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2247:
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not seem likely to intimidate a state that was able to suppress any sort of demonstration. This "popular" phase of the revolution, was followed by victories made possible by the Civic Forum's successful mobilisation for the general strike on 27 November, which established its legitimacy to speak for the nation in negotiations with the state. The mass demonstrations that followed 17 November led to the resignation of the Party leadership of Miloš Jakeš, the removal of the Party from its leading role and the creation of the non-Communist government. Supporters of the revolution had to take instant responsibility for running the government, in addition to establishing essential reforms in political organisation and values, economic structure and policies and foreign policy.
883:
2337:, which resurfaced in the post-Communist period. However, there was a general consensus to move toward a market economy, so in early 1990, the President and his top economic advisers decided to liberalise prices, push de-monopolisation and privatise the economy. The end of Communism meant the end of life-long employment, and a subsequent increase in unemployment. To combat this, the government implemented unemployment benefits and a minimum wage. The outcome of the transition to democracy and a market economy would depend on the extent to which developments outside the country facilitated or hindered the process of change. A notable development was an increase in freedom of religion, and renewed ties to the Vatican and Israel.
2201:, a more moderate Communist, was named General Secretary. Federal Television showed pictures from 17 November for the first time and presented the first television address of Václav Havel, dealing mostly with the planned general strike. Czechoslovak TV and Radio announced that they would join the general strike. A discussion with representatives of the opposition was broadcast by the Slovak section of Federal Television. The opposition was represented by Ján Budaj, Fedor Gál and Vladimír Ondruš, while the Communists were represented by Štefan Chudoba (director of Bratislava automotive company), Peter Weiss (secretary of the Institute of Marx-Leninism of the Communist party of Slovakia) and the director of
1704:). Charter 77 was quashed by the government and its signed members were persecuted until the fall of the regime in Czechoslovakia. Later, with the advent of the Civic Forum, independence could truly be seen on the horizon. Until Independence Day on 17 November 1989, the populace faced persecution by the authorities from the secret police. Thus, the general public did not openly support the dissidents for fear of dismissal from work or school. Writers or filmmakers could have their books or films banned for a "negative attitude towards the socialist regime". They also did not allow Czechs and Slovaks to travel to other non-communist countries. Following this they banned music from foreign countries. This
2214:
638:
2090:
1845:
55:
2296:
2063:
329:
284:
2185:, the Prague Communist Secretary. The military informed the Communist leadership of its readiness to act (ultimately, it was never used against demonstrators). The military and the Ministry of Defense were preparing for actions against the opposition. Immediately after the meeting, however, the Minister of Defence delivered a TV address announcing that the army would never undertake action against the people and called for an end to demonstrations.
383:
1974:
1468:
2419:
of
Dialogue", which advocated for truth, understanding and empathy, informed and respectful discussion, abstaining from ad hominem attacks, and an open mind. Other documents focused less on communication techniques and more on ideals. Democracy, freedom, nonviolence, fairness, and humanness were prevalent themes, as well as self-organisation, political representation, and improved working conditions.
2152:, the chairman of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, gave a special address on Federal Television. He said that order must be preserved, that socialism was the only alternative for Czechoslovakia, and criticised protest groups. Government officials, especially the Head of the Communist Party Miloš Jakeš, kept their hard-line position. During the night, they had summoned 4,000 members of the "
2346:
1947:, the students in Prague went on strike. This strike was joined by university students throughout Czechoslovakia. Theatre employees and actors in Prague supported the strike. Instead of going on stage, actors read a proclamation by the students and artists to the audience, calling for a general strike on 27 November.
1723:, promoting religion, boycotting (rigged) parliamentary elections or signing Charter 77 or associating with those who did. These rules were easy to enforce, as all schools, media and businesses belonged to the state. They were under direct supervision and often were used as accusatory weapons against rivals.
2444:
The State's reaction to the strikes demonstrated that while global isolation produced pressures for political, social, and economic change, the events that followed could not be predetermined. Hardly anyone thought that the
Communist State could collapse so quickly. Striking students and theatres did
2172:
Striking students forced the representatives of the Slovak government and of the
Communist Party of Slovakia to participate in a dialogue, in which the official representatives were immediately put on the defensive. Employees of the Slovak section of the Federal Television required the leaders of the
1835:
had expected trouble, and the mere fact that the demonstration was organised was viewed as a problem by the Party. Armed forces were put on alert before the demonstration. In the end, however, the students moved through the city peacefully and sent a delegation to the Slovak
Ministry of Education to
2427:
The events of
November 1989 confirmed that outside factors were significant catalysts for the downfall of Communism in Czechoslovakia. Therefore, the transformations in Poland and Hungary and the collapse of the regime in East Germany, both of which could be traced to the new attitude of the Soviets
2418:
In the months leading up to and during the revolution, citizens dispersed ideas using flyers distributed en masse. Hundreds of discrete flyers with varying messages were printed, but most shared the same ideals. In the summer of 1989, one of the most widely circulated documents was "The Eight Rules
2049:
College students went on strike. On television, government officials called for peace and a return to the city's normal business. An interview with Martin Šmíd was broadcast to persuade the public that nobody had been killed, but the quality of the recording was low and rumours continued. It would
2042:(Občanské fórum, an equivalent of the Slovak Public Against Violence for the territory of the Czech Republic) as a mass popular movement for reforms. They called for the dismissal of top officials responsible for the violence, and an independent investigation of the incident and the release of all
2011:
Members of a civic initiative met with the Prime
Minister, who told them he was twice prohibited from resigning his post and that change requires mass demonstrations like those in East Germany (some 250,000 students). He asked them to keep the number of "casualties" during the expected change to a
2122:
in downtown
Bratislava (in the following days, it moved to the Square of the Slovak National Uprising). The students presented demands and asked the people to participate in the general strike planned for Monday, 27 November. A separate demonstration demanded the release of the political prisoner
2109:
The first official meeting of the Civic Forum with the Prime
Minister took place. The Prime Minister agreed to personally guarantee that no violence would be used against the people; however he would "protect socialism, about which no discussion is possible". An organised mass demonstration took
1871:
Most members of SSM were privately opposed to the
Communist leadership, but were afraid of speaking up for fear of persecution. This demonstration gave average students an opportunity to join others and express their opinions. By 16:00 (4:00 pm), about 15,000 people joined the demonstration. They
2435:
began to change in early 1989, with ties warming up, and meetings and negotiations being held on various open issues. All sides involved had a strategic interest in an improvement of ties, and the treatment of Jews and the Jewish heritage and
Holocaust memory was one of the litmus tests for the
2258:
A successful two-hour general strike led by the civic movements strengthened what were at first a set of moderate demands into cries for a new government. The strike took place throughout the country between 12:00 and 14:00, supported by a reported 75% of the population. The Ministry of Culture
2080:
Civic Forum added a demand: the abolition of the "ruling position" of the Communist Party from the Constitution. Non-Communist newspapers published information that contradicted the Communist interpretation. The first mass demonstration in Prague (100,000 people) and the first demonstrations in
2225:
The new Communist leadership held a press conference, including Miroslav Štěpán while excluding Ladislav Adamec, but did not address the demands of the demonstrators. Later that day, Štěpán resigned as Prague Secretary. The number of participants in the regular anti-government demonstration in
2127:(later Prime Minister of Slovakia) in front of the Palace of Justice. Alexander Dubček addressed this demonstration – his first appearance during the Velvet Revolution. As a result, Čarnogurský was released on 23 November. Further demonstrations followed in all major cities of Czechoslovakia.
1749:
By the late 1980s, discontent with living standards and economic inadequacy gave way to popular support for economic reform. Citizens began to challenge the system more openly. By 1989, citizens who had been complacent were willing to openly express their discontent with the regime. Numerous
2140:
primate of the Bohemian lands, declared his support for the students and issued a declaration criticising the current government's policies. For the first time during the Velvet Revolution, the "radical" demand to abolish the article of the Constitution establishing the "leading role" of the
2168:
Civic Forum announced a two-hour general strike for Monday, 27 November. The first live reports from the demonstration in Wenceslas Square appeared on Federal Television (and were quickly cut off, after one of the participants denounced the present government in favour of Alexander Dubček).
2391:, have argued that the "Velvet Revolution" was not, in fact, a true revolution because a revolution by definition accomplishes change by means of illegitimate violence. Contending theories of revolution argue that the Velvet Revolution is a legitimate revolution because it is a "
2322:(approx. 73,500) from Czechoslovakia. As per the agreement, the Soviet troops departed within months. Free elections held in June 1990 legitimised this government and set the stage for addressing the remnants of the Communist party's power and the legacy of the Communist period.
2428:
toward East Europe, encouraged Czechs and Slovaks to take to the streets to win their freedom. However, national factors, including the economic and political crisis and the actions of groups and individuals working towards a transformation, destabilised support for the system.
2453:
One element of the demonstrations of the Velvet Revolution was the jingling of keys to signify support. The practice had a double meaning – it symbolized the unlocking of doors and was the demonstrators' way of telling the Communists, "Goodbye, it's time to go home."
2076:
Civic Forum representatives negotiated unofficially with Adamec without Havel, and Adamec was sympathetic to the students' demands. However, he was outvoted in a special cabinet meeting the same day. The government, in an official statement, made no concessions.
2819:
1805:
rule. The citizens of Czechoslovakia watched these events on TV through both foreign and domestic channels. The Soviet Union also supported a change in the ruling elite of Czechoslovakia, although it did not anticipate the overthrow of the Communist regime.
2411:
3138:, the central shopping thoroughfare, rattling key chains and tinkling tiny bells. The jingling of keys, acts symbolizing the opening of hitherto locked doors, has become a common gesture in the wave of demonstrations.... On Jungmanova Square,
2053:
The leaders of the Democratic Initiative presented several demands, including the resignation of the government, effective 25 November, and the formation of a temporary government composed of non-compromised members of the current government.
2263:. Civic Forum demonstrated its capacity to disrupt the political order and thereby establish itself as the legitimate voice of the nation in negotiations with the state. The civic movements mobilised support for the general strike.
