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volumes and masses. Often such systems were closely tied to one field of use, so that volume measures used, for example, for dry grains were unrelated to those for liquids, with neither bearing any particular relationship to units of length used for measuring cloth or land. With development of manufacturing technologies, and the growing importance of trade between communities and ultimately across the Earth, standardized weights and measures became critical. Starting in the 18th century, modernized, simplified and uniform systems of weights and measures were developed, with the fundamental units defined by ever more precise methods in the science of
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1122:. In this form of representational theory, numbers are assigned based on correspondences or similarities between the structure of number systems and the structure of qualitative systems. A property is quantitative if such structural similarities can be established. In weaker forms of representational theory, such as that implicit within the work of
1130:
that there is a correlation between measurements of height and empirical relations, it is not a measurement according to additive conjoint measurement theory. Likewise, computing and assigning arbitrary values, like the "book value" of an asset in accounting, is not a measurement because it does not satisfy the necessary criteria.
836:, an instrument that can be used to measure but cannot be used to draw straight lines. As can be seen in the photographs on this page, a two-metre carpenter's rule can be folded down to a length of only 20 centimetres, to easily fit in a pocket, and a five-metre-long tape measure easily retracts to fit within a small housing.
978:, i.e. the departure from the true value of the measurement and the value provided using the measurement instrument. In substantive survey research, measurement error can lead to biased conclusions and wrongly estimated effects. In order to get accurate results, when measurement errors appear, the results need to be
922:. A spring scale measures force but not mass, a balance compares weight, both require a gravitational field to operate. Some of the most accurate instruments for measuring weight or mass are based on load cells with a digital read-out, but require a gravitational field to function and would not work in free fall.
764:
The SI allows easy multiplication when switching among units having the same base but different prefixes. To convert from metres to centimetres it is only necessary to multiply the number of metres by 100, since there are 100 centimetres in a metre. Inversely, to switch from centimetres to metres one
1129:
The concept of measurement is often misunderstood as merely the assignment of a value, but it is possible to assign a value in a way that is not a measurement in terms of the requirements of additive conjoint measurement. One may assign a value to a person's height, but unless it can be established
177:
originate in the 3rd or 4th millennium BC. Even the very earliest civilizations needed measurement for purposes of agriculture, construction and trade. Early standard units might only have applied to a single community or small region, with every area developing its own standards for lengths, areas,
126:
existed for the varied fields of human existence to facilitate comparisons in these fields. Often these were achieved by local agreements between trading partners or collaborators. Since the 18th century, developments progressed towards unifying, widely accepted standards that resulted in the modern
1236:
In biology, there is generally no well established theory of measurement. However, the importance of the theoretical context is emphasized. Moreover, the theoretical context stemming from the theory of evolution leads to articulate the theory of measurement and historicity as a fundamental notion.
491:
systems after the
Imperial units for length, weight and time even though the tons, hundredweights, gallons, and nautical miles, for example, are different for the U.S. units. Many Imperial units remain in use in Britain, which has officially switched to the SI system—with a few exceptions such as
1211:, a measurement is an action that determines a particular property (position, momentum, energy, etc.) of a quantum system. Quantum measurements are always statistical samples from a probability distribution; the distribution for many quantum phenomena is discrete. Quantum measurements alter
496:
and pounds, to give just a few examples. Imperial units are used in many other places, for example, in many
Commonwealth countries that are considered metricated, land area is measured in acres and floor space in square feet, particularly for commercial transactions (rather than government
1180:
All data are inexact and statistical in nature. Thus the definition of measurement is: "A set of observations that reduce uncertainty where the result is expressed as a quantity." This definition is implied in what scientists actually do when they measure something and report both the
1780:. It is one of quantum theory's most puzzling features ..." "he way in which quantum mechanics is used in practice is to take the state indeed to jump in this curious way whenever a measurement is deemed to take place." p 528 Later Chapter 29 is entitled the Measurement paradox.
517:, though these do not affect its day-to-day use. Since the 1960s, the International System of Units (SI) is the internationally recognised metric system. Metric units of mass, length, and electricity are widely used around the world for both everyday and scientific purposes.
