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for takeoff, where less than full power is applied in order to prolong engine life, reduce maintenance costs and reduce noise emissions. In some emergency cases, the power used can then be increased to increase the aircraft's performance. Before takeoff, the engines, particularly
291:
In a single-engine or light twin-engine aircraft, the pilot calculates the length of runway required to take off and clear any obstacles, to ensure sufficient runway to use for takeoff. A safety margin can be added to provide the option to stop on the runway in case of a
208:
and often area of the wing, making it more effective at low speed, thus creating more lift. These are deployed from the wing before takeoff, and retracted during the climb. They can also be deployed at other times, such as before landing.
244:. These speeds are determined not only by the above factors affecting takeoff performance, but also by the length and slope of the runway and any peculiar conditions, such as obstacles off the end of the runway. Below V
303:), which results in the greatest altitude gain per unit of horizontal distance travelled. If no obstacle needs to be cleared, or after an obstacle is cleared, the pilot can accelerate to the best rate of climb speed (V
358:
have even lower takeoff speeds. For a given aircraft, the takeoff speed is usually dependent on the aircraft weight; the heavier the weight, the greater the speed needed. Some aircraft are specifically designed for
296:. In most such aircraft, any engine failure results in a rejected takeoff as a matter of course, since even overrunning the end of the runway is preferable to lifting off with insufficient power to maintain flight.
786:
37:
326:
will reduce the ground speed needed for takeoff, as there is a greater flow of air over the wings. Typical takeoff air speeds for jetliners are in the range of 240–285
275:
272:(the safe takeoff speed) is called. This speed must be maintained after an engine failure to meet performance targets for rate of climb and angle of climb.
140:, are routinely run up at high power to check for engine-related problems. The aircraft is permitted to accelerate to rotation speed (often referred to as V
1070:
779:
1103:
434:. Vertical takeoff eliminates the need for airfields. Most vertical take off aircraft are also able to land horizontally, but there were certain
1242:
1173:
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into the air (as opposed to strictly under its own power). The reason it might be needed is due to the aircraft's weight exceeding the normal
180:
1040:
177:
and effect liftoff. For most aircraft, attempting a takeoff without a pitch-up would require cruise speeds while still on the runway.
221:
varies with aircraft weight and aircraft configuration (flap or slat position, as applicable), and is provided to the flight crew as
162:(once proper air displacement occurs under / over the wings, an aircraft will lift off on its own; controls are to ease that in).
539:(short take-off and vertical landing). Others, such as some helicopters, can only operate by VTOL, due to the aircraft lacking
42:
155:
709:
Ulrich
Albrecht: Artefakte des Fanatismus; Technik und nationalsozialistische Ideologie in der Endphase des Dritten Reiches
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192:) have difficulty generating enough lift at the low speeds encountered during takeoff. These are therefore fitted with
1096:
264:
for transport category aircraft is calculated such as to allow the aircraft to reach the regulatory screen height at V
646:
962:
360:
411:, which do not have an engine and so are unable to take off by themselves. Hence assisted takeoff is required.
86:
that take off horizontally, this usually involves starting with a transition from moving along the ground on a
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613:, are usually from a fixed location on the ground, but may also be from a floating platform such as the
205:
758:"Straight Up - A History of Vertical Flight," Steve Markman and Bill Holder, Schiffer Publishing, 2000.
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1141:
1060:
661:
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307:), where the aircraft will gain the most altitude in the least amount of time. Generally speaking, V
75:
vehicle leaves the ground and becomes airborne. For aircraft traveling vertically, this is known as
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1136:
1045:
885:
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727:"Vertical Takeoff & Landing Aircraft," John P. Campbell, The MacMillan Company, New York, 1962.
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Besides the helicopter, there are two types of VTOL aircraft in military service: craft using a
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landed under a parachute after having taken off vertically. Other late projects developed in
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If an obstacle needs to be cleared, the pilot climbs at the speed for maximum climb angle (V
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airfield, or a combination of all four factors. Assisted takeoff is also required for
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the pilot continues the takeoff and returns for landing. After the co-pilot calls V
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151:
470:, climbed to their ceiling at a nearly vertical angle and landed later on a skid.
