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7-11. It can be grown as an annual in areas where it is not winter hardy and will bloom in the first year when grown from seed. Its long internodes give it a sparse appearance but allow it to intermingle and coexist with other plants. The flowers which appear in mid- to late summer, are very
407:
is a tall and slender-stemmed perennial. It can grow to 6 ft (180 cm) tall and can spread to 3 ft (90 cm) wide. At maturity, it will develop a woody base. Fragrant lavender to rose-purple flowers are in tight clusters located on terminal and axillary stems, blooming from
584:
This species grows best in a well-drained soil. It prefers full sun to partial shade and needs regular moisture. It has a reputation of rarely being attacked by insect pests, but may be susceptible to
408:
mid-summer until fall frost. The stem is square with very long internodes. Leaves are ovate to ovate-lanceolate with a toothed margin and grow up to 4 in (10 cm) long.
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429:) which were historically carried by priests, used in wreaths for druidic rituals, and for medicine. Named by Virgil and
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652:, naturalized in tropical and southern Africa, temperate Asia, Australia, New Zealand, the United States (including
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709:
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South
America where it grows throughout most of the warm regions, from Colombia and Brazil to Argentina and Chile.
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501:, Brazilian verbena or Brazilian vervain, is found for this species. However, this is the result of a mix-up with
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attractive to butterflies, and provide nectar for native bees and many beneficial garden insects.
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is commonly grown from seed which germinates readily without pre-treatment, but can also be
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Yuan, Yao-Wu & Olmstead, Richard G. (2008): A species-level phylogenetic study of the
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complex (Verbenaceae) indicates two independent intergeneric chloroplast transfers.
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occurring in that continent). For the misapplication "Brazilian verbena" see
1267:
570:
452:
354:
1611:
765:
Gledhill, David (2008). "The Names of Plants". Cambridge
University Press.
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self-seeds readily. This ability has raised concerns that it may become an
505:, the "true" Brazilian verbena, which has been erroneously referred to as
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423:, meaning ‘sacred bough’, in reference to the leafy twigs of vervaine (
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474:. Among these, it is part of a lineage which might also include
1259:
1113:
455:’. ‘Buenos’ means ‘good’ and ‘aires’ means ‘air’ (‘good air’).
352:. In USA horticulture, it is also known by the ambiguous names
1088:
Missouri
Botanical Garden Kemper Center for Home Gardening -
1050:
Washington State
Noxious Weed Control Board (WSNWCB) (2007):
641:. It has naturalized in a number of southern United States.
1100:- Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Database
466:
is a member of the South
American vervains, which are
869:. Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 106
716:. Published on the Internet. Retrieved 05 July 2022.
1122:
1054:. Version of 2007-MAR-31. Retrieved 2008-AUG-07.
1052:Tall Verbena, Purple Top, Cluster Flower Vervain
382:
30:
8:
433:. The common name, vervaine, comes from the
1110:
761:
759:
50:
39:
33:for a common misapplication of this taxon.
573:and 'pollinator-host' gardens and parks.
943:. In: Manual of Cultivated Plants: 840.
736:Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland
1038:United States Department of Agriculture
1025:United States Department of Agriculture
1016:Germplasm Resources Information Network
993:United States Department of Agriculture
984:Germplasm Resources Information Network
960:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
693:
1064:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
7:
1645:d0a53a88-bd11-416a-8463-99d7cc4a0124
1475:caefa1e0-7ede-4ee2-ade2-9ab528cca1e2
368:(which can mean any of the numerous
345:cultivated as a flowering annual or
922:Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk:
14:
1105:Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk
893:California Invasive Plant Council
670:Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk
1573:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:286794-2
63:
644:Presently, the plant is on the
1721:Garden plants of South America
1711:Flora naturalised in Australia
1:
1021:Agricultural Research Service
989:Agricultural Research Service
672:, it is considered a weed in
945:Macmillan Publishing Company
576:It is a perennial, hardy in
480:and seems well distant from
1736:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1076:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.04.004
605:Royal Horticultural Society
1752:
889:"Verbena bonariensis Risk"
801:Yuan & Olmstead (2008)
714:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
710:Plants of the World Online
16:Species of flowering plant
1686:Flora of Southern America
864:"AGM Plants - Ornamental"
358:(also used for the grass
211:
204:
187:
180:
60:Scientific classification
58:
49:
42:
1731:Plants described in 1753
1047:. Retrieved 2008-AUG-07.
