738:
873:
805:
1013:
2965:
1911:
49:
853:
861:
1635:
63:
775:, were reduced by lot to nine; the nine chose forty and the forty were reduced by lot to twelve, who chose twenty-five. The twenty-five were reduced by lot to nine, and the nine elected forty-five. These forty-five were once more reduced by lot to eleven, and the eleven finally chose the forty-one who elected the doge.
751:
The doge's prerogatives were not defined with precision. While the position was entrusted to members of the inner circle of powerful
Venetian families, after several doges had associated a son with themselves in the ducal office, this tendency toward a hereditary monarchy was checked by a law that
711:
In a similar manner, the disputes between Venice and
Hungary over Dalmatia and Croatia led to the Kings of Hungary addressing the Doges of Venice without that part of their title, while in turn the Venetians tried to force the Hungarian kings to drop any title laying claim to the two provinces.
824:
passed judgment upon his acts, and his estate was liable to be fined for any discovered malfeasance. The official income of the doge was never large, and from early times holders of the office remained engaged in trading ventures. These ventures kept them in touch with the requirements of the
573:. In the fourteenth century, the doges periodically objected to the use of Dalmatia and Croatia in the Hungarian king's titulature, regardless of their own territorial rights or claims. Later medieval chronicles mistakenly attributed the acquisition of the Croatian title to Doge
816:
While doges had great temporal power at first, after 1268, the doge was constantly under strict surveillance: he had to wait for other officials to be present before opening dispatches from foreign powers; he was not allowed to possess any property in a foreign land.
770:
of the doge introduced in 1268 remained in force until the end of the republic in 1797. Their intention was to minimize the influence of individual great families, and this was effected by a complex electoral machinery. Thirty members of the Great
Council,
1043:
As the oligarchical element in the constitution developed, the more important functions of the ducal office were assigned to other officials, or to administrative boards. The doge's role became a mostly representative position. The last doge was
1856:
A dramatic account of the ceremonies and procedures that accompanied the election of a doge is to be found in the
Estoires de Venise of Martino da Canal (an English translation was published by Laura K. Morreale, Padua, UniPress
528:('by the grace of God') was adopted consistently by the Venetian chancery only in the course of the eleventh century. An early example, however, can be found in 827–29, during the joint reign of Justinian and his brother
785:
with the words: "This is your doge, if it please you." This ceremonial gesture signified the assent of the
Venetian people. This practice came to an end with the abolition of the concio in 1423; after the election of
320:, who ruled from 717 to 726. At the time of his appointment, the duchy was in turmoil as a result of growing tensions between pro-Lombard bishop of Aquileia and the pro-Byzantine leaders of Grado.
939:. The doge would appear in the center of the procession, preceded by civil servants ranked in ascending order of prestige and followed by noble magistrates ranked in descending order of status.
549:. In these circumstances, the Venetians appealed to the Byzantine emperor for recognition of their title to Croatia (like Dalmatia, a former Byzantine subject). Perhaps as early as the reign of
1055:
While Venice would shortly declare itself again as a republic, attempting to resist annexation by
Austria, it would never revive the title of doge. It used various titles, including
737:
2859:
872:
725:, 'Duke of the Venices and the rest'. Even though Dalmatia would be regained by Venice in the early 15th century, the title was never modified, and remained in use until the
1760:
L'Archivio di Stato di
Venezia. Indice Generale, Storico, Descrittivo ed Analitico. Tomo I: Archivi dell' Amministrazione Centrale della Repubblica Veneta e Archivi Notarili
702:, of Venice's relations with the Byzantine emperors, when that part of the dogal titulature was substituted by 'and lord of the lands and islands subject to his dogate' (
3289:
443:
As
Byzantine power declined in the region in the late ninth century, reference to Venice as a province disappeared in the titulature of the doges. The simple titles
719:
of 1358, where Venice renounced its claims to
Dalmatia; a special article in the treaty removed Dalmatia and Croatia from the doge's title. The resulting title was
301:, a city in modern-day Veneto. Historians are unsure of how and where Anafesto died. According to some, he was the victim of a conspiracy hatched by the nobles of
804:
699:
3546:
660:, Marino Zeno, in his capacity as the Doge's representative in the 'Empire of Romania', and it was only subsequently adopted as part of the dogal title by Doge
1012:
630:. The new full title was 'By the grace of God duke of the Venices, Dalmatia and Croatia and lord of a fourth part and a half of the whole Empire of Romania' (
649:
Although traditionally ascribed by later medieval chroniclers to Doge Enrico
Dandolo, who led the Venetians during the Fourth Crusade, and hence known as the
3518:
3321:
1794:
When Ethnicity Did Not Matter in the Balkans: A Study of Identity in Pre-Nationalist Croatia, Dalmatia, and Slavonia in the Medieval and Early-Modern Periods
1655:
3326:
3284:
1872:
694:
The title of 'lord of a fourth part and a half of the whole Empire of Romania' was used in official titulature thereafter, with the exception, after the
1900:
273:
The Doge of Venice acted as both the head of state and head of the Venetian oligarchy. Doges were elected for life through a complex voting process.
1758:
1602:
3457:
2852:
928:. On state occasions the Doge was surrounded by an increasing amount of ceremony, and in international relations he had the status of a sovereign
2904:
498:
3268:
1802:
1031:, where some early holders of this office are also buried. After the 15th century, however, the funerals of all later doges were held at the
351:
1594:
3020:
1675:
778:
Election required at least twenty-five votes out of forty-one, nine votes out of eleven or twelve, or seven votes out of nine electors.
