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This episode marked the beginning of Haya's active participation in
Peruvian politics. In October of that same year, he was elected president of the Peruvian Student Federation. He was linked with all sectors of society. He led movements in favor of university reform in Peru and labor organizations. He participated in the first National Student Congress, held in Cusco (March 1920), where the project to create the "popular universities" was approved, which in 1922 took shape under the name of "González Prada", night schools for workers, which according to some historians formed the foundation for his party. He was instrumental in bringing the ideas of the Argentine University Reform movement (La Reforma) to San Marcos, and administrative reforms were instituted in 1919. Part of the reform movement was university extension programs, through which the university students hoped to reach the working classes.
1232:, it is the first phase. In these countries, it is not a stage of advanced industrialization but rather of exploitation of raw materials, because it is the type of production that the developed world from which the imperialist capitals come from is interested in doing there; not the citizens of these countries. For this reason, he says, its initial development is slow and incomplete. In this way, America's problem is political: how to emancipate yourself from the yoke of imperialism without delaying its progress. As long as it is America and not Europe, as long as it came to capitalism through imperialism, it has to adopt an aptitude for dealing with the problem that is its own.
1015:. They opposed the measures proposed by the government, causing the first agrarian reform law to have a minimum scope: Congress declared the 'efficient' farms dedicated to export crops unaffected, decided that the damages in the backward areas were supervised by a legislative office, and systematically cut the resources destined to the government bonds of payment for the expropriations; the first Agrarian Reform only expropriated 3% of the expropriable land, and benefited only 13,500 families. Likewise, the coalition censored six cabinets ministers of the Fernando Belaúnde administration, including the entire cabinet presided by Julio Óscar Trelles Montes.
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702:. He first arrived in Talara (July 12, 1931), and was received in his hometown (July 25), and finally entered Lima (August 15), where before a huge crowd gathered in Plaza de Acho, he exposed the party's program, in which he emphasized state intervention in the economy (August 23). The APRA campaign introduced means never before seen in the elections in Peru: street graffiti in all the cities of the country; candidates called by name – "Víctor Raúl", "Luis Alberto", etc.—; inclusion of non-voters —JAP (Aprista Youth), CHAP (Aprista Boys) -; own hymn, which superimposed the lyrics to the music of the French
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1272:'s legacy than Hayista." García says that his party made a mistake in interpreting the military revolution as the "accomplishment of what the APRA had proposed since 1931. "which would have led them to" adopt as their own nationalizations, the collectivist model in agriculture and the state management of trade in many services and goods ", which were concepts" totally alien to the ideology of Haya and his work dialectically". García's thesis has been contested, or at least disputed, by various Peruvian historians, such as Hugo Neira, Sinesio López, Nelson Manrique and Martín Tanaka.
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1221:, which is, in turn, the mode of economic production superior to everything the world knew. By virtue of which, he concludes that capitalism is an inevitable phase in the process of contemporary civilization. Capitalism, according to Haya, will not be eternal and has contradictions within itself that will finally end it, but for that to happen, it must evolve completely, that is, exist and mature. He emphasized that the proletariat of the less-developed
1292:, states that Haya sometimes went to "bares de muchachos" (literally "young men's bars") with him, but that he doesn't know whether Haya "ejercía" (i.e., practiced homosexuality). Some personal letters from a close European male friend have also been interpreted as indicating a romantic partnership. In the end, Haya has never been found to have had any sexual partners of either gender. His supporters have sometimes claimed he had female lovers.
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394:, being elected as the body's president, and leading the drafting of a new Peruvian constitution, which he would sign in his deathbed in July 1979. He died on August 2, 1979, and his remains rest in his hometown of Trujillo. He remains one of the most influential political thinkers in Peruvian history. His legacy is considered fundamental in Peruvian historiography, with his ideology coined as revolutionary by historians.
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Bustamante was trying to stop. They made vigorous pressure to achieve their objectives, provoking the reaction of the conservative elite, which originated a stage of misrule and anarchy that put the regime in check. In view of this, the opposition caucus failed to attend
Congress, causing its recess. Uprisings occurred throughout the country, including the Aprista carried out in the port of
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1268:(Lima, 2008); the work outlines an ideological history of the APRA with a view to explaining the current perspective of Aprismo of his time and its governmental expression. The work aims to show a concurrent Haya with a process of intellectual and political maturation; he further explains that during the period 1970–1990, the Apra "turned out to be more ideologically propelled by
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legitimate fruit of popular sovereignty. On a day like today, 157 years ago, Peru declared its independence based on the general will of the people; on July 28, 1978, based on that same general will of the people, clearly expressed in the June elections, with no other limitations than those that she herself wishes to give herself, she proclaims herself free and autonomous.