219:
of measurement is a taxonomy for the methodological character of a comparison. For example, two states of a property may be compared by ratio, difference, or ordinal preference. The type is commonly not explicitly expressed, but implicit in the definition of a measurement
354:. Over the course of human history, however, first for convenience and then for necessity, standards of measurement evolved so that communities would have certain common benchmarks. Laws regulating measurement were originally developed to prevent fraud in commerce.
302:
or other invariable phenomena in nature, in contrast to standard artifacts which are subject to deterioration or destruction. Instead, the measurement unit can only ever change through increased accuracy in determining the value of the constant it is tied to.
1093:
is the determination or estimation of ratios of quantities. Quantity and measurement are mutually defined: quantitative attributes are those possible to measure, at least in principle. The classical concept of quantity can be traced back to
492:
road signs, which are still in miles. Draught beer and cider must be sold by the imperial pint, and milk in returnable bottles can be sold by the imperial pint. Many people measure their height in feet and inches and their weight in
1189:
of the measurements. In practical terms, one begins with an initial guess as to the expected value of a quantity, and then, using various methods and instruments, reduces the uncertainty in the value. In this view, unlike the
1010:
Since accurate measurement is essential in many fields, and since all measurements are necessarily approximations, a great deal of effort must be taken to make measurements as accurate as possible. For example, consider the
1215:
and yet repeated measurements on a quantum state are reproducible. The measurement appears to act as a filter, changing the quantum state into one with the single measured quantum value. The unambiguous meaning of the
751:
In the SI, base units are the simple measurements for time, length, mass, temperature, amount of substance, electric current and light intensity. Derived units are constructed from the base units, for example, the
1194:
representational theory, all measurements are uncertain, so instead of assigning one value, a range of values is assigned to a measurement. This also implies that there is not a clear or neat distinction between
2230:
1019:). Using physics, it can be shown that, in the gravitational field of the Earth, it should take any object about 0.45 second to fall one metre. However, the following are just some of the sources of
994:
All non-0 digits and any 0s appearing between them are significant for the exactness of any number. For example, the number 12000 has two significant digits, and has implied limits of 11500 and 12500.
368:, overseeing the International System of Units (SI). For example, the metre was redefined in 1983 by the CGPM in terms of the speed of light, the kilogram was redefined in 2019 in terms of the
1324:
298:. All of these units are defined without reference to a particular physical object which serves as a standard. Artifact-free definitions fix measurements at an exact value related to a
1160:
The real world is the Domain of mapping, and the mathematical world is the range. when we map the attribute to mathematical system, we have many choice for mapping and the range.
874:. It is an apparently irreversible series of occurrences within this non spatial continuum. It is also used to denote an interval between two relative points on this continuum.
780:
756:, i.e. the unit for power, is defined from the base units as m·kg·s. Other physical properties may be measured in compound units, such as material density, measured in kg/m.
2030:
360:
are generally defined on a scientific basis, overseen by governmental or independent agencies, and established in international treaties, pre-eminent of which is the
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assigns a mathematical weighting factor to the magnitude that is derived as a ratio to the property of an artifact used as standard or a natural physical quantity.
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of the measurement procedure; it indicates a confidence level in the measurement. Errors are evaluated by methodically repeating measurements and considering the
2225:
1118:
is defined as "the correlation of numbers with entities that are not numbers". The most technically elaborated form of representational theory is also known as
1001:
to denote a greater exactness, increasing the number of decimals. For example, 1 has implied limits of 0.5 and 1.5 whereas 1.0 has implied limits 0.95 and 1.05.
458:
388:
63:
of an object or event, which can be used to compare with other objects or events. In other words, measurement is a process of determining how large or small a
131:(SI). This system reduces all physical measurements to a mathematical combination of seven base units. The science of measurement is pursued in the field of
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Schlaudt, Oliver 2020: "measurement". In: Kirchhoff, Thomas (ed.): Online
Encyclopedia Philosophy of Nature. Heidelberg: Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg,
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is as compared to a basic reference quantity of the same kind. The scope and application of measurement are dependent on the context and discipline. In
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1583:"By measurement error we mean a departure from the value of the measurement as applied to a sample unit and the value provided. " pp. 51–52 .
