1681:
731:
1675:
1687:
904:
27:
803:
Although the lander was designed to function for about 32 minutes, it continued to operate for at least 127 minutes in an environment where the temperature was 457 °C (855 °F) and the pressure was 9.0 MPa (89 standard atmospheres). Data was transmitted by the lander to the satellite, which
833:
Engineers familiar with the probe have identified the moving "disk" as actually being the two lens caps ejected from the lander. Rather than a single object that had moved between two places, they are simply two inanimate similar-looking objects in different places. The other "objects" are ascribed
784:
The landing area was composed of bedrock outcrops surrounded by dark, fine-grained regolith. After landing, the lander began to take a panoramic photograph while a mechanical drilling arm obtained surface samples. The samples were deposited in a hermetically sealed chamber, maintained at 30 °C
738:
On 1 March 1982, after launch and a four-month cruise to Venus, the descent vehicle separated from the cruise stage and plunged into the
Venusian atmosphere. A parachute deployed once the lander entered the Venusian atmosphere. The parachute detached at about 50 kilometres (31 mi) above the
841:
published an editorial comment and a number of commentary articles from other scientists in their
September 2012 publication of Issue 5, Volume 46 of the journal. That issue also includes a second article from Ksanfomaliti, in which he claims to identify several other life forms and speculates
553:
The lander was a hermetically-sealed pressure vessel and contained most of the instrumentation and electronics. Mounted on a ring-shaped landing platform and topped by an antenna, the lander was designed similar to earlier Venera 9–12 landers. It carried instruments to take chemical and
807:
In order to measure surface wind speed, microphones on the probe recorded atmospheric wind noises (the probe also recorded noises associated with the probe's equipment). This was the first recording of sound on another planet. Venera 14 would also make similar recordings.
780:
The Venera 13 lander was equipped with cameras to photograph the surface and spring-loaded arms to measure the compressibility of regolith. The quartz camera windows were covered by lens caps that popped off after descent.
830:. According to Ksanfomaliti, certain objects resembled a "disk", a "black flap" and a "scorpion" which "emerge, fluctuate and disappear", referring to their changing location on photographs and traces on the ground.
1044:
Ksanfomaliti, L.V.; Goroshkova, N.V.; Naraeva, M.K.; Suvorov, A.P.; Khondryev, V.K.; Yabrova, L.V. (July–August 1982). "Acoustic
Measurements of the Wind Velocity at the VENERA-13 and VENERA-14 Landing Sites".
474:
Venera 13 and 14 were identical spacecraft built to take advantage of the 1981 Venus launch opportunity. The probes were launched five days apart, with Venera 13 launching on 30 October 1981 at 06:04 UTC and
1162:
545:
plasma detectors, and two-frequency transmitters which made measurements before, during, and after the Venus flyby. "The bus continued to provide data until at least 25 April 1983."
777:, just east of the eastern extension of an elevated region known as Phoebe Regio, and about 950 km (590 mi) northeast of where Venera 14 would land several days later.
2403:
2187:
2167:
857:
The spacecraft bus ended up in a heliocentric orbit where it continued to make observations in the X-ray and gamma ray spectrum. To provide data for the later
1087:
Ksanfomality, L.V. (February 2012). "Venus as a natural laboratory for search of life in high temperature conditions: Events on the planet on March 1, 1982".
562:
of scattered sunlight, and record electric discharges during its descent phase through the
Venusian atmosphere. The spacecraft utilized a camera system, an
1587:
498:
The descent lasted for 127 minutes. Venera 13 landed at 03:57:21 UT at 7.5 S, 303 E, just east of the eastern extension of an elevated region known as
2182:
2152:
1172:
2172:
2162:
3297:
2396:
2334:
824:(a contributor to the Venera mission) and Stan Karaszewski of Karas, suggested signs of life in the Venera images in an article published in
3302:
3287:
2782:
2339:
486:
from another planet, including sounds of
Venusian wind, the lander hitting the ground, pyrotechnic lens cap removal and its impact on
3307:
2389:
1269:
1193:
2359:
1334:
817:
1133:
2197:
1580:
2235:
2094:
2270:
1198:
211:
2260:
821:
1659:
749:
384:
55:
3057:
2344:
1596:
1573:
917:
1950:
1884:
941:
74:
62:
3292:
2255:
1847:
740:
861:
the bus activated its engine on 10 June 1982. The last data published for the probe is from 12 April 1983.
