22:
162:
according to
Richard Amasino, Lysenko inaccurately asserted that the vernalized state could be inherited, i.e. the offspring of a vernalized plant would behave as if they themselves had also been vernalized and would not require vernalization in order to flower quickly. Opposing this view and supporting Lysenko's claim, Xiuju Li and Yongsheng Liu have detailed experimental evidence from the USSR, Hungary, Bulgaria and China that shows the conversion between spring wheat and winter wheat, positing that "it is not unreasonable to postulate
202:
124:, farmers observed a traditional distinction between "winter cereals", whose seeds require chilling (to trigger their subsequent emergence and growth), and "spring cereals", whose seeds can be sown in spring, and germinate, and then flower soon thereafter. Scientists in the early 19th century had discussed how some plants needed cold temperatures to flower. In 1857 an American agriculturist
60:, or by an artificial equivalent. After vernalization, plants have acquired the ability to flower, but they may require additional seasonal cues or weeks of growth before they will actually do so. The term is sometimes used to refer to the need of herbal (non-woody) plants for a period of cold dormancy in order to produce new shoots and leaves, but this usage is discouraged.
153:
meaning Spring). After
Lysenko the term was used to explain the ability of flowering in some plants after a period of chilling due to physiological changes and external factors. The formal definition was given in 1960 by a French botanist P. Chouard, as "the acquisition or acceleration of the ability
280:
expression through chromatin remodeling. Levels of VRN2 protein increase during long-term cold exposure as a result of inhibition of VRN2 turnover via its N-degron. The events of histone deacetylation at Lysine 9 and 14 followed by methylation at Lys 9 and 27 is associated with the vernalization
161:
drew wide attention due to its practical consequences for
Russian agriculture. Severe cold and lack of winter snow had destroyed many early winter wheat seedlings. By treating wheat seeds with moisture as well as cold, Lysenko induced them to bear a crop when planted in spring. Later however,
67:
climates require vernalization and must experience a period of low winter temperature to initiate or accelerate the flowering process. This ensures that reproductive development and seed production occurs in spring and winters, rather than in autumn. The needed cold is often expressed in
219:("thale cress") is a much-studied model for vernalization. Some ecotypes (varieties), called "winter annuals", have delayed flowering without vernalization; others ("summer annuals") do not. The genes that underlie this difference in plant physiology have been intensively studied.
421:
Sung, Sibum; He, Yuehui; Eshoo, Tifani W; Tamada, Yosuke; Johnson, Lianna; Nakahigashi, Kenji; Goto, Koji; Jacobsen, Steve E; Amasino, Richard M (2006). "Epigenetic maintenance of the vernalized state in
Arabidopsis thaliana requires LIKE HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEIN 1".
132:
who made a detailed discussion in his 1918 paper. Gassner was the first to systematically differentiate the specific requirements of winter plants from those of summer plants, and also that early swollen germinating seeds of winter cereals are sensitive to cold.
169:
Early research on vernalization focused on plant physiology; the increasing availability of molecular biology has made it possible to unravel its underlying mechanisms. For example, a lengthening daylight period (longer days),
140:
published his works on the effects of cold on cereal seeds, and coined the term "яровизация" ("jarovization") to describe a chilling process he used to make the seeds of winter cereals behave like spring cereals
1333:
Devernalization can be brought about by high temperatures ... Onion sets ... are ... ready to flower ... temperatures above 26.7 °C (80 °F) ..., however, shifts the sets to the desired bulb-forming
1009:
Gibbs, DJ; Tedds, HM; Labandera, AM; Bailey, M; White, MD; Hartman, S; Sprigg, C; Mogg, SL; Osborne, R; Dambire, C; Boeckx, T; Paling, Z; Voesenek, LACJ; Flashman, E; Holdsworth, MJ (21 December 2018).
128:, Secretary of the Ohio Board of Agriculture, reported the importance and effect of winter temperature on the germination of wheat. One of the most significant works was by a German plant physiologist
230:
transition (flower stalk elongates), then the floral transition (first flower appears). Bolting is a robust predictor of flower formation, and hence a good indicator for vernalization research.