1939:
at his private residence and described to him what happened on Národní Street. The strike at the Realistic Theatre was declared and other theatres quickly followed. The theaters opened their stages only for public discussions.
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1899:
At about 19:30 (7:30pm), the demonstrators were stopped by a cordon of riot police at Národní Street. They blocked all escape routes and attacked the students. Once all the protesters dispersed, one of the participants,
1965:) was killed by the police during the previous day's demonstration. Although the report was false, it heightened the feeling of crisis, and persuaded some hesitant citizens to overcome their fear and join the protests.
2364:, the dissidents' English translator who later became the ambassador to the United States. The term was used internationally to describe the revolution, although the Czechs also used the term internally. After the
4743:
2114:
in central Prague (demonstrations recurred there throughout the following days). Actors and students travelled to factories inside and outside Prague to gain support for their colleagues in other cities.
2173:
Federal Television to provide true information on the events in the country; otherwise they would initiate a strike of TV employees. Uncensored live reports from demonstrations in Bratislava began.
6078:
3149:
2015:
About 500 Slovak artists, scientists and leaders met at the Art Forum (Umelecká beseda) in Bratislava at 17:00. They denounced the attack against the students in Prague on 17 November and formed
3212:
Holy, Ladislav (1996). The Little Czech and The Great Czech Nation: National identity and the post-communist transformation of society. Cambridge, Great Britain: Cambridge University Press.
6315:
1572:. The event marked the 50th anniversary of a violently suppressed demonstration against the Nazi storming of Prague University in 1939 where 1,200 students were arrested and 9 killed (see
2315:
on 29 December 1989. The event was highly choreographed and symbolically significant, including on account of with religious elements, as historian Martin Wein has analyzed in detail.
2097:
1992:
At this place in November 1989 we decided to take our responsibility for the future into our own hands. We decided to put an end to communism and to establish freedom and democracy."
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himself stood beaming broadly on the balcony of a building.... He lustily jingled a bunch of keys." John Tagliabue, "Upheaval in the East; From All Czechoslovakia, a Joyful Noise,"
1616:
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as she awaited treatment after she was hurt during the riot. Dražská worked at the college and shared her hoax with several people the next day, including the wife of journalist
1904:
agent Ludvík Zifčák, was lying on the street. Zifčák was not physically hurt or pretending to be dead; he simply fainted. Policemen carried his motionless body to an ambulance.
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849:
2926:
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3032:
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2205:. It was the first free discussion on Czechoslovak television since its inception. As a result, the editorial staff of Slovak newspapers started to join the opposition.
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Students and theatres went on "permanent" strike. Police stopped a demonstration from continuing toward Prague Castle, which would have entered the striking theatres.
3165:
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3292:
Wein, Martin J.. A History of Czechs and Jews: A Slavic Jerusalem. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis Limited, 2019, chapter 6 on Jews and the Velvet Revolution
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3359:
3378: (archived 9 November 2020) English translation of an authentic diary of a student participating in the revolution plus scans of US articles from that time
699:
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assembled in Prague grew from 200,000 the previous day to an estimated 500,000. The entire top leadership of the Communist Party, including General Secretary
6139:
1496:
7057:
6230:
6113:
5000:
3143:
1599:
governments and the increasing street protests, the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia announced on 28 November that it would relinquish power and end the
6103:
2733:
1827:, the 1939 storming of Prague universities by the Nazis), Slovak high school and university students organised a peaceful demonstration in the centre of
6758:
1765:, with meetings held on shared issues, including Jewish religious freedom, the memory of the Holocaust and ties of remaining Czechoslovak Jews with the
798:
1772:
Reform-minded attitudes were also reflected by the many individuals who signed a petition that circulated in the summer of 1989 calling for the end of
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228:
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842:
2119:
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6441:
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6073:
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1951:
777:
637:
7402:
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21st anniversary of the Velvet Revolution – former President Václav Havel (right, with flowers) at the Memorial at Národní Street in Prague
2008:
and other towns went on strike. Members of artistic and literary associations as well as organisations and institutions joined the strike.
1950:
Home-made posters and proclamations were posted. As all media (radio, TV, newspapers) were strictly controlled by the Communist Party (see
1944:
808:
394:
6373:
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1927:. This incident mobilised the people and triggered the revolution. That same evening, students and theatre actors agreed to go on strike.
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2466:
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2089:
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1779:
The immediate impetus for the revolution came from developments in neighbouring countries and in the Czechoslovak capital. From August,
1738:(restructuring) in 1985. The Czechoslovak Communist leadership verbally supported Perestroika, but made few changes. Speaking about the
1685:
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and – after the official end of the march – continued into the centre of Prague, carrying banners and chanting anti-Communist slogans.
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was issued by Slovakia on 17 November 2009 to mark the 20th anniversary. The coin depicts a bell with a key adjoining the clapper.
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New movements led by Václav Havel surfaced, invoking the idea of a united society where the state would politically restructure. The
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Detailed day-to-day history with key documents quoted (in Czech only). Shortened version was used as a source for Chronology above.
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Wein, Martin J.. A History of Czechs and Jews: A Slavic Jerusalem. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis Limited, 2019, pp. 185-193
2966:
Wein, Martin J.. A History of Czechs and Jews: A Slavic Jerusalem. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis Limited, 2019, pp. 185-214
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Wein, Martin J.. A History of Czechs and Jews: A Slavic Jerusalem. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis Limited, 2019, pp. 185-190
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included children of former entrepreneurs or non-Communist politicians, having family members living in the West, having supported
311:
3109:
2835:
Wein, Martin J. A History of Czechs and Jews: A Slavic Jerusalem. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis Limited, 2019, pp. 185-188
2160:, a paramilitary organisation subordinated directly to the Communist Party) to Prague to crush the protests, but called them off.
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Wolchik, Sharon L. "Czechoslovakia's 'Velvet Revolution.'" 1990. Current History. 89:413–16, 435–37. Retrieved 11 March 2009 (h)
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swore in the first government in 41 years that was not dominated by the Communist Party. He resigned shortly afterward.
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1794:. In the days following 3 November, thousands of East Germans left Prague by train to West Germany. On 9 November, the
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Prague-Letná reached an estimated 800,000 people. Demonstrations in Bratislava peaked at around 100,000 participants.
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take several more days to confirm that nobody was killed, and by then the revolution had gained further momentum.
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Williams, Kieran, 'Civil Resistance in Czechoslovakia: From Soviet Invasion to "Velvet Revolution", 1968–89,' in
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Shepherd, Robin H.E. (2000). Czechoslovakia" The Velvet Revolution and Beyond. New York: St. Martin's Press, Inc.
2019:, which would become the leading force behind the opposition movement in Slovakia. Its founding members included
1537:, occurring from 17 November to 28 November 1989. Popular demonstrations against the one-party government of the
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The Little Czech and The Great Czech Nation: National identity and the post-communist transformation of society
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Federal Television showed pictures from 17 November for the first time transmitted one week later on 24 Nov.
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3207:“Competing Challengers and Contested Outcomes to State Breakdown: The Velvet Revolution in Czechoslovakia”
2718:“Competing Challengers and Contested Outcomes to State Breakdown: The Velvet Revolution in Czechoslovakia”
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1576:). The 1989 event sparked a series of demonstrations from 17 November to late December and turned into an
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Kukral, Michael Andrew. Prague 1989: Theater of Revolution. New York: Columbia University Press. 1997.
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2469:, in which the jingling of keys played a central role in the liberation of a fictional country called
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Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present.
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1700:) created Music Clubs (on a limited basis as only allowed NGOs) and published home-made periodicals (
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902:
897:
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released anti-Communist literature for public checkouts in libraries, effectively ending decades of
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25 November, people flow from the Prague cathedral (where ended a mass in honour of canonisation of
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The dissolution of Czechoslovakia occurred mainly due to national governance issues between the
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173:
111:
5650:
3281:
Rincon (USA), The American Institute for Central European Legal Studies 2009. 204 pp.
3058:
Revolution with a Human Face: Politics, Culture, and Community in Czechoslovakia, 1989–1992
2920:"Who is Poor in the Czech Republic? The Changing Structure and Faces of Poverty after 1989"
2234:
Prime Minister Adamec met with Havel for the first time. The editorial staff of Slovakia's
7280:
7270:
7129:
7037:
6358:
6333:
6310:
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6015:
6000:
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4545:
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4137:
4031:
3705:
3638:
3628:
3593:
3549:
3536:
3488:
3375:
3153:
3036:
2888:"Thematic Review of the Transition from Initial Education to Working Life, Czech Republic"
2823:
2737:
2523:
1936:
1600:
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1526:
1472:
1400:
1353:
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482:
253:
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100:
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543:
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213:
1973:
7305:
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4172:
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3993:
3953:
3923:
3823:
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3330:
Detailed documentation, textual and visual, of the Velvet Revolution partly in English.
3105:
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2377:
1655:
1589:
1577:
1534:
1514:
1097:
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988:
246:
144:
82:
3348:
3253:
We the People: The Revolution of '89, Witnessed in Warsaw, Budapest, Berlin and Prague
2627:
2410:
2395:" of contested sovereignty that led to a transfer of power ("revolutionary outcome").
1467:
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7295:
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3793:
3715:
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2983:
2303:
The victory of the revolution was topped off by the election of rebel playwright and
1802:
1739:
1713:
1092:
1025:
773:
388:
257:
183:
6793:
2325:
The main threat to political stability and the success of Czechoslovakia's shift to
1757:
Already in early 1989, the first signs of thawing relations began to appear between
7174:
6720:
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6409:
6300:
6275:
6164:
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3725:
3431:
3362:
dialogue between Václav Havel and Adam Michnik, English, salon.eu.sk, November 2008
3206:
2750:
2717:
2304:
2238:, the central newspaper of the Communist Party of Slovakia, joined the opposition.
