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Arrondissement, made rendezvous routinely at cafés frequented by other agents, and took up life as a
Parisienne again. Paris was remarkably calm under the German occupation with life continuing much as it had before despite rationing and the psychological stress many suffered in private, with few acts of resistance due to the savage reprisals the German invaders would inflict in response and the large number of Parisians willing to enrich themselves by becoming informants for the Gestapo. It caused Leigh to be less careful than she should have been, as evidenced by her decision to frequent the same hairdresser she had used before the war.
552:, recognized Borrel as one of his former helpers. He exchanged a few words with another one of the women, who said she was English (Leigh or Rowden) before she disappeared into the cellblock building. At the post-war trial of the men charged with the execution of the four women, Guérisse stated that he was in the infirmary and had seen the women, one by one, being escorted by SS guards from the cellblock (Zellenbau) to the crematorium a few yards away. He told the court: "I saw the four women going to the crematorium, one after the other. One went, and two or three minutes later another went."
298:
party". He found her "dead keen" and noted that she was greatly respected, had an "equable nature", and according to him was a "plumb woman for this work". One of her instructors later remembered that she had a hard time dealing with maps and diagrams, but was "extremely good with her fingers; she could do fiddling jobs with charges and wires and all that remarkably quickly and neatly". He speculated (correctly) that she might have been connected with the fashion business before the war. "She was very interested in clothes, and hated her hideous khaki uniform".
478:). The agents were treated no differently from other prisoners – markedly better than those in concentration camps – and were given manual work to do, peeling potatoes, sewing, etc., which helped pass the time. Occasionally, through the high bars, they could hear Allied bombers headed for targets within Germany, so on the whole, the situation looked promising for them, even if there was the possibility of dying in an air raid. They believed the war was coming closer to an end and they could reasonably expect to be liberated by the Allies before long.
500:
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563:, which the doctor believed was lethal. When the woman became unconscious after the injection, she was inserted into the crematorium oven. Guérrise said, "The next morning, the German prisoner in charge of the crematorium explained to me that each time the door of the oven was opened, the flames came out of the chimney and that meant a body had been put in the oven. I saw the flames four times."
394:
487:
842:. Did General De Gaulle tell the whole truth about the French resistance? This is the purpose of this documentary. Jean Marie Barrere, the French director, uses the story of his own grandfather (Robert) to tell the French what SOE did at that time. Robert was a French teacher based in the southwest of France, who worked with SOE agent
632:. The concentration camp where she died is a now a French government historical site, where a plaque to Leigh and the three women who died with her is part of the Deportation Memorial on the site. As one of the SOE agents who died for the liberation of her country, Ensign Leigh is listed on the "Roll of Honor" on the
222:, a well-known American racehorse trainer with an English wife, who renamed his adopted daughter Vera Eugenie Leigh. After Mr Leigh's death, his wife married Albert Clark, whose son Victor Alexander Dalzell Clark became Leigh's step-brother and friend. When it came necessary to name a next-of-kin, Leigh chose Clark.
600:
More than one witness talked of a struggle when the fourth woman was shoved into the furnace. According to a Polish prisoner named Walter
Schultz, the SS medical orderly (Emil BrĂĽttel) told him the following: "When the last woman was halfway in the oven (she had been put in feet first), she had come
566:
The prisoner Guérisse referred to was Franz Berg, who assisted in the crematorium and had stoked the fire that night before being sent back to the room he shared with two other prisoners before the executions. The door was locked from the outside during the executions, but it was possible to see the
537:
The four women were initially together but later put into individual cells. Through the windows, which faced those of the infirmary, they managed to communicate with several prisoners, including a
Belgian prisoner, Dr Georges Boogaerts, who passed one of the women (whom he later identified as Borrel
515:
Some time between 5 and 6 a.m on 6 July 1944, not quite two months after their arrival in
Karlsruhe, Borrel, Leigh, Olschanezky and Rowden were taken to the reception room, given their personal possessions, and handed over to two Gestapo men who then escorted them 100 kilometres south-west by closed
420:
several kilometres outside Paris, she was registered as
Suzanne Chavonne and placed in Cell 410 of the Troisième Section Femmes. She had been taught in training to hold out for 48 hours after capture to give fellow agents a chance to vacate any premises and destroy any records she might be forced to
379:
She came across her sister's husband and at first pretended not to know him, then threw her arms around him. This chance encounter led to the discovery that he, too, was involved in clandestine activity for the Allies by hiding fugitive Allied airmen and passing them on to an escape line that would
293:
Leigh arrived in
England at the end on 1942, with the intentions of offering her services for the war effort, and was soon identified by SOE. She struck her recruiter as "a smart businesswoman". The interviewer noted further, "It is clear that commerce is her first allegiance", but the authorities
465:
We were starting on this journey together in fear, but all of us hoping for something above all that we would remain together. We had all had a taste already of what things could be like, none of us did expect for anything very much, we all knew that they could put us to death. I was the only one
297:
Her preliminary training report described Leigh as supple, active and keen, confident and capable, "a very satisfactory person to teach" and one with "a very pleasant personality". Her commandant's report said she was "full of guts", had kept up with the men and was "about the best shot in the
268:
to join her fiancé of seven years, a man called
Charles Sussaix, the managing director of a Portuguese-owned film company. She had intended to find a way, with his help, to get to England, but she became involved with the underground escape lines, guiding fugitive Allied servicemen out of the
375:
in the northeast, carrying messages from Jones to his various wireless operators and to Henri Frager (who headed a sub-circuit of the
Prosper circuit). The reports she sent to her superiors in London were described as "extremely cheerful". She moved into an apartment in the elegant Sixteenth
601:
to her senses and struggled. As there were sufficient men there, they were able to push her into the oven, but not before she had resisted and scratched Straub's face." The next day, Schultz noticed that the face of the camp executioner (Straub) had been severely scratched.