455:(duke of the Venetias) predominate in the tenth century. The plural reflects the doge's rule of several federated townships and clans.
3258:
2890:
2845:
627:
464:
3452:
3357:
2885:
1847:
1722:
222:
653:, in reality the title of 'lord of a fourth part and a half of the Empire of Romania' was first claimed by the ambitious Venetian
2574:
1650:
752:
decreed that no doge had the right to associate any member of his family with himself in his office, nor to name his successor.
2964:
2640:
925:
3489:
2954:
2824:
1032:
1020:
726:
270:), separate from, but subject to, the governor of a province, authorized to conduct operations beyond provincial boundaries.
2271:* deposed † executed or assassinated ‡ killed in battle ♦ abdicated
820:
The doges normally ruled for life (although a few were forcibly removed from office). After a doge's death, a commission of
294:. While he is considered to be the first Doge of Venice, Venetians were not truly free from the Byzantine Empire until 742.
961:, a unique ducal hat. It was a stiff horn-like bonnet, which was made of gemmed brocade or cloth-of-gold and worn over the
422:). Thus, into the eleventh century the Venetian doges held titles typical of Byzantine rulers in outlying regions, such as
3233:
2919:
1893:
1016:
546:
1471:
755:
After 1172 the election of the doge was entrusted to a committee of forty, who were chosen by four men selected from the
3442:
3316:
3238:
892:
695:
654:
490:
3223:
3511:
3193:
3228:
3352:
3311:
3248:
3188:
3144:
3406:
2949:
2914:
1403:
Horatio F. Brown, "The Venetians and the Venetian Quarter in Constantinople to the Close of the Twelfth Century",
3472:
3263:
3243:
3218:
3129:
1788:
3541:
2771:
2675:
2114:
2092:
1886:
1715:
Egyptian Mythology and Egyptian Christianity, with their modern influence on the opinions of modern Christendom
1459:
Venice in the East Adriatic: Experiences and Experiments in Colonial Rule in Dalmatia and Istria (c. 1150–1358)
334:
809:
100:
3462:
3437:
3134:
2097:
2081:
852:
756:
529:
290:, was elected in 698 and served until 717. Anafesto was not a typical Venetian Doge, as he was a subject of
81:
48:
33:
3178:
3173:
2705:
1233:
969:, a classical symbol of liberty. This ceremonial cap may have been ultimately based on the white crown of
955:
From the 14th century onward, the ceremonial crown and well-known symbol of the doge of Venice was called
729:. Even when the body of such documents was written in Italian, the title and dating clause were in Latin.
1772:
3467:
3253:
3213:
2690:
2604:
2579:
1359:
1293:
A History of the Eastern Roman Empire from the Fall of Irene to the Accession of Basil I (A.D. 802–867)
1028:
982:
943:
described such a procession in minute detail in 1581. His description is confirmed and complemented by
1004:
The Doge's official costume also included golden robes, slippers and a sceptre for ceremonial duties.
3447:
3203:
3035:
2995:
2559:
2400:
2218:
2142:
2087:
1944:
1146:
A detailed description of this process, and the ceremonial procession that followed, is preserved in
865:
684:
287:
146:
1878:
1419:
Thomas F. Madden, "The Chrysobull of Alexius I Comnenus to the Venetians: The Date and the Debate",
3477:
2741:
2736:
2655:
2645:
2157:
2152:
2109:
1949:
940:
437:
317:
3494:
3117:
3112:
3102:
3078:
2868:
2720:
2710:
2650:
2518:
2478:
2416:
2213:
2162:
2147:
2053:
1920:
1082:
922:
918:
799:
668:
494:
487:
423:
230:
110:
95:
2594:
2493:
1316:
Agostino Pertusi, "L'Impero bizantino e l'evolvere dei suoi interessi nell'alto Adriatico", in
3161:
3139:
3092:
3030:
3010:
2988:
2807:
2800:
2761:
2715:
2695:
2680:
2625:
2589:
2584:
2508:
2472:
2395:
2303:
2298:
2185:
2120:
1843:
1798:
1764:
1718:
1591:
1583:
1114:
1106:
910:
860:
787:
585:
468:
251:
3306:
3168:
3122:
3015:
2932:
2700:
2660:
2635:
2599:
2564:
2554:
2534:
2503:
2467:
2441:
2436:
2390:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2313:
2308:
2255:
2250:
2234:
2207:
2168:
2103:
2064:
2059:
1995:
1976:
1671:
1640:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
1375:
1174:
1127:
1119:
936:
554:
514:
324:
205:
626:
had by this time been dropped and was replaced by a reference to Venice's allotment in the
392:
were granted by the emperor to the recipient for life but were not inherent in the office (
333:, 'master of the soldiers, consul and imperial duke of the province of the Venetias'. Doge
3367:
3151:
3025:
3005:
2766:
2685:
2670:
2665:
2620:
2539:
2513:
2498:
2483:
2421:
2354:
2344:
2174:
2005:
1598:
1147:
1027:
Until the 15th century, the funeral service for a deceased doge would normally be held at
944:
782:
716:
687:. The latter title was never claimed by the doges, but was sometimes used by the Venetian
542:
371:
87:
3000:
3394:
3386:
3379:
3374:
3156:
2937:
2909:
2816:
2811:
2794:
2781:
2756:
2630:
2569:
2488:
2446:
2410:
2405:
2339:
2318:
2229:
2223:
2126:
2010:
1990:
1196:
1045:
763:
at the election of 1229, the number of electors was increased from forty to forty-one.