1791:
1717:
1705:
563:
149:
2024:
1742:
of 1968 was taboo. The first anti-government demonstrations occurred in 1988 (the
523:
437:
2271:
The Federal Assembly deleted the provision in the constitution referring to the "
17:
7229:
6773:
6660:
6635:
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6539:
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6399:
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5420:
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5309:
5172:
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1612:
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1561:
1420:
449:
339:
3258:
Marek Benda, Martin Benda, Martin Klíma, Pavel Dobrovský, Monika Pajerová, and
2576:"Živé vzpomínky na revoluci: Pendrekem přes obličej, u černobílého monitoru VB"
7275:
7149:
6763:
6549:
6494:
6464:
6394:
5749:
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5430:
5384:
5299:
5267:
5259:
5202:
4890:
4605:
4403:
4294:
4182:
3788:
2797:
2275:" of the Communist Party, officially ending Communist rule in Czechoslovakia.
2260:
2035:
1997:
1978:
1828:
1773:
1693:
1442:
1035:
874:
370:
351:
234:
3328:
Velvet Revolution on web project of Institute of Contemporary History, Prague
1750:
important figures as well as ordinary workers signed petitions in support of
7315:
7109:
6828:
6768:
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6260:
6045:
5890:
5739:
5712:
5525:
5480:
5389:
5357:
5337:
5329:
4658:
4448:
2326:
2250:"To the general secretary – a general strike!!!" An appeal with portrait of
1689:
1055:
993:
364:
202:
140:
1801:
By 16 November, many of Czechoslovakia's neighbours were beginning to shed
3342:
6665:
6640:
6597:
6431:
6414:
6338:
5624:
5465:
5362:
5237:
5056:
4960:
4100:
3958:
3412:
2887:
2376:, the term that Slovaks used for the revolution from the beginning. The
2369:
1982:
1920:
1873:
1766:
1731:
1701:
1688:
on 25 February 1948. No official opposition parties operated thereafter.
1659:
1087:
568:
3279:
The Process of Democratization of Law in the Czech Republic (1989–2009).
6592:
5570:
5455:
5445:
5394:
4935:
3680:
2656:
The Czech and Slovak Republics: Twenty Years of Independence, 1993–2013
2553:"How the US embassy in Prague aided Czechoslovakia's Velvet Revolution"
2352:
honouring the deaths of those who took part in the 1939 Prague protest.
2345:
2334:
2005:
1787:
1726:
The nature of blacklisting changed gradually after the introduction of
1666:
1581:
1050:
983:
30:
This article is about the event in Czechoslovakia. For other uses, see
6208:
3209:. September 1999. Social Forces. 78:187–211. Retrieved 11 March 2009.
2720:. September 1999. Social Forces. 78:187–211. Retrieved 11 March 2009.
2030:
Actors and members of the audience in a Prague theatre, together with
6519:
5638:
5440:
5379:
4314:
3131:
2432:
2330:
1762:
1670:
1569:
1045:
2849:"Dvacet tři podivných let pobytu sovětských vojáků v Československu"
3327:
3222:
1990. Current History. 89:413–16, 435–37. Retrieved 11 March 2009.
6123:
5585:
5368:
4744:
Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union
3447:
2957:
1990. Current History. 89:413–16, 435–37. Retrieved 11 March 2009.
2495:(peaceful dissolution of Czechoslovakia a few years later in 1993)
2409:
2344:
2294:
2245:
2212:
2096:
2088:
2061:
1972:
1877:
1843:
1673:(the two major ethnicities comprising the former Czechoslovakia).
1541:
included students and older dissidents. The result was the end of
356:
2694:
1990. Current History. 89:413–16, 435–37. Retrieved 11 March 2009
1631:
was elected speaker of the federal parliament on 28 December and
5663:
5545:
3437:
2001:
1908:
1848:
Memorial of the student demonstrations of 17 November, in Prague
1082:
6212:
3385:
1860:) organised a mass demonstration on 17 November to commemorate
6295:
6118:
6098:
6093:
2489:(political movements that played major role in the revolution)
1990:'Only those who struggle for their freedom are worthy of it.'
1769:, including the strong Jewish community in the United States.
301:
6079:
American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation
3381:
3030:
New Czechoslovakian Leaders Are As Stunned As Their People
2329:
appeared likely to come from ethnic conflicts between the
6316:
Anti-communist insurgencies in Central and Eastern Europe
2776:
2774:
2772:
1533:) was a non-violent transition of power in what was then
3368:
An oratorio based on the events of the Velvet Revolution
2414:
Non-violent protesters with flowers face armed policemen
1907:
The atmosphere of fear and hopelessness gave birth to a
2877:. Cambridge, Great Britain: Cambridge University Press.
2221:) and from the metro station Hradčanská to Letná Plain.
3309:
Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.
3264:
Studenti psali revoluci (Students wrote the revolution
3051:
3049:
1864:
and the fiftieth anniversary of the murder of student
1588:, resigned on 24 November. On 27 November, a two-hour
7324:
7258:
7100:
7025:
6934:
6876:
6867:
6749:
6611:
6558:
6455:
6387:
6324:
6246:
6132:
6054:
5758:
5730:
5679:
5611:
5604:
5538:
5403:
5328:
5258:
5251:
5160:
5107:
5039:
4752:
4396:
4019:
3771:
3481:
2038:and other dissident organisations, established the
1776:and the beginning of fundamental political reform.
1592:involving all citizens of Czechoslovakia was held.
588:
407:
269:
191:
162:
128:
89:
77:
64:
39:
2982:
2318:Within weeks, Havel negotiated the removal of all
2193:The entire Presidium, including General Secretary
1652:Czechoslovakia peacefully split into two countries
2976:
2974:
2751:"Sametová revoluce – trasa demonstrace: TOTALITA"
2181:The evening news showed factory workers heckling
1611:giving the Communist Party a monopoly of power.
27:Democratization process in Czechoslovakia in 1989
6064:List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States
2815:Stanislav Háber: Ako vzniklo prvé Štúdio dialóg
2782:Czechoslovakia' The Velvet Revolution and Beyond
1954:), this was the only way to spread the message.
6354:Predictions of the collapse of the Soviet Union
4501:North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972
3908:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences
2851:(in Czech). Military History Institute Prague.
7135:Removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria
2985:Revolution 1989: The Fall of the Soviet Empire
2398:The Velvet Revolution is an early example of "
6224:
3397:
3360:After the Velvet, the Existential Revolution?
3351:A shortened version of the Velvet Revolution.
3237:. New York: Columbia University Press. 1997.
1619:in early December. On 10 December, President
1615:and other obstructions were removed from the
1580:demonstration. On 20 November, the number of
1490:
843:
8:
6140:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
3691:Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council
2799:Prvé vysielanie záberov zo 17. novembra 1989
2628:"Velvet Revolution in Prague Czechoslovakia"
1627:in Czechoslovakia since 1948, and resigned.
1543:41 years of one-party rule in Czechoslovakia
59:Demonstration of 25 November 1989 in Prague.
5001:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
2949:
2947:
2817:"How the first Studio Dialogue was created"
2731:"Czechoslovakia’s Velvet Revolution (1989)"
6873:
6231:
6217:
6209:
6104:United States involvement in regime change
5608:
5255:
3659:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine
3404:
3390:
3382:
3355:In the footsteps of November 17 – Czech.cz
3106:"Havel at Columbia: The Velvet Revolution"
1497:
1483:
861:
850:
836:
611:
53:
36:
3134:, people flooded into the streets around
2602:"RP's History Online – Velvet Revolution"
2145:at a meeting of Public Against Violence.
3277:Tauchen, Jaromír – Schelle, Karel etc.:
2740:. March 2008. Retrieved 1 November 2017.
2093:People on the Wenceslas Square in Prague
1798:fell, removing the need for the detour.
1545:, and the subsequent dismantling of the
6759:Beijing Students' Autonomous Federation
4230:Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)
3220:“Czechoslovakia's ‘Velvet Revolution.’”
2955:“Czechoslovakia's ‘Velvet Revolution.’”
2712:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2692:“Czechoslovakia's ‘Velvet Revolution.’”
2544:
2380:continues to refer to the event as the
1943:At the initiative of students from the
873:
625:
614:
6442:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
6379:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
6074:Russian espionage in the United States
4346:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
3166:"Slovakia 2009 2 Euro Comm. New image"
2436:success of the overall rapprochement.
1952:Mass media in Communist Czechoslovakia
1642:In June 1990, Czechoslovakia held its
6789:Initiative for Peace and Human Rights
6069:Soviet espionage in the United States
4225:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966
4004:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution
3669:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight
3334:The Velvet Philosophical Revolution,
3266:-in Czech). Prague: Univerzum, 1990.
3007:from the original on 17 December 2019
2659:. Central European University Press.
2634:from the original on 26 November 2013
2514:Monday demonstrations in East Germany
2499:Eastern Bloc emigration and defection
1977:Memorial of the Velvet revolution in
1607:formally deleted the sections of the
1595:In response to the collapse of other
1574:Origin of International Students' Day
7:
6145:Soviet Union–United States relations
4496:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China
3172:from the original on 25 October 2012
3112:from the original on 5 November 2013
2932:from the original on 7 November 2017
2900:from the original on 7 November 2017
2855:from the original on 14 January 2018
2757:from the original on 5 November 2013
1945:Academy of Performing Arts in Prague
1935:Two students visited Prime Minister
1617:border with West Germany and Austria
395:Embassy of the United States, Prague
6109:Soviet involvement in regime change
1754:during his imprisonment in 1989.
6150:Soviet Union–United States summits
3624:1947 Polish parliamentary election
3509:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
3235:Prague 1989: Theater of Revolution
2826:, Slovak v exile, 17 November 2004
2387:Theorists of revolutions, such as
1961:reported that a student (named as
197:communist regime in Czechoslovakia
32:Velvet Revolution (disambiguation)
25:
6286:Eastern Bloc media and propaganda
6271:Criticism of communist party rule
4911:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
4846:United States invasion of Grenada
4116:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence
4057:Expulsion of Soviets from Albania
2604:. Archiv.radio.cz. Archived from
2574:Bellum, Post (25 November 2019).
