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bacteria slow down the rate of metabolizing food or stop completely. There is the possibility of some solid organic matter still being present in the compost at this point, but it could stay in and continue decomposing for the next couple of years unless removed. The compost should be allowed to cure after finished to allow acids to be removed over time so it becomes more neutral, which could take up to three months and results in the compost being more consistent in size. Elevating the maturing compost off the ground can prevent unwanted plant growth. It compost should consistently be slightly damp and should be aerated but does not need to be turned. The curing process can be done in a storage bin or on a tarp.
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359:, which consists of bedding materials for the earthworms to live in and acts as a large bin; organic material is added to it. Although the windrow has no physical barriers to prevent worms from escaping, in theory they should not, due to an abundance of organic matter for them to feed on. Often windrows are used on a concrete surface to prevent predators from gaining access to the worm population.
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which the rest of the process continues. This lighter mix is placed into small piles on a tarp under the sunlight. The worms instinctively burrow to the bottom of the pile. After a few minutes, the top of the pyramid is removed repeatedly, until the worms are again visible. This repeats until the mound is composed mostly of worms.
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gaseous oxygen. Oxygen can be provided by airholes in the bin, occasional stirring of bin contents, and removal of some bin contents if they become too deep or too wet. If decomposition becomes anaerobic from excess wet feedstock added to the bin, or the layers of food waste have become too deep, the bin will begin to smell of
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to restore healthy conditions and prevent the worms from dying, excess waste water must be reduced and the bin returned to a normal moisture level. To do this, first reduce addition of food scraps with a high moisture content and second, add fresh, dry bedding such as shredded newspaper to your bin, mixing it in well.
872:, that drains into the bottom of some vermicomposting systems is not to be confused with worm tea. It is an uncomposted byproduct from when water-rich foods break down and may contain pathogens and toxins. It is best discarded or applied back to the bin when added moisture is needed for further processing.
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522:) feed most rapidly at temperatures of 15–25 °C (59–77 °F). They can survive at 10 °C (50 °F). Temperatures above 30 °C (86 °F) may harm them. This temperature range means that indoor vermicomposting with redworms is possible in all but tropical climates. Other worms like
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Vermicomposting is widely used in North
America for on-site institutional processing of food scraps, such as in hospitals, universities, shopping malls, and correctional facilities. Vermicomposting is used for medium-scale on-site institutional organic material recycling, such as for food scraps from
909:
Moisture must be maintained above 50%, as lower moisture content will not support worm respiration and can increase worm mortality. Operating moisture-content range should be between 70 and 90%, with a suggested content of 70–80% for vermicomposting operations. If decomposition has become anaerobic,
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When harvesting the compost, it is possible to separate eggs and cocoons and return them to the bin, thereby ensuring new worms are hatched. Cocoons are small, lemon-shaped yellowish objects that can usually be seen with the naked eye. The cocoons can hold up to 20 worms (though 2–3 is most common).
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Vermicompost is ready for harvest when it contains few-to-no scraps of uneaten food or bedding. There are several methods of harvesting from small-scale systems: "dump and hand sort", "let the worms do the sorting", "alternate containers" and "divide and dump." These differ on the amount of time and
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Because red worms are surface dwellers constantly moving towards the new food source, the flow-through system eliminates the need to separate worms from the castings before packaging. Flow-through systems are well suited to indoor facilities, making them the preferred choice for operations in colder
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The second type of large-scale vermicomposting system is the raised bed or flow-through system. Here the worms are fed an inch of "worm chow" across the top of the bed, and an inch of castings are harvested from below by pulling a breaker bar across the large mesh screen which forms the base of the
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The pyramid method of harvesting worm compost is commonly used in small-scale vermicomposting, and is considered the simplest method for single layer bins. In this process, compost is separated into large clumps, which is placed back into composting for further breakdown, and lighter compost, with
445:
Bins need holes or mesh for aeration. Some people add a spout or holes in the bottom for excess liquid to drain into a tray for collection. The most common materials used are plastic: recycled polyethylene and polypropylene and wood. Worm compost bins made from plastic are ideal, but require more
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In warm weather, fruit and vinegar flies breed in the bins if fruit and vegetable waste is not thoroughly covered with bedding. This problem can be avoided by thoroughly covering the waste by at least 5 centimetres (2.0 in) of bedding. Maintaining the correct pH (close to neutral) and water
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Factors affecting the speed of composting include the climate and the method of composting. There are signs to look for to determine whether compost is finished. The finished compost would have an ambient temperature, dark color, and be as moist as a damp sponge. Towards the end of the process,
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When closed, a well-maintained bin is odorless; when opened, it should have little smell—if any smell is present, it is earthy. The smell may also depend on the type of composted material added to the bin. An unhealthy worm bin may smell, potentially due to low oxygen conditions. Worms require
221:
Vermiwash can also be obtained from the liquid potion of vermicompost. Vermiwash is found to contain enzyme cocktail of proteases, amylases, urease and phosphatase. Microbiological study of vermiwash reveals that it contains nitrogen-fixing bacteria like
Azotobactrer sp., Agrobacterium sp. and
206:
and soil conditioner in a form that is relatively easy for plants to absorb. Worm castings are sometimes used as an organic fertilizer. Because the earthworms grind and uniformly mix minerals in simple forms, plants need only minimal effort to obtain them. The worms' digestive systems create
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Worms generally stay in the bin, but may try to leave the bin when first introduced, or often after a rainstorm when the humidity outside is high. Maintaining adequate conditions in the worm bin and putting a light over the bin when first introducing worms should eliminate this problem.