2202:
2192:
974:
2827:
2354:
2329:
2308:
2157:
2064:
1715:
1709:
1622:
1089:
826:
3072:
2852:
2637:
2614:
3251:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3087:
2762:
2631:
2527:
2445:
2070:
1327:
1098:
1054:
461:
262:
2497:
1828:
1680:
2862:
2857:
2707:
2428:
2417:
2413:
1167:
730:
295:
208:
3262:
Payloads are separated by bullets ( · ), launches by pipes ( | ). Crewed flights are indicated in
3129:
3022:
3017:
2807:
2802:
2747:
2487:
2471:
160:
2.7 m × 2.3 m × 2.7 m (8.9 ft × 7.5 ft × 8.9 ft)
3236:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3124:
3107:
3082:
3077:
3067:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3032:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2967:
2962:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2772:
2767:
2752:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2695:
2690:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2653:
2648:
2619:
2609:
2599:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2492:
2482:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2440:
2349:
2275:
1639:
1235:
1114:
909:
790:
515:
255:
3139:
2927:
2777:
3134:
3012:
960:
3241:
3097:
3037:
2972:
2680:
2604:
2537:
2532:
2118:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1508:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1265:
650:
620:
278:
3027:
2832:
2372:
Missions are ordered by launch date. indicates failure en route or before any data returned.
2712:
2502:
2101:
1987:
1483:
1106:
1020:
453:
3246:
2787:
1674:
2303:
2017:
1821:
1538:
1320:
883:
538:
197:
479:
launching on 4 November 1981 at 05:31 UTC. Both had an on-orbit dry mass of 760 kg.
1102:
1058:
996:
3194:
2742:
2381:
2208:
1221:
559:
511:
464:
426:
305:
3281:
2922:
1741:
1653:
1118:
786:
581:
126:
1288:
2313:
1240:
858:
846:
672:
629:
603:
567:
563:
522:
499:
413:
1686:
1141:
502:. The area is composed of bedrock outcrops surrounded by dark, fine-grained soil.
3102:
2957:
2867:
2792:
2757:
2685:
2643:
2522:
2477:
2465:
1646:
663:
612:
590:
571:
1565:
2037:
2032:
1785:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1110:
899:
888:
712:
681:
615:
542:
1293:
834:
to image processing artifacts and do not appear in the original photography.
764:
751:
399:
386:
3230:
3112:
2593:
2230:
2225:
2027:
2022:
2012:
1992:
1935:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1835:
1805:
1795:
1790:
1780:
1765:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1518:
1513:
1503:
1467:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1385:
1380:
594:
519:
476:
438:
433:
874:(2001) with a message to the main character who is a microbe lost on Venus.
26:
2701:
2625:
2177:
2076:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1775:
1759:
1720:
1554:
1442:
1437:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1364:
1358:
794:
530:
487:
1298:
1262:
Robotic
Exploration of the Solar System Part I: The Golden Age 1957–1982
3062:
2124:
842:
regarding the apparent rich diversity of life around the landing site.
555:
793:
spectrometer to be in the class of weakly-differentiated melanocratic
746:
Venera 13 landed at around 7–8 metres per second (23–26 ft/s) at
2797:
2737:
2291:
1971:
1966:
1945:
1940:
1841:
1815:
1810:
1770:
1343:
797:
534:
3270:. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in (brackets).