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938:, for which he would yield the Aprista votes to him. The Armed Forces denounced fraud in ten departments and also spoke against the virtual president Odría (and not against Haya, according to the position of the historian Percy Cayo Córdoba). Finally, on July 18, the first institutional coup of the Armed Forces took place, led by General
758:. The insurrection was harshly repressed, hundreds of Apristas were detained, and over 6000 were executed in front of the Peruvian ruins of Chan Chan (on the outskirts of Trujillo). The so-called "Trujillo Revolution", as the Apristas know it, was parallel to other revolutionary movements in various parts of the country (such as
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interpretations. According to general
Aprista concepts, Haya applied historical materialism to the revision of the history and objective conditions of Latin America, deducing from it an original theory of political action to lead these societies towards socialism; on the theoretical level, his thought, although close to
496:, to legitimize the dictatorial regime. During the street protest, a student and a worker died (May 23, 1923), which became a symbol of student-worker unity. The consecration ceremony was finally suspended by the archbishop. Later, Haya led the radical student-worker magazine Claridad, in collaboration with
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Haya estimates that it will be the three classes oppressed by imperialism that will advance this stage of society: the young industrial proletariat, the peasantry and the impoverished middle classes. With the alliance of these classes in power, the State will no longer be an instrument of imperialism
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Haya and his party —in its early days clearly anti-oligarchic— thus sustained a clearly oligarchic regime, probably with the hope of coming to power by legal means and already exercising them, to make the appropriate reforms. Years later, consulted by Julio Cotler on the matter, Haya replied that "he
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In
January 1919, he joined the college commission that supported the workers' struggle for the establishment of the eight-hour labor reform. Contrary to popular belief, Haya de la Torre did not assume a leading role in the development of the strike, but rather played a small role as a student leader.
1080:. The Aprista Party attained 37 seats, including Haya, who was elected with over one million votes nationally. Due for having the highest vote count, he was unanimously elected to preside over the Constituent Assembly on July 28, 1978. In a symbolic act, his salary as president of the Assembly was 1
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among them – were banned and their popular bases persecuted. However, in 1970, on
Fraternity Day, Haya claimed the intellectual paternity of the reforms carried out by the military, protesting that they did not recognize the intellectual debt they owed him: "We must be dissatisfied because it is not
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vision of doing politics, he believed in what he called "Indoamerica" had to be integrated and fight together to advance. That is why his party has a name that includes the concept of an
American alliance. In short, he says that the anti-imperialist resistance in America must be created and given a
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Bustamante y Rivero was ultimately elected president. Thanks to their electoral victory, Haya and the party controlled the legislative caucus as a whole. From there, they managed to approve various measures in favor of the
Peruvian people, in addition to demanding greater speed for the reforms that
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In a simple ceremony, he presented the students of Mexico with the flag of
Indoamerica, on which occasion he said: «This flag that I give you will first fly over the dreamy crowds of the youth that are opening the way, and later they will be the people who shake it in the shuddering tumult of their
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He contacted
Mexican students to encourage them to develop a continental student and labor fraternity. It was precisely in Mexico City that, on May 7, 1924, he founded the American Popular Revolutionary Alliance. As it can be deduced from its name, Haya de la Torre's initial political option sought
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As he did not obtain the necessary percentage to be proclaimed president, the election was to be decided by
Congress to be installed on July 28, as established by the 1933 Constitution. Apparently, the Peruvian Armed Forces feared that Haya would come to power and they went to the Palace to report
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took office, who expressed hope in "peace and harmony" for Peru. Haya was released from prison on August 10, 1933, as other Aprista prisoners were also released from jails and many others returned from exile. But this release would not last long. Following the Aprista conspiracy of El Agustino, in
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illegal in 1932. However, president Sánchez Cerro was assassinated with several shots at point-blank range on April 30, 1933, in the Campo de Marte of Lima. The perpetrator of the assassination was an APRA member identified as Alejandro Mendoza Leyva, who was killed on the spot, although the APRA
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Haya de la Torre corresponds to one of the most particular, evolutionary and complex ideological processes in the history of Peru. The set of his writings, pronouncements and positions make him a heterogeneous and even contradictory character, his message has lent itself to different and diverse
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The last years of Haya de la Torre's life were spent in her home in Chaclacayo de Villa Mercedes, which became a house of worship for many Peruvians. Later it became known that the house was bought by a drug trafficker, Carlos Langberg, who had financed the Aprista electoral campaign of 1980.
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It is obvious that the search for Harmonies and coincidences that offer a broad consensus to the constitutional text do not mean in any way the abandonment of ideological positions or ideas or programs; moreover, a constituent assembly is a natural arena for the confrontation of positions, a
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This Assembly embodies the Constituent Power, and the Constituent Power is the supreme expression of the people as such, and the first Power of the State. This Power does not admit conditions, limitations or parameters; it does not recognize powers above itself because it is the indisputable
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but a defender of the classes it represents. Thus, they will take from the developed countries what interests them and negotiate with them as equals, not subject, because they need each other. Based on this stance, Haya advocated a system of Latin American (or, to use his preferred term,
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where he began to outline the "democratic anti-imperialism without empire". According to some historians, Haya abandoned his original ideology and made a conservative turn with "Thirty Years of Aprismo", a reflective work where Haya analyzed the APRA's position and amended its program.