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Additionally, the mucous layer created by worms which surrounds their castings allows for a "time release" effect, meaning not all nutrients are released at once. This also reduces the risk of burning the plants, as is common with the use and overuse of commercial fertilizers.
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Vermicomposting has gained popularity in both industrial and domestic settings because, as compared with conventional composting, it provides a way to treat organic wastes more quickly. In manure composing, the use of vermicomposting generates products that have lower
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Increases in the total nitrogen content in vermicompost, an increase in available nitrogen and phosphorus, a decrease in potassium, as well as the increased removal of heavy metals from sludge and soil have been reported. The reduction in the
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Pests such as rodents and flies are attracted by certain materials and odors, usually from large amounts of kitchen waste, particularly meat. Eliminating the use of meat or dairy product in a worm bin decreases the possibility of pests.
339:(Europe). The two closely related species are anecic: they like to burrow underground and come up for food. As a result, they adapt poorly to shallow compost bins and should be avoided. They are also invasive in North America.
1417:
All the permaculture farms we visited had a large, fully-functioning vermicompost which produced fertilizer that was naturally rich in nutrients and acid that was used as a substance for fumigation instead of synthetic based
191:) could also be used. Red wigglers are recommended by most vermicomposting experts, as they have some of the best appetites and breed very quickly. Users refer to European nightcrawlers by a variety of other names, including
404:
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and compost windrow turners were developed by
Fletcher Sims Jr. of the Compost Corporation in Canyon, Texas. The Windrow Composting system is noted as a sustainable, cost-efficient way for farmers to manage dairy waste.
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Commercial vermicomposters test and may amend their products to produce consistent quality and results. Because the small-scale and home systems use a varied mix of feedstocks, the nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium
1146:
Xing, Meiyan; JianYang, null; Wang, Yayi; Liu, Jing; Yu, Fen (2011-01-30). "A comparative study of synchronous treatment of sewage and sludge by two vermifiltrations using an epigeic earthworm
Eisenia fetida".
207:
environments that allow certain species of microbes to thrive to help create a "living" soil environment for plants. The fraction of soil which has gone through the digestive tract of earthworms is called the
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Song, Xiuchao; Liu, Manqiang; Wu, Di; Qi, Lin; Ye, Chenglong; Jiao, Jiaguo; Hu, Feng (2014-11-01). "Heavy metal and nutrient changes during vermicomposting animal manure spiked with mushroom residues".
298:
piles. As they are shallow-dwelling and feed on decomposing plant matter in the soil, they adapt easily to live on food or plant waste in the confines of a worm bin. Some species are considered
348:
Large-scale vermicomposting is practiced in Canada, Italy, Japan, India, Malaysia, the
Philippines, and the United States. The vermicompost may be used for farming, landscaping, to create
875:
The pH, nutrient, and microbial content of these fertilizers varies upon the inputs fed to worms. Pulverized limestone, or calcium carbonate can be added to the system to raise the pH.
411:
For vermicomposting at home, a large variety of bins are commercially available, or a variety of adapted containers may be used. They may be made of old plastic containers, wood,
317:. They can also be collected from compost and manure piles. These species are not the same worms that are found in ordinary soil or on pavement when the soil is flooded by water.
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universities and shopping malls. It is selected either as a more environmentally friendly choice than conventional disposal, or to reduce the cost of commercial waste removal.
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are suitable for warmer climates. If a worm bin is kept outside, it should be placed in a sheltered position away from direct sunlight and insulated against frost in winter.
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There may be differences in vermicomposting method depending on the climate. It is necessary to monitor the temperatures of large-scale bin systems (which can have high
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David Watako; Koslengar
Mougabe; Thomas Heath (April 2016). "Tiger worm toilets: lessons learned from constructing household vermicomposting toilets in Liberia".
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Elimination of biowastes from the waste stream reduces contamination of other recyclables collected in a single bin (a common problem in communities practicing
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However, in one study it has been found that homemade backyard vermicompost was lower in microbial biomass, soil microbial activity, and yield of a species of
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Some materials are less desirable than others in worm bin construction. Metal containers often conduct heat too readily, are prone to rusting, and may release
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There are few food wastes that vermicomposting cannot compost, although meat waste and dairy products are likely to putrefy, and in outdoor bins can attract
468:, are epigeic (surface dwellers) and together with symbiotic associated microbes are the ideal vectors for decomposing food waste. Common earthworms such as
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948:) content of the resulting vermicompost will also be inconsistent. NPK testing may be helpful before the vermicompost or tea is applied to the garden.
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415:, or metal containers. The design of a small bin usually depends on where an individual wishes to store the bin and how they wish to feed the worms.
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have been shown to contain reduced levels of contaminants and a higher saturation of nutrients than the organic materials before vermicomposting.
2321:"Microbial biodegradation of waste materials for nutrients enrichment and heavy metals removal: An integrated composting-vermicomposting process"
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Large systems often use temperature control and mechanized harvesting, however other equipment is relatively simple and does not wear out quickly
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than compost produced by other composting methods. It has also outperformed a commercial plant medium with nutrients added, but levels of
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labor involved and whether the vermicomposter wants to save as many worms as possible from being trapped in the harvested compost.
453:, where space is limited. Worms can decompose organic matter without the additional human physical effort (turning the bin) that
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Low capital investment and relatively simple technologies make vermicomposting practical for less-developed agricultural regions
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are anecic (deep burrowing) species and hence unsuitable for use in a closed system. Other soil species that contribute include
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Rhizobium sp. and some phosphate solublizing bacteria. Laboratory scale trial shows effectiveness of vermiwash on plant growth.