529:
men and held there until later that night. "One could see from their appearance that they hadn't come from a camp", said a French prisoner. "They seemed young, they were fairly well groomed, their clothes were not rubbish, their hair was brushed, and each had a case in their
595:
When had gone, we went to the crematorium oven, opened the door and saw that there were four blackened bodies within. Next morning in the course of my duties, I had to clear the ashes out of the crematorium oven. I found a pink woman's stocking garter on the floor near the
407:
from which she ran her husband's business, an effective cover for Leigh's activity as Déricourt's courier. Leigh frequently met other agents at a café on the other side of the Place des Ternes, a short walk from the Place de l'Étoile in the
Seventeenth. It was there in the
785:
codenamed "Felix" and "Cat", respectively. The film tells the story of the training of agents for SOE and their operations in France. The training sequences were filmed using the SOE equipment at the training schools at Traigh and
Garramor (South Morar) and at
370:
Leigh's codename among fellow agents was Simone, and Almoner for radio communications with London; while her assumed identity in France was Suzanne Chavanne, a milliner's assistant. With papers in her assumed name, she moved around Paris and as far away as the
380:
try to get them over the Pyrenees across the frontier into Spain. In her spare time, she began escorting some of these downed fliers, who spoke no French, through the streets from the safe-house to their next point of contact on the escape line.
571:
We heard low voices in the next room and then the noise of a body being dragged along the floor, and he whispered to me that he could see people dragging something along the floor which was below his angle of vision through the fanlight.
524:
As women were a rarity in the camp, their presence immediately attracted attention from both German guards and prisoners. The four women were led through the center of the camp down to the cellblock at the bottom of the camp by
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229:, the training centre and racing course near Paris. Clark later remembered that, as a child, she wanted to be a jockey when she grew up. In fact, she moved from the world of racing to the equally fashionable one of
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concentration camp in France, where they arrived around 3:30 p.m. The women's arrival was apparently unexpected as was the order by one of the women's escorts that the four women were to be executed immediately.
608:) was executed after the war. Franz Berg was sentenced to five years in prison but received the death penalty in another trial for a different crime and was hanged on the same day as Rohde. The camp commandant (
589:". We then heard the noise of a struggle and the muffled cries of the woman. I assumed that someone held a hand over her mouth. I heard the woman being dragged away too. She was groaning louder than the others.
461:, all of whom were F Section agents. Later that day, they were taken to the railway station, and each was handcuffed to a guard upon alighting the train. Sansom, in an interview after the war, said:
667:, who saw Leigh and the three other female SOE agents at the Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp just before their deaths, painted a poignant watercolour of the four women which now hangs in the
294:
saw no reason to doubt her motives, while her pre-war life in Paris and her perfect French seemed to make her a natural for the job. She agreed to break off contact with Sussaix and began training.
1604:
Buckmaster was the head of SOE's F Section, who infamously ignored security checks by captured SOE wireless operators that indicated their capture, resulting in agents being captured and executed.
3176:
3171:
555:
Inside the building housing the crematorium, each woman in turn was told to undress for a medical check and a doctor gave her an injection for what he told one of them was a vaccination against
3191:
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656:. A later memorial, the SOE Agents Memorial in Lambeth Palace Road (Westminster, London), is dedicated to all SOE agents. She is also commemorated in column 3 of panel 26 of the
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592:
From the noise of the crematorium oven doors which I heard, I can state definitely that in each case, the groaning women were placed immediately in the crematorium oven.
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2100:
3019:
861:
Television series that was broadcast between 1987 and 1990 featuring the exploits of the women and, less frequently, the men of SOE, which was renamed the 'Outfit'.
256:
876:
3181:
3038:
2329:
503:
View of former Natzweiler-Struthof Concentration Camp in 2010. The cellblock is the building on the left and the crematorium is the building on the right.
3186:
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corridor from a small window above the door, so the prisoner in the highest bunk was able to keep up a running commentary on what he saw. Berg said:
871:
160:
3057:
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758:'s work for SOE, partly narrated by Wake (Wake was disappointed that the film was changed from an 8-hour resistance story to a 4-hour love story).