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Tal, Era 2020: "Measurement in
Science". In: Zalta, Edward N. (ed.): The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2020 Edition), URL = <
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and the international yard was defined in 1960 by the governments of the United States, United
Kingdom, Australia and South Africa as being
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Scientific experiments must be carried out with great care to eliminate as much error as possible, and to keep error estimates realistic.
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Magurran, A.E. & McGill, B.J. (Hg.) 2011: Biological
Diversity: Frontiers in Measurement and Assessment Oxford University Press.
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Michell, J. (1999). Measurement in psychology: a critical history of a methodological concept. New York: Cambridge
University Press.
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measures. These measures differ from one another by the variables they measure and by the variables excluded from measurements.
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based on its units for length, the metre and for mass, the kilogram. It exists in several variations, with different choices of
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9.8 metres per second squared (32 ft/s). But this measurement is not exact, but only precise to two significant digits.
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Among the most developed fields of measurement in biology are the measurement of genetic diversity and species diversity.
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constants, units of measurement are derived from historical agreements. Nothing inherent in nature dictates that an
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899:, (no net gravitational forces) objects lack weight but retain their mass. The Imperial units of mass include the
1224:; the most common interpretation is that when a measurement is performed, the wavefunction of the quantum system "
2584:
2123:
1838:
808:, engineering, and carpentry, to measure lengths or distances or to draw straight lines. Strictly speaking, the
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rather than theory. An empirical relationship requires only confirmatory data irrespective of theoretical basis.
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Measurement is defined as the process of comparison of an unknown quantity with a known or standard quantity.
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as a measurement instrument. As all other measurements, measurement in survey research is also vulnerable to
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1958:
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Ernest Nagel: "Measurement", Erkenntnis, Volume 2, Number 1 / December 1931, pp. 313–335, published by
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In the field of survey research, measures are taken from individual attitudes, values, and behavior using
561:(CGS) system, which, in turn, had many variants. The SI units for the seven base physical quantities are:
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statistics). Similarly, gasoline is sold by the gallon in many countries that are considered metricated.
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895:, on the other hand, refers to the downward force produced when a mass is in a gravitational field. In
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123:
119:
32:
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C.S. Peirce (July 1879) "Note on the
Progress of Experiments for Comparing a Wave-length with a Metre"
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The Earth's gravitational field varies slightly depending on height above sea level and other factors.
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1970:
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that required rounding off to some number of significant digits, in this case two significant digits.
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1632:"Scan posture definition and hip girth measurement: the impact on clothing design and body scanning"
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determining of the exact time at which the object is released and the exact time it hits the ground,
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The first proposal to tie an SI base unit to an experimental standard independent of fiat was by
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refers to the intrinsic property of all material objects to resist changes in their momentum.
1999:
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International
Vocabulary of Metrology – Basic and General Concepts and Associated Terms (VIM)
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changes over a non-spatial continuum. It is denoted by numbers and/or named periods such as
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1806:
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unit is known or standard quantity in terms of which other physical quantities are measured.
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310:
The seven base units in the SI system. Arrows point from units to those that depend on them.
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was one factor motivating the development of standardized internationally applicable units.
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1991:
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multiplies the number of centimetres by 0.01 or divides the number of centimetres by 100.
637:
542:
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155:
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68:
387:, regulates commercial measurements. In the United Kingdom, the role is performed by the
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is the numerical value of the characterization, usually obtained with a suitably chosen
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One device for measuring weight or mass is called a weighing scale or, often, simply a
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straight lines and the calibrated instrument used for determining length is called a
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Measurement station C of EMMA experiment situated at the depth of 75 meters in the
904:
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1834:
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measurement of the height and the measurement of the time both involve some error,
990:
The following rules generally apply for displaying the exactness of measurements:
1517:
1089:
In the classical definition, which is standard throughout the physical sciences,
2478:
2209:
2108:
1790:
Houle, David; PĂ©labon, Christophe; Wagner, GĂĽnter P.; Hansen, Thomas F. (2011).
