492:
430:
243:
153:
401:. This is a rare condition in which blood clots occur in the iliofemoral vein due to compression of the blood vessels in the leg. The specific problem is compression of the left common iliac vein by the overlying right common iliac artery. Many May-Thurner compressions are overlooked when there is no blood clot. More and more of them get nowadays diagnosed and treated (by stenting) due to advanced imaging techniques.
36:
366:
950:
705:
are common and very difficult to treat. Chronic venous ulcers are painful and debilitating. Even with treatment, recurrences are common if venous hypertension persists. Nearly 60% develop phlebitis which often progresses to deep vein thrombosis in more than 50% of patients. The venous insufficiency
479:
Insufficiency within a venous segment is defined as reflux of more than 0.5 seconds with distal compression. Invasive venography can be used in patients who may require surgery or have suspicion of venous stenosis. Other modalities that may be employed are: ankle-brachial index to exclude arterial
503:
CEAP classification is based on
Clinical, Etiological (causal), Anatomical, and Pathophysiological factors. According to Widmer Classification for assessment of chronic venous insufficiency (CVI), diagnosis of chronic venous insufficiency is clearly differentiated from varicose veins. It has been
480:
pathology, air or photoplethysmography, intravascular ultrasound, and ambulatory venous pressures, which provides a global assessment of venous competence. Venous plethysmography can assess for reflux and muscle pump dysfunction but the test is laborious and rarely done.
195:
which is a treatable condition. As functional venous valves are required to provide for efficient blood return from the lower extremities, this condition typically affects the legs. If the impaired vein function causes significant symptoms, such as swelling and
1356:
1341:
476:) can detect venous obstruction or valvular incompetence as the cause, and is used for planning venous ablation procedures, but it is not necessary in suspected venous insufficiency where surgical intervention is not indicated.
1173:
Azhdari M, Zilaee M, Karandish M, Hosseini SA, Mansoori A, Zendehdel M, Khodarahpour S (2020). "Red Vine Leaf
Extract (AS 195) Can Improve Some Signs and Symptoms of Chronic Venous Insufficiency, a Systematic Review".
219:
Most cases of CVI can be improved with treatments to the superficial venous system or stenting the deep system. Varicose veins for example can now be treated by local anesthetic endovenous surgery.
864:"Incidence and risk factors for venous reflux in the general population: Edinburgh Vein Study. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2014 Aug;48(2):208-14. doi: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2014.05.017. Epub 2014 Jun 18"
424:
483:
The venous filling time after the patient is asked to stand up from a seated position also is used to assess for CVI. Rapid filling of the legs less than 20 seconds is abnormal.
343:
Malignancy, malignant degeneration being a rare but important complication of venous disease since tumors that develop in the setting of an ulcer tend to be more aggressive.
491:
442:
53:
723:
967:
Avril, Stéphane; Badel, Pierre; Dubuis, Laura; Rohan, Pierre-Yves; Debayle, Johan; Couzan, Serge; Pouget, Jean-Fraçois (25 January 2012). Gefen, Amit (ed.).
373:
The most common cause of chronic venous insufficiency is reflux of the venous valves of superficial veins. This may in turn be caused by several conditions:
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2040:
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Surgical treatment of CVI attempts a cure by physically changing the veins with incompetent valves. Surgical treatments for CVI include the following:
312:
barrier due to venous insufficiency, making patients more susceptible than the general population to contact sensitization and subsequent dermatitis.
456:
by a clinician for characteristic signs and symptoms are sufficient in many cases in ruling out systemic causes of venous hypertension such as
636:
Tilting the bed so that the feet are above the heart. This may be achieved by using a 20 cm (7-inch) bed wedge or sleeping in a 6 degree
1812:
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978:
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415:(an abnormal connection or passageway between an artery and a vein) may cause chronic venous insufficiency even with working vein valves.
72:
693:) is an ultrasound guided, minimally invasive surgery strategic for the treatment of varicose veins, performed under local anaesthetic.
119:
79:
1014:
Barron GS, Jacob SE, Kirsner RS (Sep 2007). "Dermatologic complications of chronic venous disease: medical management and beyond".
753:
1967:
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815:"Prevalence of varicose veins and chronic venous insufficiency in men and women in the general population: Edinburgh Vein Study"
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can also lead to severe hemorrhage. Surgery for CVI remains unsatisfactory despite the availability of numerous procedures.