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Returning to Peru in 1930 after a European and Latin American tour, he founded the APRA, on whose political scene he would remain active from then until his death. He suffered imprisonment, exiles and political asylum. He ran for the presidency in the 1931 elections, losing to
464:, whom is cited as his main influence in the capital, developing political concerns derived from the radicalism of said intellectual. In 1918, he was one of those who carried his coffin. Historians have debated over the fact that González Prada is the precursor of
706:– the Aprista Marseillaise; a flag for the party identifying the supporters; supporters called "companions" holding up white scarves, and the famous "SEASAP" ("Only APRA will save Peru"). A kind of cult figure of Haya began in the party, who was at the same time
335:, standing out as a vigorous and eloquent speaker, with great power of persuasion due to the depth of his ideas. Banished by Leguía in 1922, he emigrated to Mexico, where in 1924 he founded the APRA, a political movement with continental projection and a
801:, who attained the highest number of votes; however, Congress invalidated the election on the grounds that the votes in favor of Eguiguren came from members of an outlawed party, an unheard-of argument, even more so considering that suffrage was secret.
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November 1934, the government resumed its anti-Aprista persecution. Thus began, for Haya and his supporters, the stage of "the great clandestinity", which would only conclude, officially, in 1945 (to increase again between 1948 and 1956, under
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as the presidential nominee for FDN. On May 20, 1945, Haya reappeared in public, after ten years in hiding, on the occasion in which he delivered his "Reencounter Speech", before a massive concentration of his supporters in Plaza San Martín.
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The Sánchez Cerro government was authoritarian and repressive. Haya de la Torre was subsequently arrested, and the APRA congressional representation was ousted in January 1932, prompting popular protests across the country. In the city of
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nomination under "Democratic Alliance", which grouped his party with the Pradista Democratic Movement – which represented the largest sectors of power economic-. Haya obtained 33% of the popular vote, compared to the 32% for newcomer
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Haya de la Torre clearly liked the company of young men. André Coyne, a well-respected French literary critic who happened to be both a good friend of Haya's and the loyal lover and supporter of the Peruvian expatriate poet
872:, a symbol of economic power, who, thanks to this support, was successful. Peru would oversee a mega-coalition that buttressed the second Pradista government: president Manuel Prado y Ugarteche himself, Haya de la Torre,
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where he requested political asylum for sixty-three months since the Odría administration refused to grant the safe-conduct to leave the country, a situation that became an important reference case in international law.
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During the years of the Belaúnde administration, Haya and his party remained in opposition alongside Manuel Odría, forming the APRA-UNO coalition, which by number controlled both houses of Congress and strongly opposed
634:, in which he raised the difference between APRA and communism. In November of that year he left Europe and returned to America, passing through New York City before returning to Mexico. He then undertook a tour of
1284:("The Apra is my wife and you are my children"). However, rumours of homosexuality were scattered around the country during and after his life by his political enemies, generally in a crudely homophobic fashion.
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In 1956, the three main presidential candidates assured the return to legality of the APRA party; by virtue of this offer, Haya de la Torre initially supported businessman Hernando de Lavalle, and later
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magazine in London, in December 1926, and later translated into Spanish and reproduced in various Latin American publications. In this document, it exposes the five basic points of the Aprista doctrine:
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convened new elections for June of that year. The three main presidential nominees from the void 1962 election took over the polls once again. Haya was nominated for a third time to presidency with the
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Haya devoted himself entirely to forming a great movement that could represent the excluded masses of "Indoamerica". The APRA had its first committee in Paris (founded on January 22, 1927), followed in
826:. Bustamante was forced to govern by decree, and banned the party for a second time while the oligarchy knocked on the door of the military barracks. Finally, all this led to the coup propelled by
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if the defective Constitution of 1933, with an obsolete style and spirit, is the last constitution of the 20th century; what is now dictated should be the first constitution of the 21st century.
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and José Eulogio Garrido, integrated the so-called "Trujillo bohemia", where he was known as "The Prince of Misfortune" among his classmates. This intellectual group was later baptized as the
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on February 22, 1895. He was the son of Raúl Edmundo Haya y de Cárdenas, also from Trujillo, and Zoila Victoria de la Torre y de Cárdenas, who were also cousins. His birth is commemorated as
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Haya also taught at the Colegio Anglo-Peruano (now Colegio San Andres), a school operated by the Free Church of Scotland in Lima. He was deeply influenced by the headmaster of the school,
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The drafting of the new constitution took about a year to complete. Haya was absent in the last months of the Assembly due to his failing health. First Vice President of the Assembly,
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His casket was taken to the party headquarters and received by a huge crowd of supporters and followers, who accompanied the transfer of his remains from Lima to his hometown in
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On July 12, 1979, Haya signed the Constitution on his deathbed. Suffering from lung cancer, Haya died on August 2, 1979, in Mercedes Villa, his home located in the
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issued a veto against him, prompting a military coup that overthrew Prado and prevented his bidding to seal his victory in Congress in favor of Odría.
