141:(RPR) test uses the same antigen as the VDRL, but in that test, it has been bound to several other molecules, including a carbon particle to allow visualization of the flocculation reaction without the need of a microscope. Many other medical conditions can produce false positive results, including some viruses (mononucleosis, hepatitis), drugs, pregnancy, rheumatic fever, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and leprosy.
31:
166:
195:
The MHA-TP is used to confirm a syphilis infection after another method tests positive for the syphilis bacteria. The MHA-TP test detects antibodies to the bacteria that cause syphilis and can be used to detect syphilis in all stages, except during the first 3 to 4 weeks. This test is not done on
129:
involvement, and as an aid in the diagnosis of congenital syphilis. The basis of the test is that an antibody produced by a patient with syphilis reacts with an extract of ox heart (diphosphatidyl glycerol). It therefore detects
156:
assay. This test is very useful as the trend of titres are correlated to disease activity (i.e. falling titres indicate successful treatment). It has a very good sensitivity for syphilis, except in late tertiary form.
243:
Hunt JE, McNeil HP, Morgan GJ, Crameri RM, Krilis SA (1992). "A phospholipid-beta 2-glycoprotein I complex is an antigen for anticardiolipin antibodies occurring in autoimmune disease but not with infection".
216:
and possibly nonpathogenic commensal treponemes can result in a positive. Not all these disease are venereal; it has been recommended that a careful explanation of this fact be included with test results.
287:
Kumar KS, Jyothy A, Prakash MS, Rani HS, Reddy PP (2002). "Beta2-glycoprotein I dependent anticardiolipin antibodies and lupus anticoagulant in patients with recurrent pregnancy loss".
204:
for syphilis than non-treponemal tests and in the presence of a positive test, more likely indicate active infection. Unfortunately, other treponemal infections such as
722:
771:
197:
233:
Harris A, Rosenberg AA, Riedel LM. A microflocculation test for syphilis using cardiolopin antigen: preliminary report. J Vener Dis Inform 1946; 27: 159–172.
600:
397:
666:
1072:
101:
in 1906. The VDRL test, as it is largely still done today, was developed in 1946 by Harris, Rosenberg, and Riedel. The lab was renamed to the
715:
550:
106:
605:
102:
639:
579:
430:
708:
908:
689:
457:
390:
595:
567:
530:
522:
467:
450:
201:
131:
78:
74:
971:
886:
498:
482:
200:) and the Toluidine red unheated serum test (TRUST), which may be used to confirm a positive VDRL result, are more
152:(associated to lupus for example) are beta-2 glycoprotein dependent, and this can be used to tell them apart in an
860:
684:
423:
149:
94:
621:
487:
73:
that was developed by the eponymous US laboratory. The VDRL test is used to screen for syphilis (it has high
644:
512:
383:
855:
1002:
126:
990:
838:
572:
440:
414:
196:
spinal fluid. The MHA-TP test is rarely used any more. Treponema pallidum particle agglutination assay (
176:
There are a number of treponemal-specific tests such as the fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorption (
985:
655:
790:
958:
818:
761:
743:
626:
435:
138:
1046:
843:
269:
1077:
804:
661:
361:
296:
261:
903:
893:
872:
351:
341:
253:
189:
145:
941:
776:
766:
633:
213:
134:(IgG, IgM or IgA), visualized through foaming of the test tube fluid, or "flocculation".
314:
356:
329:
98:
70:
1066:
1051:
1010:
966:
929:
898:
830:
812:
700:
118:
273:
935:
922:
867:
798:
406:
1025:
948:
90:
257:
784:
731:
505:
346:
735:
541:
477:
365:
300:
265:
165:
1030:
1020:
751:
462:
122:
66:
40:
1015:
979:
880:
177:
30:
916:
560:
555:
848:
209:
170:
164:
153:
36:
375:
205:
185:
704:
379:
472:
328:
Marks M, Lebari D, Solomon AW, Higgins SP (September 2015).
125:
that is also used to assess response to therapy, to detect
1039:
1001:
957:
829:
742:
677:
614:
588:
539:
521:
413:
93:, with its first iteration being that developed by
47:
23:
772:Fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption test
716:
391:
144:The syphilis anti-cardiolipin antibodies are
103:Treponemal Pathogenesis and Immunology Branch
8:
723:
709:
701:
398:
384:
376:
29:
757:Venereal Disease Research Laboratory test
355:
345:
148:independent, whereas those that occur in
59:Venereal Disease Research Laboratory test
24:Venereal Disease Research Laboratory test
188:), and the microhemagglutination assay (
81:tests are used to diagnose the disease.