745:
617:
574:
427:
170:
72:
297:
While it is not known for certain, historians widely accept that Anafesto was born in
3535:
3411:
3362:
3301:
3296:
3097:
2898:
2751:
2746:
2544:
2462:
2431:
2426:
2260:
2180:
2041:
2000:
1741:
1696:
1646:
1641:
1072:
974:
914:
767:
602:
to submit in 1150. Only one charter, however, actually uses a title similar to this:
387:
379:
1818:: The Fourth Crusade and the Dogal Title in the Venetian Chronicles' Representation"
1219:
3399:
3107:
2942:
2927:
2776:
2549:
2385:
2349:
2334:
2201:
1833:
1587:
990:
966:
957:
917:. It took its later and more magnificent form after the visit to Venice in 1177 of
902:
661:
550:
309:. Another theory suggests he died in battle in 728, after being promoted exarch of
1751:
905:. In its earlier form this ceremony was instituted to commemorate the conquest of
1837:
1792:
1346:(in French). Vol. 1. Société d'édition d'enseignement supérieur. p. 88.
250:, meaning "leader," originally referring to any military leader, becoming in the
2047:
1867:
1060:
970:
832:
From 7 July 1268, during a vacancy in the office of doge, the state was headed
1954:
1288:
978:
760:
523:
363:
257:
154:
1768:
493:
in 1002. After a Venetian request, it was confirmed by the Byzantine emperor
17:
3484:
3072:
1659:. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 379–380.
1087:
897:
884:
878:
772:
683:, 'lord', which has led to some confusion with the Byzantine court title of
302:
291:
265:
62:
781:
Before taking the oath of investiture, the doge-elect was presented to the
2820:
1191:
1077:
1056:
1049:
906:
1154:(English translation by Laura K. Morreale, Padua 2009, pp. 103–116)
1059:, and collective heads of state to govern the jurisdiction, including a
566:
dux Venetiae atque Dalmatiae sive Chroaciae et imperialis prothosevastos
254:
the title for a leader of an expeditionary force formed by detachments (
986:
962:
891:
One of the ceremonial duties of the doge was to celebrate the symbolic
790:, he was presented with the unconditional pronouncement – "Your doge".
620:, which conquered the Byzantine Empire (1204). The Byzantine honorific
310:
306:
965:. This was a fine linen cap with a structured peak reminiscent of the
3086:
2983:
2837:
994:
929:
599:
298:
1873:
All 120 doges and their coats of arms, including historical context
1813:
1364:
The Venetian Republic: Its Rise, Its Growth, and Its Fall, 421–1797
1344:
Les Villes d'Italie, de la fin du Xe sìècle au début du XIVe siècle
691:
of Constantinople in their capacity as the doge's representatives.
354:
and explicit reference to Venice's subordinate status. Titles like
1839:
Byzantium and Venice: A Study in Diplomatic and Cultural Relations
1672:"Electing the Doge of Venice: Analysis of a 13th Century Protocol"
871:
859:
851:
803:
240:
189:
759:, which was itself nominated annually by twelve persons. After a
947:'s 1586 painting of a ducal procession in the Piazza San Marco.
595:
330:
magister militum, consul et imperialis dux Veneciarum provinciae
2841:
2284:
2027:
1971:
1933:
1882:
1434:
As If God Existed: Religion and Liberty in the History of Italy
1048:, who abdicated in 1797, when Venice passed under the power of
2797:(1354–55) was convicted of treason, executed and condemned to
935:
The doge took part in ducal processions, which started in the
305:
in 717. Others suggest that he died in the ducal residence of
245:
411:
393:
895:. This was done by casting a ring from the state barge, the
211:
1816:
Dominus quartae partis et dimidiae totius imperii Romaniae
501:, Alexios granted the Venetian doge the imperial title of
214:
563:
had been added, giving the full dogal title four parts:
616:
The next major change in the dogal title came with the
467:
and conquering some Dalmatian territory in 1000, Doge
1797:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press.
705:
dominus terrarum et insularum suo ducatui subiectarum
569:, 'Duke of Venice, Dalmatia and Croatia and Imperial
538:, 'by divine grace dukes of the Venetian provinces'.
223:
208:
3426:
3341:
3277:
3057:
3050:
2972:
2878:
2729:
2613:
2527:
2455:
2378:
2327:
2291:
2243:
2194:
2135:
2074:
2034:
672:
621:
508:
502:
431:
417:
405:
399:
385:
377:
369:
361:
355:
316:Not much is known about the second Doge of Venice,
184:
176:
166:
139:
116:
106:
94:
80:
41:
594:('and lord of Istria') to his title after forcing
643:quartae partis et dimidie totius imperii Romaniae
1763:(in Italian). Rome: Biblioteca d'arte editrice.
1461:, PhD diss. (Stanford University, 2007), p. 129.
535:per divinam gratiam Veneticorum provinciae duces
1320:(Florence: Sansoni, 1964), pp. 57–93, at 75–76.
868:(1260–1342): the Doge kneeling before St. Mark.
229:) was the highest role of authority within the
1052:'s France following his conquest of the city.
700:Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty
255:
234:
2853:
1894:
1382:(Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003), p. 5.