2141:Communist Party was expressed by
1858:Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
1539:Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
7413:Labor disputes in Czech Republic
7332:Human rights in the Soviet Union
6291:Emigration from the Eastern Bloc
4986:United States invasion of Panama
4836:1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War
4476:1971 Turkish military memorandum
4439:Communist insurgency in Thailand
4409:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
4341:Communist insurgency in Malaysia
4168:Assassination of John F. Kennedy
4096:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation
3614:Restatement of Policy on Germany
3349:Velvet Revolution on Prague-life
3343:Velvet Revolution on totalita.cz
2118:A mass demonstration erupted in
1790:in Prague and demanded exile to
1623:appointed the first largely non-
1466:
881:
732:Czechoslovak government-in-exile
636:
381:
327:
282:
7240:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
7170:Fall of the inner German border
5706:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
5087:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
5016:Fall of the inner German border
4916:1988 Black Sea bumping incident
4566:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
4556:Spanish transition to democracy
4516:1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency
4143:Communist insurgency in Sarawak
3649:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948
3530:Occupation of the Baltic states
2034:and other prominent members of
1925:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
763:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
7388:December 1989 events in Europe
7383:November 1989 events in Europe
7230:Dissolution of the Warsaw Pact
6369:Terrorism and the Soviet Union
4486:Four Power Agreement on Berlin
4121:Mozambican War of Independence
3560:Indonesian National Revolution
2780:Shepherd, Robin H. E. (2000).
2555:. brookings.edu. 24 April 2020
68:17 November – 29 December 1989
1:
7393:January 1990 events in Europe
7250:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
6849:Inter-regional Deputies Group
6834:National League for Democracy
6084:CIA and the Cultural Cold War
5099:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
5052:Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident
4774:1984 Summer Olympics boycotts
4739:Seven Days to the River Rhine
4471:Corrective Revolution (Egypt)
3758:March 1949 Syrian coup d'état
3686:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état
2847:Tomek, Prokop (6 July 2016).
2493:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
2366:dissolution of Czechoslovakia
2254:, who resigned on 24 November
819:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
7403:Slovak independence movement
7160:Alexanderplatz demonstration
7125:Polish Round Table Agreement
6799:People's Movement of Ukraine
5077:Fall of communism in Albania
5047:Mongolian Revolution of 1990
4996:Polish Round Table Agreement
4336:1968 Polish political crisis
4153:Eritrean War of Independence
3919:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
3814:East German uprising of 1953
3746:Chinese Communist Revolution
2925:. sreview.soc.cas.cz. 2004.
690:Second Czechoslovak Republic
7205:January Events in Lithuania
7140:Hungarian Round Table Talks
6779:Democratic Party of Albania
4951:Korean Air Lines Flight 007
4679:Korean Air Lines Flight 902
4424:Corrective Movement (Syria)
4388:New People's Army rebellion
4383:Sino-Soviet border conflict
4111:Angolan War of Independence
3974:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis
3854:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état
3499:Jamaican political conflict
3130:"Today, at exactly noon in
2529:Ukrainian Orange Revolution
2313:President of Czechoslovakia
2105:with a streamer and banners
1915:. The story was made up by
1911:about a dead student named
1833:Communist Party of Slovakia
1637:President of Czechoslovakia
1558:International Students' Day
742:Third Czechoslovak Republic
670:First Czechoslovak Republic
218:President of Czechoslovakia
7429:
7408:Student protests in Europe
7378:Protests in Czechoslovakia
6859:Hungarian Democratic Forum
6854:Alliance of Free Democrats
6844:Union of Democratic Forces
5147:Sino-Indian border dispute
4976:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
4906:1987–1989 JVP insurrection
4664:1976 Argentine coup d'état
4576:Turkish invasion of Cyprus
4526:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état
4210:1964 Brazilian coup d'état
4178:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964
3867:First Taiwan Strait Crisis
3634:Asian Relations Conference
2981:Sebetsyen, Victor (2009).
2653:Stolarik, M. Mark (2017).
2519:Armenian Velvet Revolution
2431:Relations with the US and
1862:International Students Day
1821:International Students Day
1783:citizens had occupied the
1644:first democratic elections
29:
7220:1991 protests in Belgrade
6183:
6031:William Appleman Williams
5976:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.
4491:Bangladesh Liberation War
4481:1971 Sudanese coup d'état
4368:1969 Sudanese coup d'état
4356:1968 Peruvian coup d'état
3794:Arab Cold War (1952–1979)
3419:
2341:Naming and categorisation
1823:(the 50th anniversary of
650:Origins of Czechoslovakia
593:
412:
274:
52:
44:
7210:January Events in Latvia
7200:Reunification of Germany
7185:1990s post-Soviet aliyah
7115:1987–1989 Tibetan unrest
6839:National Salvation Front
6824:Belarusian Popular Front
6814:Popular Front of Estonia
6583:Polish underground press
6344:List of socialist states
4806:1980 Turkish coup d'état
4641:Cambodian–Vietnamese War
4611:1978 Somali coup attempt
4571:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War
4536:1973 Chilean coup d'état
4361:Revolutionary Government
4255:South African Border War
4047:1960 Turkish coup d'état
3964:Iraqi 14 July Revolution
3819:1953 Iranian coup d'état
3799:1952 Egyptian revolution
3233:Kukral, Michael Andrew.
3062:Cornell University Press
3035:14 November 2011 at the
2524:Georgian Rose Revolution
2406:Ideals of the revolution
2103:Saint Adalbert of Prague
1868:by the Nazi government.
1759:Communist Czechoslovakia
237:which eventually led to
7286:Economic liberalization
7225:1991 Belarusian strikes
7165:Fall of the Berlin Wall
6819:Public Against Violence
6809:Popular Front of Latvia
6588:Political demonstration
6437:Chinese economic reform
6349:People Power Revolution
5011:Fall of the Berlin Wall
4956:People Power Revolution
4941:Central American crisis
4881:1986 Black Sea incident
4531:1973 Afghan coup d'état
4429:Western Sahara conflict
4240:1966 Syrian coup d'état
4163:1963 Syrian coup d'état
4106:Portuguese Colonial War
4069:First Iraqi–Kurdish War
3834:1954 Syrian coup d'état
3711:Annexation of Hyderabad
3654:1947–1949 Palestine war
3372:Velvet Revolution Diary
2873:Holy, Ladislav (1996).
2822:5 November 2013 at the
2736:7 November 2017 at the
2487:Public Against Violence
2393:revolutionary situation
2017:Public Against Violence
1856:(SSM/SZM, proxy of the
1836:discuss their demands.
1677:Prior to the revolution
1650:. On 31 December 1992,
930:By other characteristic
346:Public Against Violence
225:parliamentary democracy
7398:Rebellions in Slovakia
7363:Nonviolent revolutions
7358:1989 in Czechoslovakia
6420:New political thinking
5305:Neoclassical economics
4816:Gulf of Sidra incident
4373:1969 Libyan revolution
4064:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
3849:1954 Geneva Conference
3609:Turkish straits crisis
3604:Corfu Channel incident
3152:8 October 2016 at the
3108:. Havel.columbia.edu.
2534:Civilian-based defense
2415:
2353:
2300:
2255:
2222:
2106:
2094:
2070:
1993:
1923:, a correspondent for
1849:
1603:. Two days later, the
1551:parliamentary republic
1530:
1518:
660:Washington Declaration
72:17 – 28 November 1989
7291:Post-Soviet conflicts
7245:Tajikistani Civil War
7195:Revolution on Granite
7155:Monday Demonstrations
6681:Sanjaasürengiin Zorig
6515:Mengistu Haile Mariam
6281:Eastern Bloc politics
6155:Russia–NATO relations
6036:Jonathan Reed Winkler
5320:Democratic capitalism
5315:Supply-side economics
5283:American conservatism
5082:Breakup of Yugoslavia
4971:Bougainville conflict
4886:South Yemen civil war
4821:Martial law in Poland
4684:Nicaraguan Revolution
4659:Dirty War (Argentina)
4466:1971 JVP insurrection
4280:Years of Lead (Italy)
4158:North Yemen civil war
4076:Berlin Crisis of 1961
4052:Albanian–Soviet split
3984:1959 Tibetan uprising
3949:Syrian Crisis of 1957
3804:Iraqi Intifada (1952)
3664:1948 Arab–Israeli War
3056:Krapfl, Jame (2013).
2465:wrote a short story,
2413:
2348:
2298:
2249:
2216:
2100:
2092:
2081:Bratislava occurred.
2065:
1976:
1854:Socialist Youth Union
1847:
1639:on 29 December 1989.
1566:student demonstration
1556:On 17 November 1989 (
1232:Bulgarian unification
908:Counter-revolutionary
589:Casualties and losses
6701:Vytautas Landsbergis
6696:Viacheslav Chornovil
6525:Denis Sassou Nguesso
5576:Non-Aligned Movement
5198:Peaceful coexistence
5152:North Borneo dispute
5067:German reunification
5062:Min Ping Yu No. 5202
4760:Salvadoran Civil War
4709:Grand Mosque seizure
4704:Yemenite War of 1979
4596:Mozambican Civil War
4551:Carnation Revolution
4506:Yemenite War of 1972
4444:1970 Polish protests
4275:1967 Hong Kong riots
4250:Argentine Revolution
4200:Guatemalan Civil War
4128:Cuban Missile Crisis
4042:Bay of Pigs Invasion
3914:1956 Poznań protests
3892:Geneva Summit (1955)
3494:Hukbalahap Rebellion
3473:Non-Aligned Movement
2402:" around the world.
1744:Candle Demonstration
1625:communist government
1549:and conversion to a
1004:Contentious politics
875:Political revolution
797:
772:
751:
720:
709:
262:state-owned industry
227:with free elections
136:Communist government
96:Political repression
7373:Revolutions of 1989
7145:Pan-European Picnic
7120:1988 Polish strikes
6500:Wojciech Jaruzelski
6240:Revolutions of 1989
6021:Alex von Tunzelmann
6011:Vladimir Tismăneanu
5936:Thomas J. McCormick
5931:Jack F. Matlock Jr.