3118:
2659:
1600:
1307:
729:
690:
659:
483:
468:
355:
324:
285:
272:
44:
1312:
2385:
1569:
1316:
514:
acted as a data relay for the lander before continuing on to a
2296:
2265:
1163:"Russian scientist claims 1982 pictures shows 'life on Venus'"
943:
Beyond Earth: A Chronicle of Deep Space
Exploration, 1958–2016
234:
lander: March 1, 1982 / carrier: at least until April 25, 1983
115:
1303:
1194:"Scientists Move on from Mars, Say Venus Shows Signs of Life"
785:(86 °F) and a pressure of about 0.05 atmosphere (5
1134:"Russian Researcher Suggests Venera-13 Imaged Life on Venus"
526:
1236:"Russian Scientist's Claim of Life on Venus Proven False"
577:
The list of lander experiments and instruments include:
961:"Beyond Earth: A Chronicle of Deep Space Exploration"
482:
Venera 13 transmitted the first recording of actual
2322:
2284:
2248:
2218:
2145:
2138:
2111:
2086:
2057:
2050:
1980:
1959:
1893:
1857:
1751:
1701:
1694:
1632:
1614:
1607:
1547:
1476:
1430:
1394:
1373:
1350:
378:
370:
362:
354:
346:
338:
330:
322:
304:
294:
284:
271:
261:
251:
246:
230:
225:
204:
193:
177:
172:
156:
148:
140:
132:
122:
111:
106:
88:
73:
61:
51:
40:
490:, and action of the regolith drilling apparatus.
975:"NSSDC Master Catalog – Venera 13 Descent Craft"
804:functioned as a data relay as it flew by Venus.
949:(second ed.). NASA History Program Office.
870:The Venera 13 lander appears in the short film
566:, a screw drill and surface sampler, a dynamic
16:Soviet space probe that landed on Venus in 1982
3266:. Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in
2397:
1581:
1328:
699:x-ray fluorescence spectrometer (regolith) –
8:
789:). Sample composition was determined by the
19:
1255:
1253:
1251:
935:
933:
2404:
2390:
2382:
2142:
2054:
1698:
1611:
1588:
1574:
1566:
1335:
1321:
1313:
574:to conduct investigations on the surface.
18:
1304:Video (7:27): "Horses on Mars" (2001;USA)
1222:"Life on Venus or Just a Stray Lens Cap?"
977:. NASA National Space Science Data Center
1294:Venera: The Soviet Exploration of Venus
1260:Ulivi, Paolo; Harland, David M (2007).
929:
812:Suggested photographic evidence of life
510:As the cruise stage flew by Venus, the
845:These claims have been refuted by the
693:fluorescence spectrometer (aerosol) –
1082:
1080:
7:
1065:"Pisma v Astronomicheskii Zhurnal".
2340:List of artificial objects on Venus
1299:On Ksanfomality's Venus Life Result
734:Surface panorama taken by Venera 13
350:~36,000 kilometres (22,000 mi)
1220:Poeter, Damon (January 24, 2012).
152:1,643.72 kg (3,623.8 lb)
14:
1067:Pis'ma v Astronomicheskii Zhurnal
1033:– via www.donaldedavis.com.
644:2 color telephotometer cameras –
136:4,397.8 kilograms (9,695 lb)
1685:
1679:
1673:
902:
743:was used for the final descent.
518:. The probe was equipped with a
25:
1132:Sergio Prostak (Jan 24, 2012).
564:x-ray fluorescence spectrometer
1025:Images of the surface of Venus
705:regolith drilling apparatus –
76:
1:
3298:Derelict landers (spacecraft)
2335:Observations and explorations
2236:NASA Uranus orbiter and probe
31:Postage stamp of Venera 13/14
2271:Venus Orbiting Imaging Radar
1199:International Business Times
460:'Venus 13') was part of the
3303:Spacecraft launched in 1981
3288:Lavinia Planitia quadrangle
881:lander appears in the book
822:Russian Academy of Sciences
638:chemical redox indicator –
606:/ directional photometer –
144:760 kg (1,680 lb)
3324:
1951:Pioneer Venus Small Probes
1660:Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer
963:. NASA. 20 September 2018.
558:measurements, monitor the
181:October 30, 1981
56:Soviet Academy of Sciences
3260:
2436:
2368:
1671:
1264:. Springer. p. 289.
1151:– via Sci-News.com.
1111:10.1134/S0038094612010042
997:"Murphy's Law (part two)"
918:List of missions to Venus
457:
424:
420:
334:Venera 13 flight platform
318:
314:
242:
238:
221:
217:
168:
164:
102:
98:
36:
24:
3308:1981 in the Soviet Union
1885:Pioneer Venus Multiprobe
1047:Soviet Astronomy Letters
1001:great moments in science
818:Space Research Institute
718:small solar batteries –
92:Travel: 4 months, 2 days
2256:European Venus Explorer
816:Leonid Ksanfomaliti of
529:grating monochromator,
374:03:57:21, March 1, 1982
366:Venera 13 descent craft
940:Siddiqi, Asif (2018).
