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compared Rudolf II to
Vertumnus, the emperor took on Vertumnus as a representation of himself. While Vertumnus could change his form at will, Rudolf II was known to change his moods at will, too. In Roman mythology, Vertumnus is the god of changing seasons, gardens, fruit trees, and plant growth. These aspects of Vertumnus indicate an "underlying permanence" to the god which in turn reflects back onto Rudolf II's rule. Furthermore, this particular god was present during the birth of Rome which acts as another allusion to the Holy Roman Emperor, Rudolf II.
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unique, fascinating pieces of art was a common trend among
Renaissance elites which lent Arcimboldo the perfect opportunity to fascinate viewers with his distinctive style. Although Arcimboldo's traditional religious subjects were later forgotten, his portraits of human heads composed of objects were greatly admired by his contemporaries.
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During Rudolf II's 29-year rule in
Hungary and Bohemia, art was celebrated and praised. His time as Holy Roman Emperor, now named "Rudolfine Prague", set an unprecedented era for the appreciation of art, with much of this cultivation pushed by Rudolf II himself. This acceptance of art is what allowed
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Rudolf II's portrait itself encapsulated the perfect balance and harmony with nature, arts, and science, all of which Rudolf II believed he represented during his reign. These portraits were an expression of the
Renaissance mind's fascination with riddles, puzzles, and the bizarre. The search for
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has also been interpreted to reveal that Rudolf II's power as the Holy Roman
Emperor did not only apply to his subjects and kingdom, but to nature itself (again referencing back to the god Vertumnus). There is also a poetic interpretation that was derived from Arcimboldo's piece. When Arcimboldo
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is a particular art style that lasted from the 1530s to the 1600s. Mannerist artists focused on greatly displaying their technique, their exaggeration of figures, and decorative elements resulting in extremely stylized and hyperbolic pieces. Contemporarily, Arcimboldo is thought of as one of the
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of many elites. Arcimboldo's use of corn as
Emperor Rudolf II's ear (a crop originating from the New World) thus can be seen as a pointedly political decision. By putting in these particular foreign crops, Rudolf II is revealing that he has access to these items showcasing his power and wealth.
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Arcimboldo's choice of fruits, vegetables and flowers not only alluded to
Emperor Rudolf II's reign, but also referenced his power and wealth. During the Renaissance, collections of oddities and foreign luxury goods were status symbols for the rich. Great families of the Renaissance such as the
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has become one of
Arcimboldo's most popular paintings that he produced, and this particular art style was encouraged while he was employed in Rudolf II's court. Arcimboldo created a series of works that utilized these still life images such as the
104:, or humorous, there were intentional political meanings behind the piece, particularly regarding the choice of fruits, vegetables, and flowers. Arcimboldo's choice to include these items was also an intentional reference to the Roman god,
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was commissioned by Rudolf II during
Arcimboldo's employment at his court and was presented to the emperor in 1591. After the Thirty Years' War, the portrait's ownership was seized by the Swedish army. Presently, the exact date of when
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collected flora, foods, animals (both living and dead) and other materialistic objects to display their wealth and reach (as many people in those days could not afford such luxuries) and thus, goods from the
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was not meant to be presented only as a joke. Rather, the use of fruits and vegetables were meant to display Rudolf II's "metamorphoses of power over the world for a ruler". The imperial patron behind
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1086:"Enzymatic consolidation of the portrait of Rudolf II as "Vertumnus" by Giuseppe Arcimboldo with a new multi-enzyme preparation isolated from Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba)"
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During
Arcimboldo's time in Rudolf II's court, he was able to refine his unique style that would lead many to later regard Arcimboldo's approach as "typical...of mannerism".
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could not be identified at Skokloster Castle before 1845, Bengt Kylsberg, a curator at Skokloster Castle, stated that, "That mystery remains to be solved!".
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from its poor condition. Arcimboldo's techniques and the medium he used were carefully observed and a preservation technique using
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Giuseppe Arcimboldo was well known for his unique combination of flora, fruits and other various objects in his paintings.