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drainage than wooden ones because they are non-absorbent. However, wooden bins will eventually decay and need to be replaced.
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content of the bin (just enough water where squeezed bedding drips a couple of drops) can help avoid these pests as well.
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Microbial activity in worm castings is 10 to 20 times higher than in the soil and organic matter that the worm ingests
2148:"Comparison of the effectiveness of composting and vermicomposting for the biological stabilization of cattle manure"
1985:
How to Build, Maintain, and Use a
Compost System: Secrets and Techniques You Need to Know to Grow the Best Vegetables
1405:
1217:"Comparison of the effectiveness of composting and vermicomposting for the biological stabilization of cattle manure"
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Dominguez, Jorge; Edwards, Clive (2010-12-15), "Biology and
Ecology of Earthworm Species Used for Vermicomposting",
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which helps prevent nutrients from washing away with the first watering and holds moisture better than plain soil.
2672:"Godhan Nyay Yojana: First-of-its-kind Godhan Nyay Yojana launched in Chhattisgarh | Raipur News - Times of India"
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Such vermicomposting systems need reliable sources of large quantities of food. Systems presently operating use:
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These species commonly are found in organic-rich soils throughout Europe and North
America and live in rotting
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990:" Scheme. Cow dung procured under this scheme will be utilised for the production of vermicompost fertilizer.
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It is rich in microbial life which converts nutrients already present in the soil into plant-available forms.
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All worms make compost but some species are not suitable for this purpose. Vermicompost worms are generally
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Vermicompost can be mixed directly into the soil, or mixed with water to make a liquid fertilizer known as
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2236:"Comparative Study on Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Sludge Vermicomposted by Eisenia Fetida"
1868:"The impact of organophosphate pesticides in orchards on earthworms in the Western Cape, South Africa"
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There are two main methods of large-scale vermicomposting, windrow and raised bed. Some systems use a
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1406:"Developing an educational curriculum fororganic farming and permaculture in theDistrict of Santa Fe"
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955:, vermicompost can be diluted as a tea 50:50 with water, or as a solid can be mixed in 50:50 with
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is another inexpensive and fairly rot-resistant wood species that may be used to build worm bins.
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into the vermicompost. Styrofoam containers may release chemicals into the organic material. Some
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Cocoons can lay dormant for as long as two years if conditions are not conducive for hatching.
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Mid-scale worm bin (1 m X 2.5 m up to 1 m deep), freshly refilled with bedding
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352:, or for sale. Some of these operations produce worms for bait and/or home vermicomposting.
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1598:], cost effective (Research Brief #20) | Center for Integrated Agricultural Systems"
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1438:, SSSA Book Series, Madison, WI, USA: Soil Science Society of America, pp. 1–14,
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2242:. The Seventh International Conference on Waste Management and Technology (ICWMT 7).
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Composting worms are available to order online, from nursery mail-order suppliers or
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2624:
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1134:
The Urban
Homestead: Your Guide to Self-Sufficient Living in the Heart of the City.
980:
956:
832:
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Small-scale vermicomposting is well-suited to turn kitchen waste into high-quality
427:
215:
34:
Vermicomposting uses worms to decompose waste and make nutrient-rich "worm manure".
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and soil conditioner. It is used in gardening and sustainable, organic farming.
30:
2554:
2319:
Kharrazi, Seyede Maryam; Younesi, Habibollah; Abedini-Torghabeh, Javad (2014).
2121:. Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering at NCSU. Archived from
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Such systems usually use kitchen and garden waste, using "earthworms and other
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1098:"Effects of stocking density and feeding rate on vermicomposting of biosolids"
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The earthworm species (or composting worms) most often used are red wigglers (
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Selden, Piper; DuPonte, Michael; Sipes, Brent; Dinges, Kelly (August 2005).
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278:(South and East Asia), blueworms. May be used in the tropics and subtropics.
58:
17:
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1278:"Production of Eisenia fetida and vermicompost from feed-lot cattle manure"
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135:(or vermidigestion) which is used to remove organic matter, pathogens, and
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1958:
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157:
2489:
The Worm Book: The Complete Guide to Gardening and Composting with Worms
2206:
The Worm Book: The Complete Guide to Gardening and Composting with Worms
116:
Vermicompost contains water-soluble nutrients which may be extracted as
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3578:
3255:
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2146:
Lazcano, Cristina; Gómez-Brandón, María; Domínguez, Jorge (July 2008).
898:
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45:) is the product of the decomposition process using various species of
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395:
Demonstration home scale worm bin at a community garden site (painted
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3435:
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1539:"Vermicomposting: A Better Option for Organic Solid Waste Management"
1324:
1192:"Pilot studies for vermifiltration of 1000m3day of sewage wastewater"
770:
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537:
473:
423:
295:
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Grains such as bread, cracker and cereal (including moldy and stale)
202:
Containing water-soluble nutrients, vermicompost is a nutrient-rich
1191:
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Paper toweling (which has not been used with cleaners or chemicals)
403:
3531:
1788:"High Heat And Worm Bins – Tips For Vermicomposting When It's Hot"
1387:"Vermicomposting – A Great Way to Turn the Burdens into Resources"
1215:
Lazcano, Cristina; Gómez-Brandón, María; Domínguez, Jorge (2008).
