659:
625:
primus et olus omnium, qui eduxerunt colonias militum in Italia aut in provincis, ad memoriam aetatis meae feci. Et postea Ti. Nerone et Cn. Pisone consulibus, et D.Laelio cos., et C. Calvisio et L. Pasieno consulibus, et L. Leulo et M. Messalla consulibus, et L.Caninio et Q. Fabricio co, militbus, quos emeriteis stipendis in sua municipii, praema numerato persolvi. ~ quam in rem sestertium qilliens cirr impendi.
26:
637:, I assigned to the soldiers. And the sum, which I paid in cash, for the Italic properties amounted to about six hundred million sesterces, and it was about two hundred and sixty million what I paid for the provincial lands. And in memory of my time I performed this act first and alone among all those who founded colonies of soldiers in Italy or in the provinces. And then under the consulship of
239:. The veteran, initially, is a volunteer soldier; he arms himself at his own expense and remains in service for the duration of the military campaign for which he was recruited. Later with the organization of the army and the creation of a real social and legal subject, "the professional soldier," the duration of service would also be fixed according to the military corps to which he belonged.
261:
carries out an extraordinary enlistment without regard to the census requirements of the recruits, enlisting proletarian volunteers. Thus a new, more direct relationship is established between soldier and general and, correspondingly, with the granting of rewards for veterans on discharge (an earlier
624:
Pecuniam o agris, quos in consulatu meo quarto et postea consulibus M. Crssao et Cn. Lentulo augure adsignavi militibus, soliv municipis. Ea uestertium circiter sexsiens milliens fuit, quam ro
Italicis praedis numeravi. et ciciter bis millns et sescentiens, quod pro agris provincialibus soliv. Id
282:
Within the many changes enacted, it is to be recalled precisely the one that would set the military term of service at sixteen years in the praetorian cohorts, twenty years in the legions and twenty-five years in the navy (5 BC); Augustus also strove to ensure that the soldier would be adequately
367:
Moreover, this framework has been attested by epigraphic data, particularly seven epigraphs from
Taranto relating to veterans from the area of Southern Italy, dating from the period between the 1st and 3rd centuries CE. Primarily, the Taranto settlement is the richest in evidence, as the related
269:
Indeed, in the late republic, in the climate of civil wars, generals granted their soldiers, as a reward for service, plots of land often confiscated as acts of vindication against the opposing faction. It is worth recalling the concessions to veterans of Pompey, Caesar, Antony, and
Octavian.
431:, through interventions in the territorial rearrangement of the Italic campaigns, allowed for a repopulation of these lands, facilitating their purchase through favorable prices or even granting them free of charge so that veterans could be induced to opt for settlement in certain areas.
460:, veterans devoted themselves not only to the cultivation of land but also to trade and transportation (being owners of ships). In fact, these emperors incentivized through reforms all these social reintegration activities to prevent discharged soldiers from falling into a state of
383:, which allowed him to marry indigenous women (a practice forbidden during military service), immunity from public office and from taxation on property owned upon discharge. The veteran was allowed to marry women from different social strata, such as freedwomen,
470:) claimed those same lands that had belonged to him and were now profitable again. It is also possible to see some differences in the land-grant policy of Constantine and Valentinian; Constantine granted land to veterans without domicile or not engaged in any
698:
I transferred the military treasury, which was established at my suggestion so that from it would be taken the rewards to be given to soldiers who had completed twenty or more years of service, one hundred and seventy million sesterces by taking them from my
645:
and again under the consulship of Gaius
Antistius, Decimus Lelius, Gnaeus Calvisius, Lucius Pasienus, Lucius Lentulus, Marcus Messalla, Lucius Caninius and Quintus Fabricius to the soldiers whom, having finished their military service, I sent back to their
563:
Millia civium
Romanorum sub sacramento meo fuerunt circiter quingenta. Ex quibus deduxi in colonias aut remisi in municipia sua stipendis emeritis millia aliquanto plura quam trecenta et iis omnibus agros adsignavi aut pecuniam pro praemis militiae dedi.