477:, 'Duke of Dalmatia', or in its fuller form,
8:
1701:Venice: an historical sketch of the republic
1415:
1413:
1220:"Republic of Venice | Map and Timeline"
2798:
1974:
1132:
720:
703:
678:
641:
636:
631:
603:
589:
564:
558:
533:
521:
478:
472:
450:
444:
338:
328:
263:
243:
3430:
3345:
3054:
2976:
2860:
2846:
2838:
2281:
2024:
1968:
1930:
1901:
1887:
1879:
1608:, vol. 6, part 1 (Edinburg, 1797), p. 164.
1436:(Princeton University Press, 2012), p. 31.
1355:
1353:
856:Grand Procession of the Doge, 16th century
483:, 'Duke of the Venetians and Dalmatians'.
340:imperialis hypatus et humilis dux Venetiae
323:In the latter half of the eighth century,
3211: Administrative magistracies
1842:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1366:, Vol. 2 (A. and C. Black, 1900), p. 416.
2810:(1423–57) was forced to abdicate by the
1011:
736:
1167:
1099:
1113:
1035:. Twenty-five doges are buried there.
38:
1822:Quaderni della Casa Romena di Venezia
1670:Miranda Mowbray and Dieter Gollmann.
1571:
1559:
1547:
1535:
1523:
1511:
1499:
1487:
1380:Enrico Dandolo and the Rise of Venice
1329:
1304:
1276:
1126:
742:Election of the Doge by the Forty-One
27:Chief magistrate of Venetian Republic
7:
3547:Government of the Republic of Venice
2819:(1789–97) was forced to abdicate by
1678:from the original on 4 February 2021
1445:
1391:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
628:partitioning of the Byzantine Empire
553:(d. 1095), and certainly by that of
327:was elected duke and took the title
3186: Judicial magistracies
1717:. London: J.R. Smith. pp. xi.
605:et totius Ystrie inclito dominatori
3259:Riformatori dello studio di Padova
1021:Basilica of Santi Giovanni e Paolo
638:Dalmatiae atque Chroatiae, dominus
480:Veneticorum atque Dalmaticorum dux
25:
3224:Provveditori sopra beni communali
3201: Fiscal magistracies
1514:, pp. 120–121, 126–127, 146.
545:acquired the Croatian kingdom in
507:, and recognised him as imperial
486:This title was recognised by the
2963:
1909:
1748:, self-published, Venezia, 1847.
1633:
1033:Basilica di San Giovanni e Paolo
204:
61:
47:
3229:Provveditori sopra beni inculti
1405:The Journal of Hellenic Studies
913:in 1000, and was celebrated on
893:marriage of Venice with the sea
3065: Principal organs
2825:Fall of the Republic of Venice
1476:Nuovo archivio veneto, Ser. NS
1472:"I titoli dei Dogi de Venezia"
233:(697 CE to 1797 CE). The word
1:
3234:Esecutori contro la bestemmia
2920:Serrata del Maggior Consiglio
2286:Republican period (1148–1797)
1746:Compendio della storia Veneta
1128:[ˈdɔːdʒediveˈnɛttsja]
1017:Tomb of Doge Leonardo Loredan
459:Dukes of Dalmatia and Croatia
3407:Venetian commercial shipping
3317:Provveditore Generale da Mar
1868:Coins of the Duchy to Venice
1752:Italian States to 1860 P - V
881:to the Molo on Ascension Day
584:, written around 1350, Doge
449:(duke of the Venetians) and
436:, a title granted to him by
426:. As late as 1202, the Doge
350:These early titles combined
347:and humble duke of Venice'.
2924:Wars of expansion in Italy
1421:Journal of Medieval History
1179:Venice, A Maritime Republic
708:) or similar formulations.
673:
622:
541:Between 1091 and 1102, the
509:
503:
432:
418:
406:
400:
386:
378:
370:
362:
356:
3563:
3312:Captain General of the Sea
3249:Cinque savi alla mercanzia
1935:Byzantine period (697–737)
1295:(Macmillan, 1912), p. 327.
1181:(JHU Press, 1973), p. 324.
797:
715:This dispute ended in the
499:chrysobull dated that year
412:
394:
286:The first Doge of Venice,
262:) from the frontier army (
31:
3507:
3473:Accademia degli Incogniti
3433:
3348:
3130:Procurators of Saint Mark
2979:
2961:
2791:
2280:
2269:
2023:
1986:
1967:
1940:
1929:
1757:Da Mosto, Andrea (1937).
1197:Dictionary.com Unabridged
1131:; all derived from Latin
1115:[ˈdozedeveˈnɛsja]
58:
46:
2115:Giovanni II Participazio
2093:Giustiniano Participazio
766:New regulations for the
722:Dux Veneciarum et cetera
696:re-establishment in 1261
410:belonged to the office (
337:(d. 829) used the title
3438:Scuole Grandi of Venice
2098:Giovanni I Participazio
2082:Obelerio degli Antenori
2029:Ducal period (742–1148)
1713:Sharpe, Samuel (1863).
1656:Encyclopædia Britannica
1604:Encyclopædia Britannica
1457:Suzanne Mariko Miller,
1342:Rénouard, Yves (1969).
1264:Dogi: Nullità al potere
1110:
757:Great Council of Venice
335:Justinian Partecipacius
235:
34:List of Doges of Venice
3264:Magistrato alla Sanità
3219:Provveditori all'Armar
2799:
2706:Marcantonio Giustinian
1975:
1812:Marin, Şerban (2004).
1789:Fine, John Van Antwerp
1597:29 August 2021 at the
1478:5 (1903), pp. 271–313.