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605:
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2619:
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1930:
1908:
1782:
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1578:
A once classified report compiled in 1946 by a former member of SOE's F Section, Major Robert Bourne-Patterson, who was a planning officer.
1656:
as a SAS operative in Brittany, later becoming Professor of Modern History at Manchester University and an official historian of the SOE).
2782:
412:, on 30 October 1943, in the company of Jones' bodyguard, that she was arrested. The INVENTOR network had been betrayed by double agent
1352:
2130:
2000:
1826:
1804:
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33:
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1978:
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Focus on the four female SOE agents (Borrel, Leigh, Olschanezky and Rowden) executed in the Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp.
1503:
Focus on the four female SOE agents (Borrel, Leigh, Olschanezky and Rowden) executed in the Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp.
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1952:
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officially condemned to death. The others were not. But there is always a fugitive ray of hope that some miracle will take place.
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reveal, but is almost certain she had no need to do so. There was nothing her captor didn't already know about her activities.
2160:
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in the Place VendĂ´me in 1927, when she was only 24. In the pre-war decade, she moved into the sophisticated social scene of
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At the same time that this body was being brought past, we heard the noise of heavy breathing and low groaning combined.
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from a photograph) cigarettes through the window. Borrel threw him a little tobacco pouch containing some money.
281:. Through the efforts of a British embassy official, she was released, and helped to make her way to England via
1678:
Detailed look at SOE casualties and selected stories that are representative of the experience of SOE personnel.
2175:
2115:
2105:
2090:
2085:
2080:
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305:, as it was common for such women to be nominally employed by the FANY while actually being SOE agents (as was
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633:
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355:). Leigh was to be a courier and three of them (Leigh, Jones and Clech) were to form a sub-circuit known as
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191:
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139:
135:
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843:
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1970:
1790:
A source of information about the dozens of female agents sent into France during WW2 including Borrel.
331:, and was one of four new arrivals that night who were received by F Section's air movements officer,
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into Spain. As with many who made this journey, Spanish authorities put her in the internment camp at
3126:
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2945:
2772:
2717:
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2472:
2256:
2193:
1890:
Written by the son of Major Francis Suttill, the Prosper network chief executed by the Nazis in 1945.
1111:
SOE in France an account of the work of the British Special Operations Executive in France, 1940–1944
344:
2865:
2980:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2747:
2291:
1900:
1864:
Overview of Atkins' activity at SOE (served as Buckmaster's intelligence officer in the F Section).
1588:
668:
578:…and again we heard the same noises and regular groans as the insensible women were dragged away.
545:
517:
507:
490:
450:
203:
80:
2845:
2367:
1768:
Overview of the scores of female SOE agents sent into occupied Europe during WW2 including Borrel.
1563:
SOE in France 1941-1945: An Official Account of the Special Operations Executive's French Circuits
3052:
2960:
2895:
2447:
2417:
2382:
2301:
822:
796:
657:
645:
609:
46:
Simone, Almoner (SOE codenames), Suzanne Chavanne (alias while working as an SOE agent in France)
2970:
2875:
2534:
2514:
541:
332:
2805:
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1996:
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1439:
782:
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324:
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101:
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Shadows in the Fog: The True Story of Major Suttill and the Prosper French Resistance Network
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699:
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430:
404:
306:
226:
150:
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1960:
Documents RAF small aircraft landings in France during WW2 (author was one of the pilots).
1897:
Lonely Courage: The true story of the SOE heroines who fought to free Nazi-Occupied France
806:
653:
620:
446:
274:
219:
195:
2955:
2539:
2392:
2349:
1663:
Unearthing Churchill's Secret Army: The Official List of SOE Casualties and Their Stories
319:
Mk III (SD), the type used for special missions into occupied France during World War II.
237:
at the house of Caroline Reboux, she went into partnership with two friends to found the
3080:
2815:
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2712:
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2422:
691:
454:
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417:
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336:
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172:
1843:
Spymistress: The Life of Vera Atkins, the Greatest Female Secret Agent of World War II
585:?" and I heard a voice as I recognized as the doctor who was in civilian clothes say "
339:(an old friend of DĂ©ricourt who would be a courier in his pick-up operation codenamed
3115:
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526:
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When the women arrived in Germany they were put into separate cells in the prison in
458:
2024:
1819:
Les Parisiennes: How the Women of Paris Lived, Loved, and Died Under Nazi Occupation
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She spent time with SOE agent Aisner in an imposing building in a courtyard off the
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2880:
2825:
2642:
2609:
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Agents Françaises: French women infiltrated into France during the Second World War
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852:
438:
413:
348:
180:
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778:
1938:
Documents the activities of female OSS and SOE agents in France including Borrel.
715:
Documentary about the SOE "finishing school" on the Beaulieu estate in Hampshire.
218:, England. She had been abandoned as a baby and adopted while still an infant by
2820:
2657:
2377:
2311:
1374:
814:
787:
637:
393:
241:
1541:
The Women Who Lived for Danger: The Women Agents of SOE in the Second World War
301:
Leigh was 40 years old when she returned to France as Ensign Vera Leigh of the
3000:
2940:
2437:
2357:
755:
612:) received a life sentence, while Straub was sentenced to 13 years in prison.