791:CalFlora Botanical Names
781:(paperback). pp 74, 399
459:Taxonomy and systematics
1726:Drought-tolerant plants
839:"RHS Plant Selector -
618:
559:
509:by several botanists.
470:and have more than 14
366:South American vervain
1716:Butterfly food plants
1042:USDA Plants Profile:
939:Bailey, L.H. (1951):
712:. Facilitated by the
682:South Pacific islands
617:
609:Award of Garden Merit
596:from herbaceous stem
558:
489:Verbena montevidensis
338:, is a member of the
1009:Verbena brasiliensis
569:for traditional and
565:is cultivated as an
517:There are two named
498:Verbena brasiliensis
495:Sometimes, the name
1524:Verbena_bonariensis
1465:Verbena~bonariensis
1312:Verbena bonariensis
1247:Verbena_bonariensis
1221:verbena-bonariensis
1201:Verbena_bonariensis
1154:Verbena bonariensis
1124:Verbena bonariensis
1098:Verbena bonariensis
1090:Verbena bonariensis
1044:Verbena bonariensis
977:Verbena bonariensis
954:Verbena bonariensis
941:Verbena bonariensis
841:Verbena bonariensis
702:Verbena bonariensis
538:Verbena bonariensis
526:Verbena bonariensis
464:Verbena bonariensis
426:Verbena officinalis
405:Verbena bonariensis
328:Argentinian vervain
315:Verbena bonariensis
290:Verbena intercedens
258:Verbena bonariensis
244:Verbena bonariensis
230:Verbena bonariensis
216:Verbena bonariensis
191:Verbena bonariensis
173:V. bonariensis
44:Verbena bonariensis
23:Verbena bonariensis
1691:Flora of Argentina
619:
603:It has gained the
560:
477:Verbena intermedia
324:clustertop vervain
298:Verbena trichotoma
21:This is about the
1706:Flora of Colombia
1668:
1667:
1509:Open Tree of Life
1116:Taxon identifiers
706:
666:Mascarene Islands
546:
534:
483:Verbena litoralis
437:name, ‘ferfain’.
320:purpletop vervain
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810:E.g. USDA (2007)
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738:. Archived from
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704:
698:
650:Washington state
646:invasive species
631:invasive species
622:Invasive species
571:drought tolerant
567:ornamental plant
544:
532:
442:specific epithet
419:is derived from
300:
292:
284:
282:Verbena inamoena
274:
272:Verbena elongata
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193:
68:
67:
54:
40:
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1696:Flora of Brazil
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708:. POWO (2022).
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695:
690:
668:. According to
624:
553:
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507:V. bonariaensis
503:V. brasiliensis
461:
431:Pliny the Elder
414:
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350:perennial plant
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1701:Flora of Chile
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1658:wfo-0000331695
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1082:External links
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924:V. bonariensis
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728:BSBI List 2007
718:
692:
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648:watchlist for
627:V. bonariensis
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590:V. bonariensis
586:powdery mildew
563:V. bonariensis
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336:pretty verbena
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25:described by
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1070:(1): 23–33.