5831:Robert Hugh Ferrell
5694:Crusade for Freedom
5491:Illiberal democracy
5375:Ho Chi Minh Thought
5178:Eisenhower Doctrine
5031:Peaceful Revolution
5026:Romanian Revolution
5006:Revolutions of 1989
4991:1988 Polish strikes
4901:Operation INFEKTION
4896:1987 Lieyu massacre
4801:Eritrean Civil Wars
4784:Peruvian Revolution
4734:1979 Herat uprising
4724:Sino-Vietnamese War
4689:Uganda–Tanzania War
4669:Egyptian–Libyan War
4636:Third Indochina War
4631:Sino-Albanian split
4621:Ethiopian Civil War
4521:Eritrean Civil Wars
4461:Ping-pong diplomacy
4434:Cambodian Civil War
4260:Korean DMZ Conflict
4245:Cultural Revolution
4215:Dominican Civil War
4193:Tlatelolco massacre
3979:1959 Mosul uprising
3969:1958 Lebanon crisis
3696:Al-Wathbah uprising
3619:First Indochina War
3589:Iran crisis of 1946
3366:The Velvet Oratorio
3218:Wolchik, Sharon L.
3043:, 21 February 1990.
3041:New York Daily News
2953:Wolchik, Sharon L.
2690:Wolchik, Sharon L.
2630:. Prague-life.com.
2509:Revolutions of 1989
2467:"Unlocking the Air"
2044:political prisoners
1721:military occupation
1473:Politics portal
809:Federative Republic
711:Bohemia and Moravia
252:Dismantling of the
201:Resignation of the
134:Resignation of the
115:revolutions of 1989
106:Economic stagnation
47:Revolutions of 1989
6505:Slobodan Milošević
6374:Vatican Opposition
6175:Russian Revolution
5971:Mary Elise Sarotte
5956:William B. Pickett
5881:Patrick J. Hearden
5861:Gabriel Gorodetsky
5856:Timothy Garton Ash
5841:Anneli Ute Gabanyi
5436:Ethnic nationalism
5188:Hallstein Doctrine
5072:Yemeni unification
4861:1985 Geneva Summit
4826:Casamance conflict
4729:New Jewel Movement
4714:Iranian Revolution
4699:Chadian–Libyan War
4646:Cambodian conflict
4626:Lebanese Civil War
4616:Western Sahara War
4591:June 1976 protests
4586:Cambodian genocide
4351:17 July Revolution
4305:Nigerian Civil War
4220:Rhodesian Bush War
4205:Colombian conflict
4148:Ramadan Revolution
3887:Bandung Conference
3763:Operation Valuable
3644:Partition of India
3303:Timothy Garton Ash
3255:(Cambridge, 1990).
3249:Timothy Garton Ash
3145:The New York Times
2786:St. Martin's Press
2416:
2400:colour revolutions
2354:
2301:
2256:
2223:
2120:Hviezdoslav Square
2107:
2095:
2071:
1994:
1850:
1605:federal parliament
1448:Second Arab Spring
506:Dissident leaders:
220:(29 December 1989)
209:(24 November 1989)
169:Civil disobedience
7353:Velvet Revolution
7340:
7339:
7266:Colour revolution
7096:
7095:
7063:Congo-Brazzaville
6784:Democratic Russia
6741:Pope John Paul II
6736:George H. W. Bush
6686:Vladimir Bukovsky
6475:Mikhail Gorbachev
6470:Nicolae Ceaușescu
6256:Era of Stagnation
6206:
6205:
6193:List of conflicts
6041:Rudolph Winnacker
5986:Giles Scott-Smith
5961:Ronald E. Powaski
5916:Melvyn P. Leffler
5846:John Lewis Gaddis
5821:Robert D. English
5786:Warren H. Carroll
5776:Michael Beschloss
5745:Nuclear arms race
5726:
5725:
5632:Neues Deutschland
5534:
5533:
5516:White nationalism
5486:Liberal democracy
5223:Ulbricht Doctrine
5213:Brezhnev Doctrine
5021:Velvet Revolution
4765:Soviet–Afghan War
4581:Angolan Civil War
4378:Goulash Communism
4235:ASEAN Declaration
4188:Mexican Dirty War
4086:Annexation of Goa
4037:1960 U-2 incident
4011:Sino-Soviet split
3989:Laotian Civil War
3829:Bricker Amendment
3809:Mau Mau rebellion
3753:Malayan Emergency
3741:Chinese Civil War
3701:Tito–Stalin split
3555:Division of Korea
3315:978-0-19-955201-6
3287:978-0-615-31580-5
3026:Nelson, Lars-Erik
3000:978-0-375-42532-5
2989:. New York City:
2463:Ursula K. Le Guin
2382:Velvet Revolution
2374:Gentle Revolution
2358:Velvet Revolution
2203:Steelworks Košice
2154:People's Militias
2134:František Tomášek
1959:Radio Free Europe
1917:Drahomíra Dražská
1894:Vyšehrad Cemetery
1890:Karel Hynek Mácha
1825:Sonderaktion Prag
1728:Mikhail Gorbachev
1523:Gentle Revolution
1519:Sametová revoluce
1511:Velvet Revolution
1507:
1506:
1041:Mass mobilization
1031:Guerrilla warfare
860:
859:
827:
826:
788:Velvet Revolution
700:German occupation
610:
609:
606:
605:
579:Michael Žantovský
403:
402:
212:Dissident leader
40:Velvet Revolution
18:Velvet revolution
16:(Redirected from
7420:
7215:Transnistria War
6874:
6716:Aung San Suu Kyi
6631:Alexander Dubček
6568:Civil resistance
6425:Sinatra Doctrine
6405:Demokratizatsiya
6306:Shortage economy
6233:
6226:
6219:
6210:
5951:David S. Painter
5876:John Earl Haynes
5806:Nicholas J. Cull
5791:Adrian Cioroianu
5771:Thomas A. Bailey
5718:Voice of America
5609:
5521:White separatism
5501:Social democracy
5496:Guided democracy
5476:Authoritarianism
5426:Ultranationalism
5416:Anti-imperialism
5343:Marxism–Leninism
5256:
5243:Kinmen Agreement
5208:Johnson Doctrine
5193:Kennedy Doctrine
5109:Frozen conflicts
5092:1991 August Coup
4981:Afghan Civil War
4876:Reykjavík Summit
4871:Somali Rebellion
4811:Ugandan Bush War
4789:Gdańsk Agreement
4310:Protests of 1968
4290:War of Attrition
3999:Cuban Revolution
3935:We will bury you
3902:Cyprus Emergency
3882:Kashmir Princess
3872:Jebel Akhdar War
3721:Western betrayal
3406:
3399:
3392:
3383:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3162:
3156:
3147:, Dec. 12, 1989.
3136:Wenceslas Square
3128:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3102:
3096:
3093:
3087:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3053:
3044:
3023:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3012:
2988:
2978:
2969:
2964:
2958:
2951:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2931:
2924:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2899:
2892:
2884:
2878:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2844:
2838:
2833:
2827:
2813:
2807:
2800:
2795:
2789:
2778:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2747:
2741:
2727:
2721:
2714:
2695:
2688:
2682:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2549:
2504:Civil resistance
2457:A commemorative
2423:External factors
2219:Agnes of Bohemia
2197:, resigned, and
2148:In the evening,
2112:Wenceslas Square
1989:
1981:(Námestie SNP),
1957:In the evening,
1872:walked (per the
1710:Alexander Dubček
1629:Alexander Dubček
1499:
1492:
1485:
1471:
1470:
1324:Hungarian (1956)
1156:Spanish American
885:
862:
852:
845:
838:
680:Munich Agreement
646:
645:
640:
630:
612:
595:
594:
488:Lubomír Štrougal
473:Alexander Dubček
441:
387:
385:
384:
348:
332:
331:
330:
307:People's Militia
287:
286:
285:
276:
275:
195:Collapse of the
174:Civil resistance
112:Marxist-Leninist
57:
37:
21:
7428:
7427:
7423:
7422:
7421:
7419:
7418:
7417:
7368:Democratization
7343:
7342:
7341:
7336:
7320:
7281:Democratization
7271:Decommunization
7254:
7190:Helsinki Summit
7130:April 9 tragedy
7102:
7092:
7021:
6930:
6878:
6869:
6863:
6751:
6745:
6613:
6607:
6560:
6554:
6510:Mathieu Kérékou
6457:
6451:
6383:
6359:Reagan Doctrine
6334:Active measures
6326:
6320:
6311:Totalitarianism
6248:
6242:
6237:
6207:
6202:
6179:
6170:Second Cold War
6128:
6056:
6050:
6026:Odd Arne Westad
6016:Patrick Vaughan
6001:Athan Theoharis
5981:Ellen Schrecker
5966:Yakov M. Rabkin
5941:Timothy Naftali
5886:Tvrtko Jakovina
5871:Jussi Hanhimäki
5754:
5732:
5722:
5700:Paix et Liberté
5675:
5619:Active measures
5600:
5530:
5511:White supremacy
5471:Totalitarianism
5399:
5324:
5247:
5233:Reagan Doctrine
5228:Carter Doctrine
5168:Truman Doctrine
5156:
5103:
5035:
4930:Soviet reaction
4841:Ndogboyosoi War
4748:
4719:Saur Revolution
4546:1973 oil crisis
4511:Munich massacre
4419:Alcora Exercise
4414:Black September
4392:
4138:Sino-Indian War
4032:Simba rebellion
4015:
3859:Capture of the
3767:
3706:Berlin Blockade
3639:May 1947 crises
3629:Truman Doctrine
3594:Greek Civil War
3583:Blacklist Forty
3550:Gouzenko Affair
3537:Cursed soldiers
3489:Morgenthau Plan
3477:
3415:
3410:
3376:Wayback Machine
3324:
3230:
3228:Further reading
3225:
3205:Glenn, John K.
3185:
3175:
3173:
3168:. Ibiblio.org.
