223:
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249:
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245:, for her work at the mission. This was a 128.6-acre (0.520 km) grant about 2 mi (3.2 km) northeast of the mission. This was noted as "one of the few Mexican grants given to an Indigenous person in southern California." The grant was given solely to her by name, as her husband Hugo Reid had not yet become a naturalized citizen of Mexico.
212:
Hugo Reid's status in Mexico became elevated by "being the husband of
Victoria, a connected mission Indian and well-respected" in the region. Reid adopted all four of Victoria's children, which was taken as evidence of his affection for her. With her marriage to Reid, she and her children were exempt
394:
At this time, Hugo had secretly revealed unhappiness in his marriage with
Victoria. This may have been due to her declining status as an Indigenous woman in white American settler society. His status was affected by that. Hugo once copied a note which read "Any man who would cohabit with an Indian
353:
was highly discouraged by white
Americans, and new migrants from outside the Southwest questioned why a white man would marry an "Indian squaw." White Americans discounted Victoria Reid's status: "Whereas Victoria's land and economic contributions bolstered Hugo Reid's social status in the Mexican
357:
When Maria YgnacĂa, Victoria's daughter, was around 18 years old, she was admired for her beauty by Euro-Americans yet was mischaracterized as being "half-English, half-Indian," based on Hugo Reid's ancestry. One commentator suggested that
Americans had to create psychological and social distance
163:
In this marriage, Bartolomea bore four children, recorded as Felipe, Jose
Delores, Maria YgnacĂa, and Carlitos. Her first child, Felipe, was born in 1822, when she was 15 years old. By this time, Mexico had gained independence from Spain. The couple was rewarded two small plots of land known as
300:
visited the Reid household. He wrote that he was "surprised and delighted with the excellence and neatness of the housekeeping of the Indian wife , which could not have been excelled. The beds which were furnished us to sleep in where exquisitely neat, with coverlet of satin, the sheets and
65:, where she was educated in Hispanic culture and converted to Christianity. At the age of 13, she entered into an arranged marriage with an indigenous man. Later, as a widow, she married a Scots immigrant. She is believed to have inspired the lead character in
310:
272:. With help from her son Felipe, Victoria oversaw expansion of the gardens and orchards on her land grant. There were 20,500 grapevines and 430 fruit and nut trees. She also managed the production of cakes of brown sugar and
320:
of
Victoria Reid after Hugo's death. Wilson signed away her land in a dubious manner, indicating Victoria had lost status as an indigenous woman in white American society to control her property compared to her status in
301:
pillowcases trimmed with lace and highly ornamented." Davis regularly spoke of his low opinions of
Indigenous peoples, and this account shows that he viewed Victoria as an exception to this perspective.
418: (equivalent to about $ 271,290 in 2023) for the property. However, her signature was represented only with a symbol of a cross, although Victoria was a literate woman. In 1855, a court appointed
160:, the Franciscan fathers encouraged recent converts to marry within the neophyte population in order to retain control over them and their children as a work force to be exploited for the mission.
289:
On August 18, 1843, her son Felipe married Maria de la
Resureccion Ontiveros. She was a descendant of a landowning family in Los Angeles who had settled in the area with the first wave of
377:
for the southern
California district. He needed the salaray but also wanted to advance the cause of the Indigenous peoples of the Los Angeles Basin, whom the Spanish had called
855:
222:
492:
society, used the Reid marriage as a motif. Jackson does not name
Victoria and refers to her as an "Indian squaw." This flattened her complexity into a white American
449:, whom she had met with earlier in her life. King described Reid as wearing a common cotton cloth and wrapped in a quilt, attended to by a single Indigenous servant.
403:
After Hugo Reid died in 1852, Victoria was left without his protection. As she was believed incapable of managing her affairs, the court assigned her a conservator,
802:
865:
119:, where young girls, and single and widowed women, were kept in locked rooms to "safeguard their virginity and help them to prepare for Christian marriage."