331:
growers store sets at low temperatures, but devernalize them before planting, because they want the plant's energy to go into enlarging its bulb (underground stem), not making flowers.
241:
appears to confer competence to respond to floral inductive signals. A vernalized meristem retains competence for as long as 300 days in the absence of an inductive signal.
319:
pathway. A day-length mechanism is also important. Vernalization response works in concert with the photo-periodic genes CO, FT, PHYA, CRY2 to induce flowering.
83:
species, a period of cold is needed first to induce dormancy and then later, after the requisite period, re-emerge from that dormancy prior to flowering. Many
252:), which binds to and represses genes that promote flowering, thus blocking flowering. Winter annual ecotypes of Arabidopsis have an active copy of the gene
1069:
174:
cold temperatures are required for winter wheat plants to go from the vegetative to the reproductive state; the three interacting genes are called
1547:
1501:
911:"The FRIGIDA Complex Activates Transcription ofFLC, a Strong Flowering Repressor in Arabidopsis, by Recruiting Chromatin Modification Factors"
327:
It is possible to devernalize a plant by exposure to sometimes low and high temperatures subsequent to vernalization. For example, commercial
595:
474:
760:
Trevaskis, Ben; Hemming, Megan N.; Dennis, Elizabeth S. (August 2007). "The molecular basis of vernalization-induced flowering in cereals".
1537:
1381:
1195:
Angel, Andrew; Song, Jie; Dean, Caroline; Howard, Martin (2011). "A Polycomb-based switch underlying quantitative epigenetic memory".
1573:
492:"Attenuation of FLOWERING LOCUS C activity as a mechanism for the evolution of summer-annual flowering behavior in Arabidopsis"
1238:
Crevillén, Pedro; Yang, Hongchun; Cui, Xia; Greeff, Christiaan; Trick, Martin; Qiu, Qi; Cao, Xiaofeng; Dean, Caroline (2014).
21:
958:
Sung, Sibum; Amasino, Richard M. (2004). "Vernalization in
Arabidopsis thaliana is mediated by the PHD finger protein VIN3".
1012:"Oxygen-dependent proteolysis regulates the stability of angiosperm polycomb repressive complex 2 subunit VERNALIZATION 2"
1354:
1583:
1578:
1552:
1374:
1144:
Heo, J. B.; Sung, S. (2011). "Vernalization-Mediated
Epigenetic Silencing by a Long Intronic Noncoding RNA".
149:
meaning fire or the god of spring). Lysenko himself translated the term into "vernalization" (from the Latin
1532:
360:
Sokolski, K.; Dovholuk, A.; Dovholuk, L.; Faletra, P. (1997). "Axenic seed culture and micropropagation of
264:
expression, thus repression of flowering. Prolonged exposure to cold (vernalization) induces expression of
340:
227:
121:
1066:
909:
Choi, Kyuha; Kim, Juhyun; Hwang, Hyun-Ju; Kim, Sanghee; Park, Chulmin; Kim, Sang Yeol; Lee, Ilha (2011).
704:"The conversion of spring wheat into winter wheat and vice versa: false claim or Lamarckian inheritance?"
72:. Typical vernalization temperatures are between 1 and 7 degrees Celsius (34 and 45 degrees Fahrenheit).
1511:
125:
1295:
1251:
1153:
1098:
1023:
967:
503:
215:
206:
100:
69:
1087:"Antisense COOLAIR mediates the coordinated switching of chromatin states atFLCduring vernalization"
1445:
1367:
825:"The significance of bolting and floral transitions as indicators of reproductive phase change in
1220:
1177:
991:
739:
521:
447:
373:
1440:
1240:"Epigenetic reprogramming that prevents trans-generational inheritance of the vernalized state"
201:
1542:
1414:
1349:
1277:
1212:
1169:
1126:
1049:
983:
940:
891:
850:
777:
731:
723:
684:
630:
613:
591:
539:
470:
439:
1496:
1267:
1259:
1204:
1161:
1116:
1106:
1039:
1031:
975:
930:
922:
881:
840:
769:
715:
674:
666:
622:
566:
529:
511:
431:
400:
297:
293:
transcripts. Vernalization is registered by the plant by the stable silencing of individual
285:
by chromatin remodeling is also thought to involve the cold-induced expression of antisense
158:
76:
1470:
1450:
1073:
798:
49:
1255:
1157:
1102:
1027:
971:
570:
507:
404:
166:
that could plausibly result in the conversion of spring to winter wheat or vice versa."