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Operations with transport category aircraft employ the concept of the takeoff
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Vertical takeoff refers to aircraft or rockets that take off in a vertical
188:
Fixed-wing aircraft designed for high-speed operation (such as commercial
676:
508:
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323:
154:
while still on the ground, usually because of gentle manipulation of the
83:
184:
Three airliners taking off simultaneously (note similar pitch attitudes)
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229:
248:, in case of critical failures, the takeoff should be aborted; above V
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The speeds needed for takeoff are relative to the motion of the air (
87:
68:
27:
Phase of flight in which a vehicle leaves the land or water surface
952:
938:
908:
745:
Laskowitz, I.B. "Vertical Take-Off and
Landing (VTOL) Aircraft."
595:
581:
536:
527:. Some VTOL aircraft can operate in other modes as well, such as
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or "rotate," marking speed at which to rotate the aircraft. The V
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is used because the aircraft pivots around the axis of its main
99:
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363:, which they achieve by becoming airborne at very low speeds.
564:, and some aircraft using directed jet thrust such as the
444:
that only took off vertically, landing in other ways. The
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in the process of lifting off from the launch pad during
381:
Tow line and towing aircraft seen from the cockpit of a
543:
that can handle horizontal motion. VTOL is a subset of
1160:
1119:
991:
884:
846:
803:
315:, and requires a higher pitch attitude to achieve.
127:, usually full power is used during takeoff. Large
523:and other aircraft with powered rotors, such as
547:(vertical and/or short take-off and landing).
1097:
780:
8:
747:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,
1104:
1090:
1082:
787:
773:
765:
699:". Aerospace Web. Retrieved 12 August 2015
98:and some specialized fixed-wing aircraft (
605:is called "rocket launch". Launches for
688:
399:, insufficient power, or the available
601:The takeoff phase of the flight of a
535:(short take-off and landing), and/or
531:(conventional take-off and landing),
158:to make or facilitate this change in
7:
173:attitude to increase lift from the
1041:Shipborne rolling vertical landing
25:
403:length may be insufficient, or a
165:The nose is raised to a nominal 5
749:Vol. 107, Art. 1, 25 March 1963.
631:
361:short takeoff and landing (STOL)
268:with one engine failed. Then, V
342:, take off at around 100
131:(airliner) aircraft may use a
1:
1243:Types of take-off and landing
695:Scott, Jeff (4 August 2002) "
501:Vertical take-off and landing
338:). Light aircraft, such as a
1264:
647:Index of aviation articles
575:
477:
391:is any system for helping
370:
29:
1071:Floating landing platform
963:Launch and recovery cycle
110:), no runway is needed.
32:Takeoff (disambiguation)
697:Airliner Takeoff Speeds
436:rocket-powered aircraft
311:is a lower speed than V
1066:Water landing/ditching
818:Non-rocket spacelaunch
813:Balanced field takeoff
652:Balanced field takeoff
598:
519:vertically as well as
497:
427:
397:maximum takeoff weight
385:
288:
219:takeoff speed required
185:
108:Bell Boeing V22 Osprey
61:
49:
894:Brodie landing system
667:Descent (aeronautics)
585:
487:
422:
380:
278:
204:, which increase the
183:
102:aircraft such as the
55:
40:
1248:Aircraft performance
1061:Touch-and-go landing
662:Cruise (aeronautics)
611:interplanetary space
607:orbital spaceflights
30:For other uses, see
1168:Takeoff and landing
1046:Short-field landing
886:Takeoff and landing
797:takeoff and landing
657:Climb (aeronautics)
609:, or launches into
513:fixed-wing aircraft
169:–15° nose up
45:taking off from an
838:Zero-length launch
714:2020-04-13 at the
615:San Marco platform
599:
498:
428:
386:
320:indicated airspeed
289:
256:, they will call V
223:indicated airspeed
196:, often including
186:
129:transport category
62:
50:
1225:
1224:
1079:
1078:
1021:Emergency landing
1016:Deadstick landing
1011:Crosswind landing
1006:Corkscrew landing
848:Assisted take-off
517:take off and land
194:high-lift devices
160:aircraft attitude
16:(Redirected from
1255:
1176:
1106:
1099:
1092:
1083:
823:Rejected takeoff
789:
782:
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766:
759:
756:
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743:
737:
734:
728:
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719:
706:
700:
693:
641:
636:
635:
634:
515:that can hover,
490:Harrier jump jet
389:Assisted takeoff
373:Assisted takeoff
294:rejected takeoff
67:is the phase of
47:aircraft carrier
21:
18:Vertical takeoff
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861:Ground carriage
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722:
716:Wayback Machine
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639:Aviation portal
637:
632:
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621:launch vessel.
