536:, and many Asian and Amerindian populations.") and its subgroups U and R (with those comprising about two thirds of their maternal lineages), differing from other South Asian groups (such as the Sri Lankan Tamil, Sinhalese, and several Indian Tribal groups) among whom haplogroup M is predominant. The study also found that "South Asian (Indian) haplogroups were predominant" in the three Sri Lankan groups (including the Vedda) but that the Sinhalese, Sri Lankan Tamil, and Vedda populations also "had a considerable presence of West Eurasian haplogroups." One phylogenetic study on mitochondrial DNA hypervariable segments HVI and part of HVII showed the Vedda to be "genetically distinct from other major ethnic groups (Sinhalese, Sri Lankan Tamils and Indian Tamils) in Sri Lanka." Another study on alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein allele frequency showed the Veddas and Sinhalese to be more biologically related to each other than to most other ethnic groups in Asia.
960:
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3018:
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463:. According to Raghavan et al. the cranial characteristics of the Vedda are closest to other South Asians and distinct from "Australo-Melanesians". However, Raghavan et al. also, while also noting the distinctiveness of between South Asian (including Vedda) and Andamanese crania, explain that this is not in conflict with genetic evidence showing a partial common ancestry (a non-West Eurasian component known as "Ancestral South Indian" or "ASI") and genetic affinity between South Asians and the native
601:, who do not identify themselves strictly as Veddas, also use Vedda language for communication during hunting and or for religious chants. When a systematic field study was conducted in 1959, it was determined that the language was confined to the older generation of Veddas from Dambana. In the 1990s, self-identifying Veddas knew few words and phrases in the Vedda language, but there were individuals who knew the language comprehensively. Initially, there was considerable debate among
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Some observers have said Veddas are disappearing and have lamented the decline of their distinct culture. Land acquisition for mass irrigation projects, government forest reserve restrictions, and the civil war have disrupted traditional Vedda ways of life. Between 1977 and 1983 under the
Accelerated
1106:
in Sri Lanka. East Coast Veddas also practice sea fishing. Veddas are famously known for their rich meat diet. Venison and the flesh of rabbit, turtle, tortoise, monitor lizard, wild boar and the common brown monkey are consumed with much relish. The Veddas kill only for food and do not harm young or
935:
The majority of the Vedda tribes studied at that time held what is referred to as a "kirikohraha ceremony". This was often held "to present an offering to the newly dead within a week or two of their decease...The yaku of the recently dead....are supposed to stand towards the surviving members of the
1159:
In the reign of
Datusena (6th century CE) the Mahaweli ganga was diverted at Minipe in the Minipe canal nearly 80 km (47 miles) long said to be constructed with help from the Yakkas. The Mahawamsa refers to the canal as Yaka-bendi-ela. When the Ruwanweli Seya was built in King Dutugemunu's time
923:
In the words of John Bailey studying this population in 1853 "the
Veddahs have a vague belief in a host of undefined spirits, whose influence is rather for good than evil...they believe the air is peopled by spirits, that every rock and every tree, every forest and every hill, in short every feature
675:
of its close contact with
Sinhala. Vedda also retains a number of unique words that cannot be derived from Sinhala. Likewise, Sinhala has also borrowed from the original Vedda language, words, and grammatical structures, differentiating it from its related Indo-Aryan languages. Vedda has exerted a
524:
is predominant. The Vedda people and Low-country
Sinhalese showed frequencies of haplogroup R at 45.33 and 25%, respectively. The Vedda were found to be distinct but closer to Sinhalese than to other South Asian groups. It was determined in the study to be likely that the branches of haplogroups R
919:
The Veddas practice what is referred to by
Western ethnologists as "a cult of the dead".(Seligman and Seligman,1911) The Vedda perception of the world when originally studied in the mid 19th and early 20th centuries was not divided into polarities as life and afterlife or living and dead. At that
488:
were probably the earliest inhabitants of Sri Lanka. Their arrival is dated tentatively to about 40,000–35,000 years ago. They show a relationship with other South Asian and Sri Lankan populations, but are genetically distinguishable from the other peoples of Sri Lanka, and show a high degree of
927:
In addition to this experience of the world often referred to as "animism" they have a belief that after death every relative is a spirit "of those who watches over the welfare of those left behind. These, which include their ancestors and their children, the term their 'nehya yakoon', kindred
931:
The Vedda behavior at the time of these original ethnological studies regarding the recently dead is quite different from our behavior toward the dead. "When a person dies it is the hetha that killed him; and the hetha of the dead one remains by the corpse and haunts the vicinity for years."
950:
Spittel,Richard Lionel, Wild Ceylon: Describing in
Particular the Ljves of the Present Day Veddas. Third Edition. (Colombo: Printed by the Ceylon Daily News for General Publishers Ltd., 1945 in Human Relations Area Files, Microfiche ed. AX/771 (New Haven, CT.: Human Relations Area Files)
1669:
Welikala, Anjana; Desai, Shailesh; Pratap Singh, Prajjval; Fernando, Amali; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; van Driem, George; Adikari, Gamini; Tennekoon, Kamani; Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Ranasinghe, Ruwandi (May 2024). "The genetic identity of the Vedda: A language isolate of South Asia".
1134:, which is the tail of the monitor lizard (talagoya), stuffed with fat obtained from its sides and roasted in embers. Another Vedda delicacy is dried meat preserve soaked in honey. The Veddas used to preserve such meat in the hollow of a tree, enclosing it with clay.
