Marine steam engine - Knowledge (XXG)

242:. The typical side-lever engine had a pair of heavy horizontal iron beams, known as side levers, that connected in the centre to the bottom of the engine with a pin. This connection allowed a limited arc for the levers to pivot in. These levers extended, on the cylinder side, to each side of the bottom of the vertical engine cylinder. A piston rod, connected vertically to the piston, extended out of the top of the cylinder. This rod attached to a horizontal crosshead, connected at each end to vertical rods (known as side-rods). These rods connected down to the levers on each side of the cylinder. This formed the connection of the levers to the piston on the cylinder side of the engine. The other side of the levers (the opposite end of the lever pivot to the cylinder) were connected to each other with a horizontal crosstail. This crosstail in turn connected to and operated a single 1295: 350: 490: 1069: 726: 745: 31: 970:, was another engine designed to have a very low profile. The back-acting engine was in effect a modified steeple engine, laid horizontally across the keel of a ship rather than standing vertically above it. Instead of the triangular crosshead assembly found in a typical steeple engine however, the back-acting engine generally used a set of two or more elongated, parallel piston rods terminating in a crosshead to perform the same function. The term "back-acting" or "return connecting rod" derives from the fact that the connecting rod "returns" or comes back from the side of the engine opposite the engine cylinder to rotate a centrally located crankshaft. 329: 996: 832: 844: 478: 887: 863: 512:

inland waterway and coastal service, and the type proved to have remarkable longevity, with walking beam engines still being occasionally manufactured as late as the 1940s. In marine applications, the beam itself was generally reinforced with iron struts that gave it a characteristic diamond shape, although the supports on which the beam rested were often built of wood. The adjective "walking" was applied because the beam, which rose high above the ship's deck, could be seen operating, and its rocking motion was (somewhat fancifully) likened to a walking motion.

466: 258:, which gave ships more stability in heavy seas. It was also a common early engine type for warships, since its relatively low height made it less susceptible to battle damage. From the first Royal Navy steam vessel in 1820 until 1840, 70 steam vessels entered service, the majority with side-lever engines, using boilers set to 4psi maximum pressure. The low steam pressures dictated the large cylinder sizes for the side-lever engines, though the effective pressure on the piston was the difference between the boiler pressure and the vacuum in the condenser. 552: 310: 648: 1260: 583:

not converted to a horizontal rocking motion as in a beam engine, but is instead used to move an assembly, composed of a crosshead and two rods, through a vertical guide at the top of the engine, which in turn rotates the crankshaft connecting rod below. In early examples of the type, the crosshead assembly was rectangular in shape, but over time it was refined into an elongated triangle. The triangular assembly above the engine cylinder gives the engine its characteristic "steeple" shape, hence the name.

1111:

recycles the steam into one or more larger, lower-pressure second cylinders first, to use more of its heat energy. Compound engines could be configured to increase either a ship's economy or its speed. Broadly speaking, a compound engine can refer to a steam engine with any number of different-pressure cylinders—however, the term usually refers to engines that expand steam through only two stages, i.e., those that operate cylinders at only two different pressures (or "double-expansion" engines).

714: 636: 1278: 291: 1014: 524:

beam" in motion. There were also technical reasons for retaining the walking beam engine in America, as it was easier to build, requiring less precision in its construction. Wood could be used for the main frame of the engine, at a much lower cost than typical practice of using iron castings for more modern engine designs. Fuel was also much cheaper in America than in Europe, so the lower efficiency of the walking beam engine was less of a consideration. The

1325:'s early compound engines were of the annular type, with a smaller, high-pressure cylinder placed in the centre of a larger, ring-shaped low-pressure cylinder. Trunk engines were another type of annular engine. A third type of annular marine engine used the Siamese engine connecting mechanism—but instead of two separate cylinders, it had a single, annular-shaped cylinder wrapped around the vertical arm of the crosshead (see diagram under "Siamese" above). 1294: 540: 377: 1244: 940: 1057: 431:

vertical guides so that the assembly maintained the correct path as it moved. The engine's alternative name—"A-frame"—presumably derived from the shape of the frames that supported these guides. Some crosshead engines had more than one cylinder, in which case the piston rods were usually all connected to the same crosshead. An unusual feature of early examples of this type of engine was the installation of

696:. Steam was supplied and exhausted through the trunnions. The oscillating motion of the cylinder was usually used to line up ports in the trunnions to direct the steam feed and exhaust to the cylinder at the correct times. However, separate valves were often provided, controlled by the oscillating motion. This let the timing be varied to enable expansive working (as in the engine in the paddle ship PD 575: 624: 1050:

triple-expansion, quadruple-expansion etc. The term "vertical" for this type of engine is imprecise, since technically any type of steam engine is "vertical" if the cylinder is vertically oriented. An engine someone describes as "vertical" might not be of the vertical inverted direct-acting type, unless they use the term "vertical" without qualification.

1361:

or horizontal type, the cylinder and piston are positioned at an incline or horizontally. An inclined inverted cylinder is an inverted cylinder operating at an incline. These terms are all generally used in conjunction with the engine types above. Thus, one may have a horizontal direct-acting engine, or an inclined compound double acting engine, etc.

489: 610:), but although he invented it after his oscillating engine (see below), it failed to achieve the same widespread acceptance, as it was only marginally smaller and lighter than the side-lever engines it was designed to replace. It was however used on a number of mid-century warships, including the first warship fitted with a screw propeller, 1374:

through the latter part of the 19th century, gearing was almost universally dispensed with, and the propeller ran at the same rotational speed as the engine. This direct drive arrangement is mechanically most efficient, and reciprocating steam engines are well suited to the rotational speed most efficient for screw propellers.

1042:

engine is double acting, see below, whereas almost all internal combustion engines generate power only in the downward stroke). Vertical engines are sometimes referred to as "hammer", "forge hammer" or "steam hammer" engines, due to their roughly similar appearance to another common 19th-century steam technology, the

134:. Steamboats initially had a short range and were not particularly seaworthy due to their weight, low power, and tendency to break down, but they were employed successfully along rivers and canals, and for short journeys along the coast. The first successful transatlantic crossing by a steamship occurred in 1819 when 1068: 1097:

A simple-expansion engine is a steam engine that expands the steam through only one stage, which is to say, all its cylinders are operated at the same pressure. Since this was by far the most common type of engine in the early period of marine engine development, the term "simple expansion" is rarely

1041:

In this type of engine, the cylinders are located directly above the crankshaft, with the piston rod/connecting rod assemblies forming a more or less straight line between the two. The configuration is similar to that of a modern internal combustion engine (one notable difference being that the steam

177: 89:

in 1712. The steam engine improvements brought forth by James Watt in the later half of the 18th century greatly improved steam engine efficiency and allowed more compact engine arrangements. Successful adaptation of the steam engine to marine applications in England would have to wait until almost a

1360:

These terms refer to the orientation of the engine cylinder. A vertical cylinder stands vertically with its piston rod operating above (or below) it. A vertical inverted engine is defined as a vertical cylinder arrangement, with the crankshaft mounted directly below the cylinder(s). With an inclined

1110:

is a steam engine that operates cylinders through more than one stage, at different pressure levels. Compound engines were a method of improving efficiency. Until the development of compound engines, steam engines used the steam only once before they recycled it back to the boiler. A compound engine

586:

Steeple engines were tall like walking beam engines, but much narrower laterally, saving both space and weight. Because of their height and high centre of gravity, they were, like walking beams, considered less appropriate for oceangoing service, but they remained highly popular for several decades,

582:

The steeple engine, sometimes referred to as a "crosshead" engine, was an early attempt to break away from the beam concept common to both the walking beam and side-lever types, and come up with a smaller, lighter, more efficient design. In a steeple engine, the vertical oscillation of the piston is

253:

The main disadvantage of the side-lever engine was that it was large and heavy. For inland waterway and coastal service, lighter and more efficient designs soon replaced it. It remained the dominant engine type for oceangoing service through much of the first half of the 19th century however, due to

1364:

Inclined and horizontal cylinders could be very useful in naval vessels as their orientation kept the engine profile as low as possible and thus less susceptible to damage. They could also be used in a low profile ship or to keep a ship's centre of gravity lower. In addition, inclined or horizontal

1342:

A simple engine is an engine that operates with single expansion of steam, regardless of the number of cylinders fitted to the engine. Up until about the mid-19th century, most ships had engines with only one cylinder, although some vessels had multiple cylinder simple engines, and/or more than one

955:

Ericsson resolved this problem by placing two horizontal cylinders back-to-back in the middle of the engine, working two "vibrating levers", one on each side, which by means of shafts and additional levers rotated a centrally located crankshaft. Vibrating lever engines were later used in some other

926:

that had very little space for a conventional powerplant. The trunk engine itself was, however, unsuitable for this purpose, because the preponderance of weight was on the side of the engine that contained the cylinder and trunk—a problem that designers could not compensate for on the small monitor

667:

There are two definitions of a direct-acting engine encountered in 19th-century literature. The earlier definition applies the term "direct-acting" to any type of engine other than a beam (i.e. walking beam, side-lever or grasshopper) engine. The later definition only uses the term for engines that

398:

Chief advantages of the grasshopper engine were cheapness of construction and robustness, with the type said to require less maintenance than any other type of marine steam engine. Another advantage is that the engine could be easily started from any crank position. Like the conventional side-lever

1373:

A geared engine or "geared screw" turns the propeller at a different rate to that of the engine. Early marine propeller engines were geared upward, which is to say the propeller was geared to run at a higher rotational speed than the engine itself ran at. As engines became faster and more powerful

1179:

is a compound engine that expands the steam in three stages, e.g. an engine with three cylinders at three different pressures. A quadruple-expansion engine expands the steam in four stages, and so on. However, as explained above, the number of expansion stages defines the engine, not the number of

691:

An oscillating engine was a type of direct-acting engine that was designed to achieve further reductions in engine size and weight. Oscillating engines had the piston rods connected directly to the crankshaft, dispensing with the need for connecting rods. To achieve this, the engine cylinders were

532:

blamed America's general lack of competitiveness with the British shipbuilding industry in the mid-to-late 19th century upon the conservatism of American domestic shipbuilders and shipping line owners, who doggedly clung to outdated technologies like the walking beam and its associated paddlewheel

523:

Walking beam engines remained popular with American shipping lines and excursion operations right into the early 20th century. Although the walking beam engine was technically obsolete in the later 19th century, it remained popular with excursion steamer passengers who expected to see the "walking

1351:

A double acting engine is an engine where steam is applied to both sides of the piston. Earlier steam engines applied steam in only one direction, allowing momentum or gravity to return the piston to its starting place, but a double acting engine uses steam to force the piston in both directions,

1118:

of variable-pressure cylinders. For example, an engine might have two cylinders operating at pressure x and two operating at pressure y, or one cylinder operating at pressure x and three operating at pressure y. What makes it compound (or double-expansion) as opposed to multiple-expansion is that

511:

The walking beam, also known as a "vertical beam", "overhead beam", or simply "beam", was another early adaptation of the beam engine, but its use was confined almost entirely to the United States. After its introduction, the walking beam quickly became the most popular engine type in America for

442:

The name of this engine can cause confusion, as "crosshead" is also an alternative name for the steeple engine (below). Many sources thus prefer to refer to it by its informal name of "square" engine to avoid confusion. Additionally, the marine crosshead or square engine described in this section

973:

Back-acting engines were another type of engine popular in both warships and commercial vessels in the mid-19th century, but like many other engine types in this era of rapidly changing technology, they were eventually abandoned for other solutions. There is only one known surviving back-acting

515:

Walking beam engines were a type of paddlewheel engine and were rarely used for powering propellers. They were used primarily for ships and boats working in rivers, lakes and along the coastline, but were a less popular choice for seagoing vessels because the great height of the engine made the

676:

found that on average a direct-acting engine (early definition) weighed 40% less and required an engine room only two thirds the size of that for a side-lever of equivalent power. One disadvantage of such engines is that they were more prone to wear and tear and thus required more maintenance.

602:

The Siamese engine, also referred to as the "double cylinder" or "twin cylinder" engine, was another early alternative to the beam or side-lever engine. This type of engine had two identical, vertical engine cylinders arranged side-by-side, whose piston rods were attached to a common, T-shaped

438:

Because the cylinder was above the crankshaft in this type of engine, it had a high center of gravity, and was therefore deemed unsuitable for oceangoing service. This largely confined it to vessels built for inland waterways. As marine engines grew steadily larger and heavier through the 19th

430:

The crosshead engine is described as having a vertical cylinder above the crankshaft, with the piston rod secured to a horizontal crosshead, from each end of which, on opposite sides of the cylinder, extended a connecting rod that rotated its own separate crankshaft. The crosshead moved within

603:

crosshead. The vertical arm of the crosshead extended down between the two cylinders and was attached at the bottom to both the crankshaft connecting rod and to a guide block that slid between the vertical sides of the cylinders, enabling the assembly to maintain the correct path as it moved.