983:
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to digest organic wastes, such as kitchen scraps". This includes:
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86:
29:
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500:, heating up the worm bins as they decay and killing the worms.
46:
27:
Product of the composting process using various species of worms
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1515:
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2603:. Gabriola Island, B.C.: New Society Publishers. p. 121.
2393:. North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service. Archived from
746:
Attracts deep-burrowing earthworms already present in the soil
503:
The most common worms used in composting systems, redworms (
270:(West Africa), African Nightcrawlers. Useful in the tropics.
262:(Europe), European nightcrawlers, prefers high C:N material.
248:(Europe), the red wiggler or tiger worm. Closely related to
2725:(Report). Vol. AG-641. NC State Extension Publications
2702:(2nd ed.). Kalamazoo, Mich.: Flowerfield Enterprises.
65:, bedding materials, and vermicast. This process is called
887:
Worms and fruit fly pupas under the lid of a home worm bin
711:
of heavy metals has been observed in a number of studies.
1922:
Latest Developments In Mid-To-Large-Scale Vermicomposting
1622:"Worm Compost Bins - What To Look For and What To Avoid"
544:
should be added in moderation to avoid heating the bin.
2018:"Harvesting - MMSB - Multi-Materials Stewardship Board"
1959:"Very Large Scale Vermiculture in Sludge Stabilisation"
1740:"The Worm Dictionary and Vermiculture Reference Center"
593:
Newspapers (most inks used in newspapers are not toxic)
69:, with the rearing of worms for this purpose is called
922:
Predatory ants can be a problem in African countries.
1594:"Windrow composting systems can be feasable [
951:
In order to avoid over-fertilization issues, such as
2518:"Manual of On-Farm Vermicomposting and Vermiculture"
2464:"Manual of On-Farm Vermicomposting and Vermiculture"
2234:
Liu, Fei; Zhu, Pengfei; Xue, Jianping (2012-01-01).
434:
contain resinous oils that may harm worms, although
3723:
3660:
3627:
3389:
2932:
2797:
2325:
International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation
1136:Port Townsend: Process Self Reliance Series, 2008.
438:has excellent longevity in composting conditions.
239:. Species most often used for composting include:
199:, Dutch nightcrawlers, and Belgian nightcrawlers.
61:, to create a mixture of decomposing vegetable or
2141:
2139:
1987:. Atlantic Publishing Company. pp. 163–170.
759:Enhances germination, plant growth and crop yield
699:Unlike other compost, worm castings also contain
678:Vermicompost has been shown to be richer in many
1096:Ndegwa, P.M.; Thompson, S.A.; Das, K.C. (1998).
1066:
1064:
407:Diagram of a household-scale worm composting bin
2421:"How are Worm Tea and Worm Leachate Different?"
1371:Organic Phosphorus in the Environment, Turner,
2486:Nancarrow, Loren; Taylor, Janet Hogan (1998).
2203:Nancarrow, Loren; Taylor, Janet Hogan (1998).
1537:Aalok, Asha; Tripathi, A.K.; Soni, P. (2008).
302:in some areas, so they should be avoided (see
2771:
2092:. New Mexico State University. Archived from
586:Leaves and grass clippings (not sprayed with
8:
3647:List of organic gardening and farming topics
1866:Reinecke, SA; Reinecke, AJ (February 2007).
1432:"Soil Sampling for Microbiological Analysis"
1128:
1126:
1053:, dirt structures caused by worms burrowing.
2579:Can you do vermicomposting in an apartment?
787:Biowastes conversion reduces waste flow to
728:Enriches soil with micro-organisms (adding
464:(eaters of trash), such as the red wiggler
2778:
2764:
2756:
2119:"Earthworm Castings as Plant Growth Media"
2251:
105:) is the end-product of the breakdown of
2022:MMSB - Multi-Materials Stewardship Board
1027:, use of wormbin leachate in hydroponics
369:
214:Vermicomposting is a common practice in
127:Vermicomposting can also be applied for
2352:"Worldwide progress in vermicomposting"
1060:
1042:
374:Movement of castings through a worm bed
1875:Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
160:levels, as well as a more neutral pH.
2597:Grant, Tim; Littlejohn, Gail (2004).
1828:
1826:
800:Creates low-skill jobs at local level
560:All fruits and vegetables (including
492:properties), as the raw materials or
7:
3832:
2717:Sherman, Rhonda (October 18, 2016).
1769:. Cornell Center for the Environment
1271:
1269:
3844:
1767:"Invertebrates of the Compost Pile"
986:started buying cow dung under the "
120:and is an excellent, nutrient-rich
2085:Dickerson, George W. (June 2001).
1072:"Paper on Invasive European Worms"
567:Vegetable and fruit peels and ends
175:), though European nightcrawlers (
25:
2384:"Raising Earthworms Successfully"
2270:Waste Management (New York, N.Y.)
2175:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.04.016
1646:"Raising Earthworms Successfully"
1244:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.04.016
868:The light brown waste liquid, or
817:" through recycling waste on-site
762:It helps in root and plant growth
626:Food processing and grocery waste
3843:
3831:
3820:
3819:
3807:
2743:
2600:Teaching Green, The Middle Years
765:Enriches soil organisms (adding
686:required adjustment, as did pH.
131:. A variation of the process is
2719:Raising Earthworms Successfully
2649:. CRC Press. pp. 392–406.
2240:Procedia Environmental Sciences
2053:from the original on 2018-03-18
2047:"Red-wiggler Compost Worm eggs"
1742:. Working Worms. Archived from
1626:www.best-organic-fertilizer.com
1391:Permaculture Research Institute
1132:Coyne, Kelly and Erik Knutzen.