1494:
World in the
Balance: The Historical Quest for an Absolute System of Measurement
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1402:(3rd ed.). International Bureau of Weights and Measures. 2008. p. 16.
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The measurement of a property may be categorized by the following criteria:
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countries. These various systems of measurement have at times been called
1939:
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In the United States, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (
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2008:
801:
629:
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1631:
1543:(9th ed.), International Bureau of Weights and Measures, Dec 2022,
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1754:
The road to reality : a complete guide to the laws of the universe
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339:
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111:
832:, in the sense of a measuring instrument, only survives in the phrase
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1366:(1st ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. pp.
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of objects or events, which is consistent with the guidelines of the
1856:
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103:, which would include nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio scales.
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it takes an object to fall a distance of one metre (about 39
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2012:
1768:"The jumping of the quantum state to one of the eigenstates of
1714:
Douglas Hubbard: "How to Measure Anything", Wiley (2007), p. 21
330:; Michelson and Morley cite Peirce, and improve on his method.
908:
859:
318:(1839–1914), who proposed to define the metre in terms of the
467:
were widely adopted around the world, the British systems of
483:
in the United States and is still in use there and in a few
211:. They enable unambiguous comparisons between measurements.
1325:
Timeline of temperature and pressure measurement technology
1362:
Measurement, Design, and Analysis: An Integrated Approach
1358:
Pedhazur, Elazar J.; Schmelkin, Leora and Albert (1991).
266:(SI) as a comparison framework. The system defines seven
479:
and the United States. The system came to be known as
1037:
The computation of 0.45 seconds involved extracting a
936:
The measures used in economics are physical measures,
1126:, numbers need only be assigned according to a rule.
1496:. New York & London: W. W. Norton. p. 203.
1438:
Kirch, Wilhelm, ed. (2008). "Level of measurement".
781:
List of length, distance, or range measuring devices
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828:is used for an unmarked rule. The use of the word
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1146:is a relationship or correlation based solely on
48:Four measuring devices having metric calibrations
27:Process of assigning numbers to objects or events
1980:. Vol. XV (9th ed.). pp. 659–668.
1857:"Measurement in biology is methodized by theory"
820:, however common usage calls both instruments
397:Council for Scientific and Industrial Research
2024:
1997:'Metrology – in short' 3rd edition, July 2008
1630:Gill, Simeon; Parker, Christopher J. (2017).
459:Imperial and US customary measurement systems
8:
85:International Bureau of Weights and Measures
1522:National Measurement Institute of Australia
1167:The representation condition of measurement
2253:
2184:
2050:
2031:
2017:
2009:
1722:
1720:
1413:Young, Hugh D; Freedman, Roger A. (2012).
1353:
1351:
362:General Conference on Weights and Measures
1731:. North Holland, John Wiley & Sons.
1220:is an unresolved fundamental problem in
800:or rule is a tool used in, for example,
563:
553:. The SI was developed in 1960 from the
338:With the exception of a few fundamental
154:
122:in many disciplines. Historically, many
1703:On the theory of scales and measurement
1347:
1330:Timeline of time measurement technology
350:is a better measure of distance than a
346:has to be a certain length, nor that a
1601:. Chichester Malden: Wiley-Blackwell.
1479:
1462:
1417:(13 ed.). Pearson Education Inc.
1389:
1387:
1133:Three type of representational theory
1442:. Vol. 2. Springer. p. 81.
1280:List of humorous units of measurement
541:. It is the world's most widely used
401:National Physical Laboratory of India
81:International vocabulary of metrology
7:
1985:A Dictionary of Units of Measurement
1792:"Measurement and Meaning in Biology"
1599:Quantitative analysis in archaeology
1285:List of unusual units of measurement
1247:Outline of metrology and measurement
385:United States Department of Commerce
258:Standardization of measurement units
997:Additional 0s may be added after a
850:Time is an abstract measurement of
364:(CGPM), established in 1875 by the
262:Measurements most commonly use the
182:. The discovery and application of
87:. However, in other fields such as
2061:International System of Units (SI)
25:
1537:The International System of Units
453:Imperial and US customary systems
173:The earliest recorded systems of
1938:
1290:Measurement in quantum mechanics
1271:, Measurement management systems
1114:In the representational theory,
980:corrected for measurement errors
915:and kilogram are units of mass.