1216:

steel boilers, running at 125 psi (860 kPa). These boilers had patent corrugated furnaces that overcame the competing problems of heat transfer and sufficient strength to deal with the boiler pressure. This provided the technical solution that ensured that virtually all newly built

1033:

As steamships grew steadily in size and tonnage through the course of the 19th century, the need for low profile, low centre-of-gravity engines correspondingly declined. Freed increasingly from these design constraints, engineers were able to revert to simpler, more efficient and more easily

671:

Unlike the side-lever or beam engine, a direct-acting engine could be readily adapted to power either paddlewheels or a propeller. As well as offering a lower profile, direct-acting engines had the advantage of being smaller and weighing considerably less than beam or side-lever engines. The

394:

or 'half-lever' engine was a variant of the side-lever engine. The grasshopper engine differs from the conventional side-lever in that the location of the lever pivot and connecting rod are more or less reversed, with the pivot located at one end of the lever instead of the centre, while the

1049:

Vertical engines came to supersede almost every other type of marine steam engine toward the close of the 19th century. Because they became so common, vertical engines are not usually referred to as such, but are instead referred to based upon their cylinder technology, i.e. as compound,

516:

vessel less stable in heavy seas. They were also of limited use militarily, because the engine was exposed to enemy fire and could thus be easily disabled. Their popularity in the United States was due primarily to the fact that the walking beam engine was well suited for the shallow-

1228:

built by the United States during World War II were powered by triple-expansion engines, because the capacity of the US to manufacture marine steam turbines was entirely directed to the building of warships. The biggest manufacturer of triple-expansion engines during the war was the

1162:

in 1865, with boilers running at 60 psi (410 kPa). The combination of higher boiler pressures and a compound engine gave a significant increase in fuel efficiency, so allowing steamships to out-compete sail on the route from the UK to China, even before the opening of the

1207:

in 1874 had had problems with the boilers. The initial installation, running at 150 psi (1,000 kPa) had to be replaced with a different design operating at only 90 psi (620 kPa). This was insufficient to fully realise the economic benefits of triple expansion.

465: 116:

were the first to build steamboats in the United States. Rumsey exhibited his steamboat design in 1787 on the Potomac River; however, Fitch won the rivalry in 1790 after his successful test resulted in a passenger service on the Delaware River. In 1807, the American

725: 805:

Trunk engines were normally large, but a small, mass-produced, high-revolution, high-pressure version was produced for the Crimean War. In being quite effective, the type persisted in later gunboats. An original trunk engine of the gunboat type exists in the

231:. In the early years of steam navigation (from c1815), the side-lever was the most common type of marine engine for inland waterway and coastal service in Europe, and it remained for many years the preferred engine for oceangoing service on both sides of the 843: 797:

Trunk engines were common on mid-19th century warships. They also powered commercial vessels, where—though valued for their compact size and low centre of gravity—they were expensive to operate. Trunk engines, however, did not work well with the higher

782:

The walls of the trunk were either bolted to the piston or cast as one piece with it, and moved back and forth with it. The working portion of the cylinder is annular or ring-shaped, with the trunk passing through the centre of the cylinder itself.

199:(i.e. connection mechanism) were in use. Thus, early marine engines are classified mostly according to their connection mechanism. Some common connection mechanisms were side-lever, steeple, walking beam and direct-acting (see following sections). 202:

However, steam engines can also be classified according to cylinder technology (simple-expansion, compound, annular etc.). One can therefore find examples of engines classified under both methods. An engine can be a compound walking beam type,

956:

warships and merchant vessels, but their use was confined to ships built in the United States and in Ericsson's native country of Sweden, and as they had few advantages over more conventional engines, were soon supplanted by other types.

349: 744: 862: 774:

a large-diameter hollow piston. This "trunk" carries almost no load. The interior of the trunk is open to outside air, and is wide enough to accommodate the side-to-side motion of the connecting rod, which links a

1352:

thus increasing rotational speed and power. Like the term "simple engine", the term "double acting" is less frequently encountered in the literature since almost all marine engines were of the double acting type.

551: 1333:

Some other terms are encountered in marine engine literature of the period. These terms, listed below, are usually used in conjunction with one or more of the basic engine classification terms listed above.

168:, and the introduction of iron and later steel hulls to replace the traditional wooden hull allowed ships to grow ever larger, necessitating steam power plants that were increasingly complex and powerful. 328: 211:

being the connection method. Over time, as most engines became direct-acting but cylinder technologies grew more complex, people began to classify engines solely according to cylinder technology.

477: 501:. Between the paddlewheels is the tall square or "A-frame" engine, within which can be seen the long piston rod, near the top of its stroke, making a "T" with the horizontal crosshead 439:

century, the high center of gravity of square crosshead engines became increasingly impractical, and by the 1840s, ship builders abandoned them in favor of the walking beam engine.

2272:

The Engineer's and Mechanic's Encyclopaedia: Comprehending Practical Illustrations Of The Machinery and Processes Employed In Every Description Of Manufacture Of The British Empire

995: 692:

not immobile as in most engines, but secured in the middle by trunnions that let the cylinders themselves pivot back and forth as the crankshaft rotated—hence the term,

635: 1811: 1546: 34:

Period cutaway diagram of a triple-expansion steam engine installation, circa 1918. This particular diagram illustrates possible engine cutoff locations, after the

1259: 2334:

Rudimentary Treatise on Marine Engines and Steam Vessels: Together with Practical Remarks on the Screw and Propelling Power as Used in the Royal and Merchant Navy

184:

A wide variety of reciprocating marine steam engines were developed over the course of the 19th century. The two main methods of classifying such engines are by

786:

Early examples of trunk engines had vertical cylinders. However, ship builders quickly realized that the type was compact enough to lay horizontally across the

471:

Model of a crosshead or "square" engine, showing location of engine cylinder above the crankshaft; also piston rod, crosshead, connecting rods and paddlewheels

1277: 214:

More commonly encountered marine steam engine types are listed in the following sections. Note that not all these terms are exclusive to marine applications.

427:

engine, was a type of paddlewheel engine used in the United States. It was the most common type of engine in the early years of American steam navigation.

309: 2316:

Memoirs and portraits of one hundred Glasgow men who have died during the last thirty years and in their lives did much to make the city what it now is

647: 831: 195:

Most early marine engines had the same cylinder technology (simple expansion, see below) but a number of different methods of supplying power to the

1307:, assembled for testing prior to delivery. The engine is 21 feet (6.4 meters) long and 19 feet (5.8 meters) tall and was designed to operate at 76 2171: 2084: 1896: 1868: 763:

The trunk engine, another type of direct-acting engine, was originally developed as a means of reducing an engine's height while retaining a long

1013: 668:

apply power directly to the crankshaft via the piston rod and/or connecting rod. Unless otherwise noted, this article uses the later definition.

290: 30: 2381: 2362: 2286: 2265: 2243: 2221: 1140:

in the 1850s. Elder made improvements to the compound engine that made it safe and economical for ocean-crossing voyages for the first time.

713: 2057:

Griffiths, Denis (1993). "Chapter 5: Triple Expansion and the First Shipping Revolution". In Gardiner, Robert; Greenhill, Dr. Basil (eds.).