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1923:
Shadow Warriors: Daring Missions of World War II by Women of the OSS and SOE
751:
734:
French film about five SOE female agents and their contribution towards the
649:
549:
471:
429:
On 13 May 1944, Leigh together with three other captured female SOE agents,
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country, and it was not until 1942 that she herself took the route over the
2321:
32:
2029:
1477:
Documents Atkins' post-war search for missing SOE agents including Borrel.
1916:
Documents the activities of female SOE agents in France including Borrel.
1394:
Register from record of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission , May 2012
372:
270:
1404:
1740:
1636:
199:
2485:
1967:
Secret War: The Story of SOE, Britain's Wartime Sabotage Organization
560:
556:
441:, were moved from Fresnes to the Gestapo's Paris headquarters in the
278:
486:
1945:
We Landed By Moonlight: The Secret RAF landings in France 1940-1944
1585:
They Fought Alone: The True Story of SOE's Agents in Wartime France
2203:
735:
641:
619:
506:
498:
485:
392:
328:
311:
255:
215:
63:
3157:
British people who died in Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp
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as one of 3,500 "to whom war denied a known and honoured grave".
1408:
581:
The fourth, however, resisted in the corridor. I heard her say "
265:
2033:
1451:
Information about female SOE agents in France including Borrel.
777:
Filming began in 1944 and starred real-life SOE agents Captain
846:(codenamed "Hilaire", in charge of the "Wheelwright" circuit).
3167:
Special Operations Executive personnel killed in World War II
1458:
A Life in Secrets: Vera Atkins and the Missing Agents of WWII
363:
circuit, and would later serve as the liaison officer of the
1176:
1174:
1172:
932:
930:
928:
1812:
Comprehensive coverage of the German occupation of France.
1436:
A Quiet Courage: The story of SOE's women agents in France
323:
Leigh returned to France on 13/14 May 1943, arriving in a
1023:
1021:
3162:
Recipients of the Queen's Commendation for Brave Conduct
1249:
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1082:
1080:
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947:
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915:
913:
3177:
People executed by Nazi Germany by lethal injection
3172:
British people executed in Nazi concentration camps
3009:
2904:
2834:
2781:
2628:
2565:
2495:
2456:
2348:
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2184:
214:Vera Leigh was born Vera Glass on 17 March 1903 in
156:
146:
131:
119:
111:
95:
87:
70:
50:
42:
23:
3026:Sons and Daughters of Jewish Deportees from France
2019:10 Amazing Female Spies Who Brought Down The Nazis
1840:
171:(17 March 1903 – 6 July 1944) was an agent of the
3192:People executed by Nazi Germany occupation forces
644:department of France. She is commemorated on the
1626:Comprehensive coverage of the French Resistance.
1834:Look at the lives of women in Paris during WW2.
1704:The second and most recent biography of Rowden.
1611:French Resistance Fighter: France's Secret Army
1438:. Sparkford, UK: Patrick Stevens Ltd (Haynes).
569:
367:circuit. Circuits were also known as networks.
3132:British Special Operations Executive personnel
877:Military history of France during World War II
544:, a Belgian army physician who had headed the
115:1940–1943 (French Resistance), 1943–1944 (SOE)
2045:
1711:Churchill's Ministry of Ungentlemanly Warfare
690:Movie based on the book by R.J. Minney about
445:along with four other women whose names were
8:
3020:Fondation pour la MĂ©moire de la DĂ©portation
2330:Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation
1797:Occupation: The Ordeal of France, 1940–1944
416:, and subsequently collapsed. Taken to the
3152:Spies who died in Nazi concentration camps
2052:
2038:
2030:
1993:Wanborough Manor: School for secret agents
1633:The Special Operations Executive 1940–1946
31:
20:
872:British military history of World War II
3058:List of Holocaust memorials and museums
2340:Timeline of deportations to death camps
1517:Aubrac, Raymond; Aubrac, Lucie (2014).
897:
495:Monument to the Departed in background.
347:(an organiser and arms instructor) and
202:. She was subsequently executed at the
3039:MĂ©morial des Martyrs de la DĂ©portation
2545:Vichy Holocaust collaboration timeline
1799:. New York City: Cooper Square Press.
1349:"Memorial to female WW2 secret agents"
1334:
1286:
1265:
1253:
1238:
1226:
1214:
1180:
1163:
1146:
1134:
1122:
1098:
1086:
1071:
1059:
1042:
1027:
1012:
981:
969:
936:
919:
904:
821:. The film includes an interview with
511:The crematorium at Natzweiler-Struthof
264:When Paris fell in 1940, she left for
1821:. New York City: St. Martin's Press.
1683:McDonald-Rothwell, Gabrielle (2017).
652:in the county of Bedfordshire in the
630:King's Commendation for Brave Conduct
161:King's Commendation for Brave Conduct
7:
2620:Police collaboration in Vichy France
1921:Thomas, Gordon; Lewis, Greg (2016).