537:) is the modern revision of the
147:This section is an excerpt from
106:Measurement is a cornerstone of
31:For the scientific journal, see
1799:The Quarterly Review of Biology
1228:" to a single, definite value.
1049:Additionally, other sources of
326:. This directly influenced the
75:, measurements do not apply to
1772:is the process referred to as
1072:posture of human participants.
1027:This computation used for the
557:(MKS) system, rather than the
535:Système International d'Unités
393:National Measurement Institute
1:
2071:US customary units (USCS/USC)
1648:10.1080/00140139.2016.1251621
1440:Encyclopedia of Public Health
1120:additive conjoint measurement
1013:problem of measuring the time
527:International System of Units
521:International System of Units
264:International System of Units
129:International System of Units
1778:collapse of the wavefunction
529:(abbreviated as SI from the
389:National Physical Laboratory
253:of the measuring instrument.
1756:. New York: Vintage Books.
1705:1946. Science. 103, 677–80.
1476:American Journal of Science
391:(NPL), in Australia by the
328:Michelson–Morley experiment
2934:
1492:Crease, Robert P. (2011).
1244:
1102:, and was foreshadowed in
951:
929:
881:
843:
812:is the instrument used to
778:
772:
739:of a 540 THz source,
475:were used in Britain, the
456:
410:
247:random and systemic errors
146:
29:
2124:English Engineering Units
1929:Resources in your library
1873:10.1007/s10539-019-9687-x
395:, in South Africa by the
1861:Biology & Philosophy
1727:Messiah, Albert (1966).
1315:Quantification (science)
1080:Definitions and theories
932:Measurement in economics
99:, measurements can have
2163:Quantum chromodynamical
1977:Encyclopædia Britannica
1855:Montévil, Maël (2019).
1752:Penrose, Roger (2007).
1563:Groves, Robert (2004).
1295:Measurement uncertainty
1259:Electrical measurements
1110:Representational theory
1029:acceleration of gravity
594:hyperfine splitting in
432:that measures in three
2911:Accuracy and precision
2276:centimetre–gram–second
2040:Systems of measurement
1959:Measurement in Science
1774:state-vector reduction
1597:VanPool, Todd (2011).
1264:History of measurement
1144:empirical relationship
1043:mathematical operation
967:
793:
789:A 2-metre carpenter's
559:centimetre–gram–second
449:
316:Charles Sanders Peirce
311:
251:accuracy and precision
171:
149:History of measurement
49:
2798:Biblical and Talmudic
2264:metre–kilogram–second
1571:. New Jersey: Wiley.
1275:Levels of measurement
1124:Stanley Smith Stevens
986:Exactness designation
961:
824:and the special name
788:
555:metre–kilogram–second
511:system of measurement
427:
417:System of measurement
383:), a division of the
309:
158:
120:quantitative research
47:
1966:Ball, Robert Stawell
1947:at Wikimedia Commons
1335:Weights and measures
1320:Standard (metrology)
1085:Classical definition
911:. The metric units
481:U.S. customary units
358:Units of measurement
229:measuring instrument
175:weights and measures
97:behavioural sciences
1971:"Measurement"
1478:, as referenced by
1310:Orders of magnitude
1305:Observable quantity
1254:Conversion of units
1218:quantum measurement
1157:The rule of mapping
940:value measures and
760:Converting prefixes
697:amount of substance
545:, both in everyday
434:measurement systems
413:Unit of measurement
124:measurement systems
2270:metre–tonne–second
2066:UK imperial system
1990:2018-10-06 at the
1567:Survey Methodology
1524:. 3 December 2020.