250:. The rotation of the crankshaft was driven by the levers—which, at the cylinder side, were driven by the piston's vertical oscillation. 2366: 590:

Steeple engines began to appear in steamships in the 1830s and the type was perfected in the early 1840s by the Scottish shipbuilder

2301: 2066: 2044: 1992: 1530: 1132:

by the American engineer James P. Allaire in 1824. However, many sources attribute the "invention" of the marine compound engine to

1082:. The typical vertical engine arrangement of cylinder, piston rod, connecting rod and crankshaft can clearly be seen in this photo. 686: 2348:

The Marine Steam Engine: A Treatise for Engineering Students, Young Engineers, and Officers of the Royal Navy and Mercantile Marine

399:

engine however, grasshopper engines were disadvantaged by their weight and size. They were mainly used in small watercraft such as

539: 2437: 1056: 703:

The first patented oscillating engine was built by Joseph Maudslay in 1827, but the type is considered to have been perfected by

1321:

An annular engine is an unusual type of engine that has an annular (ring-shaped) cylinder. Some of American pioneering engineer

2034: 1243: 986: 435:—geared to the crankshafts—which were thought necessary to ensure smooth operation. These gears were often noisy in operation. 1915: 591: 1815: 821:

and can now be turned over by hand. The engine's mode of operation, illustrating its compact nature, could be viewed on the

2432: 1034:

maintained designs. The result was the growing dominance of the so-called "vertical" engine (more correctly known as the

802:

pressures that became prevalent in the latter half of the 19th century, and builders abandoned them for other solutions.

1842: 1143:

To fully realise their benefits, marine compound engines required boiler pressures higher than the limit imposed by the

966: 35: 623: 790:. In this configuration, it was very useful to navies, as it had a profile low enough to fit entirely below a ship's 2442: 886: 448: 1983:

Jarvis, Adrian (1993). "9: Alfred Holt and the Compound Engine". In Gardiner, Robert; Greenhill, Dr Basil (eds.).

1430:

Sutcliffe, Andrea. Steam: The Untold Story of America's First Great Invention. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004.

1266: 807: 496: 1137: 160:

As the 19th century progressed, marine steam engines and steamship technology developed alongside each other.

1300:

140-ton – also described as 135-ton – vertical triple-expansion engine of the type used to power

1751: 1250: 1230: 1193: 1176: 385: 69:. Reciprocating steam engines were progressively replaced in marine applications during the 20th century by 1739:

Sennett and Oram, pp. 7–8. See also the preceding section in this reference, entitled "Horizontal engines".

918:. Ericsson needed a small, low-profile engine like the trunk engine to power the U.S. Federal government's 856:, showing (on the left) engine cylinder, annular piston and trunk assembly, and connecting rod inside trunk 2452: 1308: 850: 794:, as safe as possible from enemy fire. The type was generally produced for military service by John Penn. 270: 2341:

A Manual Of Marine Engineering - Comprising The Designing, Construction, And Working Of Marine Machinery

1365:

cylinders had the advantage of reducing the amount of vibration by comparison with a vertical cylinder.

1184:

had four-cylinder, triple-expansion engines. The first successful commercial use was an engine built at

1002: 979: 123: 113: 2081: 1893: 1865: 176: 2447: 1213: 1127: 1114:

Note that a compound engine (including multiple-expansion engines, see below) can have more than one

1075: 891: 767:. (A long stroke was considered important at this time because it reduced the strain on components.) 704: 74: 58: 395:

connecting rod is attached to the lever between the cylinder at one end and the pivot at the other.

340: 2192:

Christley, James J. & Jurens, W. J. (1991). "Question 32/90: Ericsson Vibrating Lever Engine".

1383: 1156: 557: 1540: 1197: 923: 869: 611: 529: 145: 750:

Oscillating engine built in 1853 by J. & A. Blyth of London for the Austrian paddle steamer

2251:

The History of North Atlantic Steam Navigation: With Some Account of Early Ships and Shipowners

2377: 2358: 2297: 2282: 2261: 2239: 2217: 2201: 2062: 2040: 2009: 1988: 1768: 1526: 919: 297: 255: 149: 141: 95: 54: 2389:

A Popular Treatise on Steam, and its Application to the Useful Arts, Especially to Navigation

707:. Oscillating engines remained a popular type of marine engine for much of the 19th century. 1760: 1387: 1322: 1151:, who would only allow 25 pounds per square inch (170 kPa). The shipowner and engineer 594:. The steeple engine was gradually superseded by the various types of direct-acting engine. 152: 104: 376: 2088: 1919: 1900: 1872: 1846: 1284: 1107: 764: 732: 456: 227:

The side-lever engine was the first type of steam engine widely adopted for marine use in

165: 86: 130:

Following Fulton's success, steamboat technology developed rapidly on both sides of the

1786: 1393: 1217:

ocean-going steamships were fitted with triple expansion engines within a few years of

1148: 1144: 1126:

The first compound engine believed to have been installed in a ship was that fitted to

607: 243: 161: 1224:

Multiple-expansion engine manufacture continued well into the 20th century. All 2,700

2426: 915: 911: 452: 118: 70: 1764: 1403: 1304: 1301: 1234: 1225: 1043: 525: 517: 444: 335: 109: 66: 50: 1912: 1098:

encountered. An engine is assumed to be simple-expansion unless otherwise stated.

2319: 2236:

Transatlantic: Samuel Cunard, Isambard Brunel, and the Great Atlantic Steamships

1152: 776: 274: 262: 239: 135: 65:

in the early 19th century to their last years of large-scale manufacture during

738:. Oscillating engines could be used to drive either paddlewheels or propellers. 121:

built the world's first commercially successful steamboat, simply known as the

2416: 2410: 2401: 1398: 1164: 943: 673: 316: 278: 247: 196: 2205: 1839: 1772: 1155:

was able to persuade the authorisation of higher boiler pressures, launching

700:). This provides simplicity but still retains the advantages of compactness. 17: 815: 811: 791: 606:

The Siamese engine was invented by British engineer Joseph Maudslay (son of

574: 400: 360: 266: 99: 62: 2309:

The Civil Engineer and Architect's Journal, incorporated with The Architect

238:

The side-lever was an adaptation of the earliest form of steam engine, the

1311:

and propel a Liberty ship at about 11 kn (13 mph; 20 km/h).

641:

Diagram of an annular engine (see below) with Siamese connection mechanism

564:. The vessel's diamond shaped "walking beam" can clearly be seen amidships 2294:

Record Breakers of the North Atlantic: Blue Riband Liners 1838–1952

1189: 432: 364: 232: 131: 91: 906:

engine, was a development of the conventional trunk engine conceived by

483:

Diagram of a typical Hudson River steamboat crosshead engine (side view)

1133: 520:

boats that operated in America's shallow coastal and inland waterways.

404: 148:. The first steamship to make regular transatlantic crossings was the 1203:

in 1881. An earlier experiment with an almost identical engine in SS

907: 799: 228: 2350:, Longmans, Green & Co., London, New York, Bombay and Calcutta. 41:

and others made it clear that this was an important safety feature.

1185: 885: 876:. The connecting rod can be seen emerging from the trunk at right. 573: 375: 175: 29: 2181:, J. B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia and London, pp. 92–93. 2010:"Titanic's Prime Mover – An Examination of Propulsion and Power" 787: 533:

long after they had been abandoned in other parts of the world.

