1961:0378-1127
1910:1546-1696
1875:0304-4238
1840:0378-1127
1770:0007-196X
1748:Brittonia
1542:Oecologia
1439:1939-9170
1279:1469-8137
1187:0962-8452
1132:0962-1083
1080:0006-8101
1035:4 January
1001:4 January
988:1096-1135
864:Suckering
803:cultivars
719:Plantlets
714:Plantlets
677:gladiolus
612:nutrients
515:perennial
503:perennial
494:found in
443:pedigreed
431:gene bank
314:Taraxacum
308:Hieracium
303:plantlets
263:offspring
1918:15175691
1660:23424978
1605:16049423
1585:Heredity
1570:35985089
1562:18766383
1396:43420451
1295:11637652
1287:20202131
1205:28768894
1148:19699365
1140:16842416
1088:29297545
996:86138677
902:See also
889:cultured
856:method,
853:Layering
848:Layering
838:Grafting
833:Grafting
827:hormones
791:Apomixis
786:Apomixis
646:potatoes
619:shallots
597:currants
572:) using
530:organism
471:bacteria
408:chimeras
396:grafting
392:cultivar
378:such as
299:Apomixis
2093:Cloning
1778:2807042
1640:Bibcode
1613:8274476
1447:1938188
1419:Bibcode
1411:Ecology
1196:5563815
1112:Bibcode
1060:Bibcode
869:Suckers
823:cutting
817:Cutting
780:orchids
687:Suckers
658:dahlias
582:stolons
574:stolons
553:Runners
492:process
400:budding
380:flowers
331:Bulbils
281:cloning
209:cutting
201:cloning
181:Muscari
101:scholar
32:Budding
2035:
1959:
1926:656911
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893:callus
873:pruned
772:, and
755:genera
747:Keikis
742:Keikis
730:(syn.
706:, and
638:Tubers
633:Tubers
627:tulips
623:lilies
416:mature
388:fruits
367:clones
320:Citrus
253:, and
247:leaves
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
2055:(PDF)
1978:(PDF)
1922:S2CID
1774:JSTOR
1656:S2CID
1609:S2CID
1566:S2CID
1523:(PDF)
1497:(PDF)
1468:(PDF)
1443:JSTOR
1392:JSTOR
1291:S2CID
1144:S2CID
1084:S2CID
992:S2CID
842:scion
813:are:
700:apple
669:Corms
664:Corms
608:Bulbs
603:Bulbs
500:woody
481:Types
475:fungi
427:genes
384:seeds
255:roots
251:stems
108:JSTOR
94:books
2033:ISSN
1957:ISSN
1914:PMID
1906:ISSN
1871:ISSN
1836:ISSN
1799:ISBN
1766:ISSN
1723:ISBN
1693:ISBN
1601:PMID
1558:PMID
1435:ISSN
1316:ISBN
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1275:ISSN
1232:ISBN
1201:PMID
1183:ISSN
1136:PMID
1128:ISSN
1076:ISSN
1037:2022
1003:2022
984:ISSN
949:2017
681:taro
679:and
656:and
650:yams
648:and
625:and
595:and
586:buds
511:root
507:stem
498:and
473:and
398:and
386:and
80:news
2025:doi
1949:doi
1898:doi
1863:doi
1828:doi
1756:doi
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1427:doi
1265:doi
1261:186
1224:doi
1191:PMC
1175:doi
1171:284
1120:doi
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1026:doi
976:doi
883:In
704:elm
441:in
199:or
63:by
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