936:
group in the light of friends and relatives, who if well treated will continue to show loving kindness to their survivors, and only if neglected will show disgust and anger by withdrawing their assistance, or becoming actively hostile." (Seligmann and
Seligmann,1911)
420:. A 2011 study on dental characteristics suggested a close relation between Vedda and other South Asians as well as to western Eurasian populations. A 2012 study on crania showed the Vedda to have close affinities with other South Asian populations such as other
876:
Since the opening of colonization schemes, Vedda burials changed when they dug graves of 1.2–1.5 m (4–5 feet) deep and wrapped the body wrapped cloth and covered it with leaves and earth. The Veddas also laid the body between the scooped out trunks of the
1145:
Such succulent meat served as a ready food supply in times of scarcity. The early part of the year (January–February) is considered to be the season of yams and mid-year (June–July) that of fruit and honey, while hunting is availed of throughout the year.
1166:
Rajasinghe II (17th century), in his battle with the Dutch, had a Vedda regiment. In the abortive Uva-Welessa revolt of 1817–1818 of the
British times, led by Keppetipola Disawe, the Veddas too fought with the rebels against the British forces.
1407:
of Veddas with other local populations has been going on for a long time. "Vedda" has been used in Sri Lanka to mean not only hunter-gatherers but also to refer to any people who adopt an unsettled and rural way of life and thus can be a
920:
time when asked whether the dead lived on as spirits they found that "they did not consider whether the departed were living or dead, they were just spirits...all spirits were alike neither good nor bad". (Seligmann and
Seligmann,1911)
942:
Bailey,John, An Account of the Wild Tribes of the Veddahs of Ceylon: their Habits,Customs and Superstitions. (Transactions of the Ethno-logical Society of London, Vol 2 London 1863) found inHuman Relations Files, Microfiche ed.AX5/771
312:
mediated their initial settlement of the island. Other studies have shown the Vedda share genetic components with the Sinhalese and Sri Lankan Tamils as well as genetic affinity with the Irula, Kota and Mulla Kuruma of India, the
856:
In Vedda society, women are in many respects men's equals. They are entitled to similar inheritance. Monogamy is the general rule, though a widow would frequently marry her husband's brother as a means of support and consolation
475:
et al. for an "Ancestral South Indian" ancestry shared by southern Indians and Andamanese", and that the differences may be in part due to the greater craniometric specialization of South Asians compared to Andamanese.
1077:
Meaning of this song: The bees from yonder hills of Palle Talawa and Kade suck nectar from the flowers and made the honeycomb. So why should you give them undue pain when there is no honey by cutting the honeycomb.
946:
Seligmann, C.G. & Brenda Z. Seligmann The Veddas ( Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1911) found in Human Relations Area Files, Microfiche ed., AX5/769 (New Haven, Ct. : Human Relations Area Files
1412:
term not based on ethnic group. Thus, over time, it is possible for non-Vedda groups to become Veddas, in this broad cultural sense. Vedda populations of this kind are increasing in some districts.
971:
suspended with a string at the waist, while in the case of women, it was a piece of cloth that extended from the navel to the knees. Today, however, Vedda attire is more covering, men wear a short
528:
Another study on maternal haplogroups in Sri Lankan groups (also the Vedda, Sri Lankan Tamil, and Sinhalese) found similar results, with the Vedda belonging predominantly to the mitochondrial
2954:
1156:) is cultivated very often. Maize, yams, gourds and melons are also cultivated. The Veddas used to live in caves and rock shelters. Today, they live in huts of wattle, daub and thatch.
907:) were planted at the head, the middle and the foot. Personal possessions like the bow and arrow, betel pouch, were also buried. This practice varied by community. The contents of the
959:
1978:
Ranasinghe, Ruwandi (2015). "A study of genetic polymorphisms in mitochondrial DNA hypervariable regions I and II of the five major ethnic groups and Vedda population in Sri Lanka".
308:. The study concluded that the Veddas were "a genetically drifted group with limited gene flow from neighbouring Sinhalese and Sri Lankan Tamil populations" and that the maternal
853:
marriage between cross-cousins was the norm until recently, this has changed significantly, with Vedda women even contracting marriages with their Sinhalese and Moor neighbors.
2717:
1098:. They used bows and arrows to hunt game, harpoons and toxic plants for fishing and gathered wild plants, yams, honey, fruit and nuts. Many Veddas also farm, frequently using
667:
and denotations of negative meanings. Instead of borrowing new words from Sinhala, Vedda created combinations of words from a limited lexical stock. Vedda also maintains many
737:. Early linguists and observers of the language considered it to be either a separate language or a dialect of Sinhala. The chief proponent of the dialect theory was
1708:
Knox's Words: A Study of the Words of Sri Lankan Origin Or Association First Used in English Literature by Robert Knox and Recorded in the Oxford English Dictionary
1455:
1792:
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1372:
deprived the Veddhas their last hunting grounds. In 1985, the Veddha Chief Thissahamy and his delegation were obstructed from attending the United Nations
1368:
and colonization schemes, approximately 51468 hectares were turned into a gigantic hydroelectric dam irrigation project. Subsequently, the creation of the
352:(Vedda Mountain) in the Ratnapura District also bear testimony to this. As Wijesekera observes, a strong Vedda element is discernible in the population of
3103:
924:
of nature, has its genus loci;but these seem little else than nameless phantoms whom they regard with mysterious awe than actual dread". (Bailey, 1863).
265:
instead of their indigenous languages, which are nearing extinction. It has been hypothesized that the Vedda were probably the earliest inhabitants of
3093:
2940:
2710:
2375:
928:
spirits. They describe them as ever watchful, coming to them in sickness, visiting them in dreams, giving them flesh when hunting". (Bailey, 1863)
1373:
887:) before they buried it. At the head of the grave were kept three open coconuts and a small bundle of wood, while at its foot were kept an opened
2233:
849:) that she has twisted, around the waist of the groom. This symbolizes the bride's acceptance of the man as her mate and life partner. Although
332:, is known to have been inhabited by the Veddas in the distant past. This has been shown by scholars like Nandadeva Wijesekera. The very name
2523:
1817:
2413:
748:
Veddas consider the Vedda language to be distinct from Sinhala and use it as an ethnic marker to differentiate them from Sinhalese people.