85:

The first commercially successful steam engine was developed by

587:

especially in Europe, for inland waterway and coastal vessels.

284:, considered an anachronism when it entered service in 1862. 57:. This article deals mainly with marine steam engines of the 2200:(4). International Naval Research Organization: 403–404. 2059:

The Advent of Steam - The Merchant Steamship before 1900

1985:

The Advent of Steam – The Merchant Steamship before 1900

814:. After sinking in 1872, it was raised in 1985 from the 2229:

Steam and the Steam Engine: Land, Marine and Locomotive

1700: 1698: 1696: 1694: 180:

Animation of a typical vertical triple-expansion engine

2231:, William Collins, Sons & Co., London and Glasgow. 1749:

Osbon, G. A. (1965). "The Crimean gunboats. Part 1".

1283:

A triple-expansion engine on the 1907 oceangoing tug

451:, which in the latter case refers to an engine whose 2318:, James MacLehose & Sons, Glasgow, p. 118, 2036:

Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology

1903:, American Society of Mechanical Engineers brochure. 1735: 1733: 1731: 932: 2109:Alllaire, pp. 282-283. See engine description for 61:type, which were in use from the inception of the 2417:Tradition Sidewheel Steamboat Walking Beam Engine 2343:, 4th Edition, Charles Griffin & Co., London. 2170:American Society of Mechanical Engineers (1978): 1875:, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, p. 4. 334:Model of the twin side-lever engines of the 1836 27:Steam engine that is used to power a ship or boat 2346:Sennett, Richard and Oram, Sir Henry J. (1918): 1835: 1833: 1712: 1710: 1498: 1496: 2376:, reprinted 2001 by Adamant Media Corporation, 2061:. Conway Maritime Press Ltd. pp. 106–126. 1951: 1949: 1558: 1556: 2327:The Atlantic Ferry: Its Ships, Men and Working 1618: 1616: 1523:The evolution of engineering in the Royal Navy 2402:Video of model vibrating-lever engine of USS 2258:It Started With a Steamboat: An American Saga 1861: 1859: 1684: 1682: 1233:. Toward the end of the war, turbine-powered 779:at the piston head to an outside crankshaft. 273:service that had a side-lever engine was the 8: 2355:Steamboats of Gloucester and the North Shore 1545:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2374:A History of the Growth of the Steam-engine 2091:- American Society of Mechanical Engineers. 2033:Day, Lance and McNeil, Ian (Editors) 2013, 1987:. Conway Maritime Press. pp. 158–159. 1579: 1577: 1525:. Vol. 1. Spellmount. pp. 19–20. 1465: 1463: 985:), now the centerpiece of a display at the 2411:Inclined inverted oscillating engine video 1930: 1928: 1787:"The Children - Western Australian Museum" 1477: 1475: 964:The back-acting engine, also known as the 770:A trunk engine locates the connecting rod 218:Engines classified by connection mechanism 2329:, Whittaker and Co., London and New York. 2281:, Stanford University Press, p. 59, 2253:, Sampson Low, Marston & Co., London. 1237:were manufactured in increasing numbers. 1088:Engines classified by cylinder technology 922:, a type of warship developed during the 2391:, D. Van Nostrand, New York, p. 60. 1356:Vertical, horizontal, inclined, inverted 265:engine and was not suitable for driving 1414: 1239: 1052: 991: 827: 709: 619: 535: 461: 355:Early Napier side-lever engine from PS 286: 1538: 929: 719:Model of a Maudslay oscillating engine 545:Basic diagram of a walking beam engine 443:should not be confused with the term " 415:The crosshead engine, also known as a 2296:, Brassey's, Inc., Washington, D.C., 7: 2188:, page 132, Cassell and Company Ltd. 1074:Vertical triple-expansion engine of 1019:Return connecting rod engine of HMS 944:Model vibrating-lever engine of USS 868:Looking down at the trunk engine of 2311:, Volume XVIII, John Knott, London. 2008:Halpern, Samuel (31 January 2011). 1521:Rippon, Commander P.M., RN (1998). 1062:Diagram of a simple "hammer" engine 731:Oscillating paddlewheel engines of 207:being the cylinder technology, and 98:built the world's "first practical 2307:Laxton, Frederick William (1855): 2274:, Volume II, Thomas Kelly, London. 25: 1265:A triple-expansion engine on the 1212:was fitted with two double ended 1001:Diagram of back-acting engine of 687:Oscillating cylinder steam engine 629:Basic diagram of a Siamese engine 2353:Sutherland, John Lester (2004): 2279:Lake Michigan Passenger Steamers 1866:"Emory Rice T. V. Engine (1873)" 1814:. 10 August 2011. Archived from 1293: 1276: 1258: 1242: 1067: 1055: 1012: 994: 938: 861: 849:Cutaway view of trunk engine of 842: 830: 743: 724: 712: 646: 634: 622: 550: 538: 488: 476: 464: 348: 327: 308: 289: 127:, and powered by a Watt engine. 2372:Thurston, Robert Henry (1883): 2322:by the Glasgow Digital Library. 2214:The Story Of The Paddle Steamer 2179:The Memoirs of Charles H. Cramp 1036:vertical inverted direct acting 987:American Merchant Marine Museum 380:Diagram of a grasshopper engine 2339:Seaton, Albert Edward (1885): 1894:Emery Rice T. V. Engine (1873) 1765:10.1080/00253359.1965.10657815 108:, in 1802. Rivaling inventors 1: 2184:Chatterton, E. Keble (1910): 1840:Steam Launch Artemis - Engine 1812:"Restoring the Xantho engine" 90:century after Newcomen, when 2325:Maginnis, Arthur J. (1900): 1171:Triple or multiple expansion 967:return connecting rod engine 261:The side-lever engine was a 172:Types of marine steam engine 55:used to power a ship or boat 2260:, Authorhouse, p. 55, 2212:Dumpleton, Bernard (2002): 2177:Buell, Augustus C. (1906): 1922:, American Maritime Museum. 