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amended the Constitution, banning all "international" parties. Based on this, and invoking that the nation was in danger, the government declared the
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Haya studied his primary and secondary education at the Seminary of San Carlos School and San Marcelo School of Trujillo. In 1913, he enrolled in the
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are increasing. Obviously, the most outstanding recent work on the matter corresponds to the authorship of Haya's successor and former president,
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Haya de la Torre was the author of several works on the Aprista ideology, Peruvian and Latin American affairs. Most of them may be found in the
351:. Imprisoned in 1932 by the Sánchez Cerro administration, he was released in 1933, only to be persecuted again, already under the government of
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There have been claims that Haya de la Torre secretly married his close friend and sympathizer Ana Billinghurst (daughter of former president
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John Mackay Metzger, The Hand and the Road: The Life and Times of John A. Mackay (Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 2010), 121–122
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During this time, Haya established the National Bureau of Conjunctions, a party organ tasked with recruiting the most talented youth of the
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1110:, took over the presidency pro tempore of the Assembly in Haya's absence. During this period, he was considered a strong contender in the
488:). One of the most significant of these protests was the opposition campaign to the projected official consecration of the country to the
1299:) in 1923, but they seem to have been shown to be unfounded. In the 1950s the APRA leader was forced into asylum by General Odria at the
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He goes on to indicate that imperialism is the last phase of capitalism in developed countries, but in underdeveloped countries, such as
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returned to legality by participating in the coalition of the National Democratic Front (FDN). Haya de la Torre agreed to launch jurist
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political approach of various paths; a constituent assembly does not legislate for a party or for a sector, but for the entire people.
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650:, being prevented from landing in the Canal Zone and, rather, was exiled again to Europe on December 16, 1928. He spent some time in
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prison, where he went on a hunger strike; six days after the strike, he was shipped in the small steam train Negada and deported to
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355:. He remained in hiding until 1945, when his party returned to legality; he supported the National Democratic Front, which elevated
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The lack of love interests in Haya de la Torre's life was sometimes remarked upon. Haya de la Torre once stated to APRA members:
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the way, quickly and furtively, to carry these ideas forward and to hide them, especially hiding their origin and provenance ".
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Lowenthal, Abraham F. (1973). "Review of The Politics of Reform in Peru: The Aprista and Other Mass Parties of Latin America".
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with 36% of the popular vote, while Haya attained 33%, placing second. The outcome would propel the alliance between Haya and
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1084:. The same day of the installation of the assembly, Haya marked his clear independence with respect to the military regime:
371:, initiating the so-called "coexistence". Once again as presidential nominee, he placed first in the 1962 election, but the
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In 1954, Haya was authorized to leave Peru thanks to international pressure – he was friends with various figures, such as
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After having lived in exile as a consequence of his fight against the Leguía administration, Haya de la Torre returned to
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According to the Electoral Jury that directed this election, Haya placed second with 35% of the popular vote, behind
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in Lima. Ana Billinghurst died while he was under diplomatic protection and he was unable to attend her funeral.
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830:, former Minister of Government and Police. Subsequently, Haya went into hiding, along with other party leaders.
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1733:"La verdadera historia de la jornada de las 8 horas en el Perú - Cesar Levano by AvRe loS OjOz Arequipa - Issuu"
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2100:"DISCURSO DEL PRESIDENTE DE LA ASAMBLEA CONSTITUYENTE, Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre. Lima, 28 de julio de 1978"
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2044:"75 años en la vida de un líder". Diario La Prensa. 7 Días del Perú y del Mundo. Nº 609, 22 de febrero de 1970
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Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre and Luis Heysen, one day after the former's release from prison. August 11, 1933.
591:, Italy and France. In 1925, he settled in England, where, between 1926 and 1927, he studied economics at the
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their disappointment; informed of this by president Prado, Haya would have tried to make an alliance with
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382:, he assembled and instructed a new generation of party leaders, which included his successor and future
1709:"16º aniversario del natalicio del lider y fundador del partido aprista peruano "Día de la fraternidad""
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1146:, in the rank of Grand Cross. At the moment of his death, several party leaders were present, including
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308:(February 22, 1895 – August 2, 1979) was a Peruvian politician, philosopher, and author who founded the
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611:. The APRA was born as an eminently anti-oligarchic and anti-imperialist force. It was early linked to
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733:); however, Haya and the APRA as a whole never recognized the official results or the new government.
619:, as it considered it a totalitarian political system. In 1927, he published his first book, entitled
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struggles ». Its doctrinal foundations were presented two years later, in the manifesto entitled
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946:, thus declaring the elections void and installed a military junta. The coup would also be backed by
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leadership could not be syndicated as the intellectual author of the crime, due to lack of evidence.
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and in other cities until June 1931. In the meantime, the government of Leguía was overthrown by the
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312:(APRA) political movement, the oldest currently existing political party in Peru by the name of the
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1924:"Configuraciones de partidos y coaliciones del APRA | Le Monde diplomatique, edición peruana"
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had misjudged the situation and thought that the oligarchy had more strength than it really had."
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when, around 1923, began to plot his perpetuation in power (this regime would later be known as
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in Lima, where he pursued a law degree. In 1917, he was introduced to politician and writer
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to the presidency. In 1948, his party was again banned and after the coup d'état by general
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to consolidate itself into a project for Latin America, as a pan-Latin American movement.