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Frick, RW (March 2000). "Three treatments for chronic venous insufficiency: escin, hydroxyethylrutoside, and Daflon".
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380:(DVT), that is, blood clots in the deep veins. Chronic venous insufficiency caused by DVT may be described as
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and efforts to prevent the condition from getting worse instead of effecting a cure. This may include
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developed to guide decision-making in chronic venous insufficiency evaluation and treatment.
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Antignani, P. L. (August 2001). "Classification of chronic venous insufficiency: a review".
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754:"Understanding Venous Reflux - the cause of varicose veins and venous leg ulcers"
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Mild chronic venous insufficiency, with increased pigmentation of the lower legs.
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National Center for
Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
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CVI is not a benign disorder and, with its progression, can lead to morbidity.
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Subfascial endoscopic perforator surgery. Tying off the vein with an endoscope.
189:, straining the walls of the vein. The most common cause of CVI is superficial
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2019:
2012:
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Pain, a feature of venous disease often overlooked and commonly undertreated.
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Robertson LA, Evans CJ, Lee AJ, Allan PL, Ruckley CV, Fowkes FG (May 2014).
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384:. DVT triggers an inflammatory response subsequently injuring the vein wall.
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Venous insufficiency conservative, hemodynamic and ambulatory treatment (
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Rates of CVI are higher in women than in men. Other risk factors include
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1079:"Diagnostic evaluation of lower extremity chronic venous insufficiency"
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Frequent periods of rest elevating the legs above the heart level
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726:. Society for Vascular Surgery. December 1, 2009. Archived from
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Deep and superficial vein thrombosis may in turn be caused by
29:
953:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
440:, showing a venous reflux (flow toward right in the image).
250:
Signs and symptoms of CVI in the leg include the following:
425:
Ultrasonography of chronic venous insufficiency of the legs
409:, which is an increased propensity of forming blood clots.
318:, an end point of a variety of conditions that appears as
1287:
Mowatt-Larssen, Eric; Shortell, Cynthia (2010). "CHIVA".
1152:. Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers. p. 81.
955:
Creative
Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
212:
in which the deep veins have been damaged by previous
868:
European
Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery
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Red vine leaf extract may have a therapeutic benefit.
185:) is a medical condition in which blood pools in the
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60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
599:Conservative treatment of CVI in the leg involves
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970:Patient-Specific Modeling in Tomorrow's Medicine
813:Evans CJ, Fowkes FG, Ruckley CV, Lee AJ (1999).
330:where the skin has lost its nutrient blood flow.
507:The CEAP classification for CVI is as follows:
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1005:
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999:
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819:Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health
1461:
923:Patel, Shivik K.; Surowiec, Scott M. (2020).
825:(3). J Epidemiol Community Health.: 149–153.
517:C1: the presence of reticular or spider veins
8:
607:Manual compression lymphatic massage therapy
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2139:
2041:Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency
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1538:
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151:
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523:C3: Presence of edema but no skin changes
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
874:(2). Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg.: 208–14.
656:. Tying off a vein to prevent blood flow
514:C0: no obvious feature of venous disease
285:CVI in the leg may cause the following:
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916:
914:
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276:Chronic swelling of the legs and ankles
206:chronic peripheral venous insufficiency
543:Secondary (trauma, birth control pill)
1813:Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
1077:Patrick C Alguire, Barbara M Mathes.
756:. Whiteley Publishing. Archived from
7:
1818:Generalized essential telangiectasia
1054:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
526:C4: skin discoloration, pigmentation
58:adding citations to reliable sources
682:Valve transposition (experimental)
25:
1301:10.1053/j.semvascsurg.2010.01.008
1089:Topic last updated: Dec 04, 2017.
326:. It represents late sequelae of
322:plaques of ivory white skin with
1968:Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis
948:
208:and should not be confused with
200:formation, it is referred to as
34:
973:. Springer. pp. 218, 220.
302:, also known as varicose eczema
45:needs additional citations for
1919:Hepatic veno-occlusive disease
1270:"Chronic Venous Insufficiency"
1050:"Chronic Venous Insufficiency"
724:"Chronic Venous Insufficiency"
546:Congenital (Klipper trenaunay)
69:"Chronic venous insufficiency"
1:
1731:Aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva
1585:Monckeberg's arteriosclerosis
336:, an indurated plaque in the
27:Pooling of blood in the veins
2036:Chronic venous insufficiency
1661:Aortoiliac occlusive disease
1289:Seminars in Vascular Surgery
779:Patel S, Surowiec S (2022).