749:Improves water holding capacity
573:Tea bags (even those with high
3872:Biodegradable waste management
2748:Learning materials related to
2350:Logsdon, Gene (October 1994).
2087:"Vermicomposting: Guide H-164"
1558:10.1080/09709274.2008.11906100
1385:Reza, Shamim (24 March 2016).
1351:. CRC Press LLC. p. 189.
1276:Mitchell, Allan (March 1997).
1149:Journal of Hazardous Materials
648:Worms in a bin being harvested
304:earthworms as invasive species
286:(Southern Asia), used locally.
1:
1835:"Small-Scale Vermicomposting"
1518:. Herron Farms Dawsonville Ga
1473:"Composting Worms for Hawaii"
1319:, CRC Press, pp. 27–40,
1294:10.1016/s0038-0717(96)00022-3
1282:Soil Biology and Biochemistry
1161:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.09.103
1117:10.1016/S0960-8524(99)00055-3
313:shops where they are sold as
2670:Joseph John (Jul 20, 2020).
2419:Uncle Jim (6 January 2015).
2290:10.1016/j.wasman.2014.07.013
2253:10.1016/j.proenv.2012.10.058
1887:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2005.10.006
1516:"Composting with earthworms"
1413:La Foundación Héctor Gallego
3678:Index of pesticide articles
2625:"Compost or Worm Castings?"
2337:10.1016/j.ibiod.2014.04.011
1981:"Maintaining a Compost Bin"
1430:Wollum, A.G. (2018-09-11),
715:Benefits of vermicomposting
548:Small-scale or home systems
460:Composting worms which are
3913:
2822:Climate-friendly gardening
2645:Edwards, Clive A. (2010).
2555:10.3362/1756-3488.2016.012
1687:"Build your own Worm Farm"
835:(produced in landfills or
570:Coffee grounds and filters
320:The following species are
3801:
3698:Plant disease forecasting
3652:Vegan organic agriculture
3502:Genetically modified tree
1444:10.2136/sssabookser5.2.c1
879:Operation and maintenance
601:Large-scale or commercial
2584:October 5, 2016, at the
2499:Ten Speed Press. p. 70.
1944:October 3, 2009, at the
1546:Journal of Human Ecology
1496:"Great Lakes Worm Watch"
1436:Methods of Soil Analysis
1049:Not to be confused with
825:greenhouse gas emissions
693:than municipal compost.
564:, in limited quantities)
2698:Appelhof, Mary (2007).
2647:Vermiculture Technology
2495:March 18, 2015, at the
2216:Ten Speed Press. p. 4.
2212:March 18, 2015, at the
1961:. Vermitech Pty Limited
1848:. University of Hawai'i
1404:Beyers, R; MacLean, S.
1317:Vermiculture Technology
975:From 20 July 2020, the
795:single-stream recycling
609:Dairy cow or pig manure
484:Climate and temperature
254:, which is also usable.
3897:Worms (obsolete taxon)
3637:Biodynamic agriculture
3574:Postharvest physiology
3522:Landscape architecture
3219:Indonesian home garden
1927:June 26, 2012, at the
1672:July 24, 2010, at the
1347:Edwards, C.A. (1998).
1105:Bioresource Technology
888:
853:
725:Improves soil aeration
649:
583:Eggshells (rinsed off)
408:
400:
375:
35:
2884:Historic conservation
2425:unclejimswormfarm.com
1979:Smith, Kelly (2011).
886:
851:
647:
406:
394:
373:
231:Suitable worm species
226:Design considerations
185:) and red earthworm (
109:by earthworms. These
33:
3814:Gardening portal
3713:Aquamog weed remover
3688:List of insecticides
2723:content.ces.ncsu.edu
2700:Worms Eat My Garbage
1015:Mary Arlene Appelhof
967:Application examples
839:when not composted).
813:Helps to close the "
632:Grass clippings and
470:Lumbricus terrestris
336:Lumbricus terrestris
2568:Compost Worm Escape
2391:infohouse.p2ric.org
2282:2014WaMan..34.1977S
2167:2008Chmsp..72.1013L
2007:Appelhof, pp. 79-86
1720:www.worm-farm.co.za
1236:2008Chmsp..72.1013L
823:Production reduces
129:treatment of sewage
3683:List of fungicides
3448:Companion planting
2676:The Times of India
2072:"Red Worm Biology"
1792:Gardening Know How
1765:Trautmann, Nancy.
1746:on 28 October 2012
988:Godhan Nyay Yojana
889:
854:
650:
623:Agricultural waste
525:Perionyx excavatus
519:Lumbricus rubellus
476:, other worms and
409:
401:
376:
330:Lumbricus rubellus
275:Perionyx excavatus
204:organic fertilizer
188:Lumbricus rubellus
183:Dendrobaena veneta
147:of flush toilets.
122:organic fertilizer
36:
3877:Organic gardening
3859:
3858:
3731:Community orchard
3557:drought tolerance
2709:978-0-9778045-1-1
2656:978-1-4398-0987-7
2610:978-0-86571-501-1
2505:978-0-89815-994-3
2382:Sherman, Rhonda.
2276:(11): 1977–1983.
2222:978-0-89815-994-3
2117:Sherman, Rhonda.
1994:978-1-60138-354-9
1685:Andreasheeschen.