735:
632:/ regolith ohmmeter –
2065:Venus Orbiter Mission
1716:Pioneer Venus Orbiter
1090:Solar System Research
1073:: 419–423. July 1982.
839:Solar System Research
827:Solar System Research
733:
252:Reference system
107:Spacecraft properties
2420:Orbital launches in
2249:Cancelled / concepts
584:, impact analysis –
363:Spacecraft component
331:Spacecraft component
1597:Spacecraft missions
1289:Soviet Venus Images
1103:2012SoSyR..46...41K
1059:1982SvAL....8..227K
761: /
396: /
273:Perihelion altitude
94:Lander: 127 minutes
21:
2828:Meteor-Priroda 2-4
2350:Manned Venus flyby
1640:Parker Solar Probe
1244:. 24 January 2012.
910:Spaceflight portal
791:X-ray fluorescence
736:
516:heliocentric orbit
247:Orbital parameters
3275:
3274:
2379:
2378:
2285:Program overviews
2244:
2243:
2139:Proposed missions
2134:
2133:
2119:Venus Life Finder
2046:
2045:
1669:
1668:
1563:
1562:
1509:Venera 3MV-1 No.2
1499:Venera 2MV-2 No.1
1494:Venera 2MV-1 No.2
1489:Venera 2MV-1 No.1
1138:Space Exploration
651:gas chromatograph
621:mass spectrometer
467:meant to explore
447:
446:
286:Aphelion altitude
3315:
2638:Yantar-2K No.979
2425:
2424:
2423:
2406:
2399:
2392:
2383:
2345:List of missions
2261:Inspiration Mars
2143:
2055:
2051:Planned missions
1988:Tyazhely Sputnik
1699:
1689:
1683:
1677:
1612:
1590:
1583:
1576:
1567:
1484:Tyazhely Sputnik
1337:
1330:
1323:
1314:
1276:
1275:
1257:
1246:
1245:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1207:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1171:. Archived from
1159:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1149:
1140:. Archived from
1129:
1123:
1122:
1084:
1075:
1074:
1062:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1031:
1017:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1007:
993:
987:
986:
984:
982:
971:
965:
964:
957:
951:
950:
948:
937:
912:
907:
906:
905:
776:
775:
773:
772:
771:
766:
762:
759:
758:
757:
754:
739:surface; simple
459:
411:
410:
408:
407:
406:
401:
397:
394:
393:
392:
389:
339:Closest approach
188:
186:
173:Start of mission
89:Mission duration
78:
29:
22:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3313:
3312:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3271:
3256:
3252:Molniya-1 No.55
3088:Molniya-3 No.31
2763:Molniya-3 No.30
2632:Molniya-3 No.24
2446:Molniya-3 No.25
2432:
2431:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2410:
2380:
2375:
2364:
2318:
2280:
2240:
2214:
2130:
2107:
2082:
2042:
1981:Failed launches
1976:
1955:
1889:
1853:
1829:Cassini–Huygens
1747:
1690:
1684:
1678:
1665:
1628:
1608:Active missions
1603:
1594:
1564:
1559:
1548:Future missions
1543:
1477:Failed launches
1472:
1426:
1390:
1369:
1346:
1341:
1285:
1280:
1279:
1272:
1259:
1258:
1249:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1205:
1203:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1178:
1176:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1147:
1145:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1086:
1085:
1078:
1064:
1063:Translation of
1043:
1042:
1038:
1029:
1027:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1005:
1003:
995:
994:
990:
980:
978:
973:
972:
968:
959:
958:
954:
946:
939:
938:
931:
926:
908:
903:
901:
898:
867:
855:
837:The editors of
814:
769:
767:
763:
760:
755:
752:
750:
748:
747:
728:
715:/ Doppler radio
551:
539:gamma-ray burst
537:spectrometers,
508:
496:
443:
442:
436:
429:
404:
402:
398:
395:
390:
387:
385:
383:
382:
184:
182:
112:Spacecraft type
93:
83:
68:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3321:
3319:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3293:Venera program
3290:
3280:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3195:Intelsat V F-3
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2743:Intelsat V F-1
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2634:
2629:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2498:Interkosmos 21
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2427:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2401:
2394:
2386:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2212:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2149:
2147:
2146:Venus missions
2140:
2136:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2122:
2115:
2113:
2112:Descent probes
2109:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2099:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2074:
2068:
2061:
2059:
2052:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1963:
1961:
1960:Balloon probes
1957:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1861:
1859:
1858:Descent probes
1855:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1844:
1839:
1832:
1825:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1745:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1705:
1703:
1696:
1692:
1691:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1657:
1651:
1643:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1626:
1618:
1616:
1609:
1605:
1604:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1585:
1578:
1570:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1557:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1398:
1396:
1395:Descent probes
1392:
1391:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1367:
1362:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1344:Venera program
1342:
1340:
1339:
1332:
1325:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1284:
1283:External links
1281:
1278:
1277:
1270:
1247:
1227:
1212:
1185:
1154:
1124:
1076:
1069:(in Russian).
