242:
631:
702:. This caused an enormous change in viewing practices, as one no longer had to wait for a repeat of a program that had been missed. The shift to home viewing also changed the movie industry's revenue streams, because home renting created an additional window of time in which a film could make money. In some cases, films that did only modestly in their theater releases went on to have strong performances in the rental market (e.g.,
175:. The color system used half-inch (1.27 cm) tape on 10½ inch reels to record five tracks, one each for red, blue, green, synchronization, and audio. The black-and-white system used quarter-inch (0.635 cm) tape also on 10½ inch reels with two tracks, one for video and one for audio. Both systems ran at 360 inches per second (9.1 m/s) with 2,500 feet (760 m) per reel yielding an 83-second capacity. RCA-owned
40:
774:
466:
797:, a corresponding compact version, S-VHS-C, was released as well. Video8 is an indirect descendant of Betamax, using narrower tape and a smaller cassette. Because of its narrower tape and other technical differences, it is not possible to develop an adapter from Video8 to Betamax. Video8 was later developed into
137:
200 tape recorder and standard quarter-inch (0.635 cm) audio tape moving at 360 inches (9.1 m) per second. A year later, an improved version using one-inch (2.54 cm) magnetic tape was shown to the press, who reportedly expressed amazement at the quality of the images although they had
880:
With advances in technology, videotape has moved past its original uses (original recording, editing, and broadcast playback) and is now primarily an archival medium. The death of tape for video recording was predicted as early as 1995 when the Avid nonlinear editing system was demonstrated storing
752:
Due to these advantages, by the mid-2000s, DVDs were the dominant form of prerecorded video movies. Through the late 1990s and early 2000s consumers continued to use VCRs to record over-the-air TV shows, because consumers could not make home recordings onto DVDs. This last barrier to DVD domination
737:, DVDs and other optical discs are not affected by magnetic fields. DVDs can still be damaged by scratches. DVDs are smaller and take less space to store. DVDs can support both standard 4x3 and widescreen 16x9 screen aspect ratios and DVDs can provide twice the video resolution of VHS. DVD supports
449:
introduced in 1976. This format introduced features such as shuttling, various-speed playback (including slow-motion), and still framing. Although 1" Type C's quality was still quite high, the sound and picture reproduction attainable on the format were of slightly lower quality than Quad. However,
892:
being the current market leader. There are two primary advantages: First, copying a tape recording onto a computer or other video machine occurs in real time (e.g. a ten-minute video would take ten minutes to copy); since tapeless camcorders record video as computer-ready data files, the files can
896:
Despite these conveniences, tape is still used extensively with filmmakers and television networks because of its longevity, low cost, and reliability. Master copies of visual content are often stored on tape for these reasons, particularly by users who cannot afford to move to tapeless machines.
689:
At first VCRs and videocassettes were very expensive, but by the late 1980s the price had come down enough to make them affordable to a mainstream audience. Videocassettes finally made it possible for consumers to buy or rent a complete film and watch it at home whenever they wished, rather than
342:
Although Quad became the industry standard for approximately thirty years, it has drawbacks such as an inability to freeze pictures, and no picture search. Also, in early machines, a tape could reliably be played back using only the same set of hand-made tape heads, which wore out very quickly.
357:
them, and (in the United States) regarded videotape as simply a better and more cost-effective means of time-delaying broadcasts than kinescopes. It was the four time zones of the continental United States which had made the system very desirable in the first place.
881:
video clips on hard disks. Yet videotape was still used extensively, especially by consumers, up until about 2004, when DVD-based camcorders became affordable and domestic computers had large enough hard drives to store an acceptable amount of video.
108:
method of storing information and thus imposes delays to access a portion of the tape that is not already against the heads. The early 2000s saw the introduction and rise to prominence of high-quality random-access video recording media such as
912:
While live recording has migrated to solid state, optical disc (Sony's XDCAM) and hard disks, the high cost of solid state and the limited shelf life of hard-disk drives make them less desirable for archival use, for which tape is still used.
854:
in 2001. Sony was the only electronics manufacturer to sell MicroMV cameras. In 2006, Sony stopped offering new MicroMV camcorder models. In
November 2015, Sony announced that shipment of MicroMV cassettes would be discontinued in March 2016.
793:. VHS-C is a downsized version of VHS, using the same recording method and the same tape, but in a smaller cassette. It is possible to play VHS-C tapes in a regular VHS tape recorder by using an adapter. After the introduction of
457:. Type B machines use the same 1" tape as Type C but they lacked C's shuttle and slow-motion options. The picture quality is slightly better, though. Type B was the broadcast norm in continental Europe for most of the 1980s.
343:
Despite these problems, Quad is capable of producing excellent images. Subsequent videotape systems have used helical scan, where the video heads record diagonal tracks (of complete fields) onto the tape.