1152:Les Estoires de Venise
1133:
1123:
1024:
888:
869:
857:
813:
748:
721:
704:
679:
642:
637:
633:Dei gratia dux Venecie
632:
604:
591:atque Ystrie dominator
590:
565:
559:
534:
522:
479:
473:
451:
445:
339:
329:
264:
256:
244:
3290:Conflicts and battles
3254:Magistrato alle pompe
3214:Magistrato alle acque
3179:Correttori alle Leggi
2950:Ottoman–Venetian wars
2915:Venetian–Genoese wars
2691:Domenico II Contarini
1875:(English and Italian)
1423:28 (2002), pp. 23–41.
1360:William Carew Hazlitt
1318:Le origini di Venezia
1262:Bertolizio, Giorgio.
1039:Decline of the office
1015:
1001:crafted by the nuns.
875:
863:
855:
807:
740:
733:Selection of the doge
667:The Greek chronicler
557:(d. 1102), the title
3448:Venetian Renaissance
3204:Camerlenghi di Comun
2996:Domini di Terraferma
2560:Marcantonio Trivisan
2401:Bartolomeo Gradenigo
2219:Domenico I Contarini
2143:Orso II Participazio
2088:Agnello Participazio
1945:Paolo Lucio Anafesto
1697:Horatio Forbes Brown
1490:, pp. 119, 146.
1470:Vittorio Lazzarini,
1407:40, 1 (1920), p. 70.
1137:, "military leader".
997:presented him a new
866:Bartolomeo Gradenigo
844:(ducal counsellor).
352:Byzantine honorifics
288:Paolo Lucio Anafesto
147:Paolo Lucio Anafesto
111:Serenissima Signoria
3478:Accademia Veneziana
3443:Gothic architecture
3174:Avogadoria de Comùn
2742:Alvise III Mocenigo
2737:Giovanni II Cornaro
2646:Francesco Contarini
2158:Pietro III Candiano
2153:Pietro Participazio
2110:Orso I Participazio
1950:Marcello Tegalliano
1775:on 13 November 2021
1562:, pp. 148–149.
1538:, pp. 146–147.
1526:, pp. 123–126.
1502:, pp. 127–138.
941:Francesco Sansovino
727:end of the Republic
582:Venetiarum Historia
438:Alexios III Angelos
318:Marcello Tegalliano
3495:Carnival of Venice
3194:Lords of the Night
3118:Savi di Terraferma
3113:Savi del Consiglio
3103:Signoria of Venice
3079:promissione ducale
2905:Chrysobull of 1082
2870:Republic of Venice
2772:Alvise IV Mocenigo
2721:Alvise II Mocenigo
2711:Francesco Morosini
2651:Giovanni I Cornaro
2519:Agostino Barbarigo
2479:Pasquale Malipiero
2417:Giovanni Gradenigo
2214:Domenico Flabanico
2163:Pietro IV Candiano
2148:Pietro II Candiano
2054:Domenico Monegario
1083:Signoria of Venice
1029:St Mark's Basilica
1025:
977:the doge headed a
923:Holy Roman Emperor
919:Pope Alexander III
889:
877:The Return of the
870:
858:
842:consigliere ducale
814:
800:Promissione ducale
749:
669:George Akropolites
495:Alexios I Komnenos
488:Holy Roman Emperor
471:adopted the title
231:Republic of Venice
3529:
3528:
3503:
3502:
3422:
3421:
3337:
3336:
3162:State Inquisitors
3093:Commune of Venice
3046:
3045:
2835:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2808:Francesco Foscari
2801:damnatio memoriae
2762:Francesco Loredan
2716:Silvestro Valiero
2681:Bertuccio Valiero
2676:Francesco Cornaro
2626:Marcantonio Memmo
2590:Sebastiano Venier
2585:Alvise I Mocenigo
2509:Giovanni Mocenigo
2473:Francesco Foscari
2396:Francesco Dandolo
2304:Vitale II Michiel
2299:Domenico Morosini
2276:
2275:
2208:Pietro Centranico
2186:Pietro II Orseolo
2121:Pietro I Candiano
2019:
2018:
1963:
1962:
1804:978-0-472-11414-6
1584:Colin Macfarquhar
1432:Maurizio Viroli,
1279:, pp. 10–12.
911:Pietro II Orseolo
836:, with the style
788:Francesco Foscari
658:of Constantinople
586:Domenico Morosini
580:According to the
469:Pietro II Orseolo
404:), but the title
401:axia dia brabeiou
395:ἀξία διὰ βραβείου
252:Late Roman Empire
239:derives from the
196:
195:
159:
151:
132:
126:
16:(Redirected from
3554:
3521:
3514:
3431:
3353:Economic history
3346:
3307:Venetian Arsenal
3285:Military history
3269:Grand chancellor
3212:
3202:
3187:
3169:Council of Forty
3123:Savi agli Ordini
3089:(abolished 1423)
3066:
3055:
3016:Venetian Albania
2977:
2967:
2933:Wars in Lombardy
2871:
2862:
2855:
2848:
2839:
2804:
2701:Alvise Contarini
2661:Francesco Erizzo
2656:Nicolò Contarini
2600:Pasquale Cicogna
2565:Francesco Venier
2555:Francesco Donato
2535:Leonardo Loredan
2504:Andrea Vendramin
2468:Tommaso Mocenigo
2442:Michele Morosini
2437:Andrea Contarini
2391:Giovanni Soranzo
2370:Pietro Gradenigo
2365:Giovanni Dandolo
2360:Jacopo Contarini
2314:Orio Mastropiero
2309:Sebastiano Ziani
2282:
2256:Domenico Michiel
2251:Ordelafo Faliero
2235:Vitale I Michiel
2169:Pietro I Orseolo
2104:Pietro Tradonico
2065:Giovanni Galbaio
2060:Maurizio Galbaio
2025:
1996:Felice Cornicola
1980:
1977:magistri militum
1969:
1931:
1923:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1903:
1896:
1889:
1880:
1853:
1834:Nicol, Donald M.