1036:
1012:
988:
966:
952:
928:
927:
925:
922:
921:
920:
914:
913:
897:
894:
893:
892:
875:
872:Horses on Mars
866:
863:
854:
853:Post encounter
851:
813:
810:
727:
724:
723:
722:
716:
709:
703:
697:
688:
679:
670:
657:
648:
642:
636:
627:
618:
610:
601:
588:
550:
549:Descent lander
547:
507:
504:
495:
492:
465:Venera program
445:
444:
437:
431:
430:
425:
422:
421:
418:
417:
380:
376:
375:
372:
368:
367:
364:
360:
359:
352:
351:
348:
344:
343:
340:
336:
335:
332:
328:
327:
320:
319:
316:
315:
312:
311:
308:
302:
301:
298:
292:
291:
288:
282:
281:
275:
269:
268:
265:
259:
258:
253:
249:
248:
244:
243:
240:
239:
236:
235:
232:
228:
227:
226:End of mission
223:
222:
219:
218:
215:
214:
206:
202:
201:
195:
191:
190:
189:, 06:04:00 UTC
179:
175:
174:
170:
169:
166:
165:
162:
161:
158:
154:
153:
150:
146:
145:
142:
138:
137:
134:
130:
129:
124:
120:
119:
113:
109:
108:
104:
103:
100:
99:
96:
95:
90:
86:
85:
80:
71:
70:
65:
59:
58:
53:
49:
48:
47:flyby / lander
42:
38:
37:
34:
33:
30:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3320:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3269:
3265:
3259:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3232:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2923:Bulgaria 1300
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2708:Meteor-2 No.8
2706:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2435:
2430:
2426:
2415:
2407:
2402:
2400:
2395:
2393:
2388:
2387:
2384:
2371:
2370:
2367:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2309:Pioneer Venus
2307:
2305:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2141:
2137:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1742:Venus Express
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1697:
1695:Past missions
1693:
1688:
1682:
1676:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1654:Solar Orbiter
1652:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1591:
1586:
1584:
1579:
1577:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1338:
1333:
1331:
1326:
1324:
1319:
1318:
1315:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1273:
1271:9780387493268
1267:
1263:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1231:
1228:
1223:
1216:
1213:
1201:
1200:
1195:
1189:
1186:
1175:on 2012-08-25
1174:
1170:
1169:
1168:The Telegraph
1164:
1158:
1155:
1144:on 2022-06-21
1143:
1139:
1135:
1128:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1091:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1040:
1037:
1026:
1022:
1016:
1013:
1002:
998:
992:
989:
976:
970:
967:
962:
956:
953:
945:
944:
936:
934:
930:
923:
919:
916:
915:
911:
900:
895:
890:
886:
885:
880:
876:
873:
869:
868:
864:
862:
860:
852:
850:
848:
843:
840:
835:
831:
829:
828:
823:
819:
811:
809:
805:
801:
799:
796:
792:
788:
782:
778:
774:
744:
742:
732:
725:
721:
717:
714:
710:
708:
704:
702:
698:
696:
692:
689:
687:
683:
680:
678:
674:
671:
669:
665:
661:
658:
656:
652:
649:
647:
643:
641:
637:
635:
631:
628:
626:
622:
619:
617:
614:
611:
609:
605:
602:
600:
596:
592:
589:
587:
583:
582:accelerometer
580:
579:
578:
575:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
548:
546:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
521:
517:
513:
505:
503:
501:
493:
491:
489:
485:
480:
478:
472:
470:
466:
463:
455:
451:
441: →
440:
435:
432:←
428:
423:
419:
415:
409:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
342:March 1, 1982
341:
337:
333:
329:
326:
321:
317:
313:
309:
307:
303:
299:
297:
293:
289:
287:
283:
280:
276:
274:
270:
266:
264:
260:
257:
254:
250:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
224:
220:
216:
213:
210:
207:
203:
199:
196:
192:
180:
176:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
128:
127:NPO Lavochkin
125:
121:
117:
114:
110:
105:
101:
97:
91:
87:
81:
79:
72:
66:
64:
60:
57:
54:
50:
46:
43:
39:
35:
28:
23:
3267:
3263:
3229:
3130:Molniya 1-51
3117:
3092:
3073:Gran' No.20L
3023:Shijian 2-02
3018:Shijian 2-01
2853:Gran' No.19L
2808:Ekran No.21L
2803:Molniya 1-50
2748:Rohini RS-D1
2700:
2658:
2636:
2624:
2615:Gran' No.18L
2592:
2488:Molniya 1-49
2472:Musson No.11
2470:
2355:Terraforming
2330:Colonization
2207:
2102:MBR Explorer
2093:
1930:
1846:
1834:
1827:
1820:
1800:
1758:
1740:
1708:
1645:
1621:
1539:Venera 1964A
1462:
1357:
1261:
1241:Live Science
1239:
1230:
1215:
1204:. Retrieved
1202:. 2012-01-23
1197:
1188:
1177:. Retrieved
1173:the original
1166:
1157:
1146:. Retrieved
1142:the original
1137:
1127:
1097:(1): 41–53.
1094:
1088:
1070:
1066:
1050:
1046:
1039:
1028:. Retrieved
1024:
1015:
1004:. Retrieved
1000:
991:
979:. Retrieved
969:
955:
942:
882:
878:
871:
859:Vega mission
856:
847:Live Science
844:
838:
836:
832:
825:
815:
806:
802:
783:
779:
745:
737:
719:
706:
700:
694:
685:
676:
673:nephelometer
667:
654:
645:
639:
633:
630:penetrometer
624:
607:
604:spectrometer
598:
591:thermometers
585:
576:
568:penetrometer
552:
523:spectrometer
509:
506:Cruise stage
500:Phoebe Regio
497:
481:
473:
449:
448:
414:Phoebe Regio
379:Landing site
371:Landing date
263:Eccentricity
256:Heliocentric
231:Last contact
200:-K/D-1 8K82K
141:Landing mass
123:Manufacturer
41:Mission type
3237:Kosmos 1330
3190:Kosmos 1329
3185:Kosmos 1328
3180:Kosmos 1327
3175:Kosmos 1326
3170:Kosmos 1325
3165:Kosmos 1324
3160:Kosmos 1323
3155:Kosmos 1322
3150:Kosmos 1321