1415:University Physics
1300:NCSL International
1139:Empirical relation
1051:experimental error
968:
954:Survey methodology
794:
775:Length measurement
724:luminous intensity
686:Boltzmann constant
576:Defining constant
450:
312:
172:
77:nominal properties
50:
2893:
2892:
2781:
2780:
2245:
2244:
2236:Foot–pound–second
2176:
2175:
2153:Heaviside–Lorentz
2004:978-87-988154-5-7
1943:Media related to
1915:Library resources
1763:978-0-679-77631-4
1729:Quantum Mechanics
1692:, the Netherlands
1608:978-1-4443-9017-9
1550:978-92-822-2272-0
1503:978-0-393-34354-0
1449:978-0-321-02106-9
1424:978-0-321-69686-1
1377:978-0-8058-1063-9
1222:quantum mechanics
1209:quantum mechanics
1203:Quantum mechanics
1199:and measurement.
1104:Euclid's Elements
999:decimal separator
976:measurement error
806:technical drawing
749:
748:
737:luminous efficacy
710:Avogadro constant
662:elementary charge
489:foot-pound-second
407:Units and systems
399:and in India the
300:physical constant
268:fundamental units
83:published by the
65:physical quantity
16:(Redirected from
2923:
2360:Mesures usuelles
2254:
2185:
2051:
2033:
2026:
2019:
2010:
1981:
1973:
1942:
1902:
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1893:
1892:
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1843:
1837:. Archived from
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1787:
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1743:
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1724:
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1699:
1693:
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1677:
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1667:
1642:(8): 1123–1136.
1627:
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1590:
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1560:
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1542:
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1472:
1466:
1465:, pp. 182–4
1460:
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649:electric current
564:
366:Metre Convention
69:natural sciences
39:
21:
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2087:
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1992:Wayback Machine
1964:
1935:
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1911:
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1764:
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1696:
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1551:
1540:
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1529:
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1515:
1511:
1504:
1491:
1490:
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1473:
1469:
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1425:
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1407:
1399:
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1385:
1378:
1357:
1356:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1249:
1243:
1234:
1205:
1178:
1142:In science, an
1112:
1087:
1082:
1008:
988:
956:
950:
948:Survey research
934:
928:
886:
880:
848:
842:
783:
777:
771:
762:
745:
718:
638:Planck constant
543:system of units
531:French language
523:
503:
461:
455:
419:
411:Main articles:
409:
376:0.9144 metres.
370:Planck constant
336:
260:
245:represents the
193:
188:
187:
152:
144:
101:multiple levels
91:as well as the
40:
30:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2918:
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2898:
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2877:
2875:Absolute scale
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2240:
2239:
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2197:
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2013:
2007:
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1909:External links
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1844:on 2019-05-29.
1811:10.1086/658408
1782:
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1067:air resistance
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1007:
1004:
1003:
1002:
995:
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984:
972:questionnaires
964:Pyhäsalmi Mine
952:Main article:
949:
946:
930:Main article:
927:
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884:Weighing scale
882:Main article:
879:
876:
844:Main article:
841:
838:
773:Main article:
770:
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747:
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734:
731:
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719:
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683:
680:
675:
669:
668:
659:
656:
651:
645:
644:
635:
632:
627:
621:
620:
614:speed of light
611:
608:
605:
599:
598:
592:
589:
584:
578:
577:
574:
571:
568:
567:Base quantity
522:
519:
502:
499:
473:imperial units
457:Main article:
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408:
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335:
332:
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57:quantification
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2432:
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2427:
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2412:
2410:
2409:Luxembourgian
2407:
2405:
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2400:
2397:
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2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2283:
2282:gravitational
2280:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2252:
2248:
2237:
2234:
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2201:
2198:
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2186:
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2179:
2169:
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2125:
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2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2099:Apothecaries'
2097:
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2079:
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2034:
2029:
2027:
2022:
2020:
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2014:
2011:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1978:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1960:
1956:
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1946:
1941:
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1482:, p. 203
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985:
983:
981:
977:
973:
965:
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947:
945:
943:
939:
938:nominal price
933:
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923:
921:
916:
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902:
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569:
566:
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560:
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552:
548:
544:
540:
539:metric system
536:
532:
528:
520:
518:
516:
512:
509:is a decimal
508:
507:metric system
501:Metric system
500:
498:
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478:
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470:
469:English units
466:
460:
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442:imperial (UK)
439:
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398:
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377:
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367:
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359:
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345:
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333:
331:
329:
325:
324:spectral line
321:
317:
308:
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297:
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78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
46:
42:
37:
35:
19:
2823:Mesopotamian
2717:Puerto Rican
2114:Astronomical
1975:
1919:
1897:
1864:
1860:
1850:
1839:the original
1802:
1798:
1785:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1753:
1747:
1728:
1710:
1702:
1697:
1684:
1639:
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1625:
1598:
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1558:
1536:
1530:
1521:
1512:
1493:
1487:
1475:
1470:
1458:
1439:
1433:
1414:
1408:
1395:
1361:
1235:
1206:
1179:
1143:
1132:
1128:
1115:
1113:
1100:Isaac Newton
1090:
1088:
1075:
1048:
1023:that arise:
1009:
1006:Difficulties
989:
969:
935:
919:
917:
892:
888:
887:
849:
834:tape measure
833:
829:
826:straightedge
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
795:
763:
750:
740:
713:
689:
665:
641:
617:
534:
524:
504:
488:
477:Commonwealth
462:
446:US customary
420:
378:
373:
356:
337:
313:
261:
242:
235:
224:
216:
194:
165:Museo Egizio
159:Detail of a
137:
105:
80:
52:
51:
41:
33:
18:Measurements
2906:Measurement
2687:Costa Rican
2651:Seychellois
2560:Singaporean
2355:Traditional
2210:Metrication
2148:Geometrised
2104:Avoirdupois
1952:measurement
1945:Measurement
1920:Measurement
1805:(1): 3–34.
1480:Crease 2011
1463:Crease 2011
1148:observation
1116:measurement
1096:John Wallis
1091:measurement
1039:square root
673:temperature
596:caesium-133
430:baby bottle
243:uncertainty
209:uncertainty
191:Methodology
184:electricity
163:rod in the
73:engineering
53:Measurement
34:Measurement
2900:Categories
2773:Venezuelan
2758:Paraguayan
2712:Nicaraguan
2590:Vietnamese
2565:Sri Lankan
2550:Philippine
2510:Indonesian
2434:Portuguese
2328:Winchester
2231:Comparison
2181:Background
2119:Electrical
1738:0486409244
1636:Ergonomics
1518:"About Us"
1342:References
1197:estimation
1192:positivist
1187:statistics
942:real price
779:See also:
570:Base unit
515:base units
471:and later
320:wavelength
220:procedure.
116:technology
89:statistics
61:attributes
2916:Metrology
2768:Uruguayan
2753:Colombian
2743:Brazilian
2733:Argentine
2671:Tanzanian
2641:Mauritian
2611:Ethiopian
2575:Taiwanese
2545:Pakistani
2525:Mongolian
2500:Cambodian
2419:Norwegian
2389:Icelandic
2384:Hungarian
2377:Byzantine
2333:Exchequer
2081:Hong Kong
1881:0169-3867
1819:0033-5770
1617:811317577
1269:ISO 10012
1226:collapses
1053:include:
926:Economics
897:free fall
852:elemental
485:Caribbean
352:kilometre
334:Standards
225:magnitude
201:magnitude
180:metrology
133:metrology
36:(journal)
2854:Obsolete
2849:Humorous
2803:Egyptian
2763:Peruvian
2738:Bolivian
2702:Honduran
2666:Tunisian
2646:Moroccan
2636:Malagasy
2621:Eritrean
2616:Egyptian
2606:Algerian
2535:Nepalese
2515:Japanese
2449:Scottish
2439:Romanian
2340:Estonian
2250:Historic
2226:Overview
2195:Overview
2092:Specific
1988:Archived
1968:(1883).