1455:
1404:
1272:
1239:
1121:
1086:
1044:
1011:
935:
910:
137:
129:
91:
87:
37:
679:
654:
534:
491:
1567:
1419:
1224:
886:
869:
703:
1181:
743:
1491:
1409:
995:
451:
773:
1317:
585:
490:
Michaels, Scott D.; He, Yuehui; Scortecci, Katia C.; Amasino, Richard M. (2003).
1465:
1460:
163:
1035:
1506:
1390:
719:
626:
84:
80:
43:
727:
1165:
1111:
516:
64:
1281:
1216:
1173:
1130:
1053:
987:
944:
926:
895:
854:
781:
735:
688:
670:
634:
543:
443:
1486:
1424:
845:
824:
238:
1263:
1208:
979:
391:
Chouard, P. (June 1960). "Vernalization and its relations to dormancy".
377:
525:
304:
during embryogenesis prevents the inheritance of the vernalized state.
95:
26:
1085:
Csorba, Tibor; Questa, Julia I.; Sun, Qianwen; Dean, Caroline (2014).
1067:
http://www.jic.ac.uk/news/2014/10/plants-require-coolair-flower-spring
112:, must go through a prolonged period of cold before flowering occurs.
105:
57:
53:
469:. Sunderland, Massachusetts (USA): Sinauer Associates. p. 605.
557:
Chouard, P. (1960). "Vernalization and its
Relations to Dormancy".
435:
328:
200:
109:
20:
655:"Vernalization, Competence, and the Epigenetic Memory of Winter"
1363:
244:
At the molecular level, flowering is repressed by the protein
1359:
1350:
https://www.jic.ac.uk/staff/caroline-dean/vernalization.htm
611:
Roll-Hansen, Nils (1985). "A new perspective on
Lysenko?".
226:
occurs by a sequence of two related events: first, the
590:. Cambridge (UK): Woodhead Publishing. p. 121.
1525:
1479:
1433:
1397:
210:rosette before vernalization, with no floral spike
870:"Seasonal and developmental timing of flowering"
1091:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
496:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
823:Pouteau, Sylvie; Albertini, Catherine (2009).
1375:
56:process by exposure to the prolonged cold of
8:
755:
753:
300:. The removal of silent chromatin marks at
1382:
1368:
1360:
818:
816:
584:Poltronieri, Palmiro; Hong, Yiguo (2015).
315:), vernalization must also activate a non-
157:Lysenko's 1928 paper on vernalization and
1271:
1120:
1110:
1043:
934:
885:
844:
678:
648:
646:
644:
533:
515:
702:Li, Xiuju; Liu, Yongsheng (6 May 2010).
587:Applied Plant Genomics and Biotechnology
16:Induction of a plant's flowering process
1548:Suppressed research in the Soviet Union
1502:Inheritance of acquired characteristics
793:
791:
352:
29:require vernalization before flowering.
416:
414:
281:response. The epigenetic silencing of
465:Taiz, Lincoln; Murphy, Angus (2015).
7:
1538:Collectivization in the Soviet Union
621:(3). Taylor & Francis: 261–278.
154:to flower by a chilling treatment."
571:10.1146/annurev.pp.11.060160.001203
405:10.1146/annurev.pp.11.060160.001203
307:Since vernalization also occurs in
276:) polycomb-like complex to reduce
14:
559:Annual Review of Plant Physiology
393:Annual Review of Plant Physiology
222:The reproductive phase change of
116:History of vernalization research
52:') is the induction of a plant's
887:10.1111/j.1365-313X.2010.04148.x
467:Plant Physiology and Development
136:In 1928, the Soviet agronomist
1322:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
833:Journal of Experimental Botany
1:
774:10.1016/j.tplants.2007.06.010
145:in Russian, originally from
399:. Annual Reviews: 191–238.