449:internal combustion engines 2469: 2277:Hilton, George W. (2002): 2186:Steamships and their Story 1884:Sennett and Oram, pp. 7,9. 1457:Sennett and Oram, pp. 2-4. 1386:– apparatus for obtaining 890:Vibrating-lever engine of 684: 383: 269:. The last ship built for 164:gradually gave way to the 2314:MacLehose, James (1906): 2174:- informational brochure. 1791:Western Australian Museum 1490:Sennett and Oram, p. 2-4. 937: 837:Trunk engine illustration 808:Western Australian Museum 2336:, Published by J. Weale. 2292:Kludas, Arnold (2000?): 2216:, Intellect Books (UK), 1704:Sennett and Oram, p. 12. 1180:cylinders, e.g. the RMS 902:The vibrating lever, or 495:The 1836 paddle steamer 2438:Marine steam propulsion 2332:Murray, Robert (1858): 2256:Harvey, Steven (2007): 2172:Joshua Hendy Iron Works 2082:Joshua Hendy Iron Works 1253:triple-expansion engine 1231:Joshua Hendy Iron Works 1177:triple-expansion engine 528:shipbuilder Charles H. 386:Grasshopper beam engine 1973:Thurston, pp. 393-396. 1502:Sennet and Oram, p. 3. 974:engine—that of the TV 899: 653:Siamese engine of HMS 579: 381: 181: 42: 2387:Ward, J. H.: (1864): 2357:, The History Press, 2270:Hebert, Luke (1849): 2234:Fox, Stephen (2003): 2227:Evers, Henry (1873): 2194:Warship International 1221:coming into service. 889: 577: 384:Further information: 379: 315:Side-lever engine of 296:Side-lever engine of 179: 124:North River Steamboat 75:marine diesel engines 33: 2433:Marine steam engines 1752:The Mariner's Mirror 186:connection mechanism 2249:Fry, Henry (1896): 1716:Chatterton, p. 132. 1384:Evaporator (marine) 1119:there are only two 825:project's website. 254:its relatively low 246:, which turned the 190:cylinder technology 47:marine steam engine 2140:Murray. pp. 17-18. 2122:Murray, pp. 15-16. 2087:2009-03-18 at the 1964:MacLehose, p. 118. 1943:Thurston, 391-396. 1918:2010-06-13 at the 1899:2008-12-09 at the 1871:2008-12-09 at the 1845:2010-03-06 at the 1631:Sutherland, p. 31. 924:American Civil War 900: 580: 411:Crosshead (square) 382: 277:'s paddle steamer 182: 146:Liverpool, England 43: 2443:Marine propulsion 2382:978-1-4021-6205-3 2363:978-1-59629-000-6 2287:978-0-8047-4240-5 2266:978-1-4259-6719-2 2244:978-0-06-019595-3 2238:, HarperCollins, 2222:978-1-84150-801-6 2158:Fry, pp. 167-168. 2131:Thurston, p. 110. 2100:Murray, pp.15-16. 1818:on 10 August 2011 1725:Evers, pp. 90–91. 1667:Dumpleton, p. 83. 1640:Buell, pp. 92-93. 1622:Thurston, p. 379. 1511:Maginnis, p. xiv. 1194:Alexander C. Kirk 953: 952: 256:centre of gravity 162:Paddle propulsion 150:sidewheel steamer 142:Savannah, Georgia 96:William Symington 16:(Redirected from 2460: 2209: 2159: 2156: 2150: 2147: 2141: 2138: 2132: 2129: 2123: 2120: 2114: 2107: 2101: 2098: 2092: 2079: 2073: 2072: 2054: 2048: 2031: 2025: 2024: 2022: 2020: 2005: 1999: 1998: 1980: 1974: 1971: 1965: 1962: 1956: 1955:Fry, Chapter XI. 1953: 1944: 1941: 1935: 1932: 1923: 1910: 1904: 1891: 1885: 1882: 1876: 1863: 1854: 1837: 1828: 1827: 1825: 1823: 1808: 1802: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1783: 1777: 1776: 1746: 1740: 1737: 1726: 1723: 1717: 1714: 1705: 1702: 1689: 1686: 1677: 1674: 1668: 1665: 1659: 1656: 1650: 1647: 1641: 1638: 1632: 1629: 1623: 1620: 1611: 1608: 1602: 1599: 1593: 1590: 1584: 1581: 1572: 1569: 1563: 1562:Seaton, pp. 3-5. 1560: 1551: 1550: 1544: 1536: 1518: 1512: 1509: 1503: 1500: 1491: 1488: 1482: 1479: 1470: 1467: 1458: 1455: 1449: 1446: 1440: 1437: 1431: 1428: 1422: 1419: 1388:boiler feedwater 1323:James P. Allaire 1297: 1280: 1262: 1246: 1093:Simple expansion 1071: 1059: 1016: 998: 942: 941: 930: 865: 846: 834: 747: 728: 716: 650: 638: 626: 554: 542: 492: 480: 468: 455:is equal to its 447:" as applied to 359:, on display at 352: 331: 312: 293: 267:screw propellers 105:Charlotte Dundas 21: 2468: 2467: 2463: 2462: 2461: 2459: 2458: 2457: 2423: 2422: 2398: 2191: 2167: 2162: 2157: 2153: 2148: 2144: 2139: 2135: 2130: 2126: 2121: 2117: 2108: 2104: 2099: 2095: 2089:Wayback Machine 2080: 2076: 2069: 2056: 2055: 2051: 2032: 2028: 2018: 2016: 2007: 2006: 2002: 1995: 1982: 1981: 1977: 1972: 1968: 1963: 1959: 1954: 1947: 1942: 1938: 1933: 1926: 1920:Wayback Machine 1911: 1907: 1901:Wayback Machine 1892: 1888: 1883: 1879: 1873:Wayback Machine 1864: 1857: 1847:Wayback Machine 1838: 1831: 1821: 1819: 1810: 1809: 1805: 1795: 1793: 1785: 1784: 1780: 1748: 1747: 1743: 1738: 1729: 1724: 1720: 1715: 1708: 1703: 1692: 1687: 1680: 1675: 1671: 1666: 1662: 1657: 1653: 1648: 1644: 1639: 1635: 1630: 1626: 1621: 1614: 1609: 1605: 1600: 1596: 1592:Laxton, p. 334. 1591: 1587: 1582: 1575: 1570: 1566: 1561: 1554: 1537: 1533: 1520: 1519: 1515: 1510: 1506: 1501: 1494: 1489: 1485: 1480: 1473: 1468: 1461: 1456: 1452: 1448:Fry, Chapter 5. 1447: 1443: 1439:Fry, pp. 37-42. 