1602:www.cias.wisc.edu
1358:978-1-884015-74-8
1349:Earthworm Ecology
1334:978-1-4398-0987-7
620:Cotton mill waste
436:western red cedar
267:Eudrilus eugeniae
259:Eisenia hortensis
178:Eisenia hortensis
143:or directly from
16:(Redirected from
3904:
3847:
3846:
3835:
3834:
3823:
3822:
3812:
3811:
3788:Plant collecting
3724:Related articles
3661:Plant protection
2842:French intensive
2780:
2773:
2766:
2757:
2747:
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2730:
2713:
2686:
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2642:
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2615:
2614:
2594:
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2576:
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2529:
2528:
2522:
2514:
2508:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2468:
2460:
2454:
2451:
2445:
2444:Appelhof, p. 113
2442:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2399:
2388:
2379:
2373:
2372:Appelhof, p. 111
2370:
2364:
2363:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2231:
2225:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2161:(7): 1013–1019.
2152:
2143:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2130:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2098:
2091:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2024:. Archived from
2014:
2008:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1954:
1948:
1937:
1931:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1903:
1897:. Archived from
1872:
1863:
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1839:
1830:
1821:
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1712:
1706:
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1693:. Archived from
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1656:
1655:
1650:
1642:
1636:
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1618:
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1590:
1584:
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1574:
1568:. Archived from
1543:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1502:
1492:
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1363:
1362:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1325:10.1201/b10453-4
1312:
1306:
1305:
1288:(3–4): 763–766.
1273:
1264:
1263:
1230:(7): 1013–1019.
1221:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1202:
1196:www.academia.edu
1187:
1181:
1180:
1155:(2–3): 881–888.
1143:
1137:
1130:
1121:
1120:
1102:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1083:
1074:. Archived from
1068:
1054:
1047:
1031:Waste management
977:State Government
857:Soil conditioner
775:gibberellic acid
283:Lampito mauritii
21:
3912:
3911:
3907:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3902:
3901:
3887:Home composting
3862:
3861:
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3855:
3806:
3797:
3793:Turf management
3778:Lists of plants
3773:List of gardens
3719:
3656:
3623:
3385:
2935:
2928:
2793:
2784:
2740:
2728:
2726:
2716:
2710:
2697:
2694:
2692:Further reading
2689:
2680:
2678:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2657:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2630:
2628:
2627:. Big Red Worms
2623:
2622:
2618:
2611:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2586:Wayback Machine
2577:
2573:
2566:
2562:
2540:
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2535:
2526:
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2515:
2511:
2497:Wayback Machine
2485:
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2472:
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2462:
2461:
2457:
2453:Appelhof, p. 92
2452:
2448:
2443:
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2427:
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2228:
2214:Wayback Machine
2202:
2198:
2150:
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2137:
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2100:
2096:
2089:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2056:
2054:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2031:
2029:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2002:
1995:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1964:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1946:Wayback Machine
1938:
1934:
1929:Wayback Machine
1920:
1916:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1870:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1851:
1849:
1837:
1832:
1831:
1824:
1820:Appelhof, p. 41
1819:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1797:
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1794:. 24 April 2014
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1691:Growing Organic
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1674:Wayback Machine
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1005:Home composting
996:
969:
941:
939:Nutrient levels
932:
916:
907:
894:
881:
859:
846:
717:
709:bioavailability
676:
659:
642:
629:Cafeteria waste
603:
550:
534:
486:
451:soil amendments
389:
346:
294:, compost, and
233:
228:
153:
133:vermifiltration
67:vermicomposting
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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3768:Garden tourism
3765:
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3758:Groundskeeping
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3566:
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3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3547:free-flowering
3544:
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3514:
3509:
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2864:Groundskeeping
2861:
2860:
2859:
2857:computer-aided
2849:
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2819:
2814:
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2795:
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2768:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2752:at Wikiversity
2739:
2738:External links
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1811:Appelhof, p. 3
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1716:"Vermiculture"
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1190:Ceng, Fzweie.
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506:Eisenia fetida
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3852:
3851:
3842:
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3827:
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3810:
3804:
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3800:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3763:Garden centre
3761:
3759:
3756:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3743:
3742:
3741:Floral design
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3722:
3714:
3711:
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3612:
3608:
3607:reforestation
3605:
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3600:
3598:
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3593:
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3577:
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3535:
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3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3517:Intercropping
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3459:
3458:most valuable
3456:
3455:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3426:Arboriculture
3424:
3420:
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3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3400:
3397:
3396:
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3329:
3327:
3324:
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3314:
3312:
3309:
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3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
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3259:
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3207:
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3200:
3197:
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3182:
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3177:
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3170:
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3157:
3155:
3152:
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3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3090:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3061:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3020:
3019:Garden square
3017:
3016:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2949:Ancient Egypt
2947:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2931:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
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2877:
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2872:
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2867:
2865:
2862:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2852:Garden design
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
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2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
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2724:
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2701:
2696:
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2652:
2648:
2641:
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2601:
2593:
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2569:
2564:
2561:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2537:
2534:
2519:
2513:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2483:
2480:
2465:
2459:
2456:
2450:
2447:
2441:
2438:
2426:
2422:
2415:
2412:
2400:on 2012-02-16
2396:
2392:
2385:
2378:
2375:
2369:
2366:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2346:
2343:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2315:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
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2263:
2260:
2254:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2200:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2149:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2125:on 2006-01-17
2124:
2120:
2113:
2110:
2099:on 2009-01-15
2095:
2088:
2081:
2078:
2073:
2067:
2064:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2039:
2028:on 2015-10-28
2027:
2023:
2019:
2013:
2010:
2004:
2001:
1996:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1975:
1972:
1960:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1918:
1915:
1904:on 2013-10-20
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1881:(2): 244–51.