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to study literature, where he met and forged a solid friendship with the Peruvian poet
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Pensar el antiimperialismo. Ensayos de historia intelectual latinoamericana, 1900-1930
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Currently, the reinterpretations and analysis of "Hayism" from inside and outside the
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Committee of Exiled Apristas, 1929. From left to right: Pavletich, Carlos Manuel Cox,
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Haya de la Torre and the Pursuit of Power in Twentieth-Century Peru and Latin America
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administration for the military to return to their barracks and restore democracy. A
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2310:"Víctor Haya de la Torre Is Dead; Elder Statesman of Peru Was 84," Obituary (AP),
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Haya de la Torre was persecuted and Bustamante deported. Haya took refuge in the
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solutions to Latin American problems. He called upon the region to reject both
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countries is too young to make the great revolution that surpasses capitalism.
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Presidency of Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro and the Great Clandestinity (1931–1945)
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2132:"Victor Raul Haya de la Torre | Biography & Facts | Britannica"
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1189:. His coffin rests under a large rock with the phrase "Here lies the light."
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but they reached a standstill, with which he could only consolidate one with
1841:"V.R. Haya de la Torre, Latin American Democrat, Dies - The Washington Post"
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In February 1927, he participated in the First Anti-imperialist Congress in
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Robert J. Alexander, "Victor Raúl Haya de la Torre and 'Indo-America,'" in
551:, appreciating the socio-economic changes that took place in that country.
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form of a political organization. This is what Haya considers APRA to be.
418:; currently, it houses the cultural center and museum that bears his name.
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The Constructive Revolution of Aprismo: Theory and Practice of Modernity
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In September 1924 he traveled to Russia, where he made contact with the
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The Meaning of Life: Christian Truth and Social Change in Latin America
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1178:, sent a letter expressing his condolences to Haya's brother, Edmundo.
905:, Haya returned to Peru to launch his second presidential bid with the
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Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre was born in the northern Peruvian city of
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Roncagliolo, Santiago; Alarcon, Daniel; Cossio, Jesús (June 9, 2020).
1986:"Diario la República - Online - "La derecha tiene políticos rentados""
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1679:"Las Ciencias Sociales: Biografía de Victor Raúl Haya de la Torre"
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regarding socialist strategy in colonial or peripheral societies.
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Haya de la Torre speaking to the peasants of the Hacienda Laredo,
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1565:"Victor Haya de la Torre is Dead; Elder Statesman of Peru Was 84"
892:
Final presidential bids and First Presidency of Fernando Belaúnde
367:(1948–1954). In 1956, he contributed to the electoral victory of
2219:
1229:
691:
663:
536:
415:
224:
1185:. He was buried in the Miraflores General Cemetery in downtown
781:
After the death of Sánchez Cerro, former president and general
2277:
Prophets of the Revolution: Profiles of Latin American Leaders
1380:
Impresiones de la Inglaterra imperialista y la Rusia soviética
1206:
at first, will turn out to be different and still contrary to
456:
Subsequently, he continued his undergraduate education at the
445:. Both, along with other students and under the leadership of
2282:
Germán Arciniegas, "The Military vs. Aprismo in Peru," in
694:, having been nominated as presidential candidate for the
323:, a city on the north Peruvian coast, he enrolled in the
480:
He launched numerous protests against the government of
2016:"Río Revuelto (VER) | CARETAS ILUSTRACION PERUANA"
805:
Presidency of José Luis Bustamante y Rivero (1945–1948)
2358:
1584:"V.R. Haya de la Torre, Latin American Democrat, Dies"
1028:
After the establishment of the military government of
884:
has supported with proven loyalty and determination."
2260:""La foto es auténtica, pero no es Haya de la Torre""
1835:
1833:
599:, where he would later become a professor (in 1964).
165:
Leader of the American Popular Revolutionary Alliance
547:
on November 16, 1923. He then made contact with the
2449:
American Popular Revolutionary Alliance politicians
1954:"EL DISCURSO DEL VETO VÍCTOR RAÚL HAYA DE LA TORRE"
1651:González, Alexandra Pita; Marichal, Carlos (2012).
287:
279:
255:
239:
231:
214:
190:
185:
163:
151:
133:
125:
107:
93:
75:
50:
2424:Presidents of the Congress of the Republic of Peru
1941:Enciclopedia Temática del Perú. TOMO VII: Sociedad
1068:Haya led the popular pressure exerted against the
1048:would rise as its main representative, alongside
2364:More photographs of Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre
1076:was ultimately convened on July 28, 1978, after
2156:
2154:
1086:
535:, Haya stayed for two weeks, before heading to
41: and the second or maternal family name is
1943:. Nelson Manrique. Lima, Orbis Ventures, 2004.
1315:. His published works include the following:
2293:( Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock, 2014), 177–186.
2060:. Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial Perú.
1523:Toynbee frente a los problemas de la Historia
1521:
1510:
1499:
1488:
1477:
1466:
1455:
1444:
1433:
1422:
1411:
1400:
1389:
1378:
1367:
1356:
1345:
1334:
1323:
8:
2279:(New York: Macmillan Company, 1962), 75–108.