268:, which interacts with the
1600:
1036:10.1038/s41467-018-07875-7
1553:Politicization of science
868:Amasino, Richard (2010).
720:10.1007/s12038-010-0035-1
627:10.1080/00033798500200201
266:VERNALIZATION INSENSTIVE3
1574:Agricultural terminology
1355:Article in New Scientist
799:"Vernalisation response"
768:(8). Elsevier: 352–357.
1533:Bourgeois pseudoscience
1296:"Vernalisation pathway"
1166:10.1126/science.1197349
1112:10.1073/pnas.1419030111
762:Trends in Plant Science
517:10.1073/pnas.1531467100
237:, vernalization of the
927:10.1105/tpc.110.075911
708:Journal of Biosciences
671:10.1105/tpc.104.161070
341:Stratification (seeds)
211:
122:history of agriculture
42:
30:
1512:Mendelian inheritance
1072:23 April 2015 at the
1016:Nature Communications
204:
164:epigenetic mechanisms
126:John Hancock Klippart
63:Many plants grown in
24:
653:Amasino, R. (2004).
216:Arabidopsis thaliana
207:Arabidopsis thaliana
196:Arabidopsis thaliana
101:Arabidopsis thaliana
1446:Georgii Karpechenko
1264:10.1038/nature13722
1256:2014Natur.515..587C
1209:10.1038/nature10241
1158:2011Sci...331...76H
1103:2014PNAS..11116160C
1028:2018NatCo...9.5438G
980:10.1038/nature02195
972:2004Natur.427..159S
508:2003PNAS..10010102M
362:Cypripedium reginae
846:10.1093/jxb/erp173
260:), which promotes
212:
31:
1561:
1560:
1543:Pavlovian session
1415:Nikita Khrushchev
966:(6970): 159–163.
874:The Plant Journal
665:(10): 2553–2559.
614:Annals of Science
597:978-0-08-100068-7
476:978-1-60535-255-8
311:mutants (lacking
246:Flowering Locus C
233:In winter annual
94:, including some
1591:
1584:Winter phenomena
1579:Plant physiology
1384:
1377:
1370:
1361:
1337:
1336:
1330:
1328:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1275:
1250:(7528): 587–90.
1235:
1229:
1228:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1124:
1114:
1082:
1076:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1047:
1006:
1000:
999:
955:
949:
948:
938:
906:
900:
899:
889:
865:
859:
858:
848:
820:
811:
810:
808:
806:
795:
786:
785:
757:
748:
747:
699:
693:
692:
682:
650:
639:
638:
608:
602:
601:
581:
575:
574:
554:
548:
547:
537:
519:
487:
481:
480:
462:
456:
455:
418:
409:
408:
388:
382:
381:
357:
159:plant physiology
77:perennial plants
25:Many species of
1599:
1598:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1557:
1526:Soviet policies
1521:
1475:
1471:Nikolai Vavilov
1451:Zhores Medvedev
1441:Wacław Gajewski
1429:
1393:
1388:
1346:
1341:
1340:
1326:
1324:
1318:"Vernalization"
1316:
1315:
1311:
1301:
1299:
1298:. Plant Biology
1294:
1293:
1289:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1203:(7358): 105–8.
1194:
1193:
1189:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1097:(45): 16160–5.
1084:
1083:
1079:
1074:Wayback Machine
1065:
1061:
1008:
1007:
1003:
957:
956:
952:
908:
907:
903:
867:
866:
862:
839:(12): 3367–77.
822:
821:
814:
804:
802:
801:. Plant Biology
797:
796:
789:
759:
758:
751:
701:
700:
696:
652:
651:
642:
610:
609:
605:
598:
583:
582:
578:
556:
555:
551:
502:(17): 10102–7.