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1069:"Giuseppe Arcimboldo's Composite Portraits and the Alchemical Universe of the Early Modern Habsburg Court (1546-1612)"
535:"Giuseppe Arcimboldo's Composite Portraits and the Alchemical Universe of the Early Modern Habsburg Court (1546–1612)"
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acts as a statement claiming that the known world was claimed under Rudolf II and reveals his intention to defeat the
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Arcimboldo to thrive in his court, especially with the unprecedented, unique style Arcimboldo came to be known for.
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in 1591 that consists of multiple fruits, vegetables and flowers that come together to create a portrait of
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first pioneers of the Mannerist art style especially due to his unique use of still life images.
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was presented to Rudolf II after its completion. It was looted by the Swedish army after the
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The portrait of the emperor is created out of plants, flowers and fruits from all seasons:
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that were distributed throughout Europe, "all suggest their role as political allegories".
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965:"The Landscape of Desire: The Tale of Pomona and Vertumnus in Ovid's "Metamorphoses""
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became part of the Skokloster castle's collection is unknown. It is known that the
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Enzymatic restoration and authentication of Giuseppe Arcimboldo's "Vertumnus"
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In 1988, it was determined that a conservation effort was needed to restore
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The Magic Circle of Rudolf II: Alchemy and Astrology in Renaissance Prague
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was that it was joke due to the whimsical nature of the piece. However,
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70 cm × 58 cm (28 in × 23 in)
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now hangs in the Skokloster Castle as part of its art collection.
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but rather for the sake of global power and the everlasting
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revolves around Rudolf II's rule. In the interpretation,
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which drew on much of his experience in the royal court.
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enzymes (isolated from Antarctic krill) was applied to
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after this shift, it reappeared in 1845 in Sweden in
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Cultural depictions of Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor
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The Artificial and the Natural: An Evolving Polarity
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96:. Although Arcimboldo's colleagues commented that
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427:"Prague During the Rule of Rudolf II (1583–1612)"
885:"The Medici collect the Americas – Smarthistory"
695:", SK Kloster Slott.se. Retrieved April 5, 2014.
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869:Bernadette, Vincent; Newman, William (2007).
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816:"Arcimboldo, 1526–1593: Nature and Fantasy"
455:"Arcimboldo, 1526–1593: Nature and Fantasy"
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707:"Several Obsessions, United on the Canvas"
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1038:. Brunskog, Maria. : Gotland University.
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118:. Although art historians lost track of
705:Rosenberg, Karen (September 23, 2010).
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378:was a gift from the Queen Christina to
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939:"Arcimboldo's Feast for the Eyes"
663:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.41
589:Kaufmann, Thomas DaCosta (1978).
554:Kaufmann, Thomas DaCosta (2010).
486:Kaufmann, Thomas DaCosta (1976).
126:, where it is currently located.
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645:Harris, James C. (May 2, 2011).
325:The political interpretation of
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492:Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte
18:Painting by Giuseppe Arcimboldo
733:Potter, Polyxeni (2008–2011).
651:Archives of General Psychiatry
219:Fruits, vegetables and flowers
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963:Gentilcore, Roxanne (1995).
739:Emerging Infectious Diseases
135:Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II
94:Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II
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1067:Nardelli, Rosalie (2014).
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308:began to trickle into the
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368:Swedish Queen Christina
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943:Smithsonian Magazine
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693:Giuseppe Arcimboldo
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374:It is rumored that
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42:Giuseppe Arcimboldo
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850:. October 21, 2018
130:Historical context
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937:Tucker, Abigail.
745:(11): 1829–1830.
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820:www.nga.gov
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595:Art Journal
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1264:Categories
1191:The Jurist
795:Skokloster
557:Arcimboldo
413:References
372:Vertumnus.
354:Provenance
281:mulberries
249:artichokes
64:Dimensions
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671:0003-990X
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237:cherries
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516:JSTOR
399:krill
335:Turks
285:plums
261:corns
253:beans
245:wheat
229:pears
172:Theme
167:Style
1097:2020
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277:figs
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