147:September 20, 1930 – August 2, 1979
2305:Models of Political Change in Latin America
1282:El APRA es mi mujer y ustedes son mis hijos
539:. From there he went to Mexico, invited by
492:order, promoted by the Archbishop of Lima,
2368:
1913:Chirinos Soto, 1985, tomo II, pp. 151–153.
63:
47:
1904:Chirinos Soto, 1985, tomo II, pp.135–146.
527:Flag of the United States of Indoamerica.
406:House where Haya de la Torre was born in
2444:National University of San Marcos alumni
2289:John A. Mackay, "The APRA Movement," in
1610:Economic Development and Cultural Change
986:The exit polls gave a sound victory for
793:In the 1936 presidential elections, the
563:. Initially published in English in the
1556:
1174:. Then-president of the United States,
390:. He was overwhelmingly elected to the
310:American Popular Revolutionary Alliance
244:American Popular Revolutionary Alliance
2329:. University of North Carolina Press.
1751:"El Proceso de la Instrucción Pública"
121:July 28, 1978 – July 13, 1979
89:July 28, 1978 – July 13, 1979
2300:(New York: Macmillan, 1932), 193–198.
2232:Sobrevilla, Natalia (June 26, 2022).
2211:
2209:
1886:Chirinos Soto, 1985, tomo II, p. 125.
1788:Tauro del Pino, 2001, tomo 8, p.1145.
1336:Por la emancipación de América Latina
1142:. On his deathbed he was awarded the
1024:Armed Forces Revolutionary Government
662:on August 25, 1930. Haya returned to
621:For the Emancipation of Latin America
380:Armed Forces Revolutionary Government
177:May 7, 1924 – August 2, 1979
77:President of the Constituent Assembly
7:
1044:. From this group, future president
363:he was forced to take refuge in the
339:orientation, initially with a clear
135:Leader of the Peruvian Aprista Party
2307:(New York: Praeger, 1970), 180–187.
2234:"El profundo clóset de la historia"
1019:Later life and Constituent Assembly
958:In 1963, the Military Junta led by
2439:Peruvian people of Spanish descent
2345:10.5149/9781469636634_garcia-bryce
1721:from the original on May 28, 2022.
1058:Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement
942:, who overthrew the government of
327:and then the School of Law of the
319:Born to an aristocratic family in
25:
1582:By J. Y. Smith (August 4, 1979).
1468:Cartas a los prisioneros apristas
458:National University of San Marcos
329:National University of San Marcos
266:National University of San Marcos
2454:Candidates for President of Peru
1827:, Julio R. Villanueva Sotomayor.
1064:Constituent Assembly (1978–1979)
769:In spite of the revolution, the
291:
2464:Deaths from lung cancer in Peru
2286:(New York: Knopf, 1952), 79–94.
1926:. June 12, 2008. Archived from
1859:Basadre, 2005, tomo 15, p. 211.
1825:El Perú en los Tiempos Modernos
439:National University of Trujillo
325:National University of Trujillo
283:Politician, philosopher, author
262:National University of Trujillo
2162:"Diario la República - Online"
1868:Basadre, 2005, tomo 16, p. 67.
1347:El anti-imperialismo y el APRA
1325:Dos cartas de Haya de la Torre
1032:, the political parties – the
1006:APRA-UNO Coalition (1963–1968)
854:- and published an article in
109:Member of Constituent Assembly
1:
2148:Chang-Rodríguez, 2007, p.340.
1895:Chang-Rodríguez, 2007, p.338.
1479:¿Y después de la guerra, qué?
1435:Ex-combatientes y desocupados
1217:is the highest expression of
918:and 29% for former president
815:José Luis Bustamante y Rivero
670:(PAP) on September 20, 1930.
625:The anti-imperialism and APRA
595:and then anthropology at the
519:Exile; Foundation of the APRA
357:José Luis Bustamante y Rivero
2434:Peruvian democracy activists
2325:García-Bryce, Iñigo (2018).
1512:Mensaje de la Europa nórdica
1369:Teoría y táctica del aprismo
306:Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre
52:Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre
33:, the first or paternal
18:Victor Raul Haya de la Torre
1657:. El Colegio de Mexico AC.
863:The Coexistence (1956–1962)
615:but clearly disagreed with
2480:
2409:People from Trujillo, Peru
2284:The State of Latin America
1779:Sánchez, 1985, pp.101–117.
1546:List of presidents of Peru
1078:elections on June 18, 1978
1070:Francisco Morales-Bermúdez
954:1963 presidential election
897:1962 presidential election
834:Political asylum case and
674:1931 presidential election
593:London School of Economics
472:Student leader (1919–1923)
274:London School of Economics
28:
2387:
2377:
2371:
1815:Sánchez, 1985, p.123-125.
1126:Haya de la Torre tomb in
844:Colombian embassy in Lima
727:Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro
660:Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro
430:every February 22 by the
349:Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro
299:
181:
170:
140:
114:
82:
71:
62:
2298:The Other Spanish Christ
2216:Llámalo amor, si quieres
1490:Espacio-tiempo-histórico
1424:¿A dónde va Indoamérica?