1543:. London, UK: Hodder and Stoughton.
1322:
1310:
1298:
744:Nancy Wake Codename: The White Mouse
3182:Executed people from West Yorkshire
3046:Mémorial national de la déportation
1925:. Stroud, UK: Amberley Publishing.
1755:. Stroud, UK: Amberley Publishing.
1713:. London, UK: Amberley Publishing.
1661:Grehan, John; Mace, Martin (2012).
309:and many other female SOE agents).
225:Vera grew up around the stables of
1534:Overview of the French Resistance.
559:, but was in fact a 10 cc dose of
14:
3187:First Aid Nursing Yeomanry people
1613:. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing.
1565:. Barnsley, UK: Frontline Books.
1561:Bourne-Patterson, Robert (2016).
628:Leigh posthumously received the
482:Execution at Natzweiler-Struthof
233:. After gaining experience as a
186:Leigh was a member of the SOE's
2891:Marie-Claude Vaillant-Couturier
1196:New York: Doubleday, p. 260-261
1113:, MRD Foot, HMSO, London, 1966.
663:In 1985, SOE agent and painter
476:Justizvollzugsanstalt Karlsruhe
359:, to work with the Paris-based
277:, about 65 kilometres south of
1746:The first biography of Rowden.
1652:Overview of SOE (Foot won the
1347:Ben Farmer (3 December 2013).
882:Resistance during World War II
260:German troops in Paris (1940).
198:until she was arrested by the
1:
3142:British women in World War II
3101:Vichy anti-Jewish legislation
3091:History of the Jews in France
2335:Vichy anti-Jewish legislation
1735:. London, UK: Cresset Press.
37:In FANY uniform (circa 1943).
16:British SOE agent (1903–1944)
2479:Jeunesse Populaire Française
2443:Carl-Heinrich von StĂĽlpnagel
1731:Nicholas, Elizabeth (1958).
1583:Buckmaster, Maurice (2014).
289:Special Operations Executive
177:Special Operations Executive
106:Special Operations Executive
2585:Louis Darquier de Pellepoix
2525:Louis Darquier de Pellepoix
1986:Overview of SOE activities.
1869:Suttill, Francs J. (2014).
1839:Stevenson, William (2006).
1726:A thorough overview of SOE.
805:Movie based on the book by
3208:
1773:O'Conner, Bernard (2016).
1751:O'Conner, Bernard (2014).
1375:"Tempsford Memorial Trust"
825:, head of SOE's F-Section.
3066:
2067:
1995:. Hopfield Publications.
1991:Yarnold, Patrick (2009).
1947:. Manchester, UK: Crécy.
1521:. France: Hazan Editeur.
682:Carve Her Name with Pride
30:
2473:Parti Populaire Français
2023:Spartacus Educational -
1777:. UK: Bernard O'Conner.
1405:"Churchill's Spy School"
1217:, pp. 109–10, 118..
2605:Charles du Paty de Clam
2505:Anti-Jewish legislation
2214:French Riviera roundups
2061:The Holocaust in France
1539:Binney, Marucs (1995).
546:Pat O'Leary escape line
3076:Antisemitism in France
2996:André and Magda Trocmé
2801:Antoinette Feuerwerker
2580:Louis-Ferdinand CĂ©line
1971:Hodder & Stoughton
1709:Milton, Giles (2016).
1609:Crowdy, Terry (2007).
1434:Escott, Beryl (1992).
838:French documentary on
831:Robert and the Shadows
708:Churchill's Spy School
675:Related cultural works
625:
598:
512:
504:
496:
468:
400:
320:
261:
2926:Le Chambon-sur-Lignon
2467:Devisenschutzkommando
1943:Verity, Hugh (2000).
1895:Stroud, Rick (2017).
1631:Foot, M.R.D. (1999).
1519:The French Resistance
1482:Kramer, Rita (1995).
1192:Helm, Sarah, (2005),
844:George Reginald Starr
722:Les Femmes de l'Ombre
634:Valençay SOE Memorial
623:
510:
502:
489:
463:
396:
315:
259:
112:Years of service
3147:Female wartime spies
3032:MĂ©morial de la Shoah
2986:Jules-Géraud Saliège
2946:Pierre-Marie Gerlier
2931:Château de Chabannes
2668:Messaoud El Mediouni
2551:RĂ©volution nationale
1965:West, Nigel (1992).
1901:Simon & Schuster
1817:Sebba, Anne (2016).
1795:Ousby, Ian (2000) .
1456:Helm, Sarah (2005).
384:Arrest and execution
345:Sidney Charles Jones
206:concentration camp.
3053:Rivesaltes Memorial
2408:Hans-Dietrich Ernst
2297:Royallieu-Compiègne
2267:Natzweiler-Struthof
1589:Biteback Publishing
1484:Flames in the Field
1289:, pp. 116–117.
1268:, pp. 115–116.
1137:, pp. 105–107.
939:, pp. 181–206.