566:No obvious anatomic location
246:Chronic venous insufficiency
179:Chronic venous insufficiency
138:Chronic venous insufficiency
2051:Inferior vena cava syndrome
2046:Superior vena cava syndrome
1773:Vertebral artery dissection
1763:Intracranial berry aneurysm
1146:Hafner, JĂĽrg (1999-01-01).
1109:10.1177/0003319701052001S03
679:Valve repair (experimental)
613:Sequential compression pump
388:Superficial vein thrombosis
2258:
2152:Hypertensive heart disease
1803:Arteriovenous malformation
1778:Familial aortic dissection
1231:10.1177/000331970005100303
1028:10.1016/j.avsg.2007.07.002
881:10.1016/j.ejvs.2014.05.017
520:C2: Obvious varicose veins
422:
234:, and prolonged standing.
2177:Renovascular hypertension
2120:Hepatic artery thrombosis
1768:Carotid artery dissection
1721:Abdominal aortic aneurysm
1571:Intermittent claudication
1534:Peripheral artery disease
931:. StatPearls Publishing.
669:Endovenous Laser Ablation
529:C5: Ulcer that has healed
204:. It is sometimes called
159:
150:
2162:Hypertensive nephropathy
1975:Post-thrombotic syndrome
1956:Paget–Schroetter disease
1748:Coronary artery aneurysm
1726:Thoracic aortic aneurysm
1149:Management of Leg Ulcers
210:post-thrombotic syndrome
2217:Orthostatic hypotension
2199:White coat hypertension
1676:Fibromuscular dysplasia
1640:Carotid artery stenosis
624:Blood pressure medicine
574:Obstruction, thrombosis
470:doppler ultrasonography
382:postthrombotic syndrome
2189:Pulmonary hypertension
2172:Secondary hypertension
2167:Essential hypertension
2157:Hypertensive emergency
1998:Portacaval anastomosis
1934:Portal vein thrombosis
1576:Critical limb ischemia
1477:Cardiovascular disease
1103:. 52 Suppl 1: S17–26.
925:"Venous Insufficiency"
781:"Venous Insufficiency"
685:Hemodynamic surgeries.
662:. Removal of the vein.
638:Trendelenburg position
580:Obstruction and reflux
500:
446:
370:
247:
202:chronic venous disease
146:Chronic venous disease
2194:Systolic hypertension
1939:Renal vein thrombosis
1798:Arteriovenous fistula
1790:Vascular malformation
1758:Intracranial aneurysm
1645:Renal artery stenosis
1176:Phytotherapy Research
831:10.1136/jech.53.3.149
620:Compression stockings
601:symptomatic treatment
494:
434:B-flow ultrasonograph
432:
423:Further information:
413:Arteriovenous fistula
368:
245:
2108:Paradoxical embolism
2103:Cholesterol embolism
1929:May–Thurner syndrome
1924:Budd–Chiari syndrome
1907:Deep vein thrombosis
1902:primarily lower limb
1681:Raynaud's phenomenon
752:Whiteley MS (2011).
628:Hydroxyethylrutoside
438:great saphenous vein
436:over a valve of the
399:May–Thurner syndrome
378:Deep vein thrombosis
334:Lipodermatosclerosis
328:lipodermatosclerosis
272:Phlebetic lymphedema
214:deep vein thrombosis
54:improve this article
2184:Benign hypertension
1274:hopkinsmedicine.org
760:on October 25, 2017
730:on January 17, 2016
583:No venous pathology
18:Venous hypertension
2098:Pulmonary embolism
2008:Esophageal varices
1946:upper limb / torso
1590:Arteriolosclerosis
1409:External resources
501:
447:
443:Video is available
371:
306:Contact dermatitis
248:
238:Signs and symptoms
2242:Vascular diseases
2229:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2069:Arteries or veins
2064:
2063:
1889:Venous thrombosis
1856:
1855:
1838:Cherry hemangioma
1738:Aortic dissection
1689:
1688:
1524:Buerger's disease
1443:
1442:
1182:(10): 2577–2585.