1889:96447209
1827:21495498
1690:Springer
1664:23758581
1656:27764997
1241:See also
802:geometry
630:kilogram
547:commerce
465:SI units
272:kilogram
2885:Modulor
2859:Unusual
2828:Persian
2786:Ancient
2748:Chilean
2707:Mexican
2697:Haitian
2626:Guinean
2530:Myanmar
2469:Swedish
2464:Spanish
2454:Serbian
2444:Russian
2424:Ottoman
2414:Maltese
2404:Latvian
2399:Italian
2345:Finnish
2323:English
2303:Cypriot
2298:Cornish
2205:History
2200:Outline
2135:Natural
2076:Chinese
2054:General
2047:Current
1593:Page 41
1232:Biology
830:measure
818:measure
729:candela
573:Symbol
551:science
549:and in
463:Before
374:exactly
340:quantum
280:candela
142:History
112:science
55:is the
2880:N-body
2818:Indian
2793:Arabic
2656:Somali
2631:Libyan
2599:Africa
2570:Syrian
2520:Korean
2505:Indian
2495:Afghan
2459:Slovak
2429:Polish
2367:German
2350:French
2313:Danish
2291:Europe
2257:Metric
2188:Metric
2168:Stoney
2158:Planck
2143:Atomic
2002:
1917:about
1887:
1879:
1835:570080
1833:
1825:
1817:
1760:
1735:
1662:
1654:
1615:
1605:
1575:
1547:
1500:
1446:
1421:
1374:
1176:Theory
907:, and
893:Weight
868:months
822:rulers
769:Length
678:kelvin
654:ampere
607:metre
603:length
587:second
444:, and
438:metric
294:, and
292:kelvin
288:ampere
284:second
207:, and
93:social
2868:Other
2833:Roman
2813:Hindu
2808:Greek
2692:Cuban
2580:Tatar
2540:Omani
2479:Welsh
2474:Swiss
2394:Irish
2372:Greek
2318:Dutch
2308:Czech
2278:(CGS)
2272:(MTS)
2266:(MKS)
2238:(FPS)
2219:UK/US
1961:>.
1885:S2CID
1867:(3).
1842:(PDF)
1831:S2CID
1795:(PDF)
1660:S2CID
1541:(PDF)
1400:(PDF)
1370:–29.
1021:error
920:scale
905:pound
901:ounce
872:years
864:weeks
856:hours
810:ruler
798:ruler
791:ruler
533:name
494:stone
322:of a
276:metre
217:level
169:Turin
161:cubit
108:trade
2585:Thai
2555:Pegu
2488:Asia
2126:(US)
2109:Troy
2000:ISBN
1877:ISSN
1823:PMID
1815:ISSN
1758:ISBN
1733:ISBN
1652:PMID
1613:OCLC
1603:ISBN
1595:in:
1573:ISBN
1545:ISBN
1498:ISBN
1444:ISBN
1419:ISBN
1372:ISBN
1185:and
1183:mean
1098:and
1041:, a
913:gram
889:Mass
878:Mass
870:and
860:days
846:Time
840:Time
814:rule
754:watt
706:mol
625:mass
582:time
525:The
505:The
415:and
381:NIST
348:mile
344:inch
296:mole
236:unit
223:The
215:The
205:unit
197:type
118:and
95:and
71:and
1869:doi
1807:doi
1776:or
1644:doi
1207:In
909:ton
733:cd
702:mol
634:kg
241:An
167:of
59:of
2902::
1974:.
1883:.
1875:.
1865:34
1863:.
1859:.
1829:.
1821:.
1813:.
1803:86
1801:.
1797:.
1719:^
1672:^
1658:.
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1640:60
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1611:.
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1386:^
1368:15
1350:^
1106:.
1017:in
982:.
903:,
866:,
862:,
858:,
804:,
796:A
744:cd
712:,
688:,
682:K
664:,
658:A
640:,
616:,
610:m
591:s
440:,
428:A
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290:,
286:,
282:,
278:,
274:,
270::
234:A
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114:,
110:,
2032:e
2025:t
2018:v
1954:.
1891:.
1871::
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1770:Q
1766:.
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1452:.
1427:.
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1069:,
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741:K
717:A
714:N
690:k
666:e
642:h
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