489:
488:
484:
477:
464:
463:
459:
424:Nature Genetics
420:
419:
412:
390:
389:
385:
359:
358:
354:
349:
337:
325:
323:Devernalization
199:
118:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1597:
1595:
1587:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1566:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1456:Georgii Nadson
1453:
1448:
1443:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1405:Trofim Lysenko
1401:
1399:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1387:
1386:
1379:
1372:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1352:
1345:
1344:External links
1342:
1339:
1338:
1309:
1287:
1230:
1187:
1152:(6013): 76–9.
1136:
1077:
1059:
1001:
950:
921:(1): 289–303.
915:The Plant Cell
901:
880:(6): 1001–13.
860:
812:
787:
749:
714:(2): 321–325.
694:
659:The Plant Cell
640:
603:
596:
576:
565:(1): 191–238.
549:
482:
475:
457:
436:10.1038/ng1795
410:
383:
351:
350:
348:
345:
344:
343:
336:
333:
324:
321:
270:VERNALIZATION2
198:
192:
138:Trofim Lysenko
130:Gustav Gassner
117:
114:
88:winter annuals
48: 'of the
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1596:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1518:
1517:Vernalization
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1497:Hybridization
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1420:Joseph Stalin
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1385:
1380:
1378:
1373:
1371:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1335:
1323:
1319:
1313:
1310:
1297:
1291:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1234:
1231:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1191:
1188:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1140:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1071:
1068:
1063:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1005:
1002:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
954:
951:
946:
942:
937:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
905:
902:
897:
893:
888:
883:
879:
875:
871:
864:
861:
856:
852:
847:
842:
838:
834:
830:
828:
819:
817:
813:
800:
794:
792:
788:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
756:
754:
750:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
698:
695:
690:
686:
681:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
649:
647:
645:
641:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
615:
607:
604:
599:
593:
589:
588:
580:
577:
572:
568:
564:
560:
553:
550:
545:
541:
536:
531:
527:
523:
518:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
486:
483:
478:
472:
468:
461:
458:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
430:(6): 706–10.
429:
425:
417:
415:
411:
406:
402:
398:
394:
387:
384:
379:
375:
372:(2): 172–82.
371:
367:
363:
356:
353:
346:
342:
339:
338:
334:
332:
330:
322:
320:
318:
314:
310:
305:
303:
299:
296:
292:
288:
284:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
242:
240:
236:
231:
229:
225:
220:
218:
217:
209:
208:
203:
197:
193:
191:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
167:
165:
160:
155:
152:
148:
144:
139:
134:
131:
127:
123:
115:
113:
111:
107:
103:
102:
97:
93:
89:
86:
82:
78:
73:
71:
66:
61:
59:
55:
51:
47:
46:
45:
39:
35:
34:Vernalization
28:
23:
19:
1516:
1492:Heritability
1410:J. D. Bernal
1332:
1325:. Retrieved
1321:
1312:
1300:. Retrieved
1290:
1247:
1243:
1233:
1200:
1196:
1190:
1149:
1145:
1139:
1094:
1090:
1080:
1062:
1019:
1015:
1004:
963:
959:
953:
918:
914:
904:
877:
873:
863:
836:
832:
826:
803:. Retrieved
765:
761:
711:
707:
697:
662:
658:
618:
612:
606:
586:
579:
562:
558:
552:
499:
495:
485:
466:
460:
427:
423:
396:
392:
386:
369:
365:
361:
355:
326:
316:
312:
308:
306:
301:
294:
290:
286:
282:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
243:
234:
232:
223:
221:
214:
213:
205:
195:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
168:
156:
150:
146:
142:
135:
119:
99:
74:
62:
41:
33:
32:
18:
1466:Tan Jiazhen
1461:Hans Stubbe
1398:Lysenkoists
1327:3 September
1022:(1): 5438.