519:, found it necessary to give continuity to the service that the soldiers provided, instituting for discharge the right to a reward in land, in accordance with the custom that until then had been at the total discretion of the commander alone.
448:
This practice benefited Rome, as these former soldiers contributed to the cultivation of uncultivated or abandoned lands; moreover, upon their death these lands passed to their children, returning to being subject to taxation.
718:
Colonias in Africa
Sicilia Macedonia utraque Hispania Achai Asia Sria Gallia Narbonensi Pidia militum deduxi. Italia autem XXVIII nias, quae vivo me celeberrimae et frequentissimae fuerunt, me auctore deductas
464:(total lack of livelihood). For example, Valentinian I in 365 issued a measure that went to regulate the way in which veterans stayed in private lands: it could in fact happen that the original master (
861:
In 5 CE Augustus set the new length of military service: 16 years for praetorians and 20 years for legionaries. But the service was often extended, as
Augustus himself acknowledged, to 30 or 40 years.
686:
Et M. Lepido et L. Aruntio cos. in aerarium militare, quod ex consilio n cotitutum est, ex uo praemia darentur militibus, qui vicena ra stia emeruissent — HS milliens et septingntitonio eo detuli.
418:, in order to operationalize the discharged soldiers, entrusted them with uncultivated and abandoned lands to improve the economy of the campaigns and allow them to create for themselves a new
368:
documentation is both literary and epigraphic in nature. The epitaphs of
Taranto have no dedicators except for two attestations: the epitaph of a wife to her husband and that of a
591:
colons militum meorum consul quintum ex manibiis viritim millia nummum singula dedi. acceperunt id triumphale congiarium in colonis hominum circiter centum et viginti millia...
1570:
1547:
1517:
1495:
1472:
1449:
1426:
1403:
1380:
1357:
1334:
1311:
1288:
477:
In the area of trade, since there was a revaluation of this activity, two reforms are mentioned: one by
Constantine in 326 and the other by Valentinian in 366.
273:
It was in the
Augustan age, with a restructuring of the army, that a truly stable and permanent imperial army was established and consequently a profile of the
434:
Obviously, this political conduct of the Severans was aimed at protecting the territories of the empire and thus provided for the militarization of the area.
535:. This period of service could be followed by further years among the "reserves" of veterans, 500 in number per legion placed under the command of a
1587:
164:
327:
Now they no longer lead, as they once did, whole legions with tribunes and centurions and their soldiers of every order to establish colonies.
691:
523:, on the other hand, was responsible for the introduction of a professional army that remained in service for no less than sixteen years for
308:): the reward for soldiers could consist either of a plot of land (thereby regulating the procedure of the late republic) or a sum of money.
642:
379:
It was to become established with the imperial age, however, a typology of privileges due to the veteran: he acquired rights including the
319:
and the failure of the policy of veteran settlements, now conducted according to procedures different to those of the late republican age:
1058:
1019:
1010:
1001:
992:
1592:
233:). Length of service is a concept that evolves with the same history of organization of Rome's army and within it the figure of the
445:
the practice of allotting land to veterans, on which no taxes were levied, returned, so as to encourage more and more enlistment.
759:. Italy then possesses, founded by my will, twenty-eight colonies, which during my lifetime were very prosperous and populous."
634:
266:), the definition of a phenomenology with political implications and with repercussions on the territory and its organization.
1054:
1015:
1006:
997:
988:
509:, took place. Here he sent as inhabitants those soldiers who were still wounded or advanced in age: that is, the veterans.
596:
15. to the colonists who had been my soldiers, when I was consul for the fifth time, I distributed per head a thousand
633:
the compensation for the land which, during my fourth consulship and then under the consulship of Marcus Crassus and
582:, having completed their military service; and to them (all) I allotted land or gave money as a reward for service.
736:
404:
398:
324:
Non enim, ut olim universae legiones deducebantur cum tribunis et centurionibus et sui cuiusque ordinis militibus.