1438: 1434: 1429: 1425: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1380: 1371: 1358: 1349: 1340: 1331: 1319: 1312: 1298: 1289: 1281: 1272: 1270:(steam drifter) 1263: 1254: 1247: 1173: 1108:compound engine 1104: 1095: 1090: 1083: 1072: 1063: 1060: 1031: 1024: 1017: 1008: 999: 962: 939: 933:External videos 884: 882:Vibrating lever 877: 866: 857: 847: 838: 835: 761: 754: 748: 739: 729: 720: 717: 689: 683: 665: 658: 651: 642: 639: 630: 627: 600: 572: 565: 555: 546: 543: 509: 502: 493: 484: 481: 472: 469: 413: 388: 374: 367: 353: 344: 332: 323: 313: 304: 294: 225: 220: 174: 166:screw propeller 87:Thomas Newcomen 83: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 2466: 2464: 2456: 2455: 2450: 2445: 2440: 2435: 2425: 2424: 2421: 2420: 2414: 2408: 2397: 2396:External links 2394: 2393: 2392: 2385: 2370: 2351: 2344: 2337: 2330: 2323: 2312: 2305: 2290: 2275: 2268: 2254: 2247: 2232: 2225: 2210: 2189: 2182: 2175: 2166: 2163: 2161: 2160: 2151: 2149:Murray, p. 18. 2142: 2133: 2124: 2115: 2102: 2093: 2074: 2067: 2049: 2026: 2000: 1993: 1975: 1966: 1957: 1945: 1936: 1924: 1905: 1886: 1877: 1855: 1829: 1803: 1778: 1759:(2): 103–116. 1741: 1727: 1718: 1706: 1690: 1688:Murray, p. 14. 1678: 1669: 1660: 1651: 1642: 1633: 1624: 1612: 1610:Harvey, p. 55. 1603: 1601:Adams, p. 202. 1594: 1585: 1573: 1571:Hilton, p. 59. 1564: 1552: 1531: 1513: 1504: 1492: 1483: 1471: 1459: 1450: 1441: 1432: 1423: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1407: 1406: 1401: 1396: 1394:Guardian valve 1391: 1390:from sea water 1379: 1376: 1370: 1367: 1357: 1354: 1348: 1345: 1339: 1336: 1330: 1327: 1318: 1315: 1314: 1313: 1299: 1292: 1290: 1282: 1275: 1273: 1264: 1257: 1255: 1248: 1241: 1172: 1169: 1149:Board of Trade 1145:United Kingdom 1103: 1100: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1085: 1084: 1073: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1054: 1030: 1027: 1026: 1025: 1018: 1011: 1009: 1000: 993: 961: 958: 951: 950: 935: 934: 883: 880: 879: 878: 867: 860: 858: 848: 841: 839: 836: 829: 760: 757: 756: 755: 749: 742: 740: 730: 723: 721: 718: 711: 685:Main article: 682: 679: 664: 661: 660: 659: 652: 645: 643: 640: 633: 631: 628: 621: 599: 596: 578:Steeple engine 571: 568: 567: 566: 556: 549: 547: 544: 537: 508: 505: 504: 503: 494: 487: 485: 482: 475: 473: 470: 463: 412: 409: 373: 370: 369: 368: 354: 347: 345: 333: 326: 324: 314: 307: 305: 295: 288: 244:connecting rod 224: 221: 219: 216: 173: 170: 82: 79: 71:steam turbines 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2465: 2454: 2453:Steam engines 2451: 2449: 2446: 2444: 2441: 2439: 2436: 2434: 2431: 2430: 2428: 2418: 2415: 2412: 2409: 2406: 2405: 2400: 2399: 2395: 2390: 2386: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2349: 2345: 2342: 2338: 2335: 2331: 2328: 2324: 2321: 2320:as reproduced 2317: 2313: 2310: 2306: 2303: 2302:1-57488-328-3 2299: 2295: 2291: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2273: 2269: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2252: 2248: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2230: 2226: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2190: 2187: 2183: 2180: 2176: 2173: 2169: 2168: 2164: 2155: 2152: 2146: 2143: 2137: 2134: 2128: 2125: 2119: 2116: 2112: 2111:Buckeye State 2106: 2103: 2097: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2083: 2078: 2075: 2070: 2068:0-85177-563-2 2064: 2060: 2053: 2050: 2046: 2045:0-203-02829-5 2042: 2038: 2037: 2030: 2027: 2015: 2011: 2004: 2001: 1996: 1994:0-85177-563-2 1990: 1986: 1979: 1976: 1970: 1967: 1961: 1958: 1952: 1950: 1946: 1940: 1937: 1934:Evers, p. 81. 1931: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1914: 1909: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1895: 1890: 1887: 1881: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1867: 1862: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1841: 1836: 1834: 1830: 1817: 1813: 1807: 1804: 1792: 1788: 1782: 1779: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1753: 1745: 1742: 1736: 1734: 1732: 1728: 1722: 1719: 1713: 1711: 1707: 1701: 1699: 1697: 1695: 1691: 1685: 1683: 1679: 1676:Evers, p. 89. 1673: 1670: 1664: 1661: 1658:Evers, p. 88. 1655: 1652: 1646: 1643: 1637: 1634: 1628: 1625: 1619: 1617: 1613: 1607: 1604: 1598: 1595: 1589: 1586: 1580: 1578: 1574: 1568: 1565: 1559: 1557: 1553: 1548: 1542: 1534: 1532:0-946771-55-3 1528: 1524: 1517: 1514: 1508: 1505: 1499: 1497: 1493: 1487: 1484: 1478: 1476: 1472: 1469:Murray, p. 4. 1466: 1464: 1460: 1454: 1451: 1445: 1442: 1436: 1433: 1427: 1424: 1418: 1415: 1409: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1385: 1382: 1381: 1377: 1375: 1368: 1366: 1362: 1355: 1353: 1347:Double acting 1346: 1344: 1337: 1335: 1328: 1326: 1324: 1316: 1310: 1306: 1305:Liberty ships 1303: 1296: 1291: 1288: 1287: 1279: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1261: 1256: 1252: 1245: 1240: 1238: 1236: 1235:Victory ships 1232: 1227: 1226:Liberty ships 1222: 1220: 1215: 1211: 1206: 1202: 1201: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1178: 1170: 1168: 1166: 1161: 1160: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1141: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1130: 1129:Henry Eckford 1124: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1109: 1101: 1099: 1092: 1087: 1081: 1079: 1070: 1065: 1058: 1053: 1051: 1047: 1045: 1039: 1037: 1028: 1022: 1015: 1010: 1007: 1006: 997: 992: 990: 988: 984: 983: 977: 971: 969: 968: 959: 957: 949: 947: 936: 931: 928: 925: 921: 917: 916:John Ericsson 913: 909: 905: 897: 895: 888: 881: 875: 873: 864: 859: 855: 854: 845: 840: 833: 828: 826: 824: 820: 819: 813: 809: 803: 801: 795: 793: 789: 784: 780: 778: 773: 