1829:
1808:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1771:. Archived from
1729:
1728:
1710:
1704:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1639:
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1636:
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1609:
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1563:
1557:
1551:
1545:
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1533:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1509:
1503:
1497:
1491:
1485:
1479:
1468:
1462:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1430:
1424:
1417:
1408:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1376:Thomas F. Madden
1373:
1367:
1357:
1348:
1347:
1339:
1333:
1327:
1321:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1286:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1259:
1238:
1237:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1188:
1182:
1175:Frederic C. Lane
1172:
1155:
1144:
1138:
1136:
1130:
1117:
1104:
1008:Death and burial
937:Piazza San Marco
840:, by the senior
724:
707:
682:
676:
645:
640:
635:
625:
607:
593:
568:
562:
547:a personal union
537:
527:
512:
506:
482:
476:
463:After defeating
454:
448:
435:
421:
415:
414:
409:
403:
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383:
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342:
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226:
221:
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216:
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157:
149:
130:
124:
65:
51:
39:
32:For a list, see
21:
3562:
3561:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3542:Doges of Venice
3532:
3531:
3530:
3525:
3519:
3512:
3499:
3418:
3333:
3273:
3244:Savi all'eresia
3210:
3200:
3185:
3064:
3042:
2968:
2959:
2874:
2869:
2866:
2836:
2827:
2823:leading to the
2814:
2805:
2787:
2767:Marco Foscarini
2725:
2686:Giovanni Pesaro
2671:Carlo Contarini
2666:Francesco Molin
2621:Leonardo Donato
2609:
2595:Nicolò da Ponte
2575:Girolamo Priuli
2540:Antonio Grimani
2523:
2514:Marco Barbarigo
2499:Pietro Mocenigo
2494:Nicolò Marcello
2484:Cristoforo Moro
2451:
2422:Giovanni Dolfin
2374:
2355:Lorenzo Tiepolo
2345:Marino Morosini
2323:
2287:
2272:
2265:
2239:
2190:
2175:Vitale Candiano
2131:
2070:
2030:
2015:
2006:Jovian Ceparius
1982:
1959:
1936:
1925:
1921:
1915:
1910:
1907:
1864:
1850:
1832:
1811:
1805:
1787:
1778:
1776:
1756:
1738:
1733:
1732:
1725:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1695:
1691:
1681:
1679:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1649:, ed. (1911). "
1645:
1634:
1632:
1631:
1612:
1599:Wayback Machine
1582:
1578:
1570:
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1558:
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1203:
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1190:
1189:
1185:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1158:
1148:Martin da Canal
1145:
1141:
1124:Doge di Venezia
1111:Doxe de Venexia
1105:
1101:
1096:
1069:
1041:
1010:
953:
945:Cesare Vecellio
850:
802:
796:
735:
717:Treaty of Zadar
614:
543:King of Hungary
520:The expression
515:Dalmatian theme
461:
446:dux Veneticorum
372:protospatharios
325:Mauritius Galba
284:
279:
224:
207:
203:
162:
135:
76:
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3428:
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3420:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3415:
3414:
3404:
3403:
3402:
3397:
3395:Via Argentaria
3389:
3387:Venetian glass
3384:
3383:
3382:
3380:Banco del Giro
3375:Bank of Venice
3372:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3355:
3349:
3343:
3339:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3332:
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3324:
3319:
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3309:
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3216:
3207:
3206:
3197:
3196:
3191:
3182:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3157:Council of Ten
3154:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3142:
3132:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3075:
3061:
3059:
3052:
3048:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3039:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3021:Ionian Islands
3018:
3013:
3008:
2998:
2993:
2992:
2991:
2980:
2974:
2970:
2969:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2940:
2938:War of Ferrara
2935:
2930:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2910:Fourth Crusade
2907:
2902:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2882:
2880:
2876:
2875:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2857:
2850:
2842:
2833:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2817:Ludovico Manin
2812:Council of Ten
2795:Marino Faliero
2792:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2782:Ludovico Manin
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2757:Pietro Grimani
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2696:Nicolò Sagredo
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2641:Antonio Priuli
2638:
2633:
2631:Giovanni Bembo
2628:
2623:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2605:Marino Grimani
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2580:Pietro Loredan
2577:
2572:
2570:Lorenzo Priuli
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2470:
2465:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2447:Antonio Venier
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2411:Marino Faliero
2408:
2406:Andrea Dandolo
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2340:Jacopo Tiepolo
2337:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2319:Enrico Dandolo
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2278:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2237:
2232:
2230:Vitale Faliero
2227:
2224:Domenico Selvo
2221:
2216:
2211:
2205:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2172:
2166:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2127:Pietro Tribuno
2124:
2118:
2112:
2107:
2101:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2078:
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2071:
2069:
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2057:
2051:
2045:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2021:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2011:John Fabriacus
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1991:Domenico Leoni
1987:
1984:
1983:
1973:Regime of the
1972:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1927:
1926:
1908:
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1898:
1891:
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1877:
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1863:
1862:External links
1860:
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1737:
1734:
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1723:
1705:
1703:(1893), p. 273
1689:
1662:
1647:Chisholm, Hugh
1610:
1576:
1574:, p. 149.