3164:
3163:
3159:
3154:Wayback Machine
3129:
3125:
3115:
3113:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3094:
3090:
3083:
3079:
3072:
3055:
3054:
3047:
3037:Wayback Machine
3024:
3020:
3010:
3008:
3001:
2980:
2979:
2972:
2965:
2961:
2952:
2945:
2935:
2933:
2929:
2922:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2890:
2886:
2885:
2881:
2872:
2868:
2858:
2856:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2834:
2830:
2824:Wayback Machine
2814:
2810:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2779:
2770:
2760:
2758:
2753:. Totalita.cz.
2749:
2748:
2744:
2738:Wayback Machine
2729:Kurtz, Lester.
2728:
2724:
2716:Glenn, John K.
2715:
2698:
2689:
2685:
2678:
2674:
2667:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2637:
2635:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2611:
2609:
2608:on 17 July 2011
2600:
2599:
2595:
2585:
2583:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2558:
2556:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2479:
2451:
2442:
2425:
2408:
2389:Jaroslav Krejčí
2343:
2293:
2281:
2269:
2244:
2232:
2211:
2191:
2183:Miroslav Štěpán
2179:
2166:
2125:Ján Čarnogurský
2087:
2060:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1971:
1937:Ladislav Adamec
1933:
1882:Jiří Dienstbier
1876:of founders of
1842:
1817:
1812:
1734:(openness) and
1730:'s policies of
1683:Communist Party
1679:
1660:Slovak Republic
1601:one-party state
1547:command economy
1531:Nežná revolúcia
1503:
1465:
1460:
1459:
1116:
1108:
1107:
979:
971:
970:
931:
923:
922:
893:
856:
799:Post-revolution
722:Slovak Republic
628:
621:
602:
584:
583:
539:Luboš Dobrovský
534:Jiří Dienstbier
529:Ján Čarnogurský
502:
483:Ladislav Adamec
464:
445:Miroslav Štěpán
435:
399:
382:
380:
379:
344:
328:
326:
321:
297:Communist Party
283:
281:
254:command economy
223:Restoration of
207:Communist Party
155:Economic reform
101:Totalitarianism
85:
73:
60:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7426:
7424:
7416:
7415:
7410:
7405:
7400:
7395:
7390:
7385:
7380:
7375:
7370:
7365:
7360:
7355:
7345:
7344:
7338:
7337:
7335:
7334:
7328:
7326:
7322:
7321:
7319:
7318:
7313:
7308:
7306:Post-communism
7303:
7298:
7293:
7288:
7283:
7278:
7273:
7268:
7262:
7260:
7256:
7255:
7253:
7252:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7217:
7212:
7207:
7202:
7197:
7192:
7187:
7182:
7177:
7172:
7167:
7162:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7142:
7137:
7132:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7112:
7106:
7104:
7098:
7097:
7094:
7093:
7091:
7090:
7085:
7080:
7075:
7070:
7065:
7060:
7055:
7050:
7045:
7040:
7035:
7029:
7027:
7023:
7022:
7020:
7019:
7014:
7009:
7004:
6999:
6994:
6989:
6984:
6979:
6974:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6938:
6936:
6932:
6931:
6929:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6898:
6896:Czechoslovakia
6893:
6888:
6882:
6880:
6879:Eastern Europe
6871:
6865:
6864:
6862:
6861:
6856:
6851:
6846:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6801:
6796:
6791:
6786:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6755:
6753:
6747:
6746:
6744:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6726:Isaias Afwerki
6723:
6718:
6713:
6708:
6706:Zianon Pazniak
6703:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6658:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6638:
6633:
6628:
6623:
6617:
6615:
6609:
6608:
6606:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6564:
6562:
6556:
6555:
6553:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6485:Erich Honecker
6482:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6461:
6459:
6453:
6452:
6450:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6428:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6397:
6391:
6389:
6385:
6384:
6382:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6330:
6328:
6322:
6321:
6319:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6266:Anti-communism
6263:
6258:
6252:
6250:
6244:
6243:
6238:
6236:
6235:
6228:
6221:
6213:
6204:
6203:
6201:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6184:
6181:
6180:
6178:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6136:
6134:
6130:
6129:
6127:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6060:
6058:
6052:
6051:
6049:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5996:Timothy Snyder
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5926:Vojtech Mastny
5923:
5921:Geir Lundestad
5918:
5913:
5911:Walter Laqueur
5908:
5906:Walter LaFeber
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5836:André Fontaine
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5766:Gar Alperovitz
5762:
5760:
5756:
5755:
5753:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5736:
5734:
5728:
5727:
5724:
5723:
5721:
5720:
5715:
5709:
5708:
5703:
5696:
5691:
5683:
5681:
5677:
5676:
5674:
5673:
5666:
5661:
5654:
5647:
5642:
5635:
5628:
5621:
5615:
5613:
5606:
5602:
5601:
5599:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5542:
5540:
5536:
5535:
5532:
5531:
5529:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5506:Third-Worldism
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5407:
5405:
5401:
5400:
5398:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5334:
5332:
5326:
5325:
5323:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5295:Libertarianism
5292:
5287:
5286:
5285:
5275:
5273:Chicago school
5270:
5264:
5262:
5253:
5249:
5248:
5246:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5218:Nixon Doctrine
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5164:
5162:
5161:Foreign policy
5158:
5157:
5155:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5113:
5111:
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5028:
5023:
5018:
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5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4946:Operation RYAN
4943:
4938:
4933:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4851:Able Archer 83
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4797:
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4776:
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4754:
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4711:
4706:
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4661:
4656:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4601:Oromo conflict
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4541:Yom Kippur War
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
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4411:
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4380:
4375:
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4364:
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4353:
4348:
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4338:
4333:
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4319:
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4307:
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4287:
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4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4196:
4195:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4173:Aden Emergency
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4124:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4091:Papua conflict
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4072:
4071:
4061:
4060:
4059:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4023:
4021:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4013:
4008:
4007:
4006:
3996:
3994:Kitchen Debate
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3954:Sputnik crisis
3951:
3946:
3938:
3931:
3926:
3924:Polish October
3921:
3916:
3911:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3824:Pact of Madrid
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3779:Bamboo Curtain
3775:
3773:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3749:
3748:
3738:
3733:
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3713:
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3601:
3596:
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3465:
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3455:
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3445:
3440:
3435:
3428:
3420:
3417:
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3411:
3409:
3408:
3401:
3394:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3369:
3363:
3357:
3352:
3346:
3340:
3331:
3323:
3322:External links
3320:
3319:
3318:
3295:
3290:
3275:
3256:
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3184:
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3123:
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3088:
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3018:
2999:
2991:Pantheon Books
2970:
2959:
2943:
2911:
2893:. OECD. 1997.
2879:
2866:
2839:
2828:
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2790:
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2683:
2672:
2666:978-9633861530
2665:
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2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2490:
2478:
2475:
2450:
2447:
2441:
2440:Pace of change
2438:
2424:
2421:
2407:
2404:
2378:Czech Republic
2372:used the term
2360:was coined by
2342:
2339:
2292:
2289:
2280:
2277:
2268:
2265:
2243:
2240:
2231:
2228:
2210:
2207:
2190:
2187:
2178:
2175:
2165:
2162:
2143:Ľubomír Feldek
2138:Roman Catholic
2086:
2083:
2059:
2056:
1970:
1967:
1932:
1929:
1841:
1838:
1819:On the eve of
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1678:
1675:
1656:Czech Republic
1590:general strike
1578:anti-communist
1535:Czechoslovakia
1505:
1504:
1502:
1501:
1494:
1487:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1462:
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1234:
1229:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1205:Italian states
1197:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1123:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1098:Tax resistance
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1011:
1006:
1001:
999:Class conflict
996:
991:
989:Civil disorder
986:
980:
977:
976:
973:
972:
969:
968:
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958:
953:
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748:
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728:
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724:
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706:
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686:
685:
682:
676:
675:
672:
666:
665:
662:
656:
655:
652:
642:
641:
633:
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629:Czechoslovakia
623:
622:
615:
608:
607:
604:
603:
600:
598:
591:
590:
586:
585:
582:
581:
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556:
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546:
541:
536:
531:
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521:
515:
514:
503:
501:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
463:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
430:
428:Milán Václavík
425:
414:
413:
410:
409:
405:
404:
401:
400:
398:
397:
374:
373:
367:
359:
354:
349:
342:
324:
322:
320:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
279:
272:
271:
267:
266:
265:
264:
250:
247:Czechoslovakia
239:Velvet Divorce
231:
221:
210:
193:
189:
188:
187:
186:
184:Strike actions
181:
179:Demonstrations
176:
171:
164:
160:
159:
158:
157:
152:
147:
145:free elections
138:
130:
126:
125:
124:
123:
117:
108:
103:
98:
91:
87:
86:
83:Czechoslovakia
81:
79:
75:
74:
66:
62:
61:
58:
50:
49:
42:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7425:
7414:
7411:
7409:
7406:
7404:
7401:
7399:
7396:
7394:
7391:
7389:
7386:
7384:
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7379:
7376:
7374:
7371:
7369:
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7364:
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7351:
7350:
7348:
7333:
7330:
7329:
7327:
7323:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7311:Yugoslav Wars
7309:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7301:Neo-Stalinism
7299:
7297:
7296:Neo-Sovietism
7294:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7272:
7269:
7267:
7264:
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7261:
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7248:
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7208:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7180:Black January
7178:
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7173:
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7163:
7161:
7158:
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7005:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
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6990:
6988:
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6978:
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6887:
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6857:
6855:
6852:
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6845:
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6837:
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6827:
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6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