732:
311:
In the imperial age the practice of allocating land to veterans fell into disuse. It is worth recalling what
740:
728:
556:, that to the 300,000 soldiers sent on leave (veterans), donations were distributed from the spoils of war:
552:
663:
600:
from the sale of the spoils of war; in the colonies about a hundred and twenty thousand men received this
506:
1597:
744:
490:
442:
351:
Unaccustomed to contract marriages or raise children, they left their homes empty and without offspring
502:
498:
186:
1564:
1541:
1511:
1489:
1466:
1443:
1420:
1397:
1374:
1351:
1328:
1305:
1282:
752:
1482:
L'armée et l'organisation de l'espace urbain, in L'africa romana, Atti del X Convegno di studio
650:, I paid cash premiums, and for this transaction I spent about four hundred million sesterces."
343:
The integration framework that resulted is dominated by desolation and existential loneliness:
415:
294:
822:
782:
695:
658:
263:
248:
218:
214:
146:
126:
724:
466:
428:
136:
474:, while Valentinian I granted land indiscriminately to all those who desired a homeland.
348:
Neque coniugis suscipiendis neque alendis liberis sueti orbas posteris domos relinquebant
708:
453:
438:
304:
72:
36:
31:
515:, contrary to what had been done by many of his predecessors who provided troops with
1581:
614:
512:
457:
420:
122:
68:
705:
573:
258:
222:
210:
181:
76:
42:
25:
213:
designated a soldier at the end of his service, in whatever corps he had served (
1179:
748:
486:
617:, and another 400,000 sesterces for subsequent discharges in the years 7-2 BC:
777:
675:
610:
577:
570:
There are almost five hundred thousand Roman citizens in arms under my command
569:
543:
230:
86:
1013:; AE 1946,212; AE 1969/70,133; AE 1980,350; AE 1980, 351; 1 from Callipolis:
1253:
527:, increased to twenty years in 5 CE (as had been the case since the time of
524:
516:
252:
1224:
638:
547:
528:
520:
288:
191:
1436:
Inscriptions inédites ou corrigées concervant l'armée romaine d'Afrique
871:
771:
756:
532:
531:, in the event of a major crisis), and twenty to twenty-five years for
393:
385:
316:
312:
275:
234:
226:
494:
54:
283:
rewarded at discharge after spending most of his life in the army.
879:
875:
657:
1298:
Colonisation and Veteran settlement in Italy in the first century
924:
Colonisation and Veteran settlement in Italy in the first century
412:
we find the veterans, who had obtained this title as a reward.
655:
In the year 5 AD, military service was increased to 20 years:
58:
41:
often in conjunction with the creation of new military-style
852:
The establishment of the military treasury occurred in 6 AD.
1459:
L'esercito romano. Le armi imperiali da Augusto a Caracalla
257:
It is in 107 BC that a significant turning point happened:
843:
Consular pairs indicate the years 7, 6, 4, 3, and 2 BCE.
704:
Numerous colonies of veterans were founded in all the
1242:
The Making of the Roman Army, from Republic to Empire
1213:
The Making of the Roman Army, from Republic to Empire
812:, the failure of a soldier's suitability for service.
572:; of whom I sent more than three hundred thousand to
175:
170:
160:
152:
142:
132:
118:
110:
100:
92:
82:
64:
50:
18:
1275:Storia romana Dalle origini alla tarda antichitĂ
926:, British school at Rome, 1983, pp. 36-37-38-39.
911:Storia romana dalle origini alla tarda antichitĂ
808:, resulting from the commission of a crime, and
389:women, or women from newly Romanized families.
372:. Two epitaphs were found at Luceria: one of a
1534:L'armée romaine de Dioclétien à Valentinien I
1164:L'armée Romaine de Dioclétien à Valentinien I
1148:L'armée Romaine de Dioclétien à Valentinien I
8:
1207:
1205:
1170:, Diffusion De Boccard, Lione, 2004, p. 497.
1154:, Diffusion De Boccard, Lione, 2004, p. 495.
302:to those who had been honorably discharged (
1557:Le forze armate nella storia di Roma Antica
1197:Le forze armate nella storia di Roma Antica
1082:, Diffusion De Boccard, Lyon, 2000, p. 665.
939:, Carocci editore, Bari, 2008, pp. 166-167.
913:, Carocci editore, Bari, 2008, pp. 161-162.