768: 766: 758: 753: 746: 741: 737: 736: 727: 722: 715: 710: 708: 706: 701: 699: 695: 688: 680: 678: 675: 669: 663:Direct acting 662: 656: 649: 644: 637: 632: 625: 620: 618: 616: 615: 609: 604: 597: 595: 593: 588: 584: 576: 569: 563: 561: 553: 548: 541: 536: 534: 531: 527: 521: 519: 513: 506: 500: 499: 491: 486: 479: 474: 467: 462: 460: 458: 454: 450: 446: 445:square engine 440: 436: 434: 428: 426: 422: 418: 410: 408: 406: 402: 396: 393: 387: 378: 371: 366: 362: 358: 351: 346: 343: 342: 337: 330: 325: 322: 320: 311: 306: 303: 301: 292: 287: 285: 283: 282: 276: 272: 271:transatlantic 268: 264: 259: 257: 251: 249: 245: 241: 236: 234: 230: 222: 217: 215: 212: 210: 206: 200: 198: 193: 191: 187: 178: 171: 169: 167: 163: 158: 156: 155: 154:Great Western 151: 147: 143: 139: 138: 133: 128: 126: 125: 120: 119:Robert Fulton 115: 111: 107: 106: 101: 97: 93: 88: 80: 78: 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 59:reciprocating 56: 52: 48: 40: 38: 32: 19: 18:Vertical beam 2403: 2388: 2373: 2354: 2347: 2340: 2333: 2326: 2315: 2308: 2293: 2278: 2271: 2257: 2250: 2235: 2228: 2213: 2197: 2193: 2185: 2178: 2154: 2145: 2136: 2127: 2118: 2110: 2105: 2096: 2077: 2058: 2052: 2035: 2029: 2017:. Retrieved 2014:Titanicology 2013: 2003: 1984: 1978: 1969: 1960: 1939: 1908: 1889: 1880: 1851:www.pcez.com 1850: 1820:. Retrieved 1816:the original 1806: 1794:. Retrieved 1790: 1781: 1756: 1750: 1744: 1721: 1672: 1663: 1654: 1645: 1636: 1627: 1606: 1597: 1588: 1583:Ward, p. 60. 1567: 1522: 1516: 1507: 1486: 1481:Fox, p. 119. 1453: 1444: 1435: 1426: 1417: 1404:Steam engine 1372: 1363: 1359: 1350: 1341: 1332: 1320: 1302:World War II 1285: 1267: 1251:Joshua Hendy 1223: 1218: 1209: 1204: 1199: 1181: 1174: 1158: 1142: 1128: 1125: 1120: 1115: 1113: 1105: 1096: 1080: (BB-9) 1077: 1048: 1044:steam hammer 1040: 1035: 1032: 1020: 1004: 981: 975: 972: 965: 963: 954: 945: 903: 901: 898:- front view 896: (1863) 893: 874: (1860) 871: 852: 822: 817: 804: 796: 785: 781: 771: 769: 762: 751: 734: 702: 697: 693: 690: 670: 666: 654: 613: 605: 601: 592:David Napier 589: 585: 581: 562: (1861) 559: 526:Philadelphia 522: 514: 510: 507:Walking beam 497: 441: 437: 429: 424: 420: 416: 414: 397: 391: 389: 356: 339: 336:Thames River 318: 302: (1849) 299: 280: 260: 252: 237: 226: 213: 209:walking beam 208: 204: 201: 194: 189: 185: 183: 159: 153: 140:sailed from 136: 129: 122: 110:James Rumsey 103: 84: 67:World War II 51:steam engine 46: 44: 36: 2448:Steam power 2039:Routledge, 1421:Fry, p. 27. 1329:Other terms 1214:Scotch type 1153:Alfred Holt 1123:, x and y. 960:Back acting 853:Bellerophon 777:gudgeon pin 735:Black Eagle 694:oscillating 681:Oscillating 655:Retribution 392:grasshopper 372:Grasshopper 275:Cunard Line 263:paddlewheel 240:beam engine 2427:Categories 2419:at YouTube 2413:at YouTube 2407:at YouTube 2165:References 2019:1 February 1913:Emery Rice 1399:Steam boat 1165:Suez Canal 1138:John Elder 978:(formerly 976:Emery Rice 927:warships. 904:half-trunk 674:Royal Navy 401:riverboats 338:steamboat 248:crankshaft 223:Side-lever 197:crankshaft 114:John Fitch 2367:pp. 31-32 2206:0043-0374 1773:0025-3359 1541:cite book 1410:Footnotes 1268:Lydia Eva 1205:Propontis 1167:in 1869. 1159:Agamemnon 1121:pressures 1078:Wisconsin 1076:USS 1038:engine). 1021:Agincourt 1003:USS 980:USS 948:in action 914:engineer 894:Monadnock 892:USS 870:HMS 851:HMS 812:Fremantle 792:waterline 705:John Penn 612:HMS 558:USS 433:flywheels 361:Dumbarton 279:RMS 157:in 1838. 100:steamboat 94:engineer 63:steamboat 37:Lusitania 2085:Archived 2047:(P. 694) 1916:Archived 1897:Archived 1869:Archived 1843:Archived 1822:27 March 1796:27 March 1378:See also 1343:engine. 1286:Hercules 1219:Aberdeen 1210:Aberdeen 1200:Aberdeen 1198:SS 1196:for the 1190:Scotland 1157:SS 1102:Compound 1029:Vertical 920:monitors 912:American 816:SS 560:Delaware 498:New York 365:Scotland 298:SS 233:Atlantic 205:compound 137:Savannah 132:Atlantic 92:Scottish 53:that is 39:disaster 2404:Monitor 1649:Hebert. 1317:Annular 1182:Titanic 1134:Glasgow 946:Monitor 908:Swedish 872:Warrior 698:Krippen 614:Rattler 598:Siamese 570:Steeple 425:A-frame 421:sawmill 300:Pacific 102:", the 81:History 2380: 2361: 2300: 2285: 2264: 2242: 2220: 2204: 2198:XXVIII 2065: 2043: 1991: 1771: 1529: 1369:Geared 1338:Simple 1023:(1865) 1005:Ranger 982:Ranger 823:Xantho 818:Xantho 800:boiler 772:within 765:stroke 752:Orsova 657:(1844) 457:stroke 417:square 321:(1855) 319:Persia 281:Scotia 229:Europe 1186:Govan 759:Trunk 608:Henry 530:Cramp 518:draft 357:Leven 49:is a 2378:ISBN 2359:ISBN 2298:ISBN 2283:ISBN 2262:ISBN 2240:ISBN 2218:ISBN 2202:ISSN 2063:ISBN 2041:ISBN 2021:2021 1989:ISBN 1824:2018 1798:2018 1769:ISSN 1547:link 1527:ISBN 788:keel 733:HMS 453:bore 405:tugs 403:and 390:The 341:Ruby 317:RMS 188:and 112:and 73:and 1761:doi 1309:rpm 1192:by 1188:in 1147:'s 1136:'s 1116:set 810:in 423:or 144:to 2429:: 2365:, 2196:. 2012:. 1948:^ 1927:^ 1858:^ 1849:, 1832:^ 1789:. 1767:. 1757:51 1755:. 1730:^ 1709:^ 1693:^ 1681:^ 1615:^ 1576:^ 1555:^ 1543:}} 1539:{{ 1495:^ 1474:^ 1462:^ 1249:A 1175:A 1106:A 1046:. 989:. 617:. 459:. 419:, 407:. 363:, 235:. 192:. 77:. 45:A 2384:. 2369:. 2304:. 2289:. 2246:. 2224:. 2208:. 2113:. 2071:. 2023:. 1997:. 1853:. 1826:. 1800:. 1775:. 1763:: 1549:) 1535:. 910:- 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index