1564:
1552:
1550:, p. 148.
1540:
1528:
1516:
1504:
1492:
1480:
1463:
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1448:, p. 112.
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1046:Ludovico Manin
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1006:
952:
949:
849:
846:
798:Main article:
795:
792:
761:deadlocked tie
746:Gabriele Bella
734:
731:
671:used the term
618:Fourth Crusade
613:
610:
575:Ordelaf Falier
571:Protosebastos'
497:in 1082. In a
460:
457:
452:dux Venetiarum
428:Enrico Dandolo
419:axia dia logou
413:ἀξία διὰ λόγου
283:
280:
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200:Doge of Venice
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3305:
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3303:
3302:Venetian navy
3300:
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3297:Venetian army
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3135:Great Council
3133:
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3121:
3119:
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3104:
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3098:Minor Council
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2975:
2971:
2966:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2899:Pax Nicephori
2896:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2872:
2863:
2858:
2856:
2851:
2849:
2844:
2843:
2840:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2813:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2796:
2790:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2752:Alvise Pisani
2750:
2748:
2747:Carlo Ruzzini
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2636:Nicolò Donato
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2545:Andrea Gritti
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2463:Michele Steno
2461:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2432:Marco Cornaro
2430:
2428:
2427:Lorenzo Celsi
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2377:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2283:
2279:
2268:
2262:
2261:Pietro Polani
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2181:Tribuno Memmo
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2048:Galla Lupanio
2046:
2043:
2042:Teodato Ipato
2040:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2026:
2022:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
2001:Teodato Ipato
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1970:
1966:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1939:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1918:
1904:
1899:
1897:
1892:
1890:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1855:
1851:
1849:0-521-34157-4
1845:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1817:
1810:
1806:
1800:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1761:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1743:
1742:Apostolo Zeno
1740:
1739:
1735:
1726:
1724:9781497873087
1720:
1716:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1693:
1690:
1677:
1673:
1666:
1663:
1658:
1657:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1642:public domain
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1454:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1400:
1397:
1394:, p. 40.
1393:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1313:
1310:
1307:, p. 24.
1306:
1301:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1270:
1266:(in Italian).
1265:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1229:
1226:
1221:
1215:
1212:
1200:(Online). n.d
1199:
1198:
1193:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1168:
1161:
1153:
1149:
1143:
1140:
1135:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1100:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1073:Doge of Genoa
1071:
1070:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
975:Easter Monday
972:
968:
964:
960:
959:
950:
948:
946:
942:
938:
933:
931:
927:
924:
920:
916:
915:Ascension Day
912:
908:
904:
900:
899:
894:
886:
882:
880:
874:
867:
864:Gold coin of
862:
854:
847:
845:
843:
839:
835:
830:
828:
823:
818:
811:
810:Doge's Palace
806:
801:
793:
791:
789:
784:
779:
776:
774:
773:chosen by lot
769:
764:
762:
758:
753:
747:
743:
739:
732:
730:
728:
723:
718:
713:
709:
706:
701:
697:
692:
690:
686:
681:
677:to translate
675:
670:
665:
663:
659:
657:
652:
647:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
623:protosebastos
619:
611:
609:
606:
601:
597:
592:
587:
583:
578:
576:
572:
567:
561:
556:
555:Vital Michiel
552:
548:
544:
539:
536:
531:
526:
525:
518:
516:
511:
505:
504:protosebastos
500:
496:
492:
489:
484:
481:
475:
474:dux Dalmatiae
470:
466:
458:
456:
453:
447:
441:
439:
434:
433:protosebastos
429:
425:
420:
408:
402:
390:
389:
388:protoproedros
382:
381:
380:protosebastos
374:
373:
366:
365:
358:
353:
348:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
319:
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
295:
293:
289:
282:Byzantine era
281:
276:
274:
271:
268:
267:
260:
259:
258:vexillationes
253:
248:
247:
242:
237:
232:
228:
227:
219:
201:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
172:
169:
165:
156:
153:
150:(traditional)
148:
145:
144:
142:
138:
128:
125:(traditional)
122:
121:
119:
115:
112:
109:
105:
102:
99:
97:
93:
90:
89:
85:
83:
79:
75:
74:
69:
68:The last doge
64:
57:
50:
45:
40:
35:
30:
19:
18:Venetian Doge
3453:Architecture
3400:Via de Zenta
3108:Full College
3077:
3067:
3001:Stato da Màr
2943:Italian Wars
2928:War of Padua
2897:
2777:Paolo Renier
2730:18th century
2614:17th century
2550:Pietro Lando
2528:16th century
2456:15th century
2386:Marino Zorzi
2379:14th century
2350:Reniero Zeno
2335:Pietro Ziani
2328:13th century
2292:12th century
2244:12th century
2202:Otto Orseolo
2195:11th century
2136:10th century
1914:
1838:
1825:
1821:
1815:
1793:
1777:. Retrieved
1773:the original
1759:
1745:
1736:Bibliography
1714:
1708:
1700:
1692:
1680:. Retrieved
1665:
1654:
1603:
1588:George Gleig
1579:
1567:
1555:
1543:
1531:
1519:
1507:
1495:
1483:
1475:
1466:
1458:
1453:
1441:
1433:
1428:
1420:
1404:
1399:
1387:
1379:
1371:
1363:
1343:
1337:
1325:
1317:
1312:
1300:
1292:
1284:
1272:
1263:
1228:
1214:
1202:. Retrieved
1195:
1186:
1178:
1170:
1151:
1142:
1102:
1054:
1042:
1026:
1003:
998:
993:, where the
991:San Zaccaria
967:Phrygian cap
958:corno ducale
956:
954:
934:
896:
890:
876:
841:
837:
833:
831:
826:
821:
819:
815:
780:
777:
765:
754:
750:
741:
714:
710:
693:
688:
666:
662:Pietro Ziani
655:
651:arma Dandola
650:
648:
615:
581:
579:
570:
560:dux Croatiae
551:Vital Falier
540:
519:
485:
462:
442:
349:
344:
343:, 'imperial
322:
315:
296:
285:
272:
199:
197:
167:Final holder
158:(historical)
140:First holder
131:(historical)
88:His Serenity
86:
71:
67:
53:Coat of arms
29:
2489:Nicolò Tron
2075:9th century
2035:8th century
1779:13 November
1061:triumvirate
971:Upper Egypt
926:Frederick I
901:, into the
848:Ritual role
822:inquisitori
794:Regulations
577:(d. 1117).