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6785:
6782:
6780:
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6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6756:
6754:
6748:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6731:Ronald Reagan
6729:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6711:Zhelyu Zhelev
6709:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6691:Boris Yeltsin
6689:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6671:Joachim Gauck
6669:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
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6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6618:
6616:
6610:
6604:
6603:Strike action
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6565:
6563:
6557:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6545:Todor Zhivkov
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6535:Deng Xiaoping
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
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6511:
6508:
6506:
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6408:
6406:
6403:
6402:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6392:
6390:
6386:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6364:Soviet Empire
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6331:
6329:
6325:International
6323:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6253:
6251:
6245:
6241:
6234:
6229:
6227:
6222:
6220:
6215:
6214:
6211:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6185:
6182:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6160:War on terror
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6137:
6135:
6131:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6061:
6059:
6055:Espionage and
6053:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6006:Andrew Thorpe
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
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5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
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5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5901:Gabriel Kolko
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5866:Fred Halliday
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5851:Lloyd Gardner
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5811:Norman Davies
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5796:John Costello
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5763:
5761:
5757:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5737:
5735:
5731:Technological
5729:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5710:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5701:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5689:
5685:
5684:
5682:
5678:
5672:
5671:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5659:
5655:
5653:
5652:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5640:
5636:
5634:
5633:
5629:
5627:
5626:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5616:
5614:
5612:Pro-communist
5610:
5607:
5603:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5543:
5541:
5539:Organizations
5537:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5408:
5406:
5402:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5370:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5353:Eurocommunism
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5335:
5333:
5331:
5327:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5284:
5281:
5280:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5265:
5263:
5261:
5257:
5254:
5250:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5183:Domino theory
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5165:
5163:
5159:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5137:South Ossetia
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5114:
5112:
5110:
5106:
5100:
5097:
5093:
5090:
5089:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5044:
5042:
5038:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4931:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4921:8888 Uprising
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4866:Iran–Iraq War
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4831:Falklands War
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4795:
4792:
4791:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4757:
4755:
4751:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4694:NDF Rebellion
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4674:German Autumn
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4654:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4561:Metapolitefsi
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4456:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4395:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4362:
4359:
4358:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4330:
4325:
4323:
4322:Prague Spring
4320:
4316:
4313:
4312:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4300:Al-Wadiah War
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4265:12-3 incident
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4194:
4191:
4190:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4070:
4067:
4066:
4065:
4062:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4018:
4012:
4009:
4005:
4002:
4001:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3944:
3939:
3936:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3909:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3862:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3844:Domino theory
3842:
3840:
3839:Petrov Affair
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3770:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3747:
3744:
3743:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3716:Madiun Affair
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3676:Marshall Plan
3674:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3584:
3579:
3577:
3576:
3571:
3569:
3568:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3545:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3525:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3480:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3425:United States
3422:
3421:
3418:
3414:
3407:
3402:
3400:
3395:
3393:
3388:
3387:
3384:
3377:
3373:
3370:
3367:
3364:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3350:
3347:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3336:City Journal,
3332:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3321:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3273:
3272:80-85207-02-8
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3254:
3250:
3247:
3244:
3243:0-88033-369-3
3240:
3236:
3232:
3231:
3227:
3221:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3208:
3204:
3201:
3200:0-88033-369-3
3197:
3193:
3192:
3187:
3186:
3171:
3167:
3161:
3158:
3155:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3127:
3124:
3111:
3107:
3101:
3098:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3081:
3078:
3073:
3071:9780801469428
3067:
3063:
3059:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3031:
3027:
3022:
3019:
3006:
3002:
2996:
2992:
2987:
2986:
2977:
2975:
2971:
2968:
2963:
2960:
2956:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2928:
2921:
2915:
2912:
2896:
2889:
2883:
2880:
2876:
2870:
2867:
2854:
2850:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2832:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2818:
2812:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2794:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2756:
2752:
2746:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2732:
2726:
2723:
2719:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2676:
2673:
2668:
2662:
2658:
2657:
2649:
2646:
2633:
2629:
2623:
2620:
2607:
2603:
2597:
2594:
2581:
2577:
2570:
2567:
2554:
2548:
2545:
2539:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2455:
2448:
2446:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2429:
2422:
2420:
2412:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2351:
2347:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2323:
2321:
2320:Soviet troops
2316:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2297:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2253:
2248:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2229:
2227:
2220:
2215:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2199:Karel Urbánek
2196:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2158:Lidové milice
2155:
2151:
2146:
2144:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2113:
2104:
2099:
2091:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2068:
2067:St. Wenceslas
2064:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1953:
1948:
1946:
1941:
1938:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1905:
1903:
1902:secret police
1897:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1846:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1814:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1803:authoritarian
1799:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1775:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1753:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1740:Prague Spring
1737:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1714:Prague Spring
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1684:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1564:suppressed a
1563:
1559:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1500:
1495:
1493:
1488:
1486:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1463:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1093:Strike action
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1026:Direct action
1024:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1014:Demonstration
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
981:
975:
974:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
933:
927:
926:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
895:
889:
888:
884:
880:
879:
876:
872:
868:
864:
863:
853:
848:
846:
841:
839:
834:
833:
831:
830:
822:
820:
817:
816:
812:
810:
807:
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796:
795:
791:
789:
786:
785:
781:
779:
775:
774:Prague Spring
771:
770:
766:
764:
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749:
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562:
560:
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555:
554:Valtr Komárek
552:
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547:
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516:
513:
510:
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499:
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489:
486:
484:
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479:
478:Karel Urbánek
476:
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389:United States
378:
377:Supported by:
372:
368:
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350:
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343:
341:
338:
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336:
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300:
298:
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291:
278:
277:
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268:
263:
259:
258:privatization
255:
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109:
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92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
71:
67:
63:
56:
51:
48:
43:
38:
33:
19:
7259:Later events
7175:Malta Summit
7007:Turkmenistan
6935:Soviet Union
6921:Soviet Union
6901:East Germany
6895:
6721:Meles Zenawi
6676:Sali Berisha
6626:Václav Havel
6573:Human chains
6480:Károly Grósz
6410:Khozraschyot
6301:Nomenklatura
6276:Eastern Bloc
6165:Brinkmanship
6057:intelligence
5946:Marius Oprea
5896:Harvey Klehr
5826:Herbert Feis
5816:Willem Drees
5781:Archie Brown
5698:
5686:
5668:
5658:Trybuna Ludu
5656:
5649:
5645:Radio Moscow
5637:
5630:
5623:
5451:Anti-Zionism
5367:
5290:Keynesianism
5278:Conservatism
5142:Transnistria
5122:China-Taiwan
5020:
4779:Gera Demands
4652:
4453:
4328:
4133:El Porteñazo
4027:Congo Crisis
3942:
3877:Algerian War
3860:
3736:Western Bloc
3731:Eastern Bloc
3726:Iron Curtain
3582:
3574:
3566:
3543:
3523:
3515:
3432:Soviet Union
3430:
3423:
3335:
3306:
3299:Adam Roberts
3278:
3263:
3252:
3234:
3174:. Retrieved
3160:
3144:
3126:
3114:. Retrieved
3100:
3091:
3080:
3057:
3021:
3009:. Retrieved
2984:
2962:
2934:. Retrieved
2914:
2902:. Retrieved
2882:
2874:
2869:
2857:. Retrieved
2842:
2831:
2811:
2793:
2784:. New York:
2781:
2759:. Retrieved
2745:
2725:
2686:
2675:
2655:
2648:
2636:. Retrieved
2622:
2610:. Retrieved
2606:the original
2596:
2584:. Retrieved
2579:
2569:
2557:. Retrieved
2547:
2456:
2452:
2449:Jingled keys
2443:
2430:
2426:
2417:
2397:
2386:
2381:
2373:
2362:Rita Klímová
2357:
2355:
2350:Václav Havel
2324:
2317:
2309:Václav Havel
2305:human rights
2302:
2285:Gustáv Husák
2282:
2273:leading role
2270:
2257:
2233:
2224:
2192:
2180:
2171:
2167:
2157:
2147:
2129:
2117:
2108:
2101:A statue of
2079:
2075:
2072:
2052:
2048:
2032:Václav Havel
2029:
2027:and others.