1569:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1546:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1516:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1494:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1471:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1448:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1425:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1402:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1379:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1356:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1333:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1310:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1287:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1413:Les unités auxiliaires de l'armée romaine
1110:Epigrafia e territorio politica e societĂ
96:Experienced servicemen, former combatants
1526:Les légions de Rome sous le Haut-Empire
1080:Les légions de Rome sous le haut-empire
1035:Ibidem p. 54 (Epitaph AE 1969/70, 133).
893:
793:
485:An example of veterans is mentioned by
392:During the provincial dynasty, Emperor
1562:
1539:
1509:
1487:
1464:
1441:
1418:
1395:
1372:
1349:
1326:
1303:
1280:
1095:, Carocci editore, Bari, 2008, p. 134.
952:, Carocci editore, Bari, 2008, p. 167.
15:
1367:I veterani in Italia in etĂ imperiale
1127:I veterani in italia in etĂ imperiale
1024:I veterani in italia in etĂ imperiale
976:I veterani in italia in etĂ imperiale
963:I veterani in Italia in etĂ imperiale
948:E. Todisco, in: M. Pani, E. Todisco,
935:E. Todisco, in: M. Pani, E. Todisco,
396:made the awkward distinction between
315:recounts in reference to the city of
298:, a fund intended for the payment of
7:
1321:SocietĂ e istituzioni di Roma antica
1106:Rassegna di studi militari 1989-1994
1093:SocietĂ e istituzioni di Roma antica
950:SocietĂ e istituzioni di Roma antica
937:SocietĂ e istituzioni di Roma antica
909:E.Todisco, in: M. Pani, E. Todisco,
978:, Edipuglia, Bari, 1999, pp. 39-40.
900:Oxford Latin Dictionary, s.v. 1930.
674:, in 160 AD, from Quntana, today's
359:XIV, 27.3; translated by A. Arici,
335:XIV, 27,2; translated by A. Arici,
202:Military retirees in the Roman army
690:"17. And under the consulship of
279:and his legal status was defined.
14:
1091:M. Pani, in: E.Todisco, M. Pani,
1070:Susini, 1958, pp. 170-182, no. 5.
804:, there are also the concepts of
376:and one of the veteran's friend.
1344:Esercito e marina di Roma antica
1026:, Edipuglia, Bari, 1999, p. 226.
666:written upon the discharge of a
497:decided to found a city, called
114:Variable according to the battle
30:Veterans were given land in the
24:
965:, Edipuglia, Bari, 1999, p. 39.
635:Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Augur
609:Land was purchased for 260,000
1588:Military ranks of ancient Rome
1319:Pani, M.; Todisco, E. (2008).
1273:Pani, M.; Todisco, E. (2008).
800:In addition to the concept of
1:
613:to discharge veterans of the
489:during the last phase of the
481:Quotations in ancient sources
1390:La troisième légion Augustée
1114:Temi di antichitĂ romane IV
672:cohors V Bracaraugustanorum
505:, in which he had defeated
339:, Utet, Turin, 1975, p. 793
262:occurrence took place with
1614:
1555:Milan, Alessandro (1993).
1044:Ibidem p. 54 AE 1946, 212.
246:
106:Being recalled when needed
870:Notable examples include
501:, at the place where the
363:Utet, Turin, 1975, p. 793
23:
1593:Military of ancient Rome
1168:Actes du Congrès de Lyon
1152:Actes du Congrès de Lyon
1129:, Edipuglia, Bari, 1999.
1116:, Edipuglia, Bari, 1996.
542:At the beginning of the
679:
643:Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso
1480:Le Bohec, Y. (1994).
1457:Le Bohec, Y. (1992).
1434:Le Bohec, Y. (1989).
1411:Le Bohec, Y. (1989).
1388:Le Bohec, Y. (1989).
739:, in both Spains, in
661:
550:himself, through his
491:Third Mithridatic War
1365:Todisco, E. (1999).
821:In 30 BC, after the
517:occasional donations
493:(65-64 B.C.E.) when
441:, under the emperor
104:Military instructors
1296:Keppie, l. (1983).