845:
54:, a Scottish immigrant who became a naturalized Mexican citizen. After her marriage to Reid, she was known as "Victoria", and referred to respectfully as
129:(pictured), keeper of the keys, chose Bartolomea as her assistant at the mission. Perez later supported Victoria Reid's land grant acquisition of the
473:
391:
believed that Reid was a highly viable candidate because of his "opportunities of knowing the Indians perhaps exceeded those of any in the State."
238:
137:
126:
436:
of the "place called Cauti finally confirmed to Victoria Reid" was approved in 1858; the map marks Residence of Hon. B.D. Wilson as a landmark
591:
407:. She lost control of the property that she had acquired and greatly expanded during the Mexican era. In 1854, Wilson produced a deed to the
860:
640:
268:. The adobe still stands today, although it has been modified. In the 1840s, Victoria managed Huerta de Cuati while her husband managed
465:
778:
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places himself on the level of brutes!" He titled this personal note "Anecdote of a Lawyer," which he kept with him for some time.
369:
197:
In September 1836, she married Hugo Reid, who had come to California in 1832 from Scotland. Reid was in the process of becoming a
148:
Bartolomea was kept at the mission until the age of 13. That year the mission fathers chose Pablo Maria, a 41-year-old Indigenous
39:
108:
93:
62:
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in California. This marriage indicated that Victoria Reid's children were moving up the social ladder in Mexican California.
157:
202:
43:
665:
464:
Victoria Reid/Bartolomea is historically noted as one of the few Indigenous persons to be granted land following the
753:
349:
resulted in changes in attitudes toward her marriage to Reid and to her status as a respected Indigenous woman.
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A passage in time : the archaeology and history of the Santa Susana Pass State Historical Park, California
425:
140:, keeper of the keys at the mission, paid special attention by making Bartolomea her assistant at a young age.
35:
354:
period, in the American period, Victoria's social status solidly rested on Hugo's protection and legitimacy."
452:
At the end of her life, Victoria lived again at the San Gabriel Mission. She died on December 23, 1868, from
817:
Reports of Land Cases Determined in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California
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to be Victoria's administrator "because the court considered her incompetent to arrange her own property."
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194:. Deemed Hispanicized and Christianized, she was considered able to make her own marriage choice.
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586:. Vicki RuĂz, Virginia Sánchez Korrol. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 19–38.
338:
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241:, who was influential at the mission, aided Victoria in 1838 in receiving a land grant,
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for conversion to Christianity. Girls lived in a guarded dormitory. These were known as
419:
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156:, to be her husband. He worked at the Yutucubit Rancheria for the mission. During the
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177:
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as part of this process. After they married, Bartolomea was known as Victoria Reid.
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280:, or liquor. Her land grant employed Indigenous workers. They were often paid with
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31:
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601:
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724:. Richard Ciolek-Torrello. Tucson: Statistical Research. 2006. p. 65.
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In 1839, Hugo's naturalized citizenship was complete. The family built the
107:
At the age of six, Franciscan missionaries arranged to take her to live at
104:
between 1808 and 1810 a daughter of the chief of the village and his wife.
580:
Raquel Casas, Maria (2005). "Victoria Reid and the Politics of Identity".
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near the mission. In this way, the mission fathers acknowledged her to be
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In 1851, Hugo Reid was in declining health. He published a series in the
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Women and the conquest of California, 1542–1840 : codes of silence
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rather than accept that a "full-blooded Indian" was beautiful.
373:. Reid hoped his work would help gain him appointment as an
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At that time, the widowed Bartolomea gained control of the
583:
Latina legacies : identity, biography, and community
180:. She became a widow in 1836, when Pablo Maria died.
92:
At the age of six, she was taken from her parents to
50:. She is also notable for her marriage as a widow to
445:Before her death, Victoria made one last visit to
456:. She was buried in the cemetery of the mission.
38:. She is notable for having been one of the few
476:was critical to her gaining this land grant.