1107:
pregnant animals. Game is commonly shared amongst the family and clan. Fish are caught by employing fish poisons such as the juice of the
2685:
1931:"Mitochondrial DNA history of Sri Lankan ethnic people: their relations within the island and with the Indian subcontinental populations"
1617:"Mitochondrial DNA history of Sri Lankan ethnic people: Their relations within the island and with the Indian subcontinental populations"
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that has evolved over 2,000 years of coexistence and assimilation. Kataragama is supposed to be the site where the Hindu god Skanda or
68:
3022:
2695:
1346:
2621:
2586:
1716:
1601:
1031:
93:
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and Bintenne Veddas, are accorded indigenous status. The Vedda minority in Sri Lanka may become completely assimilated. Most speak
1615:
Ranaweera, Lanka; Kaewsutthi, Supannee; Win Tun, Aung; Boonyarit, Hathaichanoke; Poolsuwan, Samerchai; Lertrit, Patcharee (2014).
2831:
3047:
3017:
1759:
1380:, has been studying the Vedda since 1977 and alleges that their young women are being tricked into accepting contracts to the
1365:
2549:
Dharmadasa, K. N. O. (February 1974). "The Creolization of an Aboriginal language:The case of Vedda in Sri Lanka (Ceylon)".
868:
Death, too, is a simple affair without ostentatious funeral ceremonies where the corpse of the deceased is promptly buried.
609:
or an independent language. Later studies indicate that it diverged from its parent stock in the 10th century and became a
3037:
1706:
2992:
2906:
1807:
439:
A 2013 craniometric study by Raghavan et al. showed that the Vedda are closely related to other groups in Sri Lanka and
2791:
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in animate nouns. Per its Creole tradition, it has reduced and simplified many forms of Sinhala such as second person
433:
489:
intra-group diversity. This is consistent with a long history of existing as small subgroups undergoing significant
3068:
3007:
2816:
691:. There are also Veddas that have adopted Sinhala who live in Anuradhapura District in the North Central Province.
566:
517:
501:
1587:
2744:
1444:
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and U "found to be particularly prevalent in the Vedda, were derived from ancestors on the Indian subcontinent."
171:
3032:
3002:
1478:
471:), stating that "The distinctiveness of Andamanese and southern Indian crania need not challenge the finding by
2034:
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1449:
1369:
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472:
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Until fairly recent times, the clothing of the Veddas was limited. In the case of men, it consisted only of a
2916:
769:
677:
629:
558:
1732:
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1354:
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One of the most distinctive features of Vedda religion is the worship of dead ancestors, who are called
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329:
35:
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are found primarily in the southeastern part of the country, especially in the vicinity of Bintenne in
2240:
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309:
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Parakrama Bahu the Great (12th century), in his war against the rebels, employed Veddas as scouts.
975:
extending from the waist to the knees, while the women clad themselves in a garment similar to the
598:
381:
258:
2158:"Ruhuṇu Kataragama Dēvālaya | Katirkāmam Murugan Kōvil | dedicated to Kataragama deviyo"
451:, and also indicated deep relations between South Asian populations and the modern populations of
118:
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2675:
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2558:
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1960:
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246:
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and have lived on the island since before the arrival of other groups from the Indian mainland.
2932:
2670:
496:
In one study on maternal (mitochondrial DNA) haplogroups in Sri Lankan populations (the Vedda,
2890:
2836:
2786:
2733:
2617:
2582:
2519:
1995:
1952:
1885:
1852:
Rathee, Suresh Kanta; Pathmanathan, Gayathiri; Bulbeck, David; Raghavan, Pathmanathan (2013).
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Ranaweera L, Kaewsutthi S, Win Tun A, Boonyarit H, Poolsuwan S, Lertrit P (January 2014).
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1385:
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903:
780:
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2181:
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2878:
2873:
2579:
Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region
1880:
1853:
1533:"Evidence for persistent forest reliance by Indigenous peoples in historical Sri Lanka"
1503:
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385:
281:
230:
163:
31:
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1118:
3082:
490:
322:
293:
2494:
1964:
1650:
1602:"Race in Sri Lanka: What genetic evidence tells us | the Sundaytimes Sri Lanka"
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1991:
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289:
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254:
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42:
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across the island which are sacred to the Veddas as well as to other communities.
845:
Vedda marriage is a simple ceremony. It consists of the bride tying a bark rope (
2865:
2081:
1381:
703:
570:
456:
421:
1683:
1160:(2nd century BCE) the Veddas procured the necessary minerals from the jungles.
764:; whereas the Tamilized east coast Veddahs follow a mix of animism and nominal
2690:
2486:
2337:
2316:
1409:
1397:
1130:, which is a sort of sausage containing alternate layers of meat and fat, and
850:
807:
803:
699:
613:
and a stable independent language by the 13th century, under the influence of
464:
1904:
1126:
Vedda culinary fare is also deserving of mention. Amongst the best known are
2971:
2728:
1563:"Vedda facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Vedda"
1422:
1137:
968:
633:
602:
417:
266:
250:
1999:
1956:
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1947:
1930:
1633:
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765:
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668:
664:
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429:
393:
273:
225:
188:
184:
2566:
2376:"Endangered Wanniyala-Aetto Women sent as Sex Slaves to the Middle East"
2649:
2632:
2269:
888:
811:
757:
641:
637:
533:
2056:
760:. The Sinhalized interior Veddahs follow a mix of animism and nominal
17:
2193:
1835:"Cranial Morphology of the Vedda people - the indigenes of Sri Lanka"
972:
826:
799:
672:
452:
448:
297:
2362:
1834:
963:
Group portrait of Veddah men in the forests, between 1870 and 1904.