334:International Journal of STD & AIDS
226:
89:The VDRL type test was invented before
20:
7:
315:"How do I Know if I Have Syphilis?"
107:United States Public Health Service
14:
289:Journal of Postgraduate Medicine
1073:Infectious disease blood tests
909:Orthopoxvirus inclusion bodies
35:VDRL slide for performing the
1:
551:Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic
523:Anti-mitochondrial antibody
132:anti-cardiolipin antibodies
1094:
667:Anti-citrullinated peptide
258:10.1177/096120339200100204
121:serological screening for
861:Heterophile antibody test
458:Anti-topoisomerase/Scl-70
184:hemagglutination assays (
150:antiphospholipid syndrome
95:August Paul von Wasserman
69:and related non-venereal
28:
347:10.1177/0956462414549036
580:Anti-TPO/Antimicrosomal
77:), whereas other, more
51:blood test for syphilis
16:Blood test for syphilis
1003:Bloodstream infections
972:Sabin–Feldman dye test
887:Warthin–Finkeldey cell
173:
127:central nervous system
65:) is a blood test for
640:Anti-transglutaminase
415:Anti-nuclear antibody
168:
986:Diagnosis of malaria
169:VDRL slides used in
959:Protozoan infection
819:Anti-streptolysin O
762:rapid plasma reagin
744:Bacterial infection
690:Anti-apolipoprotein
627:Lupus anticoagulant
146:beta-2 glycoprotein
139:rapid plasma reagin
1047:C-reactive protein
856:Epstein–Barr virus
844:Branched DNA assay
736:infectious disease
678:Multiple locations
568:Anti-smooth muscle
174:
1060:
1059:
805:HelicoCARE direct
698:
697:
685:Anti-phospholipid
662:Rheumatoid factor
55:
54:
1085:
991:SchĂĽffner's dots
904:B type inclusion
894:Inclusion bodies
873:NS1 antigen test
725:
718:
711:
702:
647:not autoantibody
596:Anti-ganglioside
531:Anti-cardiolipin
400:
393:
386:
377:
370:
369:
359:
349:
325:
319:
318:
311:
305:
304:
284:
278:
277:
240:
234:
231:
97:with the aid of
33:
21:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1035:
997:
953:
942:Councilman body
831:Viral infection
825:
791:Weil–Felix test
777:Abelin reaction
767:Wassermann test
738:
729:
699:
694:
673:
634:Coeliac disease
610:
584:
535:
517:
499:Anti-centromere
409:
404:
374:
373:
340:(10): 696–703.
327:
326:
322:
313:
312:
308:
286:
285:
281:
242:
241:
237:
232:
228:
223:
163:
115:
87:
43:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1091:
1089:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1065:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1007:
1005:
999:
998:
996:
995:
994:
993:
988:
976:
975:
974:
963:
961:
955:
954:
952:
951:
946:
945:
944:
932:
927:
926:
925:
913:
912:
911:
906:
901:
891:
890:
889:
877:
876:
875:
865:
864:
863:
853:
852:
851:
846:
835:
833:
827:
826:
824:
823:
822:
821:
809:
808:
807:
795:
794:
793:
781:
780:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
748:
746:
740:
739:
730:
728:
727:
720:
713:
705:
696:
695:
693:
692:
687:
681:
679:
675:
674:
672:
671:
670:
669:
664:
651:
650:
649:
648:
642:
630:
629:
624:
618:
616:
612:
611:
609:
608:
606:Anti-glutamate
603:
598:
592:
590:
586:
585:
583:
582:
577:
576:
575:
565:
564:
563:
558:
547:
545:
537:
536:
534:
533:
527:
525:
519:
518:
516:
515:
509:
508:
502:
501:
495:
494:
493:
492:
491:
490:
485:
480:
475:
465:
460:
446:
445:
444:
443:
438:
433:
419:
417:
411:
410:
407:Autoantibodies
405:
403:
402:
395:
388:
380:
372:
371:
320:
306:
279:
235:
225:
224:
222:
219:
162:
159:
117:The VDRL is a
114:
111:
99:Albert Neisser
86:
83:
71:treponematoses
53:
52:
49:
45:
44:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1090:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1053:
1052:Procalcitonin