1358:Ideario y acción aprista
1313:National Library of Peru
1144:Order of the Sun of Peru
977:Christian Democrat Party
398:Early life and education
232:Cause of death
1501:Treinta años de aprismo
1402:Construyendo el aprismo
836:Thirty Years of Aprismo
698:with the newly founded
2459:North Group (Trujillo)
2381:Peruvian Aprista Party
2303:Paul E. Sigmund, ed.,
2218:, Toño Angulo Daneri.
1990:www.larepublica.com.pe
1683:reneyepez.blogspot.com
1536:Asylum (Colombia/Peru)
1522:
1511:
1500:
1489:
1478:
1467:
1457:La defensa continental
1456:
1445:
1434:
1423:
1412:
1401:
1390:
1379:
1368:
1357:
1346:
1335:
1324:
1297:Guillermo Billinghurst
1258:Peruvian Aprista Party
1135:
1102:
1042:Peruvian Aprista Party
1034:Peruvian Aprista Party
1000:Odriist National Union
996:Peruvian Aprista Party
971:ran in coalition with
965:Peruvian Aprista Party
944:Manuel Prado Ugarteche
924:Odriist National Union
907:Peruvian Aprista Party
903:1962 general elections
882:Peruvian Aprista Party
870:Manuel Prado Ugarteche
811:Peruvian Aprista Party
799:Luis Antonio Eguiguren
795:Peruvian Aprista Party
775:Peruvian Aprista Party
746:
700:Peruvian Aprista Party
687:
668:Peruvian Aprista Party
580:
528:
498:José Carlos Mariátegui
432:Peruvian Aprista Party
419:
369:Manuel Prado Ugarteche
314:Peruvian Aprista Party
249:Peruvian Aprista Party
2429:Peruvian nationalists
2314:, August 4, 1979, 24.
2026:on September 23, 2015
1877:Sánchez, 1985, p.294.
1806:Sánchez, 1985, p.117.
1446:La verdad del aprismo
1270:Juan Velasco Alvarado
1213:Haya postulates that
1125:
1112:1980 general election
1030:Juan Velasco Alvarado
994:in Congress with the
981:Héctor Cornejo Chávez
960:Nicolás Lindley López
744:
696:1931 general election
681:
574:
526:
462:Manuel González Prada
405:
103:Ernesto Alayza Grundy
2359:APRA's official site
2262:. February 26, 2009.
1689:on February 18, 2008
1160:Javier Valle Riestra
1148:Luis Alberto Sánchez
1114:for the presidency.
1108:Luis Alberto Sánchez
1074:Constituent Assembly
979:, the latter led by
756:Armed Forces of Peru
597:University of Oxford
486:the Eleven-Year Rule
392:Constituent Assembly
270:University of Oxford
100:Luis Alberto Sánchez
1996:on December 2, 2008
1966:on January 18, 2016
1846:The Washington Post
1588:The Washington Post
1391:El plan del aprismo
1264:. García published
1168:Carlos Roca Cáceres
1050:Carlos Roca Cáceres
940:Ricardo Pérez Godoy
731:Revolutionary Union
607:, Mexico City, and
2391:Armando Villanueva
2136:www.britannica.com
2020:www.caretas.com.pe
1761:on August 23, 2010
1569:The New York Times
1164:Armando Villanueva
1136:
783:Óscar R. Benavides
747:
688:
585:Russian Revolution
581:
549:Mexican Revolution
529:
420:
353:Óscar R. Benavides
158:Armando Villanueva
2397:
2396:
2388:Succeeded by
2336:978-1-4696-3657-3
2168:on March 30, 2008
1930:on June 12, 2008.
1755:www.yachay.com.pe
1739:. April 27, 2016.
1571:. August 4, 1979.
1301:Colombian Embassy
988:Fernando Belaúnde
969:Fernando Belaúnde
932:Fernando Belaúnde
914:of the reformist
912:Fernando Belaúnde
790:administration).
771:Peruvian Congress
561:What is the APRA?
482:Augusto B. Leguía
384:president of Peru
365:Colombian embassy
337:social democratic
333:Augusto B. Leguía
303:
302:
201:February 22, 1895
16:(Redirected from
2471:
2372:Preceded by
2369:
2348:
2296:John A. Mackay,
2264:
2263:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2229:
2223:
2213:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2190:. Archived from
2184:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2164:. Archived from
2158:
2149:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2138:. July 29, 2023.