2021:Milan Kňažko
2014:
2010:
1996:Theatres in
1995:
1956:
1949:
1942:
1934:
1906:
1898:
1892:'s grave at
1870:
1851:
1824:
1818:
1800:
1792:West Germany
1778:
1771:
1756:
1752:Václav Havel
1748:
1725:
1706:blacklisting
1686:seized power
1680:
1664:
1641:
1633:Václav Havel
1621:Gustáv Husák
1609:Constitution
1594:
1555:
1522:
1510:
1508:
1373:
1359:People Power
1076:Disobedience
787:
564:Petr Pithart
559:Rita Klímová
549:Milan Kňažko
544:Václav Klaus
519:Václav Benda
512:Václav Havel
505:
504:
493:Marián Čalfa
466:
465:
460:Gustáv Husák
416:
415:
408:Lead figures
376:
375:
333:
325:
288:
280:
229:in June 1990
216:becomes the
214:Václav Havel
150:Civil rights
69:
45:Part of the
7235:August Coup
7088:South Yemen
7033:Afghanistan
6877:Central and
6870:by location
6774:Civic Forum
6661:Feng Congde
6636:Ion Iliescu
6621:Lech Wałęsa
6578:Magnitizdat
6540:Zhao Ziyang
6530:Heng Samrin
6490:Miloš Jakeš
6400:Perestroika
5991:Shen Zhihua
5801:Michael Cox
5733:competition
5680:Pro-Western
5670:Soviet Life
5596:Safari Club
5566:Warsaw Pact
5421:Nationalism
5411:Imperialism
5310:Reaganomics
5173:Containment
4966:Perestroika
4455:Realpolitik
4285:Six-Day War
4270:Greek junta
4081:Berlin Wall
3929:Suez Crisis
3897:Vietnam War
3784:McCarthyism
3599:Baruch Plan
3544:Unthinkable
3504:Dekemvriana
3443:Warsaw Pact
3338:Winter 2010
3260:Šimon Pánek
3011:7 September
2761:24 November
2638:24 November
2559:18 November
2483:Civic Forum
2459:2 Euro coin
2279:10 December
2267:28 November
2252:Miloš Jakeš
2242:27 November
2230:26 November
2209:25 November
2195:Miloš Jakeš
2189:24 November
2177:23 November
2164:22 November
2150:Miloš Jakeš
2085:21 November
2058:20 November
2040:Civic Forum
1969:19 November
1963:Martin Šmíd
1931:18 November
1913:Martin Šmíd
1886:Šimon Pánek
1866:Jan Opletal
1840:17 November
1815:16 November
1796:Berlin Wall
1785:West German
1781:East German
1736:Perestroika
1716:, opposing
1712:during the
1698:Civic Forum
1613:Barbed wire
1597:Warsaw Pact
1586:Miloš Jakeš
1562:riot police
1421:Arab Spring
1019:Human chain
1009:Coup d'état
918:Proletarian
753:Coup d'état
627:History of
601:568 injured
455:Vasiľ Biľak
450:Alois Indra
436: [
423:Miloš Jakeš
417:Hardliners:
340:Civic Forum
192:Resulted in
120:Martin Šmíd
110:Other anti-
70:Main phase:
7347:Categories
7276:Lustration
7150:Baltic Way
7101:Individual
7078:Mozambique
7017:Uzbekistan
7002:Tajikistan
6987:Kyrgyzstan
6982:Kazakhstan
6947:Azerbaijan
6926:Yugoslavia
6804:Solidarity
6764:Charter 77
6750:Opposition
6646:Wu'erkaixi
6612:Opposition
6559:Opposition
6550:Siad Barre
6495:Egon Krenz
6465:Ramiz Alia
6456:Government
6395:Uskoreniye
6327:background
6249:background
5759:Historians
5750:Space Race
5651:Rudé právo
5605:Propaganda
5461:Neo-Nazism
5431:Chauvinism
5385:Trotskyism
5300:Monetarism
5268:Liberalism
5260:Capitalism
5252:Ideologies
5203:Ostpolitik
4926:Solidarity
4891:Toyota War
4794:Solidarity
4651:Operation
4606:Ogaden War
4295:Dhofar War
4183:Shifta War
3941:Operation
3789:Korean War
3581:Operation
3573:Operation
3565:Operation
3542:Operation
3522:Operation
3514:Operation
3176:19 January
3116:19 January
2936:13 October
2904:31 October
2859:13 January
2612:19 January
2582:(in Czech)
2540:References
2283:President
2261:censorship
2036:Charter 77
1998:Bratislava
1979:Bratislava
1880:movement,
1829:Bratislava
1810:Chronology
1774:censorship
1694:Charter 77
1690:Dissidents
1582:protesters
1443:Euromaidan
1391:Bolivarian
1339:Nicaraguan
1319:Guatemalan
1257:Young Turk
1237:Philippine
1066:Nonviolent
1061:Resistance
1036:Insurgency
946:Nonviolent
941:From above
913:Democratic
467:Moderates:
433:Jan Fojtík
371:dissidents
362:Government
352:Charter 77
334:Opposition
290:Government
235:Hyphen War
122:death hoax
7316:Pink tide
7110:Jeltoqsan
7026:Elsewhere
6977:Lithuania
6829:Rastokhez
6769:New Forum
6752:movements
6651:Chai Ling
6261:Communism
6046:Ken Young
5891:Tony Judt
5740:Arms race
5713:Red Scare
5581:NN States
5526:Apartheid
5481:Autocracy
5390:Stalinism
5358:Guevarism
5348:Castroism
5338:Communism
5330:Socialism
4856:Star Wars
4449:Koza riot
3575:Beleaguer
3567:Masterdom
3140:Mr. Havel
2368:in 1993,
2356:The term
2327:democracy
2307:activist
2291:Aftermath
2110:place in
2025:Ján Budaj
2012:minimum.
1692:(notably
1396:Bulldozer
1349:Carnation
1344:Argentine
1287:1917–1923
1275:Communist
1220:Hungarian
1056:Rebellion
994:Civil war
956:Permanent
903:Communist
898:Bourgeois
813:1990–1992
803:1989–1992
767:1948–1989
746:1945–1948
736:1939–1945
726:1939–1945
715:1939–1945
704:1938–1945
694:1938–1939
674:1918–1938
574:Jan Urban
524:Ján Budaj
498:Milan Čič
365:defectors
233:Start of
203:Politburo
141:Democracy
90:Caused by
7073:Mongolia
7068:Ethiopia
7053:Cambodia
6957:Chechnya
6891:Bulgaria
6666:Tank Man
6656:Wang Dan
6641:Liu Gang
6598:Samizdat
6593:Protests
6432:Glasnost
6415:500 Days
6339:Cold War
6247:Internal
6198:Timeline
6188:Category
6133:See also
5625:Izvestia
5466:Islamism
5363:Hoxhaism
5238:Rollback
5117:Abkhazia
5057:Gulf War
4961:Glasnost
4331:incident
4101:Sand War
3959:Ifni War
3468:Rio Pact
3413:Cold War
3305:(eds.),
3170:Archived
3150:Archived
3110:Archived
3033:Archived
3005:Archived
2927:Archived
2895:Archived
2853:Archived
2820:Archived
2755:Archived
2734:Archived
2632:Archived
2580:Deník.cz
2477:See also
2370:Slovakia
2333:and the
2131:Cardinal
2069:Monument
1983:Slovakia
1921:Petr Uhl
1874:strategy
1767:Diaspora
1732:Glasnost
1702:samizdat
1658:and the
1453:Sudanese
1431:Egyptian
1426:Tunisian
1379:Romanian
1280:Cultural
1266:Chinese
1241:Iranian
1210:February
1131:American
1126:Atlantic
1115:Examples
1088:Samizdat
892:By class
867:a series
865:Part of
778:Invasion
618:a series
616:Part of
569:Petr Uhl
78:Location
7325:Related
7083:Somalia
7012:Ukraine
6992:Moldova
6967:Georgia
6962:Estonia
6952:Belarus
6942:Armenia
6916:Romania
6906:Hungary
6886:Albania
6794:Sąjūdis
6614:leaders
6561:methods
6458:leaders
6447:Đổi Mới
6388:Reforms
5688:Amerika
5571:Comecon
5456:Fascism
5446:Zionism
5395:Titoism
4936:Contras
4404:Détente
3681:Comecon
3374:at the
2804:YouTube
2586:10 July
2471:Orsinia
2335:Slovaks
2006:Ostrava
1788:Embassy
1667:Slovaks
1384:Singing
1334:Rwandan
1309:Spanish
1304:Siamese
1292:Russian
1262:Mexican
1188:Belgian
1163:Serbian
1151:Haitian
1136:Brabant
1121:English
1051:Protest
984:Boycott
978:Methods
951:Passive
270:Parties
243:breakup
205:of the
163:Methods
7103:events
7038:Angola
6997:Russia
6972:Latvia
6911:Poland
6868:Events
6520:Ne Win
5639:Pravda
5441:Racism
5380:Maoism
5132:Kosovo
4653:Condor
4329:Pueblo
4315:May 68
3943:Gladio
3861:Tuapse
3524:Jungle
3516:Priboi
3313:
3285:
3270:
3241:
3198:
3132:Prague
3068:
2997:
2663:
2433:Israel
2331:Czechs
2236:Pravda
2136:, the
1831:. The
1763:Israel
1718:Soviet
1671:Czechs
1654:, the
1646:since
1570:Prague
1527:Slovak
1436:Yemeni
1416:Kyrgyz
1406:Orange
1374:Velvet
1369:Yogurt
1314:August
1297:German
1270:Xinhai
1250:Second
1227:Eureka
1215:German
1146:French
1103:Terror
1046:Mutiny
961:Social
936:Colour
620:on the
386:
369:Other
7058:China
7048:Burma
7043:Benin
6124:Stasi
5591:SAARC
5586:ASEAN
5551:SEATO
5404:Other
5369:Juche
5127:Korea
5040:1990s
4753:1980s
4397:1970s
4020:1960s
3772:1950s
3482:1940s
3463:NEATO
3458:SEATO
3448:ANZUS
3188:Notes
2930:(PDF)
2923:(PDF)
2898:(PDF)
2891:(PDF)
1888:) to
1878:Stuha
1521:) or
1515:Czech
1411:Tulip
1329:Cuban
1245:First
1195:Texas
1168:Greek
1141:Liège
1071:Civil
440:]
357:Stuha
129:Goals
5664:TASS
5556:METO
5546:NATO
4772:and
4770:1980
4327:USS
3453:METO
3438:NATO
3311:ISBN
3301:and
3283:ISBN
3268:ISBN
3239:ISBN
3196:ISBN
3178:2013
3118:2013
3066:ISBN
3013:2019
2995:ISBN
2938:2017
2906:2017
2861:2018
2763:2013
2661:ISBN
2640:2013
2614:2013
2588:2023
2561:2022
2485:and
2002:Brno
1909:hoax
1884:and
1761:and
1696:and
1681:The
1669:and
1648:1946
1635:the
1509:The
1401:Rose
1364:1989
1354:Saur
1200:1848
1183:July
1178:1830
1173:1820
1083:Riot
966:Wave
823:1992
792:1989
782:1968
757:1948
684:1938
664:1918
654:1918
256:and
143:and
65:Date
6296:KGB
6119:KGB
6114:MVD
6099:MI6
6094:MI5
6089:CIA
5561:EEC
2802:on
2311:as
2156:" (
1662:.
1568:in
1560:),
312:SNB
302:StB
260:of
245:of
7349::
3262:,
3251:,
3064:.
3060:.
3048:^
3039:.
3028:.
3003:.
2993:.
2973:^
2946:^
2771:^
2699:^
2578:.
2473:.
2384:.
2046:.
2023:,
2004:,
2000:,
1553:.
1529::
1517::
869:on
438:cs
317:VB
6232:e
6225:t
6218:v
4932:)
4928:(
3937:"
3933:"
3910:"
3906:"
3405:e
3398:t
3391:v
3317:.
3289:.
3274:.
3245:.
3202:.
3180:.
3120:.
3074:.
3015:.
2940:.
2908:.
2863:.
2788:.
2765:.
2669:.
2642:.
2616:.
2590:.
2563:.
1988:"
1985::
1525:(
1513:(
1498:e
1491:t
1484:v
851:e
844:t
837:v
776:/
249:)
241:(
34:.
20:)
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