546:, it is known from
537:curator veteranorum
513:Gaius Julius Caesar
503:battle of the Lycus
452:Under Constantine,
187:Gaius Julius Caesar
1342:Forni, G. (1992).
1195:Alessandro Milan,
806:ignominiosa missio
753:Gallia Narbonensis
680:
34:at the end of the
1022:, in: E.Todisco,
576:or back to their
416:Septimius Severus
295:aerarium militare
197:
196:
1605:
1574:
1568:
1560:
1551:
1545:
1537:
1529:
1521:
1515:
1507:
1499:
1493:
1485:
1476:
1470:
1462:
1453:
1447:
1439:
1430:
1424:
1416:
1407:
1401:
1393:
1384:
1378:
1370:
1361:
1355:
1347:
1338:
1332:
1324:
1315:
1309:
1301:
1292:
1286:
1278:
1261:
1251:
1245:
1238:
1232:
1222:
1216:
1209:
1200:
1193:
1187:
1177:
1171:
1161:
1155:
1145:
1139:
1136:
1130:
1123:
1117:
1102:
1096:
1089:
1083:
1077:
1071:
1068:
1062:
1051:
1045:
1042:
1036:
1033:
1027:
985:
979:
972:
966:
959:
953:
946:
940:
933:
927:
920:
914:
907:
901:
898:
883:
868:
862:
859:
853:
850:
844:
841:
835:
832:
826:
823:Battle of Actium
819:
813:
798:
783:Pay (Roman army)
696:Lucius Arruntius
664:military diploma
533:auxiliary troops
424:within society.
408:, and among the
355:—Tacitus,
331:—Tacitus,
292:established the
264:Scipio Africanus
249:Pay (Roman army)
127:Auxiliary troops
28:
16:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1578:
1577:
1561:
1554:
1538:
1532:
1524:
1508:
1504:Classici latini
1502:
1486:
1479:
1463:
1456:
1440:
1433:
1417:
1410:
1394:
1387:
1371:
1364:
1348:
1341:
1325:
1318:
1302:
1295:
1279:
1272:
1269:
1264:
1252:
1248:
1244:, 1984, p. 150.
1239:
1235:
1223:
1219:
1215:, 1984, p. 148.
1210:
1203:
1194:
1190:
1178:
1174:
1162:
1158:
1146:
1142:
1138:Ibidem, p. 204.
1137:
1133:
1124:
1120:
1103:
1099:
1090:
1086:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1030:
986:
982:
973:
969:
960:
956:
947:
943:
934:
930:
921:
917:
908:
904:
899:
895:
891:
886:
869:
865:
860:
856:
851:
847:
842:
838:
833:
829:
820:
816:
810:causaria missio
799:
795:
791:
767:
762:
761:
760:
727:of soldiers in
723:"28. I founded
721:
702:
701:
700:
688:
653:
652:
651:
627:
607:
606:
605:
604:of the triumph.
594:
585:
584:
583:
566:
483:
365:
361:Latin Classics,
353:
352:
349:
341:
329:
328:
325:
255:
245:
203:
200:
190:
185:
177:
137:Roman provinces
125:
105:
75:
71:
46:
12:
11:
5:
1611:
1609:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1552:
1530:
1522:
1506:. Turin. 1975.
1500:
1477:
1454:
1431:
1408:
1385:
1362:
1339:
1316:
1293:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1262:
1246:
1233:
1217:
1201:
1188:
1186:, XXXVI, 50.3.
1172:
1156:
1140:
1131:
1118:
1097:
1084:
1072:
1063:
1046:
1037:
1028:
980:
967:
954:
941:
928:
915:
902:
892:
890:
887:
885:
884:
863:
854:
845:
836:
827:
814:
802:honesta missio
792:
790:
787:
786:
785:
780:
775:
766:
763:
722:
715:
714:
713:
692:Marcus Lepidus
689:
683:
682:
681:
629:I paid to the
628:
621:
620:
619:
595:
588:
587:
586:
567:
560:
559:
558:
482:
479:
454:Constantius II
439:Late Antiquity
350:
347:
346:
345:
337:Latin Classics
326:
323:
322:
321:
305:honesta missio
244:
241:
227:auxiliary army
201:
198:
195:
194:
179:
173:
172:
168:
167:
162:
158:
157:
154:
150:
149:
144:
140:
139:
134:
130:
129:
120:
116:
115:
112:
108:
107:
102:
98:
97:
94:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
73:Roman Republic
66:
62:
61:
52:
48:
47:
37:honesta missio
29:
21:
20:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1610:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1572:
1566:
1558:
1553:
1549:
1543:
1536:. Lyon. 2004.