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22:(c. 1809 – December 23, 1868), also known as
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488:(1884), in part a romantic myth about elite
46:, and for having respected social status in
801:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
856:History of Los Angeles County, California
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693:Rasmussen, Cecilia (December 5, 1999).
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213:from being officially classified as
866:History of Santa Monica, California
61:Bartolomea was taken as a child to
846:19th-century Native American women
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666:"Collective Biographies of Women"
370:The Indians of Los Angeles County
767:Bouvier, Virginia Marie (2001).
399:Declined status and loss of land
695:"Their Story Inspired 'Ramona'"
474:Eulalia Pérez de Guillén Mariné
305:White American racist attitudes
239:Eulalia Pérez de Guillén Mariné
138:Eulalia Pérez de Guillén Mariné
127:Eulalia Pérez de Guillén Mariné
466:secularization of the Missions
411:that claimed he paid Victoria
205:, and had changed his name to
1:
819:, Numa Hubert, San Francisco
234:, primarily managed by Hugo.
230:(ca. 1900–1902), located at
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861:California Mission Indians
773:. Tucson. pp. 82–83.
42:to be granted land by the
30:woman from the village of
333:to the United States and
36:Santa Monica, California
345:society. The influx of
100:Bartolomea was born at
752:: CS1 maint: others (
470:First Mexican Republic
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329:After the transfer of
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207:Don Perfecto Hugo Reid
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158:Spanish mission period
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16:Tongva woman (d. 1868)
815:Ogden Hoffman, 1862,
670:cbw.iath.virginia.edu
641:"City of Arcadia, CA"
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405:Benjamin Davis Wilson
389:Benjamin Davis Wilson
314:Benjamin Davis Wilson
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252:Depiction of husband
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184:Marriage to Hugo Reid
125:
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24:Bartolomea Comicrabit
351:Interracial marriage
335:California statehood
291:Spanish colonization
26:, was an indigenous
447:Laura Everston King
298:William Heath Davis
199:naturalized citizen
109:Mission San Gabriel
94:Mission San Gabriel
63:Mission San Gabriel
480:Helen Hunt Jackson
438:
327:
323:Mexican California
286:rather than cash.
270:Rancho Santa Anita
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258:Rancho Santa Anita
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232:Rancho Santa Anita
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67:Helen Hunt Jackson
48:Mexican California
699:Los Angeles Times
645:www.arcadiaca.gov
593:978-0-19-803502-2
472:. The support of
40:Indigenous people
34:, at what is now
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331:Alta California
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243:Huerta de Cuati
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131:Huerta de Cuati
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347:white settlers
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430:Henry Hancock
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56:Doña Victoria
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20:Victoria Reid
836:1800s births
816:
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702:. Retrieved
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673:. Retrieved
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648:. Retrieved
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375:Indian agent
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173:Hispanicized
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55:
23:
19:
18:
841:1868 deaths
441:End of life
380:Gabrieleños
318:conservator
283:aguardiente
276:aguardiente
96:(pictured).
830:Categories
704:January 8,
675:January 8,
650:January 8,
500:References
494:stereotype
490:Californio
102:Comicranga
84:Early life
32:Comicranga
797:cite book
748:cite book
482:'s novel
387:people).
337:in 1848,
316:became a
296:In 1844,
254:Hugo Reid
115:monjerĂos
69:'s novel
52:Hugo Reid
789:44713139
740:70910964
602:61330208
454:smallpox
432:'s 1854
75:(1884).
468:by the
367:titled
201:of the
191:parajes
167:parajes
152:vaquero
787:
777:
738:
728:
600:
590:
485:Ramona
460:Legacy
385:Tongva
216:indios
72:Ramona
28:Tongva
416:8,000
803:link
785:OCLC
775:ISBN
754:link
736:OCLC
726:ISBN
706:2023
677:2023
652:2023
598:OCLC
588:ISBN
434:plat
414:US$
226:The
176:and
79:Life
256:at
832::
799:}}
795:{{
783:.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