779:
among the Sinhala-speaking Veddas and are invoked for the game and
2967:
2239:. Department of Census & Statistics, Sri Lanka. Archived from
1136:
1117:
1086:
1085:
1005:
may be in need of reorganization to comply with Knowledge (XXG)'s
958:
908:
862:
836:
819:
795:
656:
652:
565:
557:
549:
440:
318:
67:
may be in need of reorganization to comply with Knowledge (XXG)'s
2414:"Obeyesekere, Gananath. Colonial Histories and Vadda Primitivism"
640:
sounds C and J. The effect is also heightened by the addition of
1189:
741:, but he also contradicted himself by claiming that Vedda was a
2936:
2699:
989:
51:
2295:
698:, is found in coastal areas of the Eastern Province, between
2518:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp.
1184:
783:. There are also peculiar deities unique to Veddas, such as
636:
it is distinguished from Sinhala by the higher frequency of
516:
and to carry maternal haplogroup M at about 17%, unlike the
508:), the Vedda were found to carry predominantly haplogroups
2633:"The Sarasins' Collection of Historical Sri Lankan Crania"
589:, which today is used primarily by the interior Veddas of
2157:
2514:
Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011).
2035:"Sri Lanka's conflict: culture and lineages of the past"
1806:
Schug, Gwen Robbins; Walimbe, Subhash R. (16 May 2016).
1426:
as a dedication to Sri Lanka's oldest civilized people.
671:
Sinhala terms prior to the 10th to 12th centuries, as a
2057:"Sri Lanka's east coastal Vedda indigenous communities"
1013:
75:
2456:"The pholcid spiders from Sri Lanka: redescription of
2671:
Survival International profile on the Wanniyala-Aetto
1588:"Vedda tribe becoming extinct, Chandler's Ford Today"
822:, who in Sri Lanka is believed to have been a Vedda.
802:
communities, venerate the temple complex situated at
416:
The Vedda are often seen as the native population of
280:
found that the Veddas were genetically closer to the
2663:
A great deal of information on them can be found at
2460:
and description of a new genus (Araneae: Pholcidae)"
2363:
Sri Lanka's Indigenous Wanniya-laeto: A Case History
520:
and many mainland Indian tribal groups, among which
2899:
2864:
2774:
2758:
2664:
2614:
The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Hunters and Gatherers
2612:Lee, Richard B.; Daly, Richard, eds. (March 2005).
1711:. Boralesgamuwa, Sri Lanka: Visidunu Prakashakayo.
194:
177:
157:
143:
128:
2141:
2129:
1779:An Etymological Glossary of the Sinhalese Language
1473:
1471:
911:pouch of the deceased were eaten after his death.
891:and an untouched coconut. Certain cactus species (
1924:
1922:
982:which extends from the breast line to the knees.
1854:"Indian Craniometric Variability and Affinities"
1905:"Pre-and protohistoric settlement in Sri Lanka"
1456:Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
1043:
554:Most prominent Vedda chief late Tisahamy Aththo
2596:Seligmann, Charles; Seligmann, Brenda (1911).
1420:A spider genus endemic to Sri Lanka was named
1016:to make improvements to the overall structure.
78:to make improvements to the overall structure.
2948:
2711:
2152:
2150:
1858:International Journal of Evolutionary Biology
336:is believed to have meant the village of the
328:The Ratnapura District, which is part of the
8:
2358:
2356:
2354:
1519:The Portuguese Cultural Imprint on Sri Lanka
1175:
1061:Diyapivili Genagene-Thige Bo Haliskote Peni,
340:or "forest barbarians". Place-names such as
272:A 2024 genetics study using high-resolution
111:
1664:
1662:
1660:
729:The parent of Vedda language is of unknown
620:The parent Vedda language(s) is of unknown
585:The original language of the Veddas is the
2980:
2955:
2941:
2933:
2718:
2704:
2696:
2234:"Population by ethnic group, census years"
2117:
1791:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1174:
139:(less than 0.20% of the population) (2001)
110:
2648:
2105:
1946:
1879:
1869:
1632:
1122:Traditional Vedda bow and fishing harpoon
1032:Learn how and when to remove this message
253:who, among other sub-communities such as
94:Learn how and when to remove this message
3069:Indigenous peoples by geographic regions
1102:or swidden cultivation, which is called
34:. For articles with similar titles, see
2338:"Sri Lanka Debrief News - 21. 07. 2010"
2283:Vanished Trails: The Last of the Veddas
2025:
2023:
2021:
1467:
1374:Working Group on Indigenous Populations
1051:Palletalawa Navinna-Pita Gosin Vetenne,
680:influence in the formation of Sinhala.
532:(which "exists in almost all European,
1784:
2265:
2263:
2261:
1809:A Companion to South Asia in the Past
1760:"Search for headword: vēṭṭam, vēṭṭai"
1056:Malpivili genagene-Hele Kado Navinne,
1046:Bori Bori Sellam-Sellam Bedo Wannita,
841:A Veddah ritual about to be performed
818:met and married a local tribal girl,
562:Tisahamy Aththo with some Vedda women
224:
7:
2438:
2400:
2317:"Season of the Spirit Bear - Part 5"
2012:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1141:Some of the bows used by the Veddahs
1072:A Vedda honeycomb cutter's folk song
605:as to whether Vedda is a dialect of
151:
144:Regions with significant populations
2270:Address of Warige Wanniya to the UN
1764:A Dravidian Etymological Dictionary
1733:"வேடன் | அகராதி | Tamil Dictionary"
1435:, was named in honor of the Vedda.