1050:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1011:Blood culture
1009:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1000:
992:
989:
987:
984:
983:
982:
981:
977:
973:
970:
969:
968:
967:toxoplasmosis
965:
964:
962:
960:
956:
950:
947:
943:
940:
939:
938:
937:
933:
931:
930:Cowdry bodies
928:
924:
921:
920:
919:
918:
914:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
899:Downie bodies
897:
896:
895:
892:
888:
885:
884:
883:
882:
878:
874:
871:
870:
869:
866:
862:
859:
858:
857:
854:
850:
847:
845:
842:
841:
840:
837:
836:
834:
832:
828:
820:
817:
816:
815:
814:
813:Streptococcus
810:
806:
803:
802:
801:
800:
796:
792:
789:
788:
787:
786:
782:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
754:
753:
750:
749:
747:
745:
741:
737:
733:
726:
721:
719:
714:
712:
707:
706:
703:
691:
688:
686:
683:
682:
680:
676:
668:
665:
663:
660:
659:
658:
657:
653:
652:
646:
643:
641:
638:
637:
635:
632:
631:
628:
625:
623:
622:Anti-thrombin
620:
619:
617:
615:Extracellular
613:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
593:
591:
589:Cell membrane
587:
581:
578:
574:
571:
570:
569:
566:
562:
559:
557:
554:
553:
552:
549:
548:
546:
543:
538:
532:
529:
528:
526:
524:
520:
514:
511:
510:
507:
504:
503:
500:
497:
496:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
470:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
455:
454:
452:
448:
447:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
428:
427:
425:
421:
420:
418:
416:
412:
408:
401:
396:
394:
389:
387:
382:
381:
378:
367:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
339:
335:
331:
324:
321:
316:
310:
307:
302:
298:
294:
290:
283:
280:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
239:
236:
230:
227:
220:
218:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
193:
191:
187:
183:
179:
172:
167:
160:
158:
155:
151:
147:
142:
140:
135:
133:
128:
124:
120:
119:nontreponemal
112:
110:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
84:
82:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
50:
46:
42:
38:
32:
27:
22:
19:
978:
936:yellow fever
934:
923:Negri bodies
915:
879:
868:Dengue fever
811:
799:Helicobacter
797:
783:
756:
654:
645:Anti-gliadin
513:Anti-histone
449:
422:
337:
333:
323:
309:
292:
288:
282:
252:(2): 75–81.
249:
245:
238:
229:
194:
181:
175:
143:
136:
116:
88:
62:
58:
56:
18:
1026:Parasitemia
949:Tzanck test
839:HIV testing
732:Blood tests
295:(1): 5–10.
182:T. pallidum
161:Other tests
91:World War I
75:sensitivity
1067:Categories
785:Rickettsia
573:Anti-actin
506:Anti-dsDNA
441:Anti-sp100
431:Anti-gp210
221:References
542:cytoplasm
478:Anti-nRNP
113:Mechanism
39:test for
1078:Syphilis
1031:Algaemia
1021:Fungemia
752:syphilis
601:Anti-GBM
544:antibody
463:Anti-Jo1
436:Anti-p62
366:25193248
301:12082318
274:35296154
202:specific
180:) test,
123:syphilis
79:specific
67:syphilis
41:syphilis
1040:General
1016:Viremia
980:malaria
881:measles
488:Anti-La
483:Anti-Ro
473:Anti-Sm
357:4655361
266:1301967
178:FTA-ABS
105:of the
85:History
48:Purpose
917:rabies
561:P-ANCA
556:C-ANCA
364:
354:
330:"Yaws"
299:
272:
264:
212:, and
190:MHA-TP
849:mChip
540:Anti-
270:S2CID
246:Lupus
214:pinta
210:bejel
198:TP-PA
171:India
154:ELISA
37:blood
734:for
468:ENA4
362:PMID
297:PMID
262:PMID
206:yaws
186:TPHA
137:The
63:VDRL
57:The
451:ENA
424:PBC
352:PMC
342:doi
254:doi
192:).
1069::
656:RA
636::
360:.
350:.
338:26
336:.
332:.
293:48
291:.
268:.
260:.
248:.
208:,
109:.
724:e
717:t
710:v
453::
426::
399:e
392:t
385:v
368:.
344::
317:.
303:.
276:.
256::
250:1
61:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