827:Arabidopsis
287:FLC COOLAIR
235:Arabidopsis
224:A. thaliana
104:and winter
70:chill hours
1568:Categories
1507:Lamarckism
1434:Dissidents
1391:Lysenkoism
1302:26 January
805:26 January
347:References
172:as well as
85:monocarpic
81:fruit tree
79:, such as
36:(from
1225:205225603
728:0250-5991
92:biennials
75:For many
65:temperate
54:flowering
1487:Heredity
1480:Concepts
1425:VASKhNIL
1282:25219852
1217:21785438
1182:19127414
1174:21127216
1131:25349421
1070:Archived
1054:30575749
988:14712276
945:21282526
896:20409274
855:19502535
782:17629542
744:10527354
736:20689187
689:15466409
635:11620694
544:12904584
444:16682972
378:41760430
366:Selbyana
335:See also
239:meristem
108:such as
96:ecotypes
1273:4247276
1252:Bibcode
1154:Bibcode
1146:Science
1122:4234544
1099:Bibcode
1045:6303374
1024:Bibcode
996:4418494
968:Bibcode
936:3051252
526:3147669
504:Bibcode
452:2855447
291:COLDAIR
254:FRIGIDA
228:bolting
143:Jarovoe
120:In the
106:cereals
27:henbane
1334:phase.
1280:
1270:
1244:Nature
1223:
1215:
1197:Nature
1180:
1172:
1129:
1119:
1052:
1042:
994:
986:
960:Nature
943:
933:
894:
853:
780:
742:
734:
726:
687:
680:520954
677:
633:
594:
542:
535:187779
532:
524:
473:
450:
442:
376:
182:, and
151:vernum
58:winter
50:spring
44:vernus
1221:S2CID
1178:S2CID
992:S2CID
740:S2CID
522:JSTOR
448:S2CID
374:JSTOR
329:onion
110:wheat
40:
38:Latin
1329:2023
1304:2011
1278:PMID
1213:PMID
1170:PMID
1127:PMID
1050:PMID
984:PMID
941:PMID
892:PMID
851:PMID
807:2011
778:PMID
732:PMID
724:ISSN
685:PMID
631:PMID
592:ISBN
540:PMID
471:ISBN
440:PMID
298:loci
274:VRN2
188:VRN3
180:VRN2
176:VRN1
90:and
1268:PMC
1260:doi
1248:515
1205:doi
1201:476
1162:doi
1150:331
1117:PMC
1107:doi
1095:111
1040:PMC
1032:doi
976:doi
964:427
931:PMC
923:doi
882:doi
841:doi
770:doi
716:doi
675:PMC
667:doi
623:doi
567:doi
530:PMC
512:doi
500:100
432:doi
401:doi
364:".
317:FLC
313:FLC
309:flc
302:FLC
295:FLC
289:or
283:FLC
278:FLC
262:FLC
258:FRI
250:FLC
194:In
190:).
147:jar
98:of
1570::
1331:.
1320:.
1276:.
1266:.
1258:.
1246:.
1242:.
1219:.
1211:.
1199:.
1176:.
1168:.
1160:.
1148:.
1125:.
1115:.
1105:.
1093:.
1089:.
1048:.
1038:.
1030:.
1018:.
1014:.
990:.
982:.
974:.
962:.
939:.
929:.
919:23
917:.
913:.
890:.
878:61
876:.
872:.
849:.
837:60
835:.
831:.
815:^
790:^
776:.
766:12
764:.
752:^
738:.
730:.
722:.
712:35
710:.
706:.
683:.
673:.
663:16
661:.
657:.
643:^
629:.
619:42
617:.
563:11
561:.
538:.
528:.
520:.
510:.
498:.
494:.
446:.
438:.
428:38
426:.
413:^
397:11
395:.
370:18
368:.
184:FT
178:,
1383:e
1376:t
1369:v
1306:.
1284:.
1262::
1254::
1227:.
1207::
1184:.
1164::
1156::
1133:.
1109::
1101::
1056:.
1034::
1026::
1020:9
998:.
978::
970::
947:.
925::
898:.
884::
857:.
843::
829:"
809:.
784:.
772::
746:.
718::
691:.
669::
637:.
625::
600:.
573:.
569::
546:.
514::
506::
479:.
454:.
434::
407:.
403::
380:.
272:(
256:(
248:(
186:(
141:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