3145:Kosmos 1320
3125:Kosmos 1319
3108:Kosmos 1318
3103:Kosmos 1317
3083:Kosmos 1316
3078:Kosmos 1315
3068:Kosmos 1314
3053:Kosmos 1313
3048:Kosmos 1312
3043:Kosmos 1311
3033:Kosmos 1310
3008:Kosmos 1309
3003:Kosmos 1308
2998:Kosmos 1307
2993:Kosmos 1306
2988:Kosmos 1305
2983:Kosmos 1304
2978:Kosmos 1303
2968:Kosmos 1302
2963:Kosmos 1301
2958:Kosmos 1300
2953:Kosmos 1299
2948:Kosmos 1298
2943:Kosmos 1297
2938:Kosmos 1296
2933:Kosmos 1295
2918:Kosmos 1294
2913:Kosmos 1293
2908:Kosmos 1292
2903:Kosmos 1291
2898:Kosmos 1290
2893:Kosmos 1289
2888:Kosmos 1288
2883:Kosmos 1287
2878:FLTSATCOM 5
2873:Kosmos 1286
2868:Kosmos 1285
2848:Kosmos 1284
2843:Kosmos 1283
2838:Kosmos 1282
2823:Kosmos 1281
2818:Kosmos 1280
2813:Kosmos 1279
2793:Kosmos 1278
2773:Kosmos 1277
2768:Kosmos 1276
2758:Kosmos 1275
2753:Kosmos 1274
2733:Kosmos 1273
2728:Kosmos 1272
2723:Kosmos 1271
2718:Kosmos 1270
2696:Kosmos 1269
2691:Kosmos 1268
2686:Kosmos 1267
2676:Kosmos 1266
2671:Kosmos 1265
2666:Kosmos 1264
2654:Kosmos 1263
2649:Kosmos 1262
2644:Kosmos 1261
2620:Kosmos 1260
2610:Kosmos 1259
2600:Kosmos 1258
2588:Kosmos 1257
2583:Kosmos 1256
2578:Kosmos 1255
2573:Kosmos 1254
2568:Kosmos 1253
2563:Kosmos 1252
2558:Kosmos 1251
2553:Kosmos 1250
2548:Kosmos 1249
2543:Kosmos 1248
2523:Kosmos 1247
2518:Kosmos 1246
2513:Kosmos 1245
2508:Kosmos 1244
2493:Kosmos 1243
2483:Kosmos 1242
2478:Progress 12
2466:Kosmos 1241
2461:Kosmos 1240
2456:Kosmos 1239
2451:Kosmos 1238
2441:Kosmos 1237
2127:(2031–2032)
1647:BepiColombo
1053:: 227–229.
768: /
765:7.5°S 303°E
741:air braking
711:stabilized
664:seismometer
613:ultraviolet
572:seismometer
541:detectors,
403: /
400:7.5°S 303°E
300:2.3 degrees
296:Inclination
205:Launch site
178:Launch date
133:Launch mass
3282:Categories
3140:Bhaskara 2
2928:Himawari 2
2778:Meteosat 2
2533:Comstar D4
2018:3MV-1 No.2
2008:2MV-2 No.1
2003:2MV-1 No.2
1998:2MV-1 No.1
1662:(en route)
1656:(en route)
1650:(en route)
1642:(en route)
1534:Kosmos 482
1529:Kosmos 359
1524:Kosmos 167
1206:2012-08-12
1179:2012-08-12
1148:2012-08-12
1030:2019-08-06
1006:2019-08-06
924:References
865:In fiction
713:oscillator
682:hydrometer
616:photometer
595:barometers
543:solar wind
185:1981-10-30
157:Dimensions
3264:underline
3231:Navstar 7
3135:Satcom 3R
3113:Venera 14
3093:Venera 13
3013:Shijian 2
2594:Soyuz T-4
2231:Laplace-P
2226:Mercury-P
2095:Dragonfly
2023:Kosmos 27
2013:Kosmos 21
1993:Mariner 1
1836:MESSENGER
1791:Venera 11
1781:Mariner 5
1766:Mariner 2
1519:Kosmos 96
1514:Kosmos 27
1504:Kosmos 21
1468:Venera 14
1463:Venera 13
1458:Venera 12
1453:Venera 11
1448:Venera 10
1386:Venera 16
1381:Venera 15
1119:121087293
849:website.