2128:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2112:on March 5, 2016
2111:
2105:. Archived from
2104:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2057:El Código García
2051:
2045:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2022:. Archived from
2012:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1992:. Archived from
1982:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1965:
1959:. Archived from
1958:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1920:
1914:
1911:
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1896:
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1807:
1804:
1798:
1795:
1789:
1786:
1780:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1757:. Archived from
1747:
1741:
1740:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1713:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1685:. Archived from
1675:
1669:
1668:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1561:
1541:Politics of Peru
1525:
1520:
1514:
1509:
1503:
1498:
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1443:
1437:
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1421:
1415:
1413:Política aprista
1410:
1404:
1399:
1393:
1388:
1382:
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1371:
1366:
1360:
1355:
1349:
1344:
1338:
1333:
1327:
1322:
1242:U.S. imperialism
666:and founded the
541:José Vasconcelos
341:anti-imperialist
295:
221:
200:
198:
186:Personal details
175:
154:
145:
119:
96:
87:
67:
48:
21:
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2337:
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2321:
2319:Further reading
2272:
2267:
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2257:
2253:
2243:
2241:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2222:, Aguilar, 2004
2214:
2207:
2197:
2195:
2194:on June 2, 2008
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2185:
2181:
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2169:
2160:
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2086:www.youtube.com
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1307:Published works
1278:
1199:
1156:Andrés Townsend
1120:
1066:
1026:
1021:
1008:
992:Manuel A. Odría
956:
936:Manuel A. Odría
920:Manuel A. Odría
899:
894:
874:Manuel A. Odría
865:
852:Albert Einstein
840:
828:Manuel A. Odría
807:
788:Manuel A. Odría
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2379:Leader of the
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2270:Bibliography
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2242:. Retrieved
2240:(in Spanish)
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2196:. Retrieved
2192:the original
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2166:the original
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1759:the original
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704:Marseillaise
689:
646:and, again,
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624:
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605:Buenos Aires
601:
582:
577:Magda Portal
560:
557:
553:
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490:Sacred Heart
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373:Armed Forces
345:
318:
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220:(1979-08-02)
172:
153:Succeeded by
142:
126:Constituency
116:
84:
42:
38:
31:Spanish name
26:
2419:1979 deaths
2414:1895 births
2082:"- YouTube"
2030:January 12,
2000:January 12,
1765:January 12,
1693:January 12,
1262:Alan García
1250:Americanist
1244:and Soviet
1215:imperialism
1172:Alan García
1132:La Libertad
1046:Alan García
838:(1948–1954)
708:Victor Raúl
684:La Libertad
640:El Salvador
589:Switzerland
545:Mexico City
451:North Group
412:La Libertad
388:Alan García
378:During the
246:(Worldwide)
235:Lung cancer
208:La Libertad
43:De la Torre
2403:Categories
2385:1930–1979
1552:References
1290:César Moro
1248:. With an
1219:capitalism
1082:sol de oro
1060:in 1982).
797:supported
720:the master
644:Costa Rica
509:El Frontón
343:position.
280:Occupation
257:Alma mater
251:(National)
197:1895-02-22
2188:"Perú 21"
1737:issuu.com
1630:0013-0079
1246:communism
716:the guide
636:Guatemala
617:communism
288:Signature
173:In office
143:In office
117:In office
85:In office
1716:Archived
1593:June 11,
1530:See also
1208:Leninism
1187:Trujillo
1183:Trujillo
1128:Trujillo
998:and the
975:and the
967:, while
752:Trujillo
712:the boss
632:Brussels
424:Trujillo
408:Trujillo
321:Trujillo
204:Trujillo
129:National
29:In this
2198:May 29,
2172:May 29,
2116:May 29,
1970:May 28,
1638:1152708
1204:Marxism
922:of the
901:In the
686:, 1931.
658:led by
613:Marxism
466:Aprismo
316:(PAP).
35:surname
2343:
2333:
2244:May 8,
2064:
1661:
1636:
1628:
1197:Legacy
1097:(...)
1092:(...)
824:Callao
760:Huaraz
652:Berlin
648:Panama
609:La Paz
533:Panama
513:Panama
227:, Peru
210:, Peru
2341:JSTOR
2110:(PDF)
2103:(PDF)
1964:(PDF)
1957:(PDF)
1719:(PDF)
1712:(PDF)
1634:JSTOR
1118:Death
764:Huari
2374:None
2331:ISBN
2246:2024
2238:Jugo
2220:Lima
2200:2020
2174:2020
2118:2020
2062:ISBN
2032:2022
2002:2022
1972:2020
1767:2022
1695:2022
1659:ISBN
1626:ISSN
1595:2022
1517:1957
1506:1956
1495:1956
1484:1948
1473:1946
1462:1946
1451:1942
1440:1940
1429:1936
1418:1935
1407:1933
1396:1932
1385:1932
1374:1932
1363:1931
1352:1930
1341:1928
1330:1927
1319:1923
1230:Peru
1170:and
1052:and
762:and
718:and
692:Peru
664:Peru
537:Cuba
416:Peru
225:Lima
215:Died
191:Born
39:Haya
1618:doi
766:).
531:In
56:OSP
37:is
2405::
2339:.
2236:.
2208:^
2153:^
2134:.
2084:.
2018:.
1988:.
1843:.
1832:^
1753:.
1735:.
1681:.
1632:.
1624:.
1614:21
1612:.
1586:.
1567:.
1166:,
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1002:.
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876:,
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2347:.
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2202:.
2176:.
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2088:.
2070:.
2034:.
2004:.
1974:.
1849:.
1769:.
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1667:.
1640:.
1620::
1597:.
1134:.
729:(
199:)
195:(
45:.
20:)
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