669:Special Forces Club
624:SOE Agents Memorial
518:Natzweiler-Struthof
491:Natzweiler-Struthof
451:Madeleine Damerment
335:. She arrived with
204:Natzweiler-Struthof
81:Natzweiler-Struthof
2991:Pierre-Marie Théas
2448:Carltheo Zeitschel
2418:Ernst Heinrichsohn
1753:Churchill's Angels
1733:Death Be Not Proud
1355:on 4 December 2013
1313:, pp. 272–73.
1301:, pp. 271–72.
1194:A Life in Secrets,
1183:, pp. 108–09.
840:France Télévisions
823:Maurice Buckmaster
765:Now It Can Be Told
658:Brookwood Memorial
648:in the village of
646:Tempsford Memorial
626:
616:Honours and awards
610:Fritz Hartjenstein
513:
505:
497:
401:
321:
262:
3109:
3108:
2966:Père Marie-Benoît
2806:David Feuerwerker
2763:Charlotte Salomon
2738:Sonia Olschanezky
2693:Maurice Halbwachs
2575:Robert Brasillach
2459:and organizations
2403:Theodor Dannecker
2247:Beaune-la-Rolande
1899:. New York City:
1884:978-0-7509-5591-1
1875:The History Press
1858:978-1-5597-0763-3
1849:Arcade Publishing
1847:. New York City:
1762:978-1-4456-3431-9
1720:978-1-444-79898-2
1665:. Pen and Sword.
1620:978-1-84603-076-5
1572:978-1-4738-8203-4
1497:978-1-4538-3427-5
1471:978-1-4000-3140-5
1460:. New York City:
1445:978-1-8526-0289-5
1101:, pp. 71–72.
1074:, pp. 70–71.
1030:, pp. 63–66.
984:, pp. 60–61.
907:, pp. 59–72.
783:Jacqueline Nearne
770:School for Danger
604:The camp doctor (
435:Sonia Olschanezky
317:Westland Lysander
252:French Resistance
166:
165:
102:French Resistance
3199:
3086:Battle of France
3072:
3012:
2981:Germaine Ribière
2839:
2796:Jean Elleinstein
2784:
2748:BĂ©atrice Reinach
2733:Casimir Oberfeld
2728:Irène Némirovsky
2678:Benjamin Fondane
2631:
2351:
2323:
2199:Clermont-Ferrand
2054:
2047:
2040:
2031:
2006:
1984:
1958:
1936:
1932:978-1445-6614-45
1914:
1910:978-14711-5565-9
1888:
1862:
1846:
1832:
1810:
1788:
1784:978-1326-70328-8
1766:
1744:
1724:
1702:
1676:
1650:
1624:
1602:
1598:978-1849-5469-28
1576:
1554:
1532:
1501:
1475:
1449:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1401:
1395:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1351:. Archived from
1344:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1275:
1269:
1263:
1257:
1251:
1242:
1236:
1230:
1224:
1218:
1212:
1206:
1205:Helm, p. 260-263
1203:
1197:
1190:
1184:
1178:
1167:
1161:
1150:
1144:
1138:
1132:
1126:
1120:
1114:
1108:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1075:
1069:
1063:
1057:
1046:
1040:
1031:
1025:
1016:
1010:
985:
979:
973:
967:
940:
934:
923:
917:
908:
902:
700:Virginia McKenna
665:Brian Stonehouse
425:Moved to Germany
405:Place des Ternes
327:at a field near
227:Maisons Laffitte
151:Second World War
97:
77:
60:
58:
35:
21:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3105:
3096:Occupied France
3070:
3062:
3005:
2971:René de Naurois
2907:
2906:Righteous Among
2900:
2871:Denise Holstein
2837:
2830:
2777:
2768:Sascha Schapiro
2683:Otto Freundlich
2673:Jacques Feldbau
2624:
2561:
2535:Philippe PĂ©tain
2515:François Darlan
2491:
2458:
2457:Nazi occupation
2452:
2363:Ernst Achenbach
2344:
2316:
2233:
2180:
2063:
2058:
2014:
2009:
2003:
1990:
1981:
1964:
1955:
1942:
1933:
1920:
1911:
1894:
1885:
1868:
1859:
1838:
1829:
1816:
1807:
1794:
1785:
1772:
1763:
1750:
1730:
1721:
1708:
1699:
1685:Her Finest Hour
1682:
1673:
1660:
1654:Croix de Guerre
1647:
1630:
1621:
1608:
1599:
1582:
1573:
1560:
1551:
1538:
1529:
1516:
1512:
1510:Further reading
1507:
1498:
1481:
1472:
1455:
1446:
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1414:
1412:
1403:
1402:
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976:
968:
943:
935:
926:
918:
911:
903:
899:
895:
890:
868:
807:Jerrard Tickell
677:
654:East of England
636:in the town of
618:
542:Albert Guérisse
494:
484:
447:Yolande Beekman
427:
391:
386:
333:Henri DĂ©ricourt
291:
275:Miranda de Ebro
254:
220:H. Eugene Leigh
212:
196:occupied France
194:sub-circuit in
175:'s clandestine
104:
91:Britain, France
79:
75:
62:
56:
54:
38:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3205:
3203:
3195:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3137:Executed spies
3134:
3129:
3124:
3114:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3067:
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3063:
3061:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3042:
3035:
3028:
3023:
3015:
3013:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
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2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
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2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2912:
2910:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2866:Nadine Heftler
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2842:
2840:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2823:
2818:
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2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2718:Hélène Metzger
2715:
2713:Georges Mandel
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
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2640:
2634:
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2602:
2597:
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2571:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2520:Joseph Darnand
2517:
2512:
2507:
2501:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2482:
2475:
2470:
2462:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2423:Helmut Knochen
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2388:Karl Bömelburg
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2065:
2064:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2021:
2013:
2012:External links
2010:
2008:
2007:
2002:978-0956348906
2001:
1988:
1979:
1969:. London, UK:
1962:
1953:
1940:
1931:
1918:
1909:
1892:
1883:
1873:. Stroud, UK:
1866:
1857:
1836:
1828:978-1250048592
1827:
1814:
1806:978-0815410430
1805:
1792:
1783:
1770:
1761:
1748:
1728:
1719:
1706:
1698:978-1445661643
1697:
1687:. Stroud, UK:
1680:
1672:978-1848847941
1671:
1658:
1645:
1635:. London, UK:
1628:
1619:
1606:
1597:
1580:
1571:
1558:
1549:
1536:
1528:978-2850255670
1527:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1505:
1496:
1488:Michael Joseph
1486:. London, UK:
1479:
1470:
1453:
1444:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1422:
1396:
1387:
1366:
1339:
1327:
1325:, p. 283.
1315:
1303:
1291:
1279:
1270:
1258:
1256:, p. 115.
1243:
1241:, p. 109.
1231:
1219:
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1166:, p. 108.
1151:
1149:, p. 107.
1139:
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1125:, pp. 72.
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711:
704:
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692:Violette Szabo
687:
686:
676:
673:
617:
614:
493:camp entrance.
483:
480:
455:Eliane Plewman
426:
423:
418:Fresnes Prison
398:Fresnes Prison
390:
387:
385:
382:
337:Juliane Aisner
290:
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173:United Kingdom
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3008:
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2999:
2997:
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2992:
2989:
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2982:
2979:
2977:
2976:Paul Ramadier
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2951:Justin Godart
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2936:Jacques Ellul
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2916:Albert Bedane
2914:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2903:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2886:André Rogerie
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2861:Henry Bulawko
2859:
2857:
2856:Henri Borlant
2854:
2852:
2851:Joseph Bialot
2849:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2833:
2827:
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2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2791:Guy Deutscher
2789:
2788:
2786:
2780:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2753:Claude Rodier
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2723:Bernard Natan
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2708:Bereck Kofman
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2688:Salomon Gluck
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2663:Marianne Cohn
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2638:Henri Abraham
2636:
2635:
2633:
2627:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2615:Xavier Vallat
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2600:Maurice Papon
2598:
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2591:
2588:
2586:
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2578:
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2573:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2567:Collaborators
2564:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2546:
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2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
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2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2510:René Bousquet
2508:
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2413:Herbert Hagen
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2398:Alois Brunner
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2322:Documentation
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2072:The Holocaust
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66:, England, UK
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61:17 March 1903
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29:
22:
19:
3044:
3037:
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2956:Père Jacques
2921:Marc Boegner
2881:Sarah Kofman
2846:Louise Alcan
2826:Rose Warfman
2743:Victor Perez
2698:Paul Hermann
2643:Victor Basch
2610:Paul Touvier
2557:Vichy Police
2549:
2540:André Tulard
2530:Pierre Laval
2497:Vichy France
2484:
2477:
2465:
2433:Kurt Lischka
2428:Josef Kramer
2393:Heinz Röthke
2373:Klaus Barbie
2368:Horst Ahnert
2350:Perpetrators
2229:Villeurbanne
2194:Green ticket
2074:by country:
2017:Listverse -
1992:
1985:
1966:
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1954:0947554-75-0
1944:
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1462:Anchor Books
1457:
1450:
1435:
1427:Bibliography
1413:. Retrieved
1399:
1390:
1378:. Retrieved
1369:
1357:. Retrieved
1353:the original
1342:
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1306:
1294:
1282:
1277:Helm, p. 272
1273:
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1234:
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853:Wish Me Luck
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743:
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606:Werner Rohde
603:
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531:
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439:Diana Rowden
428:
414:Roger Bardet
402:
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353:W/T operator
349:Marcel Clech
322:
300:
296:
292:
263:
245:
238:
234:
230:
224:
213:
190:circuit and
185:
181:World War II
168:
167:
147:Battles/wars
76:(1944-07-06)
18:
3127:1944 deaths
3122:1903 births
3081:Armée Juive
2961:Henri Manen
2908:the Nations
2896:LĂ©on Zyguel
2821:Simone Veil
2816:LĂ©on Schwab
2811:David Olère
2773:David Vogel
2658:Kadmi Cohen
2648:Hélène Berr
2590:René Gérard
2383:Kurt Blanke
2378:Werner Best
2292:Romainville
2146:Netherlands
1689:John Murray
1415:8 September
1335:Kramer 1995
1287:Kramer 1995
1266:Kramer 1995
1254:Kramer 1995
1239:Kramer 1995
1227:Kramer 1995
1215:Kramer 1995
1181:Kramer 1995
1164:Kramer 1995
1147:Kramer 1995
1135:Kramer 1995
1123:Kramer 1995
1099:Kramer 1995
1087:Kramer 1995
1072:Kramer 1995
1060:Kramer 1995
1043:Kramer 1995
1028:Kramer 1995
1013:Kramer 1995
982:Kramer 1995
970:Kramer 1995
937:Kramer 1995
920:Escott 1992
905:Kramer 1995
815:Anna Neagle
813:, starring
694:, starring
671:in London.