756:The original religion of Veddas is
183:Traditional animistic beliefs with
2681:Veddas - now only a household name
1903:Deraniyagala SU (September 1996).
1090:A Veddah hunter with bow and arrow
825:There are a number of less famous
772:influences among anthropologists.
25:
3104:Ethnic groups in the Indian Ocean
2544:. University of Washington Press.
2516:The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles
1758:Burrow, T; Emenau, M. B. (1984).
573:was the historical center of the
467:(who are sometimes classified as
432:and to differ significantly from
321:of Malaysia and tribal groups of
3094:Indigenous peoples of South Asia
3046:
3031:
3016:
3001:
2986:
2727:
1517:Jayasuriya, S. de Silva (2000).
994:
790:Veddas, along with the Island's
117:
56:
2365:, vedda.org Retrieved 4-12-2015
2272:, vedda.org Retrieved 4-12-2015
1909:XIII UISPP Congress Proceedings
1479:"Vedda | Encyclopedia.com"
1429:A species of Sri Lankan snake,
861:). They also do not practice a
647:. Vedda language word class is
484:Groups ancestral to the modern
2616:. Cambridge University Press.
2542:Vedda Villages of Anuradhapura
2454:; Benjamin, Suresh P. (2005).
2142:Seligmann & Seligmann 1911
2130:Seligmann & Seligmann 1911
1992:10.1016/j.legalmed.2015.05.007
1739:. University of Madras Lexicon
1521:. Lusotopie 2000. p. 255.
939:Sources of verified research:
27:Indigenous people in Sri Lanka
1:
2600:. Cambridge University Press.
2581:. Brill Academic Publishers.
2213:www.survivalinternational.org
300:caste) of India, than to the
2631:Kulatilake, Samanti (2020).
2347:– via www.youtube.com.
2326:– via www.youtube.com.
1366:Mahaweli Development Project
706:. These Veddas have adopted
694:Another group, often termed
2551:Anthropological Linguistics
2526:. ("Vedda/Veddha", p. 273).
1376:. Dr. Wiveca Stegeborn, an
364:Ethnonyms of Vedda include
3120:
3099:Ethnic groups in Sri Lanka
2467:Journal of Natural History
2296:"Stuck Between Two Worlds"
2285:. Oxford University Press.
1684:10.1016/j.mito.2024.101884
1388:when in fact they will be
722:
659:and variables with unique
624:, while Sinhala is of the
543:
518:Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka
502:Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka
392:meaning "hunter", or from
40:
29:
3065:
2978:
2745:Demographics of Sri Lanka
2740:
2691:Last of the Devil Dancers
2487:10.1080/00222930500145123
2207:International, Survival.
2194:"The Veddas of Sri Lanka"
1935:Journal of Human Genetics
1812:. John Wiley & Sons.
1621:Journal of Human Genetics
1445:South Asian ethnic groups
1344:
1340:—
1330:—
1320:—
1310:—
1300:—
1202:—
683:Veddas that have adopted
403:("the one who pierces").
384:word that stems from the
234:
221:
199:
182:
162:
148:
133:
116:
1777:Geiger, Wilhelm (1941).
1450:Charles Gabriel Seligman
1370:Maduru Oya National Park
710:as their mother tongue.
41:Not to be confused with
2637:Anthropological Science
2281:Spittel, R. L. (1950).
1705:Boyle, Richard (2004).
1094:Veddas were originally
630:Indo-European languages
296:tribes (as well as the
2305:– via vimeo.com.
1142:
1123:
1111:(Entada scandens) and
1091:
1075:
964:
842:
593:. Communities such as
582:
563:
555:
380:. "Vedda" is either a
30:For the language, see
1833:Kulatilake, Samanti.
1405:cultural assimilation
1355:Sri Lankan Government
1176:Historical population
1140:
1121:
1089:
962:
840:
745:aboriginal language.
569:
561:
553:
407:Population affinities
330:Sabaragamuwa Province
195:Related ethnic groups
36:Veda (disambiguation)
2540:Brow, James (1978).
2037:. Sri Lanka Guardian
2031:Wickramasinghe, Nira
1948:10.1038/jhg.2013.112
1634:10.1038/jhg.2013.112
1567:www.encyclopedia.com
1483:www.encyclopedia.com
1347:Department of Census
733:and is considered a
469:Australo-Melanesians
123:Vedda man and child.
2884:Portuguese Burghers
2750:Sri Lankan diaspora
2686:Veddas of Sri Lanka
2577:(15 January 2002).
2479:2005JNatH..39.3305H
2420:on 17 February 2013
2382:on 20 February 2012
2246:on 13 November 2011
2132:, pp. 123–135.
2082:"East Coast Veddas"
1871:10.1155/2013/836738
1590:. 6 September 2014.
1454:The United Nations
1432:Indotyphlops veddae
1177:
1014:editing the article
661:gender distinctions
599:Anuradhapura Veddas
259:Anuradhapura Veddas
249:group of people in
113:
76:editing the article
2964:Indigenous peoples
2676:Sri Lankan history
2650:10.1537/ase.200428
2559:Indiana University
2458:Pholcus ceylonicus
2452:Huber, Bernhard A.
2182:Vadda of Sri Lanka
1143:
1124:
1092:
965:
843:
583:
564:
556:
356:and its environs.
348:(Vedda Canal) and
3076:
3075:
3060:
3059:
2930:
2929:
2845:
2826:
2819:
2812:
2805:
2787:Sri Lankan Tamils
2575:Van Driem, George
2524:978-1-4214-0135-5
2473:(37): 3305–3319.