893:
copied onto a computer significantly faster than real time. Second, tapeless camcorders, and those using solid-state memory in particular, are far simpler mechanically and so are more reliable.
399:; despite some obvious technical problems, the color tape was remarkably good. Some classic television programs recorded on studio videotape have been made available on DVD – among them NBC's
310:
Ampex introduced a color videotape recorder in 1958 in a cross-licensing agreement with RCA, whose engineers had developed it from an Ampex black-and-white recorder. NBC's special,
1125:
129:'s production company, Bing Crosby Enterprises (BCE), gave the world's first demonstration of a videotape recording in Los Angeles on November 11, 1951. In development by
171:
laboratories on
December 1, 1953. The high-speed longitudinal tape system, called Simplex, in development since 1951, could record and play back only a few minutes of a
373:
which aired on
October 18, 1958 and was the oldest color videotape of an entertainment program known to exist until the discovery of the October 8, 1958 episode of the
1674:
733:. The DVD format has several advantages over VHS tape. A DVD is much better able to take repeated viewings than VHS tape. Whereas a VHS tape can be erased though
843:. By using the same cassettes as Hi8, many Digital8 camcorders were able to play analog Video8 or Hi8 recordings, preserving compatibility with already recorded
1546:"Sony will end the shipment of Betamax video cassettes and micro MV cassettes in March 2016," the company said in a Japanese-language statement on its website.
1233:
749:
and subtitling (with the option of turning the subtitles on or off, or selecting subtitles in several languages). Moreover, a DVD can be played on a computer.
277:. Quad employed a transverse (scanning the tape across its width) four-head system on a two-inch (5.08 cm) tape and stationary heads for the soundtrack.
828:
video and sophisticated nonlinear editing capability on consumer and some professional equipment and has been used on feature films, including Danny Boyle's
1574:ソニーは2016年3月※をもって、ベータビデオカセットおよびマイクロMVカセットの出荷を終了いたします。 ("Sony with a ? March 2016, will end the shipment of beta video cassette and micro cassette MV.")
2513:
1057:
1617:
491:
system, which Sony introduced commercially in
September 1971 after working out industry standards with other manufacturers. Sony later refined it to
587:, in which the heads in the head drum have a gap that is tilted at an angle, and opposing heads have their gaps tilted so as to oppose each other.
1558:
1302:
1714:
866:, were the two most popular consumer or prosumer tape-based formats. The formats use different encoding methods, but the same cassette type.
150:
1531:
785:
used full-size VHS or
Betamax cassettes. Later models switched to more compact formats, designed explicitly for smaller camcorder use, like
138:
a "persistent grainy quality that looked like a worn motion picture." Overall the picture quality was still considered inferior to the best
1561:[Beta video cassette and micro MV cassette tape shipment end of announcement] (in Japanese). Sony Japan. 2015-11-10. Archived from
270:
888:
machines that record video as computer files. Small hard disks and writable optical discs have been used, with solid-state memory such as
1667:
897:
During the mid- to late 2000s, professional users such as broadcast television were still using tape heavily but tapeless formats like
283:
first used the Ampex VRX-1000 Mark IV at its
Television City studios in Hollywood on November 30, 1956, to play a delayed broadcast of
346:
67:
1627:
1341:
988:
450:
compared to Quad, 1" Type C machines required much less maintenance, took up less space, and consumed much less electrical power.
2279:
521:
was introduced in 1986 and featured uncompressed digital component recording. Because D-1 was extremely expensive, the composite
321:
59:
1637:
808:) digital video recording format, introduced in 1995, used a smaller Digital Video Cassette (DVC). The format was later renamed
2268:
2503:
2225:
1660:
567:
system was introduced in 1996. Panasonic used its DV variant DVCPRO for all professional cameras, with the higher-end format
1449:
1098:
90:
157:. VERA used half-inch metallized (1.27 cm) tape on 20-inch reels traveling at 200 inches per second (5.1 m/s).
133:
and Wayne R. Johnson since 1950, the device gave what were described as "blurred and indistinct" images using a modified
2498:
1476:
502:
family introduced in 1982. This tape form factor would go on to be used for leading professional digital video formats.
375:
369:
312:
285:
202:
2094:
142:
recordings on film. Bing Crosby
Enterprises hoped to have a commercial version available in 1954 but none came forth.
1186:
2471:
2262:
2082:
1931:
1870:
530:
410:
307:, produced in Hollywood, became the first program to be broadcast in all time zones from a prerecorded videotape.
241:
2231:
1780:
1586:
1331:
929:
In fact, the quadruplex format can only reproduce recognizable pictures when the tape is playing at normal speed.