587:Pour typhus
443:Avenue Foch
242:Rose Valois
74:6 July 1944
43:Nickname(s)
3116:Categories
3001:Varian Fry
2941:Mary Elmes
2876:René Kapel
2438:Carl Oberg
2358:Otto Abetz
2302:Rivesaltes
2277:Pithiviers
2224:Vel' d'Hiv
2141:Luxembourg
2025:Vera Leigh
1741:B0006D98MW
888:References
756:Nancy Wake
738:invasions.
534:) hand."
210:Early life
169:Vera Leigh
88:Allegiance
57:1903-03-17
25:Vera Leigh
3011:Memorials
2838:testimony
2783:Survivors
2758:Alma Rosé
2703:Max Jacob
2653:René Blum
2595:Jean Mamy
2307:Septfonds
2282:Récébédou
2209:Marseille
2136:Lithuania
1380:29 August
1359:29 August
1323:Helm 2005
1311:Helm 2005
1299:Helm 2005
893:Citations
779:Harry RĂ©e
752:Docudrama
650:Tempsford
640:, in the
550:Marseille
472:Karlsruhe
365:Donkeyman
283:Gibraltar
188:Donkeyman
136:Donkeyman
3071:See also
2287:Rieucros
2271:subcamps
2186:Roundups
2096:Bulgaria
866:See also
772:) (1946)
729:) (2008)
638:Valençay
583:Pourquoi
410:Chez Mas
373:Ardennes
357:Inventor
325:Lysander
271:Pyrenees
235:vendeuse
192:Inventor
140:Inventor
123:Ensign (
96:Service/
83:, France
3048:
2836:Witness
2630:Victims
2176:Ukraine
2161:Romania
2116:Hungary
2106:Estonia
2101:Croatia
2091:Belgium
2086:Belarus
2081:Austria
2076:Albania
1637:Pimlico
788:Ringway
361:Prosper
341:Farrier
200:Gestapo
179:during
2486:Milice
2312:Vernet
2262:Milles
2252:Drancy
2171:Serbia
2166:Russia
2156:Poland
2151:Norway
2126:Latvia
2111:France
1999:
1977:
1951:
1929:
1907:
1881:
1855:
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1695:
1669:
1643:
1617:
1595:
1569:
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1525:
1494:
1468:
1442:
1411:. 2010
856:(1987)
833:(2004)
809:about
800:(1950)
797:Odette
754:about
746:(1987)
710:(2010)
685:(1958)
561:phenol
557:typhus
389:Arrest
279:Bilbao
157:Awards
98:branch
2239:Camps
2204:Izieu
2131:Libya
2121:Italy
768:(aka
736:D-Day
725:(aka
642:Indre
596:oven.
329:Tours
216:Leeds
142:(SOE)
64:Leeds
2257:Gurs
2219:Lyon
1997:ISBN
1975:ISBN
1949:ISBN
1927:ISBN
1905:ISBN
1879:ISBN
1853:ISBN
1823:ISBN
1801:ISBN
1779:ISBN
1757:ISBN
1737:ASIN
1715:ISBN
1693:ISBN
1667:ISBN
1641:ISBN
1615:ISBN
1593:ISBN
1567:ISBN
1545:ISBN
1523:ISBN
1492:ISBN
1466:ISBN
1440:ISBN
1417:2017
1409:IMDb
1382:2017
1361:2017
817:and
781:and
698:and
457:and
437:and
303:FANY
266:Lyon
132:Unit
125:FANY
120:Rank
71:Died
51:Born
548:in
532:sic
351:(a
343:),
183:.
3118::
1973:.
1903:.
1877:.
1851:.
1691:.
1639:.
1591:.
1587:.
1490:.
1464:.
1407:.
1246:^
1171:^
1154:^
1079:^
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1035:^
1020:^
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944:^
927:^
912:^
527:SS
453:,
449:,
433:,
285:.
248:.
138:,
2273:)
2269:(
2053:e
2046:t
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2005:.
1983:.
1957:.
1935:.
1913:.
1887:.
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1787:.
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1723:.
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1363:.
1337:.
922:.
790:.
702:.
530:(
474:(
127:)
59:)
55:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