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1513:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1468:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1445:
1437:
1432:
1428:
1422:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1399:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1376:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1353:
1345:
1340:
1336:
1330:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1307:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1284:
1276:
1271:
1270:
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1598:Ancient Rome
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1346:. Stuttgart.
1343:
1320:
1297:
1274:
1267:Bibliography
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1236:
1228:
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1191:
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1125:E. Todisco,
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1104:E. Todisco,
1100:
1092:
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1066:
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1005:
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974:E. Todisco,
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961:E. Todisco,
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287:
286:In 6 BC the
285:
281:
274:
272:
268:
259:Gaius Marius
256:
235:
211:ancient Rome
206:
204:
182:Gaius Marius
119:Part of
77:Roman Empire
35:
1240:L. Keppie,
1231:, VI, 19.2.
1211:L. Keppie,
1180:Cassius Dio
922:L. Keppie,
525:legionaries
507:Mithridates
487:Cassius Dio
410:honestiores
399:honestiores
381:Ius Conubii
161:Engagements
133:Garrison/HQ
1582:Categories
1484:. Sassari.
889:References
778:Roman army
615:civil wars
602:congiarium
553:Res Gestae
544:Principate
405:humiliores
247:See also:
215:praetorian
178:commanders
171:Commanders
87:Roman army
1565:cite book
1542:cite book
1512:cite book
1490:cite book
1467:cite book
1444:cite book
1421:cite book
1398:cite book
1375:cite book
1352:cite book
1329:cite book
1306:cite book
1300:. London.
1283:cite book
1254:Suetonius
1229:Histories
834:In 14 BC.
737:Macedonia
709:provinces
648:municipia
631:municipia
611:sesterces
579:municipia
499:Nicopolis
253:Donativum
205:The term
32:provinces
1438:. Paris.
1415:. Paris.
1392:. Paris.
1258:Augustus
1225:Polybius
1199:, p. 98.
1011:IX, 6157
1002:IX, 6156
993:IX, 6155
765:See also
725:colonies
706:Imperial
699:estate."
639:Tiberius
574:colonies
548:Augustus
529:Polybius
521:Augustus
472:negotium
429:Severans
289:princeps
192:Augustus
156:April 21
43:colonies
1559:. Rome.
1528:. 2000.
1461:. Rome.
1369:. Bari.
1323:. Bari.
1277:. Bari.
1059:IX, 799
872:Trieste
772:Auxilia
757:Pisidia
733:Sicilia
676:KĂĽnzing
467:dominus
394:Hadrian
386:ingenui
357:Annals,
333:Annals,
317:Taranto
313:Tacitus
243:History
223:legions
207:veteran
176:Notable
65:Country
19:Veteran
1108:, in:
741:Achaia
729:Africa
719:habet.
495:Pompey
462:inopia
300:premia
143:Patron
83:Branch
55:753 BC
51:Active
880:Turin
876:Aosta
789:Notes
755:, in
751:, in
749:Syria
747:, in
743:, in
735:, in
731:, in
684:17.
668:miles
598:nummi
589:15.
374:heres
370:heres
276:miles
236:miles
1571:link
1548:link
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1496:link
1473:link
1450:link
1427:link
1404:link
1381:link
1358:link
1335:link
1312:link
1289:link
1260:, 46
1020:I, 7
878:and
745:Asia
716:28.
694:and
641:and
622:16.
568:3.
456:and
402:and
251:and
231:navy
147:Mars
111:Size
101:Role
93:Type
1055:CIL
1016:CIL
1007:CIL
998:CIL
989:CIL
670:of
561:3.
437:In
217:or
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