618:. For VTR and archive use, Panasonic expanded the D-5 specification to store compressed HD streams and called it
529:(Panasonic, 1991) were introduced soon after. Ampex introduced the first compressed component recording with its
354:
1145:
729:
never caught up in popularity. In the early 2000s in the prerecorded video market, VHS began to be displaced by
1846:
1822:
1768:
1726:
1720:
1280:
401:
1065:
2418:
2178:
2371:
2196:
1834:
758:
655:
349:. While much less expensive (if repeatedly recycled) and more convenient than kinescope, the high cost of
75:
1477:"'Inland Empire' Restoration Trailer: David Lynch's Surreal DV Nightmare Comes Back To Theaters In April"
82:. Videotapes have also been used for storing scientific or medical data, such as the data produced by an
2401:
1984:
1744:
1384:
690:
going to a movie theater or having to wait until it was telecast. It gave birth to video rental stores,
603:
303:
168:
331:, originally a videotape-based system, was used for the first time during the live transmission of the
1562:
583:
media. Many helical scan cassette formats such as VHS and
Betacam use a head drum with heads that use
2190:
1792:
1708:
1502:
833:
714:
694:
the largest chain, which lasted from 1985 to 2005. It also made it possible for a VCR owner to begin
679:
262:
214:
154:
745:
and must be rewound. DVDs can have interactive menus, multiple language tracks, audio commentaries,
495:(BVU). Sony continued its hold on the professional market with its ever-expanding ½ʺ (1.27 cm)
2508:
875:
428:
71:
332:
2493:
2426:
2100:
1267:
898:
885:
699:
423:
317:
172:
396:
1602:
also dropping its MicroMV camcorder tapes In a bid to... make space in the warehouse, we guess.
1166:
2339:
2333:
2327:
2321:
2315:
2219:
2118:
1858:
1454:
1424:"Anthony Dod Mantle, DFF injects the apocalyptic 28 Days Later with a strain of digital video"
1337:
1312:
1079:
1039:
984:
939:
825:
821:
813:
746:
742:
584:
579:
format, which compresses video data in a way similar to DVCPRO but uses a cassette similar to
541:
294:
254:
83:
686:
format, which did not find favor with the TV rental companies in the UK and lost out to VHS.
353:
Scotch 179 and other early videotapes ($ 300 per one-hour reel) meant that most broadcasters
2287:
2004:
1804:
1798:
1732:
1216:
599:
454:
446:
414:
388:
164:
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in 2003. Panasonic's competing HD format for its camcorders was based on DVCPRO and called
1641:
1631:
1621:
1190:
691:
552:
496:
485:
188:
184:
1450:"'28 Days Later': The Oral History of Danny Boyle's Genre-Redefining Zombie Masterpiece"
805:
630:
2172:
2166:
1423:
537:
format was introduced in 1994. Like D-1, it is uncompressed, but much more affordable.
484:
introduced a prototype for the first widespread video cassette, the ¾ʺ (1.905 cm)
433:
363:
328:
298:
280:
130:
117:. Since then, videotape has been increasingly relegated to archival and similar uses.
2487:
1905:
829:
738:
695:
507:
290:
105:
63:
51:
1254:
1120:
SMPTE Journal: Publication of the
Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers
39:
2465:
1762:
844:
754:
514:
418:
395:'s 50th-anniversary special included an excerpt from a 1957 color special starring
380:
195:
114:
98:
1118:
101:
video head rotates against the moving tape to record the data in two dimensions.
2395:
2377:
2070:
2028:
1925:
1919:
1104:
710:
678:(1976) created a mass-market for VCRs and the two competing systems battled the
544:
standard, which debuted in 1995, and was widely used both in its native form as
526:
522:
406:
383:. The oldest color videotape known to survive is the May 1958 dedication of the
149:
experimented from 1952 to 1958 with a high-speed linear videotape system called
126:
31:
1913:
1828:
1307:
782:
773:
734:
703:
683:
556:
518:
336:
1316:
2459:
2389:
2356:
2213:
2106:
2088:
2055:
1998:
1992:
1949:
824:
from
Panasonic reflect the original name. The DVC or MiniDV format provides
615:
576:
503:
258:
139:
110:
94:
79:
1647:
1408:
1357:
1183:
839:
In 1999 Sony backported the DV recording scheme to 8-mm systems, creating
17:
2184:
2135:
2112:
1961:
889:
840:
611:
568:
560:
1652:
2438:
2359:
2249:
2243:
2153:
2141:
1973:
1967:
1955:
1937:
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1852:
1816:
1786:
1756:
1738:
1149:
851:
671:
663:
659:
634:
499:
488:
469:
274:
225:
2237:
1774:
1750:
859:
809:
790:
642:
619:
545:
510:
system, but never could compare to Betacam in terms of market share.