2209:"Wanniyala-Aetto"
2144:, pp. 30–31.
1819:978-1-119-05548-8
1361:
1360:
1352:Data is based on
1153:Eleusine coracana
1066:Ka tho ipal denne
1042:
1041:
1034:
1007:layout guidelines
859:levirate marriage
731:linguistic origin
696:East Coast Veddas
498:Sri Lankan Tamils
434:Andaman islanders
306:Sri Lankan Tamils
278:Mitochondrial DNA
245:, are a minority
226:[ˈvædːaː]
210:
209:
104:
103:
96:
69:layout guidelines
16:(Redirected from
3111:
3050:
3035:
3020:
3005:
2990:
2981:
2957:
2950:
2943:
2934:
2841:
2822:
2815:
2808:
2801:
2732:
2731:
2720:
2713:
2706:
2697:
2654:
2652:
2627:
2601:
2592:
2570:
2545:
2527:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2464:
2448:
2442:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2416:. Archived from
2410:
2404:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2378:. Archived from
2372:
2366:
2360:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2292:
2286:
2279:
2273:
2267:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2245:
2238:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2190:
2184:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2154:
2145:
2139:
2133:
2127:
2121:
2115:
2109:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2027:
2016:
2010:
2004:
2003:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1950:
1926:
1917:
1916:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1883:
1873:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1790:
1782:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1666:
1655:
1654:
1636:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1559:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1475:
1386:domestic workers
1349:& Statistics
1191:
1186:
1178:
1096:hunter-gatherers
1073:
1037:
1030:
1026:
1023:
1017:
998:
997:
990:
932:(Spittel, 1945)
915:Cult of the dead
898:Opuntia dillenii
884:Trema orientalis
735:language isolate
714:Cultural aspects
443:, especially to
236:
228:
223:
172:Sri Lankan Tamil
152:
129:Total population
121:
114:
99:
92:
88:
85:
79:
60:
59:
52:
21:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3041:
3036:
3026:
3021:
3011:
3006:
2996:
2991:
2974:
2961:
2931:
2926:
2895:
2860:
2770:
2754:
2736:
2726:
2724:
2661:
2630:
2624:
2611:
2608:
2606:Further reading
2595:
2589:
2573:
2548:
2539:
2536:
2531:
2530:
2513:
2509:
2499:
2497:
2462:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2437:
2433:
2423:
2421:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2399:
2395:
2385:
2383:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2361:
2352:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2280:
2276:
2268:
2259:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2236:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2217:
2215:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2180:
2176:
2166:
2164:
2156:
2155:
2148:
2140:
2136:
2128:
2124:
2118:Dharmadasa 1974
2116:
2112:
2104:
2100:
2090:
2088:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2065:
2063:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2040:
2038:
2029:
2028:
2019:
2011:
2007:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1928:
1927:
1920:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1820:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1783:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1742:
1740:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1719:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1668:
1667:
1658:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1571:
1569:
1561:
1560:
1551:
1541:
1539:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1487:
1485:
1477:
1476:
1469:
1464:
1441:
1418:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1173:
1132:goya-tel-perume
1115:(Cactus milk).
1084:
1074:
1071:
1038:
1027:
1021:
1018:
1012:Please help by
1011:
999:
995:
988:
957:
917:
874:
835:
754:
727:
721:
716:
649:morphologically
622:genetic origins
548:
542:
482:
414:
409:
362:
150:
138:
124:
109:
100:
89:
83:
80:
74:Please help by
73:
61:
57:
50:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3117:
3115:
3107:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3081:
3080:
3074:
3073:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3058:
3057:
3044:
3042:
3029:
3027:
3014:
3012:
2999:
2997:
2984:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2952:
2945:
2937:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2881:
2879:Dutch Burghers
2874:Burgher people
2870:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2834:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2820:
2813:
2806:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2715:
2708:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2660:
2659:External links
2657:
2656:
2655:
2643:(3): 119–128.
2628:
2622:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2593:
2587:
2571:
2546:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2507:
2443:
2431:
2405:
2393:
2367:
2350:
2329:
2308:
2287:
2274:
2257:
2225:
2199:
2185:
2174:
2162:kataragama.org
2146:
2134:
2122:
2110:
2106:Van Driem 2002
2098:
2073:
2048:
2017:
2005:
1980:Legal Medicine
1970:
1918:
1895:
1844:
1825:
1818:
1798:
1769:
1750:
1724:
1717:
1697:
1656:
1607:
1593:
1579:
1549:
1537:www.shh.mpg.de
1524:
1509:
1495:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1452:
1447:
1440:
1437:
1417:
1414:
1378:anthropologist
1359:
1358:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1172:
1171:Current status
1169:
1100:slash and burn
1083:
1080:
1069:
1040:
1039:
1002:
1000:
993:
987:
984:
956:
953:
916:
913:
873:
870:
834:
831:
806:, showing the
753:
750:
739:Wilhelm Geiger
725:Vedda language
723:Main article:
720:
717:
715:
712:
634:Phonologically
587:Vedda language
581:-based creole.
575:Vedda language
546:Vedda language
544:Main article:
541:
538:
481:
478:
413:
410:
408:
405:
399:("hunter") or
361:
358:
344:(Vedda Rock),
208:
207:
197:
196:
192:
191:
180:
179:
175:
174:
160:
159:
155:
154:
146:
145:
141:
140:
131:
130:
126:
125:
122:
107:
102:
101:
64:
62:
55:
32:Vedda language
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3116:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3071:
3070:
3064:
3055:
3054:
3053:South America
3049:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3034:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3023:North America
3019:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3004:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2958:
2953:
2951:
2946:
2944:
2939:
2938:
2935:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2892:
2889:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2844:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2825:
2821:
2818:
2814:
2811:
2807:
2804:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2739:
2735:
2730:
2721:
2716:
2714:
2709:
2707:
2702:
2701:
2698:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2658:
2651:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2625:
2623:0-521-60919-4
2619:
2615:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2599:
2594:
2590:
2588:90-04-10390-2
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2547:
2543:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2511:
2508:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2461:
2459:
2453:
2447:
2444:
2440:
2435:
2432:
2419:
2415:
2409:
2406:
2403:, p. 34.