1880:
1876:
1869:
1862:
1859:
1847:
1843:
1836:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1817:
1814:
1808:
1805:
1793:
1789:
1783:
1780:
1768:
1761:
1758:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1732:
1721:
1717:
1711:
1708:
1697:on 2016-02-13
1696:
1692:
1688:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1671:
1668:
1664:
1661:
1647:
1641:
1638:
1627:
1623:
1617:
1614:
1603:
1599:
1597:
1589:
1586:
1575:on 2019-07-01
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1540:
1533:
1530:
1517:
1511:
1508:
1497:
1491:
1488:
1474:
1468:
1465:
1455:
1453:9780891188650
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1407:
1400:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1368:
1365:
1360:
1354:
1350:
1343:
1340:
1336:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1311:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1218:
1211:
1208:
1197:
1193:
1186:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1099:
1092:
1089:
1078:on 2019-10-09
1077:
1073:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1052:
1046:
1043:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
997:
993:
991:
989:
985:
982:
978:
973:
966:
964:
960:
958:
954:
953:nitrogen burn
949:
947:
938:
936:
929:
927:
923:
920:
913:
911:
904:
902:
900:
891:
885:
878:
876:
873:
871:
866:
864:
856:
850:
843:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
819:
816:
815:metabolic gap
812:
811:
810:
809:
808:Environmental
802:
799:
796:
792:
790:
786:
785:
784:
783:
776:
772:
768:
764:
761:
758:
757:
756:
755:
748:
745:
742:
739:
735:
731:
727:
724:
723:
722:
721:
714:
712:
710:
704:
702:
697:
694:
692:
687:
685:
681:
673:
671:
667:
663:
656:
654:
646:
639:
635:
631:
628:
625:
622:
619:
617:Brewery waste
616:
614:
613:Sewage sludge
611:
608:
607:
606:
600:
595:
592:
589:
585:
582:
579:
576:
572:
569:
566:
563:
559:
558:
557:
555:
547:
545:
543:
539:
531:
529:
527:
526:
521:
520:
515:
513:
509:
507:
501:
499:
495:
491:
483:
481:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
462:detritivorous
458:
456:
452:
447:
443:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
416:
414:
405:
398:
393:
386:
384:
380:
372:
368:
365:
360:
358:
353:
351:
343:
338:
337:
332:
331:
327:
326:
325:
324:recommended:
323:
318:
316:
312:
307:
306:for a list).
305:
301:
297:
293:
285:
284:
280:
277:
276:
272:
269:
268:
264:
261:
260:
256:
253:
252:
247:
246:
242:
241:
240:
238:
230:
225:
223:
219:
217:
212:
210:
205:
200:
198:
194:
190:
189:
184:
180:
179:
174:
173:
168:
167:
161:
159:
150:
148:
146:
142:
138:
137:oxygen demand
134:
130:
125:
123:
119:
114:
112:
108:
104:
100:
99:
93:
89:
88:
82:
81:worm castings
79:(also called
78:
74:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
43:vermi-compost
40:
32:
19:
3848:
3836:
3824:
3805:
3708:Weed control
3597:horticulture
3527:Olericulture
3507:Hydroculture
3497:Fruticulture
3475:Floriculture
3404:Permaculture
3391:Horticulture
2787:Horticulture
2750:Vermicompost
2727:. Retrieved
2722:
2699:
2679:. Retrieved
2675:
2665:
2646:
2640:
2629:. Retrieved
2619:
2599:
2592:
2574:
2563:
2546:
2542:
2536:
2525:. Retrieved
2512:
2488:
2482:
2471:. Retrieved
2469:. p. 14
2458:
2449:
2440:
2428:. Retrieved
2424:
2414:
2402:. Retrieved
2395:the original
2390:
2377:
2368:
2359:
2355:
2345:
2328:
2324:
2314:
2273:
2269:
2262:
2243:
2239:
2229:
2205:
2199:
2158:
2154:
2127:. Retrieved
2123:the original
2112:
2101:. Retrieved
2094:the original
2080:
2066:
2055:. Retrieved
2041:
2030:. Retrieved
2026:the original
2021:
2012:
2003:
1984:
1974:
1963:. Retrieved
1952:
1935:
1917:
1906:. Retrieved
1899:the original
1878:
1874:
1861:
1850:. Retrieved
1845:
1841:
1816:
1807:
1796:. Retrieved
1791:
1782:
1771:. Retrieved
1760:
1748:. Retrieved
1744:the original
1734:
1723:. Retrieved
1719:
1710:
1699:. Retrieved
1695:the original
1690:
1680:
1663:
1652:. Retrieved
1640:
1629:. Retrieved
1625:
1616:
1605:. Retrieved
1601:
1595:
1588:
1577:. Retrieved
1570:the original
1549:
1545:
1532:
1520:. Retrieved
1510:
1499:. Retrieved
1490:
1479:. Retrieved
1467:
1457:, retrieved
1435:
1425:
1416:
1412:
1399:
1390:
1380:
1372:
1367:
1348:
1342:
1316:
1310:
1285:
1281:
1227:
1223:
1210:
1199:. Retrieved
1195:
1185:
1152:
1148:
1141:
1133:
1108:
1104:
1091:
1080:. Retrieved
1076:the original
1045:
981:Chhattisgarh
974:
970:
961:
957:potting soil
950:
942:
933:
924:
921:
917:
914:Pest species
908:
895:
874:
867:
860:
837:incinerators
833:nitric oxide
807:
806:
781:
780:
754:Plant growth
753:
752:
719:
718:
705:
698:
695:
688:
677:
668:
664:
660:
651:
604:
551:
535:
523:
517:
510:
504:
502:
487:
469:
465:
459:
448:
444:
428:yellow cedar
420:heavy metals
417:
410:
381:
377:
361:
354:
347:
334:
328:
321:
319:
308:
289:
281:
273:
265:
257:
249:
243:
234:
220:
216:permaculture
213:
201:
196:
193:dendrobaenas
192:
186:
182:
176:
170:
164:
162:
154:
126:
117:
115:
102:
95:
91:
84:
80:
76:
75:
71:vermiculture
70:
66:
57:, and other
51:red wigglers
42:
39:Vermicompost
38:
37:
18:Vermiculture
3850:WikiProject
3619:Monoculture
3614:Viticulture
3592:agriculture
3552:propagation
3492:Hügelkultur
3414:sustainable
3399:Agriculture
3341:Therapeutic
3321:Shakespeare
3132:Renaissance
2924:Xeriscaping
2919:Sustainable
2914:Square foot
2904:Proplifting
2869:Garden tool
2837:Foodscaping
2523:. p. 8
2246:: 418–423.