384:
246:
163:
demonstrated the magnetic tape recording of both black-and-white and
606:. In 1997, Sony supplemented its Betacam family with the HD-capable
465:
245:
A 14-inch reel of 2-inch quad videotape compared with a modern-day
2432:
2383:
2365:
2076:
2040:
2022:
2016:
2010:
1943:
1882:
1876:
1840:
1700:
1683:
1234:"He Invented Instant Replay, The TV Trick We Now Take For Granted"
906:
902:
794:
786:
772:
762:
726:
722:
718:
667:
629:
607:
580:
564:
534:
464:
266:
240:
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134:
55:
682:, which VHS ultimately won. In Europe, Philips had developed the
2407:
1894:
596:
551:
In digital camcorders, Sony adapted the Betacam system with its
481:
228:
released the first commercial helical scan video tape recorder.
62:
in addition. Information stored can be in the form of either an
1656:
1518:
The last camcorder with MicroMV was discontinued in early 2006.
2147:
2034:
1888:
1810:
1241:
1025:"Magnetic Tape Used By RCA to Photograph Television Program",
863:
798:
730:
675:
638:
572:
453:
In Europe, a similar tape format was developed, called 1 inch
445:
The next format to gain widespread usage was 1 inch (2.54 cm)
392:
206:
176:
160:
146:
555:
format in 1993, and in 1996 following it up with the cheaper
27:
Magnetic tape used for storing video and sound simultaneously
1217:
Industry Agrees to Standardize Tape Recording on Ampex Lines
1173:, Vol. 7. 1994: The National Academies Press, Washington DC.
753:
was broken in the late 2000s with the advent of inexpensive
884:
Consumer camcorders have switched from being tape-based to
761:(DVRs). In July 2016, the last known manufacturer of VCRs,
350:
218:
97:
would require extremely high tape speeds, in most cases, a
1255:
Wink Hackman; Expert training for Sony MVS users worldwide
850:
Sony introduced another camcorder cassette format called
777:
DV cassettes left to right: DVCAM-L, DVCPRO-M, DVC/MiniDV
361:
Some early broadcast videotapes have survived, including
209:, RCA's competitor, was about to order BCE machines when
201:
BCE demonstrated a color system in February 1955 using a
183:
on October 23, 1956, when a prerecorded song sequence by
979:
Eric D. Daniel, C. Denis Mee, and Mark H. Clark (eds.),
666:
entered the domestic market the following year with the
249:
videocassette. Both media store one hour of color video.
804:
The first consumer-level and lower-end professional (
801:, which provides better resolution similar to S-VHS.
942:
to compensate for the differences in the four heads.
153:(VERA), but this was ultimately dropped in favor of
2452:
2417:
2349:
2308:
2301:
2278:
2206:
2128:
2063:
2054:
1983:
1904:
1699:
1690:
1501:m.b.H., STANDARD Verlagsgesellschaft (2015-11-10).
1171:Memorial Tributes: National Academy of Engineering
1126:Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers
347:Many early videotape recordings were not preserved
1532:"Sony is finally killing off Betamax video tapes"
194:In 1953, Norikazu Sawazaki developed a prototype
816:encoding scheme, but the tapes are still marked
765:, announced that it was ceasing VCR production.
709:VHS became the leading consumer tape format for
1385:"The last VCR will be manufactured this month"
1161:
1159:
1157:
1146:World's First Helical Scan Video Tape Recorder
1100:RCA-NBC Firsts in Color Television (commented)
832:(2002, shot on a Canon XL1) and David Lynch's
480:is a cartridge containing videotape. In 1969,
320:color videotape, and has been restored by the
1668:
8:
1587:"40 years later, Sony finally kills Betamax"
1311:. Vol. 1, no. 1. pp. 77–79.
2305:
2060:
1696:
1675:
1661:
1653:
548:and in more robust professional variants.
962:"Tape Recording Used by Filmless 'Camera'
367:, broadcast live on October 13, 1957 and
1358:"Philips N1500, N1700 and V2000 systems"
938:Later machines had longer life and used
257:videotape machines capable of replacing
125:The electronics division of entertainer
38:
1383:Sun, Yazhou; Yan, Sophia (2016-07-22).
981:Magnetic Recording: The First 100 Years
955:
922:
187:in color was included in the otherwise
89:Because video signals have a very high
2269:CBHD (China Blue High-definition Disc)
662:technology and were launched in 1971.
563:format, The semiprofessional DV-based
1559:"ベータビデオカセットおよびマイクロMVカセットテープ出荷終了のお知らせ"
1330:Tozer, E. P. J. (November 12, 2012).
1202:"Daily N.B.C. Show Will Be on Tape",
999:"Tape-Recorded TV Nears Perfection",
151:Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus
7:
2226:HVD (High-Definition Versatile Disc)
431:'s classic production of the ballet
271:National Association of Broadcasters
1333:Broadcast Engineer's Reference Book
1282:Sony Unveils Latest Products at IBC
610:standard and its higher-end cousin
1618:The Loss of Early Video Recordings
1122:, Volume 96, Issues 1-6; Volume 96
836:(2006, shot on a Sony DSR-PD150).