430:was styled
192:p.a. (1582)
180:12 May 1797
3536:Categories
3140:Patriciate
3058:Government
1955:Orso Ipato
1828:: 119–150.
1572:Marin 2004
1560:Marin 2004
1548:Marin 2004
1536:Marin 2004
1524:Marin 2004
1512:Marin 2004
1500:Marin 2004
1488:Marin 2004
1330:Marin 2004
1305:Nicol 1988
1289:J. B. Bury
1277:Nicol 1988
1234:"The Doge"
1162:References
979:procession
834:ex officio
524:Dei gratia
364:spatharios
155:Orso Ipato
3485:Bucentaur
3458:Humanists
3073:Dogaressa
2973:Geography
1981:(738–742)
1769:772861816
1606:, 3rd ed.
1446:Fine 2006
1392:Fine 2006
1088:Sortition
983:San Marco
898:Bucentaur
885:Canaletto
883:(1730 by
879:Bucentaur
768:elections
612:Post-1204
513:over the
303:Malamocco
292:Byzantium
266:limitanei
177:Abolished
117:Formation
107:Appointer
96:Residence
3513:Category
3468:Painting
3278:Military
3189:Auditors
3051:Politics
3011:Dalmatia
2989:Sestieri
2891:Timeline
2821:Napoleon
1836:(1988).
1791:(2006).
1676:Archived
1595:Archived
1590:, eds.,
1150:'s work
1107:Venetian
1078:Senarica
1067:See also
1057:dictator
1050:Napoleon
973:. Every
921:and the
909:by Doge
907:Dalmatia
903:Adriatic
838:vicedoge
812:complex.
689:podestàs
674:despotes
608:(1153).
491:Henry II
424:Sardinia
3427:Culture
3358:Coinage
3342:Economy
3239:Censori
2886:History
2879:History
1682:12 July
1644::
1592:"Ducal"
1120:Italian
1019:in the
999:camauro
987:convent
985:to the
963:camauro
951:Regalia
698:of the
680:dominus
656:podestà
465:Croatia
357:hypatos
345:hypatos
311:Ravenna
307:Eraclea
277:History
3152:Senate
3087:Concio
3026:Cyprus
3006:Istria
2984:Dogado
2873:
1922:Venice
1857:2009).
1846:
1801:
1767:
1721:
1638:
1204:9 July
1192:"doge"
995:abbess
930:prince
827:grandi
783:concio
685:despot
600:Istria
588:added
530:John I
299:Oderzo
190:ducats
188:4,800
185:Salary
3520:Index
3463:Music
3368:Zecca
3322:Ranks
3145:Zonta
3036:Morea
3031:Crete
1916:Doges
1094:Notes
981:from
241:Latin
82:Style
3490:Flag
3412:Muda
3363:Lira
3068:Doge
2955:Fall
1844:ISBN
1799:ISBN
1781:2021
1765:OCLC
1719:ISBN
1684:2007
1651:Doge
1586:and
1206:2018
808:The
596:Pula
510:doux
407:doux
384:and
236:Doge
225:DOHJ
198:The
129:726
123:697
1919:of
1653:".
1134:dux
989:of
646:).
598:on
246:Dux
3538::
2815:*
2806:*
2793:†
2084:*†
1824:.
1820:.
1744:,
1699:,
1674:.
1613:^
1601:,
1474:,
1412:^
1378:,
1362:,
1352:^
1291:,
1242:^
1194:.
1177:,
1122::
1118:;
1109::
1063:.
932:.
829:.
744:–
664:.
532::
517:.
440:.
416:,
398:,
376:,
368:,
360:,
313:.
215:dʒ
212:oʊ
2861:e
2854:t
2847:v
2784:*
2475:*
2413:†
2226:*
2210:*
2204:*
2177:♦
2171:♦
2165:†
2123:‡
2117:♦
2106:†
2100:*
2067:*
2056:*
2050:*
2044:*
1902:e
1895:t
1888:v
1852:.
1826:3
1814:"
1807:.
1783:.
1727:.
1686:.
1236:.
1222:.
1208:.
1023:.
887:)
218:/
209:d
206:/
202:(
36:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