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574:
482:
476:
425:hot air balloon
417:
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334:; 149–177
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283:retracting its
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213:Required speeds
156:flight controls
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1212:Final approach
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1207:Top of descent
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1161:Related topics
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1031:Forced landing
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576:Main article:
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566:Harrier family
554:, such as the
478:Main article:
475:
472:
457:Heinkel P.1077
455:, such as the
416:
413:
371:Main article:
368:
365:
330:(130–154
312:
308:
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300:
287:during takeoff
285:undercarriages
281:Boeing 737-800
269:
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138:piston engines
125:light aircraft
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119:Power settings
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1238:Flight phases
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1001:Belly landing
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587:Space Shuttle
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572:Rocket launch
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446:Bachem Ba 349
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423:Takeoff of a
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133:reduced power
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58:Embraer E-175
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1197:Top of climb
1131:
1051:Soft landing
1036:Hard landing
833:Space launch
804:
754:
746:
741:
736:Rogers 1989.
732:
723:
704:
691:
600:
589:
578:Space launch
549:
541:landing gear
504:
500:
499:
465:
459:
453:Nazi Germany
448:
439:
429:
405:hot and high
388:
387:
317:
298:
290:
227:
218:
216:
200:and usually
190:jet aircraft
187:
164:
152:landing gear
145:
144:). The term
122:
81:
76:
71:in which an
64:
63:
1120:Main phases
871:Rocket sled
718:(in German)
562:V-22 Osprey
521:helicopters
464:Focke-Wulf
356:Ultralights
96:helicopters
1232:Categories
1192:Step climb
1056:Splashdown
683:References
619:Sea Launch
525:tiltrotors
466:Volksjäger
432:trajectory
367:Assistance
350:; 62
340:Cessna 150
114:Horizontal
60:taking off
1217:Go-around
795:Types of
617:, or the
552:tiltrotor
441:Luftwaffe
346:(54
73:aerospace
1187:Rotation
876:Ski-jump
856:Catapult
712:Archived
677:V speeds
625:See also
591:Columbia
511:include
509:aircraft
496:aircraft
415:Vertical
393:aircraft
324:headwind
230:V-speeds
147:rotation
106:and the
92:balloons
84:aircraft
1182:Holding
1152:Landing
1147:Descent
1132:Takeoff
1127:Taxiing
993:Landing
899:CATOBAR
805:Takeoff
672:Landing
462:or the
438:of the
409:gliders
104:Harrier
77:liftoff
65:Takeoff
1202:Loiter
1142:Cruise
944:V/STOL
929:STOBAR
603:rocket
559:Boeing
545:V/STOL
449:Natter
401:runway
383:glider
206:camber
90:. For
88:runway
69:flight
43:F/A-18
1174:types
1137:Climb
953:VTOHL
939:STOVL
909:eVTOL
596:STS-1
537:STOVL
460:Julia
322:). A
240:and V
202:flaps
198:slats
175:wings
171:pitch
983:HTVL
978:HTHL
973:VTHL
968:VTVL
958:VTOL
949:VTHL
934:STOL
924:RTOL
919:QTOL
914:PTOL
904:CTOL
866:JATO
556:Bell
533:STOL
529:CTOL
505:VTOL
494:VTOL
492:, a
488:The
480:VTOL
474:VTOL
344:km/h
328:km/h
217:The
123:For
100:VTOL
82:For
354:).
352:mph
336:mph
236:, V
232:: V
56:An
41:An
1234::
568:.
507:)
348:kn
332:kn
279:A
225:.
94:,
79:.
1105:e
1098:t
1091:v
951:/
788:e
781:t
774:v
503:(
468:2
313:y
309:x
305:y
301:x
270:2
266:2
262:R
258:R
254:1
250:1
246:1
242:2
238:R
234:1
167:°
142:r
34:.
20:)
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