741:while a VHS tape is restricted to
602:necessitated a medium for storing
506:had some limited success with its
417:(1960), the television version of
413:(late 1950s/early 60s), the final
253:The first commercial professional
205:on half-inch (1.27 cm) tape.
25:
2514:Audiovisual introductions in 1950
1503:"Sony: Das Ende von Betamax naht"
1475:Perez, Rodrigo (March 24, 2022).
1422:Bankston, Douglas (1 July 2003).
1012:"New Deal on TV Seen at Parley",
909:were gaining broader acceptance.
698:their viewing of films and other
2263:HVD (Holographic Versatile Disc)
1301:Goldwasser, Sam (January 2000).
862:and its high-definition cousin,
769:Consumer and prosumer camcorders
322:UCLA Film and Television Archive
316:(1958), is the oldest surviving
1628:History of Recording Technology
1056:Stewart Wolpin (Autumn 1994).
427:(first telecast in 1967), and
409:as Peter, several episodes of
405:(first telecast in 1960) with
265:(Quad) machines introduced by
1:
2253:
2157:
1530:Curtis, Sophie (2015-11-10).
1086:. February 1960. p. 238.
461:Professional cassette formats
1364:. Vision International. 2011
1257:Retrieved September 19, 2015
983:, IEEE Press, 1998, p. 141.
533:series in 1992. Panasonic's
370:An Evening With Fred Astaire
313:An Evening With Fred Astaire
286:Douglas Edwards and the News
70:. Videotape is used in both
43:An assortment of video tapes
1448:Jones, Ralph (2023-06-27).
571:being a direct descendant.
297:. On January 22, 1957, the
74:(VTRs) and, more commonly,
2530:
2472:Electronic Video Recording
1644: (archived 2004-06-03)
1634: (archived 2004-06-03)
1624: (archived 1999-10-01)
1062:Invention & Technology
873:
820:. Some later formats like
437:(first telecast in 1977).
411:The Dinah Shore Chevy Show
335:by its inventor, director
269:on April 14, 1956, at the
30:For Radiohead's song, see
29:
2288:UHD-BD (Ultra HD Blu-ray)
2185:PVD (Personal Video Disc)
1346:– via Google Books.
181:The Jonathan Winters Show
1721:Ampex 2 inch helical VTR
1638:History of Magnetic Tape
717:, though its follow-ups
575:developed the competing
213:introduced the superior
2220:Professional Disc (PFD)
1727:Sony 2 inch helical VTR
1206:, Jan. 18, 1957, p. 31.
1027:The Wall Street Journal
1003:, Dec. 31, 1952, p. 10.
970:, Nov. 12, 1951, p. 21.
759:digital video recorders
656:videocassette recorders
650:Videocassette recorders
493:Broadcast Video U-matic
76:videocassette recorders
2466:Electronicam kinescope
2453:Video recorded to film
1223:, Oct. 28, 1957, p. 3.
1136:Daniel et al., p. 148.
778:
646:
513:The next step was the
473:
250:
217:. BCE was acquired by
203:longitudinal recording
44:
2504:History of television
2280:Ultra-High Definition
1684:Video storage formats
1046:, April 1954, p. 157.
1029:, Dec. 2, 1953, p. 1.
1016:, May 1, 1953, p. 30.
776:
633:
604:high-definition video
468:
327:On December 7, 1963,
304:Truth or Consequences
244:
198:video tape recorder.
42:
1270:". BFI Screenonline.
715:videotape format war
680:videotape format war
595:The introduction of
263:quadruplex videotape
155:quadruplex videotape
72:video tape recorders
2499:American inventions
1409:"DVC Product Probe"
1182:Ampex Corporation,
1167:Charles P. Ginsburg
1058:"The Race to Video"
876:Tapeless production
858:In the late 2000s,
700:television programs
654:The first consumer
517:revolution. Sony's
429:Mikhail Baryshnikov
1593:. 10 November 2015
1266:Elen, Richard G. "
1244:, January 20, 2015
1204:The New York Times
1189:2007-07-03 at the
1014:The New York Times
1001:The New York Times
968:The New York Times
779:
647:
474:
424:Mark Twain Tonight
318:television network
261:were the two-inch
251:
173:television program
45:
2481:
2480:
2448:
2447:
2297:
2296:
2244:BD (Blu-ray Disc)
2214:MUSE Hi-Vision LD
2050:
2049:
1080:"TV Goes to Tape"
1044:Popular Mechanics
826:broadcast-quality
747:closed captioning
743:sequential access
674:(1975) and JVC's
658:(VCRs) used Sony
585:azimuth recording
525:(Sony, 1988) and
355:erased and reused
295:Pacific Time Zone
255:broadcast quality
221:Company in 1956.