798:gabbroids
770:-7.5; 303
707:GZU VB-02
701:Arakhis-2
520:gamma-ray
477:Venera 14
458:Венера-13
450:Venera 13
439:Venera 14
434:Venera 12
412:(east of
405:-7.5; 303
323:Flyby of
69:1981-106D
67:1981-106A
63:COSPAR ID
20:Venera 13
3242:MARECS-1
3098:OPS 4029
2973:OPS 3984
2702:Soyuz 40
2681:OPS 7225
2626:Soyuz 39
2605:OPS 7350
2538:OPS 1166
2528:Hinotori
2266:TMK-Mavr
2178:Venera-D
2077:EnVision
2058:Orbiters
1901:Venera 7
1865:Venera 3
1776:Venera 2
1760:Venera 1
1721:Venera 9
1710:Magellan
1702:Orbiters
1623:Akatsuki
1615:Orbiters
1555:Venera-D
1443:Venera 9
1438:Venera 8
1422:Venera 7
1417:Venera 6
1412:Venera 5
1407:Venera 4
1402:Venera 3
1374:Orbiters
1365:Venera 2
1359:Venera 1
1021:"Images"
981:13 April
896:See also
891:, 1985).
795:alkaline
756:303°00′E
677:MNV-78-2
646:TFZL-077
640:Kontrast
625:MKh-6411
570:, and a
560:spectrum
556:isotopic
531:electron
488:regolith
391:303°00′E
347:Distance
310:285 days
209:Baikonur
149:Dry mass
52:Operator
3268:italics
3063:UoSAT-1
3028:Oreol 3
2833:Iskra 1
2323:Related
2304:Mariner
2125:DAVINCI
2071:VERITAS
1894:Landers
1848:Shin-en
1822:Galileo
1431:Landers
1099:Bibcode
1055:Bibcode
884:Contact
820:of the
726:Landing
695:BDRA-1V
668:Groza-2
655:Sigma-2
586:Bison-M
454:Russian
290:0.99 AU
183: (
75:SATCAT
2798:NOAA-7
2738:GOES 5
2713:Nova-1
2503:Kiku 3
2429:1982 →
2414:← 1980
2292:Venera
2219:Flybys
2209:Zephyr
2188:VISAGE
2121:(2025)
2104:(2028)
2098:(2028)
2087:Flybys
2079:(2031)
2073:(2031)
2067:(2028)
1967:Vega 1
1941:Vega 1
1842:IKAROS
1811:Vega 1
1771:Zond 1
1752:Flybys
1633:Flybys
1351:Flybys
1268:
1117:
879:Venera
753:7°30′S
634:PrOP-V
608:IOAV-2
535:proton
494:Design
484:sounds
462:Soviet
427:Venera
388:7°30′S
358:lander
306:Period
212:200/40
198:Proton
194:Rocket
118:no.760
3247:CAT-4
3119:STS-2
3038:SBS 2
2788:CAT-3
2783:APPLE
2660:STS-1
2360:VeSpR
2276:Vesta
2198:VOICE
2168:HOVER
2163:HAVOC
1601:Venus
1308:Vimeo
1115:S2CID
947:(PDF)
889:Sagan
691:x-ray
686:VM-3R
660:radio
469:Venus
356:Venus
325:Venus
277:0.70
84:15599
82:12927
45:Venus
3225:RS-8
3220:RS-7
3215:RS-6
3210:RS-5
3205:RS-4
3200:RS-3
2863:DE-2
2858:DE-1
2422:1981
2314:Vega
2193:VISE
2183:VICI
2173:VAMP
2158:CUVE
2153:AREE
1266:ISBN
983:2013
877:The
533:and
267:0.17
116:4V-1
3058:SME
2297:3MV
2203:VOX
2038:482
2033:167
1599:to
1306:on
1107:doi
787:kPa
720:MSB
599:ITD
512:bus
77:no.
3284::
2028:96
1936:14
1931:13
1926:12
1921:11
1916:10
1806:14
1801:13
1796:12
1786:10
1736:16
1731:15
1726:10
1250:^
1238:.
1196:.
1165:.
1136:.
1113:.
1105:.
1095:46
1093:.
1079:^
1049:.
1023:.
999:.
932:^
800:.
684:–
675:–
666:–
662:/
653:–
623:–
597:–
593:,
527:UV
525:,
471:.
456::
279:AU
2405:e
2398:t
2391:v
1972:2
1946:2
1911:9
1906:8
1880:6
1875:5
1870:4
1816:2
1589:e
1582:t
1575:v
1336:e
1329:t
1322:v
1274:.
1224:.
1209:.
1182:.
1121:.
1109::
1101::
1071:8
1061:.
1057::
1051:8
1009:.
985:.
887:(
452:(
416:)
187:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