1159:978-3-8055-6654-4
980:978-3-642-24618-0
549:No cause is known
300:Stasis dermatitis
267:Hyperpigmentation
176:
175:
132:Medical condition
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
2249:
2140:
1951:Mondor's disease
1894:Thrombophlebitis
1867:
1543:Arteriosclerosis
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1276:. 8 August 2021.
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673:Vein transplant.
665:Surgical repair.
571:Pathophysiology
338:medial malleolus
316:Atrophie blanche
171:Vascular surgery
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2086:Microangiopathy
2081:Macroangiopathy
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1993:Gastric varices
1979:
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1824:
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1716:Aortic aneurysm
1702:
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1671:Erythromelalgia
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1551:Atherosclerosis
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532:C6: Acute ulcer
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324:telangiectasias
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1848:Spider angioma
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1830:Vascular nevus
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1808:Telangiectasia
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1743:Aortic rupture
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1704:pseudoaneurysm
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1615:Oxycholesterol
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1328:Classification
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1320:External links
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487:Classification
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402:
396:
391:
385:
362:
359:
358:
357:
352:
347:
344:
341:
331:
313:
308:, a disrupted
303:
297:
292:
283:
282:
277:
274:
269:
264:
257:
255:Varicose veins
239:
236:
174:
173:
168:
162:
161:
157:
156:
148:
147:
144:
140:
139:
131:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2254:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2003:Caput medusae
2001:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1912:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1890:
1886:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1666:Degos disease
1664:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1633:
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1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
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1593:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1525:
1522:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1471:
1466:
1464:
1459:
1457:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1435:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1407:
1400:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1319:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1295:(2): 118–22.
1294:
1290:
1283:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1213:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1169:
1166:
1161:
1155:
1151:
1150:
1142:
1139:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1095:
1092:
1080:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1055:
1051:
1045:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1022:(5): 652–62.
1021:
1017:
1016:Ann Vasc Surg
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
994:
982:
976:
972:
971:
963:
960:
956:
951:
938:
934:
930:
926:
919:
917:
915:
913:
911:
909:
907:
903:
891:
887:
882:
877:
873:
869:
865:
858:
855:
850:
846:
841:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
809:
806:
794:
790:
786:
782:
775:
772:
759:
755:
748:
746:
742:
729:
725:
719:
716:
709:
707:
704:
703:Venous ulcers
696:
694:
692:
684:
681:
678:
675:
672:
670:
667:
664:
661:
658:
655:
652:
651:
650:
644:
639:
635:
632:
629:
626:
623:
621:
618:
615:
612:
609:
606:
605:
604:
602:
594:
589:
582:
579:
576:
573:
572:
570:
565:
562:
559:
556:
555:
553:
548:
545:
542:
539:
538:
536:
531:
528:
525:
522:
519:
516:
513:
512:
510:
509:
508:
505:
499:(45 x 30 mm).
498:
493:
486:
484:
481:
477:
475:
471:
467:
463:
462:heart failure
459:
455:
451:
444:
439:
435:
431:
426:
418:
416:
414:
410:
408:
407:thrombophilia
400:
397:
395:
392:
389:
386:
383:
379:
376:
375:
374:
369:Venous valves
367:
360:
356:
353:
351:
348:
345:
342:
339:
335:
332:
329:
325:
321:
317:
314:
311:
307:
304:
301:
298:
296:
295:Venous ulcers
293:
291:
290:Venous stasis
288:
287:
286:
281:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
262:
258:
256:
253:
252:
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244:
237:
235:
233:
229:
225:
220:
217:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
194:
193:
192:venous reflux
188:
184:
180:
172:
169:
167:
163:
158:
154:
149:
145:
141:
136:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
2144:Hypertension
2056:Venous ulcer
2035:
1962:
1945:
1913:
1901:
1871:Inflammation
1752:
1711:
1600:Hyperplastic
1561:Fatty streak
1504:Inflammation
1427:
1416:
1392:
1381:
1370:
1355:
1340:
1292:
1288:
1282:
1273:
1222:
1218:
1212:
1179:
1175:
1168:
1148:
1141:
1100:
1094:
1082:. Retrieved
1057:. Retrieved
1053:
1044:
1019:
1015:
984:. Retrieved
969:
962:
940:. Retrieved
928:
893:. Retrieved
871:
867:
857:
822:
818:
808:
796:. Retrieved
784:
774:
762:. Retrieved
758:the original
734:November 13,
732:. Retrieved
728:the original
718:
700:
691:CHIVA method
688:
648:
598:
595:Conservative
506:
502:
497:venous ulcer
482:
478:
458:hypervolemia
448:
411:
404:
372:
350:Inflammation
284:
249:
221:
218:
205:
201:
190:
182:
178:
177:
116:
110:October 2020
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2209:Hypotension
1753:head / neck
1605:Cholesterol
1495:capillaries
1418:MedlinePlus
986:12 November
557:Superficial
464:. A duplex
454:examination
226:, smoking,
143:Other names
2125:Vasculitis
2115:Thrombosis
2076:Angiopathy
2020:Varicocele
2013:Hemorrhoid
1843:Halo nevus
1699:dissection
1490:arterioles
1383:DiseasesDB
1084:2017-09-12
929:StatPearls
895:January 8,
764:January 8,
710:References
630:medication
616:Ankle pump
590:Management
563:Perforator
466:ultrasound
355:Cellulitis
80:newspapers
1879:Phlebitis
1620:Trans fat
1556:Foam cell
1512:Arteritis
1479:(vessels)
1429:eMedicine
1394:SNOMED CT
1219:Angiology
1204:216047649
1117:0003-3197
1101:Angiology
697:Prognosis
554:Anatomic
537:Etiology
511:Clinical
419:Diagnosis
394:Phlebitis
310:epidermal
280:Leg ulcer
259:Itching (
232:pregnancy
166:Specialty
2236:Category
2093:Embolism
1695:Aneurysm
1632:Stenosis
1566:Atheroma
1517:Aortitis
1486:Arteries
1399:20696009
1309:20685567
1247:19421726
1239:10744007
1196:32314844
1133:45542090
1125:11510593
1036:17823046
937:28613694
890:24951373
849:10396491
793:28613694
654:Ligation
645:Surgical
320:atrophic
261:pruritus
224:genetics
1914:abdomen
1595:Hyaline
1377:D014689
840:1756838
540:Primary
450:History
228:obesity
94:scholar
1423:000203
1366:459.81
1307:
1245:
1237:
1202:
1194:
1156:
1131:
1123:
1115:
1059:9 July
1034:
977:
942:9 July
935:
888:
847:
837:
798:9 July
791:
577:Reflux
495:Acute
474:b-mode
361:Causes
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
2029:Other
1862:Veins
1712:torso
1654:Other
1388:13734
1351:I87.2
1243:S2CID
1200:S2CID
1129:S2CID
198:ulcer
187:veins
101:JSTOR
87:books
1963:head
1493:and
1372:MeSH
1361:9-CM
1305:PMID
1235:PMID
1192:PMID
1154:ISBN
1121:PMID
1113:ISSN
1061:2021
1032:PMID
988:2020
975:ISBN
944:2020
933:PMID
897:2015
886:PMID
845:PMID
800:2021
789:PMID
766:2015
736:2010
560:Deep
472:and
460:and
452:and
73:news
1610:LDL
1357:ICD
1342:ICD
1297:doi
1227:doi
1184:doi
1105:doi
1024:doi
876:doi
835:PMC
827:doi
183:CVI
56:by
2238::
1714::
1697:/
1488:,
1432::
1421::
1397::
1386::
1375::
1364::
1349::
1346:10
1303:.
1293:23
1291:.
1272:.
1255:^
1241:.
1233:.
1223:51
1221:.
1198:.
1190:.
1180:34
1178:.
1127:.
1119:.
1111:.
1069:^
1052:.
1030:.
1020:21
1018:.
996:^
927:.
905:^
884:.
872:48
870:.
866:.
843:.
833:.
823:53
821:.
817:.
787:.
783:.
744:^
230:,
216:.
1891:/
1701:/
1469:e
1462:t
1455:v
1359:-
1344:-
1334:D
1311:.
1299::
1249:.
1229::
1206:.
1186::
1162:.
1135:.
1107::
1087:.
1063:.
1038:.
1026::
990:.
957:.
946:.
899:.
878::
851:.
829::
802:.
768:.
738:.
640:.
468:(
390:.
340:.
263:)
181:(
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