215:Quadruplex system
179:first used it on
84:electrocardiogram
54:used for storing
16:(Redirected from
2521:
2306:
2258:
2255:
2162:
2159:
2061:
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1445:
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1419:
1413:
1412:
1411:. November 1995.
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1184:Ampex Chronology
1180:
1174:
1163:
1152:
1143:
1137:
1134:
1128:
1116:
1110:
1108:
1103:, archived from
1094:
1088:
1087:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1064:. Archived from
1053:
1047:
1040:Color TV on Tape
1036:
1030:
1023:
1017:
1010:
1004:
997:
991:
977:
971:
965:
960:
943:
936:
930:
927:
600:video production
455:Type B videotape
447:Type C videotape
421:'s one-man show
415:Howdy Doody Show
389:Washington, D.C.
376:Kraft Music Hall
167:programs at its
165:color television
95:stationary heads
21:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2484:
2483:
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2477:
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2413:
2345:
2293:
2274:
2256:
2207:High Definition
2202:
2160:
2124:
2046:
1985:High Definition
1979:
1938:Digital Betacam
1900:
1686:
1681:
1642:Wayback Machine
1632:Wayback Machine
1622:Wayback Machine
1614:
1609:
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1596:
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1481:ThePlaylist.net
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1238:Morning Edition
1232:
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1227:
1214:
1210:
1201:
1197:
1191:Wayback Machine
1181:
1177:
1164:
1155:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1117:
1113:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1084:Popular Science
1078:
1077:
1073:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1037:
1033:
1024:
1020:
1011:
1007:
998:
994:
978:
974:
963:
961:
957:
952:
947:
946:
937:
933:
928:
924:
919:
878:
872:
812:to reflect the
781:Early consumer
771:
652:
628:
593:
591:High definition
553:Digital Betacam
497:component video
463:
443:
397:Donald O'Connor
239:
234:
232:Broadcast video
189:live television
185:Dorothy Collins
123:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2525:
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2351:
2347:
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2344:
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2337:
2331:
2325:
2319:
2312:
2310:
2309:Media agnostic
2303:
2299:
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2292:
2291:
2284:
2282:
2276:
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2110:
2104:
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2065:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2014:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1989:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1950:Digital-S (D9)
1947:
1941:
1935:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1910:
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1694:
1688:
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1682:
1680:
1679:
1672:
1665:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1648:Tape Servicing
1645:
1635:
1625:
1613:
1612:External links
1610:
1607:
1606:
1578:
1550:
1522:
1507:derStandard.at
1493:
1467:
1440:
1414:
1400:
1375:
1349:
1342:
1322:
1293:
1272:
1259:
1247:
1225:
1208:
1195:
1175:
1153:
1138:
1129:
1111:
1089:
1071:
1068:on 2011-04-04.
1048:
1031:
1018:
1005:
992:
972:
954:
953:
951:
948:
945:
944:
931:
921:
920:
918:
915:
871:
870:Future of tape
868:
770:
767:
651:
648:
627:
624:
592:
589:
462:
459:
442:
439:
434:The Nutcracker
364:The Edsel Show
333:Army–Navy Game
329:instant replay
299:NBC Television
281:CBS Television
273:convention in
238:
235:
233:
230:
131:John T. Mullin
122:
119:
68:digital signal
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2526:
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2018:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2006:
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1997:
1994:
1991:
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1623:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1603:
1592:
1588:
1582:
1579:
1575:
1565:on 2015-11-10
1564:
1560:
1554:
1551:
1547:
1537:
1536:The Telegraph
1533:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1508:
1504:
1497:
1494:
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1478:
1471:
1468:
1457:
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1429:
1425:
1418:
1415:
1410:
1404:
1401:
1390:
1386:
1379:
1376:
1363:
1362:Rewind Museum
1359:
1353:
1350:
1345:
1343:9781136024184
1339:
1336:. CRC Press.