2155:Chemosphere
1957:Lotzof, M.
1842:Home Garden
1418:substances.
1224:Chemosphere
1025:Vermiponics
1020:Vermifilter
734:phosphatase
542:Green waste
387:Small scale
350:compost tea
344:Large scale
209:drilosphere
103:worm faeces
55:white worms
3882:Composting
3866:Categories
3512:Indigenous
3409:stock-free
3381:Zoological
3261:Pollinator
3154:Greenhouse
3097:Sharawadgi
3085:Vietnamese
3046:East Asian
2954:Australian
2909:Raised bed
2874:Green wall
2729:2018-12-24
2681:2022-08-17
2631:2018-04-23
2543:Waterlines
2527:2017-10-06
2473:2017-10-06
2183:11093/5816
2129:2012-10-03
2103:2012-10-03
2057:2018-03-18
2032:2016-02-21
1965:2012-10-03
1908:2012-09-19
1852:2012-10-03
1798:2016-02-21
1773:2012-10-03
1725:2016-02-21
1701:2016-02-21
1654:2009-03-04
1631:2016-02-21
1607:2016-02-21
1579:2009-02-21
1501:2009-02-22
1481:2009-02-22
1459:2023-10-06
1252:11093/5816
1201:2016-02-21
1082:2009-02-22
1037:References
1000:Fertilizer
701:worm mucus
674:Properties
640:Harvesting
634:wood chips
588:pesticides
494:feedstocks
457:requires.
383:climates.
292:vegetation
181:, synonym
145:blackwater
141:wastewater
63:food waste
59:earthworms
49:, usually
3783:Perennial
3746:Floristry
3693:Pesticide
3673:Herbicide
3668:Fungicide
3562:hardiness
3326:Shrubbery
3306:Sculpture
3127:landscape
3056:Cantonese
3031:Container
3026:Community
2994:Byzantine
2989:Butterfly
2979:Botanical
2879:Guerrilla
2827:Community
2817:Butterfly
2812:Arboretum
2807:Allotment
2799:Gardening
2791:gardening
2362:(10): 63.
2331:: 41–48.
2298:1879-2456
1750:3 October
1552:: 59–64.
1522:March 26,
1302:0038-0717
1169:1873-3336
1051:worm cast
789:landfills
738:cellulase
684:magnesium
680:nutrients
532:Feedstock
496:used can
413:Styrofoam
118:vermiwash
92:worm poop
77:Vermicast
3826:Category
3736:Features
3642:Grafting
3602:forestry
3584:Tropical
3569:Pomology
3542:cuttings
3537:breeding
3371:Wildlife
3351:Tropical
3301:Scottish
3251:Pleasure
3239:Paradise
3234:Charbagh
3204:Monastic
3199:Medieval
3109:Floating
3063:Japanese
3014:Communal
3004:Colonial
2969:Biblical
2934:Types of
2899:Parterre
2582:Archived
2493:Archived
2356:BioCycle
2306:25128918
2210:Archived
2191:18511100
2051:Archived
1942:Archived
1925:Archived
1895:16318873
1670:Archived
1260:18511100
1177:21041027
1111:: 5–12.
994:See also
905:Moisture
870:leachate
863:worm tea
827:such as
782:Economic
769:such as
732:such as
691:ryegrass
300:invasive
158:salinity
151:Overview
3838:Commons
3751:Ikebana
3703:Pruning
3629:Organic
3579:Roguing
3465:Cutting
3356:Victory
3331:Spanish
3311:Sensory
3256:Prairie
3224:Persian
3214:Orchard
3179:Kitchen
3174:Keyhole
3169:Italian
3164:Islamic
3159:Hanging
3118:French
3104:Fernery
3092:English
3051:Chinese
3036:Cottage
2964:Baroque
2936:gardens
2889:History
2278:Bibcode
2163:Bibcode
1232:Bibcode
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829:methane
730:enzymes
657:Methods
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498:compost
474:insects
440:Hemlock
432:redwood
397:plywood
357:windrow
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3480:Canada
3443:Botany
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3376:Winter
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3296:School
3291:Sacred
3246:Physic
3209:Mughal
3189:Market
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3276:Roman
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