2402:
2397:
2394:
2381:
2377:
2371:
2368:
2364:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2339:
2333:
2330:
2318:
2312:
2309:
2297:
2291:
2288:
2284:
2278:
2275:
2271:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2242:
2235:
2229:
2226:
2214:
2210:
2203:
2200:
2195:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2178:
2175:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2138:
2135:
2131:
2126:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2111:
2108:, p. 227
2107:
2102:
2099:
2087:
2083:
2077:
2074:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2049:
2036:
2032:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1986:(6): 539–46.
1985:
1981:
1974:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1899:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1848:
1845:
1840:
1836:
1829:
1826:
1821:
1815:
1811:
1810:
1802:
1799:
1794:
1788:
1780:
1773:
1770:
1766:(2 ed.).
1765:
1761:
1754:
1751:
1738:
1734:
1728:
1725:
1720:
1718:955-9170-67-8
1714:
1710:
1709:
1701:
1698:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1672:Mitochondrion
1665:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1611:
1608:
1603:
1597:
1594:
1589:
1583:
1580:
1568:
1564:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1538:
1534:
1528:
1525:
1520:
1513:
1510:
1505:
1499:
1496:
1484:
1480:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1433:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1406:
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1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1356:
1350:
1343:
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1334:
1333:
1329:
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1303:
1299:
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1198:
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1179:
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1164:
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1157:
1155:
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1139:
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1129:
1120:
1116:
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1110:
1105:
1101:
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1079:
1068:
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1063:
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1058:
1057:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1036:
1033:
1025:
1015:
1009:
1008:
1003:This section
1001:
992:
991:
985:
983:
981:
978:
974:
970:
961:
954:
952:
948:
944:
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906:
905:
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899:
894:
890:
886:
885:
880:
871:
869:
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864:
860:
854:
852:
848:
839:
832:
830:
828:
823:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
788:
786:
782:
778:
773:
771:
767:
763:
759:
751:
749:
746:
744:
740:
736:
732:
726:
718:
713:
711:
709:
705:
701:
697:
692:
690:
686:
681:
679:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
651:divided into
650:
646:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
618:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
580:
576:
572:
568:
560:
552:
547:
539:
537:
535:
531:
526:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
494:
492:
491:genetic drift
487:
479:
477:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
437:
435:
431:
427:
426:South Indians
423:
419:
411:
406:
404:
402:
398:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
359:
357:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
326:
324:
323:Upper Myanmar
320:
316:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
270:
268:
264:
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227:
219:
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206:
202:
198:
193:
190:
186:
181:
176:
173:
169:
165:
161:
156:
147:
142:
137:
136:2,500 - 6,600
132:
127:
120:
115:
106:
98:
95:
87:
77:
71:
70:
65:This article
63:
54:
53:
48:
44:
37:
33:
19:
3067:
3045:
3030:
3015:
3000:
2985:
2662:
2640:
2636:
2613:
2597:
2578:
2554:
2550:
2541:
2534:Bibliography
2515:
2510:
2498:. Retrieved
2470:
2466:
2457:
2446:
2441:, p. 3.
2434:
2422:. Retrieved
2418:the original
2408:
2396:
2384:. Retrieved
2380:the original
2370:
2341:. Retrieved
2332:
2320:. Retrieved
2311:
2299:. Retrieved
2290:
2282:
2277:
2248:. Retrieved
2241:the original
2228:
2216:. Retrieved
2212:
2202:
2188:
2177:
2165:. Retrieved
2161:
2137:
2125:
2120:, p. 81
2113:
2101:
2089:. Retrieved
2085:
2076:
2064:. Retrieved
2060:
2051:
2039:. Retrieved
2008:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1941:(1): 28–36.
1938:
1934:
1912:
1908:
1898:
1861:
1857:
1847:
1838:
1828:
1808:
1801:
1778:
1772:
1763:
1753:
1743:18 September
1741:. Retrieved
1737:agarathi.com
1736:
1727:
1707:
1700:
1675:
1671:
1627:(1): 28–36.
1624:
1620:
1610:
1596:
1582:
1572:18 September
1570:. Retrieved
1566:
1540:. Retrieved
1536:
1527:
1518:
1512:
1498:
1486:. Retrieved
1482:
1430:
1428:
1421:
1419:
1402:
1394:prostitution
1362:
1315:1989 (est.)
1165:
1162:
1158:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1131:
1127:
1125:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1093:
1076:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1044:
1028:
1019:
1004:
979:
966:
949:
945:
941:
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934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
902:
896:
892:
882:
878:
875:
867:
855:
846:
844:
824:
789:
784:
776:
774:
755:
747:
728:
693:
689:Uva Province
682:
619:
595:Coast Veddas
584:
530:haplogroup N
527:
522:haplogroup M
495:
483:
461:North Africa
438:
415:
412:Anthropology
400:
396:
389:
377:
373:
369:
365:
363:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
334:Sabaragamuwa
333:
327:
310:Haplogroup M
271:
255:Coast Veddas
243:Wanniyalaeto
242:
238:
213:
211:
153:2,500 (2002)
135:
108:Ethnic group
105:
90:
81:
66:
47:Venda people
43:Vedic people
2866:Multiracial
2775:Traditional
2734:Sri Lankans
2386:17 November
2041:20 February
1396:or sold as
1382:Middle East
1128:gona perume
847:Diya lanuva
785:Kande Yakka
704:Trincomalee
571:Malaya Rata
457:Middle East
422:Sri Lankans
3083:Categories
2917:Maldivians
2900:Immigrants
2759:Indigenous
2598:The Veddas
2561:: 79–106.