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1043:
1028:. Retrieved
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996:. Retrieved
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963:. Retrieved
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908:
897:. Retrieved
895:. 2017-10-15
892:
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871:. Retrieved
858:
846:. Retrieved
840:
833:
824:
819:UDSA (2008a)
815:
806:
797:
786:
773:(hardback),
747:. Retrieved
740:the original
727:
721:
701:
696:
643:
635:noxious weed
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542:conglomerata
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449:Buenos Aires
447:means ‘from
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424:
416:
415:
404:
403:
387:
376:
365:
359:
353:
335:
332:tall verbena
331:
327:
323:
319:
314:
313:
312:
297:
289:
281:
271:
261:
257:
247:
243:
234:conglomerata
233:
229:
219:
215:
190:
188:
172:
171:
159:
122:
109:
96:
83:
43:
37:
24:
20:
1421:NatureServe
1346:iNaturalist
1148:Wikispecies
1092:(Purpletop)
662:Macaronesia
658:West Indies
551:Cultivation
530:bonariensis
472:chromosomes
445:bonariensis
400:Description
149:Verbenaceae
103:Angiosperms
29:. See also
1675:Categories
1547:kew-212118
1542:Plant List
1208:Calflora:
1030:2008-08-07
998:2008-08-07
934:References
899:2020-03-16
873:5 February
749:2014-10-17
680:and other
678:New Guinea
594:propagated
578:USDA Zones
519:subspecies
513:Subspecies
347:herbaceous
1299:242414577
1218:Cal-IPC:
1040:(USDA) :
965:August 7,
848:21 August
688:Footnotes
468:polyploid
453:Argentina
412:Etymology
355:purpletop
262:robustior
220:albiflora
167:Species:
73:Kingdom:
1640:VicFlora
1629:VASCAN:
1612:33700509
1607:Tropicos
1521:PalDat:
1460:NSWFlora
1426:2.132431
1387:10206189
1374:286794-2
1242:eFloraSA
1139:Q2047281
1133:Wikidata
664:and the
639:habitats
598:cuttings
394:tropical
224:Moldenke
206:Synonyms
145:Family:
139:Lamiales
129:Asterids
116:Eudicots
27:Linnaeus
1681:Verbena
1622:5886899
1408:MoBotPF
1325:2925514
1059:Verbena
656:), the
540:subsp.
528:subsp.
417:Verbena
378:Verbena
372:in the
370:species
340:verbena
276:Salisb.
160:Verbena
155:Genus:
135:Order:
77:Plantae
1619:uBio:
1599:4076-1
1555:PLANTS
1514:595183
1472:NZOR:
1413:287454
1286:185089
1260:579783
1188:112229
1175:123124
1172:APDB:
777:
769:
654:Hawaii
435:Celtic
390:native
388:It is
364:) and
343:family
318:, the
302:Moench
266:Chodat
252:Kuntze
1594:SANBI
1586:42079
1531:PFI:
1483:NZPCN
1452:28516
1400:32128
1382:IRMNG
1361:10107
1358:IPA:
1351:79487
1338:41154
1307:FoAO2
1281:EUNIS
1273:VEBBO
1234:99TBH
1162:APA:
867:(PDF)
828:ITIS
743:(xls)
732:(xls)
545:Briq.
421:Latin
383:below
374:genus
293:Briq.
285:Briq.
246:var.
238:Briq.
232:var.
123:Clade
110:Clade
97:Clade
84:Clade
31:below
1632:9459
1568:POWO
1560:VEBO
1534:4392
1501:9229
1488:2581
1447:NCBI
1395:ITIS
1369:IPNI
1333:GRIN
1320:GBIF
1268:EPPO
1211:8228
1196:ATRF
1183:APNI
1165:3690
967:2008
875:2019
850:2023
775:ISBN
767:ISBN
674:Fiji
633:and
440:Its
1653:WFO
1581:RHS
1434:NBN
1294:FNA
1255:EoL
1229:CoL
1072:doi
607:'s
486:or
392:to
334:or
260:f.
218:f.
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676:,
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198:L.
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969:.
956:"
952:"
947:.
902:.
877:.
852:.
843:"
752:.
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