1335:
1334:
1326:
1323:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1297:
1294:
1284:
1283:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1268:TV Technology
1263:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1212:
1209:
1205:
1199:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1185:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1139:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1123:
1121:
1115:
1112:
1107:on 2008-12-19
1106:
1102:
1101:
1093:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1075:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1035:
1032:
1028:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1009:
1006:
1002:
996:
993:
990:
989:0-07-041275-8
986:
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976:
973:
969:
959:
956:
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941:
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926:
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877:
869:
867:
865:
861:
856:
853:
848:
846:
842:
837:
835:
834:Inland Empire
831:
830:28 Days Later
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
802:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
775:
768:
766:
764:
760:
756:
755:DVD recorders
750:
748:
744:
740:
739:random access
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
707:
705:
701:
697:
696:time shifting
693:
687:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
649:
644:
640:
636:
632:
625:
623:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
598:
590:
588:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
559:and the 2000
558:
554:
549:
547:
543:
538:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
511:
509:
505:
501:
498:
494:
490:
487:
483:
479:
478:videocassette
471:
467:
460:
458:
456:
451:
448:
441:Types C and B
440:
438:
436:
435:
430:
426:
425:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
403:
398:
394:
390:
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382:
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366:
365:
359:
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344:
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334:
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315:
314:
308:
306:
305:
300:
296:
292:
291:New York City
288:
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272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
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243:
236:
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229:
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182:
178:
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158:
156:
152:
148:
143:
141:
136:
132:
128:
121:Early formats
120:
118:
116:
112:
107:
102:
100:
96:
92:
87:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
52:magnetic tape
49:
41:
37:
33:
19:
1763:Cartrivision
1691:
1601:
1595:. Retrieved
1590:
1581:
1573:
1567:. Retrieved
1563:the original
1553:
1545:
1539:. Retrieved
1535:
1525:
1517:
1511:. Retrieved
1506:
1496:
1484:. Retrieved
1480:
1470:
1459:. Retrieved
1453:
1443:
1431:. Retrieved
1427:
1417:
1403:
1392:. Retrieved
1388:
1378:
1366:. Retrieved
1361:
1352:
1332:
1325:
1306:
1296:
1286:, retrieved
1281:
1275:
1262:
1250:
1237:
1228:
1220:
1211:
1203:
1198:
1178:
1170:
1141:
1132:
1124:, page 256,
1119:
1114:
1105:the original
1099:
1092:
1083:
1074:
1066:the original
1061:
1051:
1043:
1034:
1026:
1021:
1013:
1008:
1000:
995:
980:
975:
967:
958:
934:
925:
911:
895:
883:
879:
857:
849:
845:analog video
838:
822:DVC Pro
817:
803:
780:
751:
708:
688:
653:
641:(right) and
594:
577:D9/Digital-S
550:
539:
512:
492:
477:
475:
452:
444:
432:
422:
419:Hal Holbrook
400:
391:). In 1976,
381:Milton Berle
374:
368:
362:
360:
345:
341:
326:
311:
309:
302:
284:
279:
252:
223:
200:
196:helical scan
193:
180:
159:
144:
124:
115:flash memory
103:
99:helical-scan
88:
58:and usually
47:
46:
36:
2419:Solid state
2257: 2006
2161: 1996
2071:Phonovision
2029:D6 HDTV VTR
1769:Philips VCR
1509:(in German)
1368:January 19,
1097:Ed Reitan,
940:delay lines
711:home movies
692:Blockbuster
407:Mary Martin
387:studios in
127:Bing Crosby
78:(VCRs) and
32:In Rainbows
2509:Home video
2488:Categories
1956:Betacam SX
1865:Betacam SP
1829:Video 2000
1709:Quadruplex
1597:2015-11-10
1569:2015-11-15
1541:2015-11-15
1513:2017-08-03
1461:2023-07-24
1428:TheASC.com
1394:2018-01-22
1308:Poptronics
1288:2023-05-22
950:References
874:See also:
783:camcorders
735:degaussing
713:after the
704:cult films
684:Video 2000
626:Home video
557:Betacam SX
379:hosted by
337:Tony Verna
301:game show
259:kinescopes
111:hard disks
104:Tape is a
80:camcorders
18:Video tape
2494:Videotape
2460:Kinescope
2390:AVC-Intra
2357:CamCutter
2340:DVCPRO HD
2107:Laserfilm
2089:LaserDisc
2056:Videodisc
1993:Sony HDVS
1692:Videotape
1317:1526-3681
1221:Billboard
670:. Sony's
616:DVCPRO HD
504:Panasonic
486:composite
402:Peter Pan
224:In 1959,
191:program.
169:Princeton
140:kinescope
91:bandwidth
48:Videotape
2350:Tapeless
2334:DVCPRO50
2113:CD Video
2077:Ampex-HS
2041:HDCAM SR
2005:BCH 1000
1968:MPEG IMX
1962:Digital8
1591:Engadget
1486:April 1,
1389:CNNMoney
1187:Archived
890:SD cards
886:tapeless
841:Digital8
806:prosumer
645:(bottom)
637:(left),
612:HDCAM SR
569:DVCPRO50
561:MPEG IMX
2468:(1950s)
2439:MicroP2
2360:Editcam
2302:Virtual
2154:MiniDVD
2142:MovieCD
2129:Digital
1974:MicroMV
1906:Digital
1883:S-VHS-C
1853:Betacam
1787:Betamax
1757:U-matic
1739:CV-2000
1640:at the
1630:at the
1620:at the
1455:Inverse
1150:Toshiba
852:MicroMV
847:tapes.