2250:23 October
1915:: 277–285.
1864:: 836738.
1781:. Colombo.
1678:: 101884.
1542:8 February
1462:References
1416:In zoology
1410:derogatory
1398:sex slaves
1390:trafficked
1113:daluk-kiri
1082:Livelihood
1022:March 2017
980:diya-redda
904:O. stricta
851:endogamous
808:syncretism
804:Kataragama
743:relexified
700:Batticaloa
678:substratum
628:branch of
626:Indo-Aryan
465:Andamanese
354:Vedda-gala
350:Vedi-Kanda
342:Vedda-gala
247:indigenous
149:Sri Lanka
84:March 2017
2972:continent
2782:Sinhalese
2665:Vedda.org
2439:Brow 1978
2401:Brow 1978
2086:vedda.org
2061:vedda.org
2013:Brow 1978
1787:cite book
1423:Wanniyala
1403:However,
969:loincloth
642:inanimate
603:linguists
506:Sinhalese
445:Sinhalese
418:Sri Lanka
382:Dravidian
360:Etymology
346:Vedda-ela
302:Sinhalese
274:autosomal
267:Sri Lanka
251:Sri Lanka
201:Sinhalese
158:Languages
2907:Japanese
2843:Javanese
2803:Bharatha
2567:30029514
2495:53418516
2000:26065620
1965:41185629
1957:24196378
1890:24455409
1839:Academia
1692:38626841
1651:41185629
1643:24196378
1504:"Veddah"
1439:See also
1148:Kurakkan
1070:—
955:Clothing
865:system.
792:Buddhist
777:nae yaku
766:Hinduism
762:Buddhism
752:Religion
719:Language
665:pronouns
645:suffixes
540:Language
534:Oceanian
480:Genetics
430:Punjabis
394:Sanskrit
189:Hinduism
185:Buddhism
178:Religion
134:Between
3038:Oceania
3008:Eurasia
2966:of the
2912:Koreans
2891:Kaffirs
2856:Pathans
2797:Indians
2792:Chinese
2475:Bibcode
2424:11 June
1881:3886603
1357:Census.
1345:Source:
1224:+233.3%
1109:pus-vel
977:Sinhala
889:coconut
879:gadumba
833:Rituals
827:shrines
812:Murugan
758:animism
685:Sinhala
669:archaic
638:palatal
615:Sinhala
607:Sinhala
591:Dambana
579:Sinhala
338:Sabaras
282:Santhal
263:Sinhala
241:)), or
218:Sinhala
168:Sinhala
2993:Africa
2922:Memons
2837:Malays
2824:Telugu
2810:Chetty
2620:
2585:
2565:
2522:
2493:
2343:26 May
2322:26 May
2301:26 May
2218:26 May
2167:26 May
2091:26 May
2066:26 May
1998:
1963:
1955:
1888:
1878:
1816:
1715:
1690:
1649:
1641:
1488:26 May
1290:−50.0%
1279:−66.7%
1268:−53.8%
1257:+15.6%
1246:−15.1%
1235:+32.5%
1213:−45.5%
973:sarong
893:pathok
881:tree (
872:Burial
800:Muslim
673:relict
611:Creole
504:, and
486:Veddas
455:, the
453:Europe
449:Tamils
428:, and
401:veddhṛ
397:vyādha
374:Veddha
370:Veddah
298:Pallar
294:Paniya
222:වැද්දා
205:Tamils
18:Veddas
3089:Vedda
2968:world
2851:Moors
2817:Tamil
2766:Vedda
2563:JSTOR
2557:(2).
2500:6 May
2491:S2CID
2463:(PDF)
2244:(PDF)
2237:(PDF)
1961:S2CID
1647:S2CID
1392:into
1335:2011
1325:2001
1305:1981
1295:1971
1284:1963
1273:1953
1265:2,400
1262:1946
1254:5,200
1251:1931
1243:4,500
1240:1921
1232:5,300
1229:1911
1221:4,000
1218:1901
1210:1,200
1207:1891
1199:2,200
1196:1881
986:Music
909:betel
863:caste
820:Valli
816:Tamil
796:Hindu
768:with
708:Tamil
657:verbs
653:nouns
473:Reich
441:India
390:Vēdan
388:word
386:Tamil
378:Vaddo
366:Vadda
319:Senoi
315:Semai
290:Irula
286:Juang
239:Vēḍar
235:வேடர்
231:Tamil
214:Vedda
164:Vedda
112:Vedda
2832:Jews
2618:ISBN
2583:ISBN
2520:ISBN
2502:2016
2426:2006
2388:2006
2345:2023
2324:2023
2303:2023
2252:2012
2220:2023
2169:2023
2093:2023
2068:2023
2043:2016
1996:PMID
1953:PMID
1886:PMID
1862:2013
1814:ISBN
1793:link
1745:2017
1713:ISBN
1688:PMID
1639:PMID
1574:2017
1544:2020
1490:2023
1185:Pop.
1181:Year
1104:Hena
798:and
781:yams
770:folk
702:and
597:and
577:, a
512:and
459:and
447:and
376:and
317:and
304:and
292:and
276:and
212:The
2970:by
2645:doi
2641:128
2483:doi
1988:doi
1943:doi
1876:PMC
1866:doi
1680:doi
1629:doi
1384:as
1287:400
1276:800
901:or
814:in
45:or
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1951:.
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