672:Betamax
664:Philips
660:U-matic
635:Video 8
515:digital
500:Betacam
489:U-matic
470:U-matic
293:to the
275:Chicago
226:Toshiba
2474:(1967)
2462:(1947)
2441:(2012)
2435:(2007)
2429:(2004)
2410:(2012)
2404:(2009)
2402:iFrame
2398:(2007)
2392:(2006)
2386:(2006)
2380:(2005)
2374:(2004)
2372:GBA-TV
2368:(2003)
2362:(1995)
2342:(2000)
2336:(1997)
2330:(1996)
2324:(1995)
2322:DVCPRO
2318:(1995)
2290:(2016)
2271:(2008)
2265:(2007)
2250:MiniBD
2246:(2006)
2240:(2006)
2238:HD DVD
2234:(2006)
2228:(2004)
2222:(2003)
2216:(1994)
2199:(2005)
2193:(2004)
2187:(2003)
2181:(2003)
2175:(1998)
2169:(1998)
2150:(1996)
2144:(1996)
2138:(1993)
2121:(1990)
2115:(1987)
2109:(1984)
2103:(1983)
2097:(1981)
2091:(1978)
2085:(1975)
2079:(1967)
2073:(1927)
2064:Analog
2043:(2003)
2037:(2003)
2031:(2000)
2025:(1998)
2019:(1997)
2013:(1994)
2007:(1992)
2001:(1984)
1995:(1984)
1976:(2001)
1970:(2000)
1964:(1999)
1958:(1996)
1952:(1995)
1946:(1994)
1940:(1993)
1934:(1992)
1928:(1991)
1922:(1988)
1916:(1986)
1897:(1998)
1891:(1989)
1885:(1987)
1879:(1987)
1873:(1986)
1867:(1986)
1861:(1985)
1859:Video8
1855:(1982)
1849:(1982)
1843:(1982)
1837:(1980)
1831:(1980)
1825:(1979)
1819:(1977)
1813:(1976)
1807:(1976)
1805:Type C
1801:(1976)
1799:Type B
1795:(1975)
1789:(1975)
1783:(1974)
1777:(1974)
1775:V-Cord
1771:(1972)
1765:(1972)
1759:(1971)
1753:(1969)
1751:EIAJ-1
1747:(1967)
1741:(1965)
1735:(1965)
1733:Type A
1729:(1961)
1723:(1961)
1717:(1958)
1711:(1956)
1701:Analog
1340:
1315:
1303:"VCRs"
987:
860:MiniDV
810:MiniDV
791:Video8
643:MiniDV
620:D-5 HD
546:MiniDV
385:WRC-TV
247:MiniDV
106:linear
93:, and
64:analog
2384:AVCHD
2366:XDCAM
2328:DVCAM
2023:D-VHS
2017:HDCAM
2011:W-VHS
1999:UniHi
1877:S-VHS
1841:VHS-C
1433:1 May
917:Notes
907:AVCHD
903:XDCAM
795:S-VHS
787:VHS-C
763:Funai
727:D-VHS
723:W-VHS
719:S-VHS
668:N1500
608:HDCAM
581:S-VHS
565:DVCAM
289:from
267:Ampex
211:Ampex
135:Ampex
60:sound
56:video
2408:XAVC
2173:SVCD
1895:Ruvi
1745:Akai
1715:VERA
1488:2022
1435:2007
1370:2015
1338:ISBN
1313:ISSN
985:ISBN
905:and
789:and
757:and
725:and
597:HDTV
540:The
482:Sony
472:tape
237:Quad
145:The
113:and
2433:SxS
2396:TOD
2378:MOD
2232:VMD
2197:FVD
2191:UMD
2179:EVD
2167:CVD
2148:DVD
2136:VCD
2119:VSD
2101:VHD
2095:CED
2083:TeD
2035:HDV
1932:DCT
1889:Hi8
1871:MII
1835:CVC
1823:SVR
1811:VHS
1793:IVC
1242:NPR
1219:",
1169:".
1042:",
864:HDV
818:DVC
799:Hi8
731:DVD
706:).
676:VHS
639:VHS
573:JVC
535:D-5
531:DCT
527:D-3
523:D-2
519:D-1
508:MII
393:NBC
207:CBS
177:NBC
161:RCA
147:BBC
66:or
50:is
2490::
2427:P2
2316:DV
2254:c.
2158:c.
1944:D5
1926:D3
1920:D2
1914:D1
1817:VK
1781:VX
1600:.
1589:.
1572:.
1544:.
1534:.
1516:.
1505:.
1479:.
1452:.
1426:.
1387:.
1360:.
1305:.
1240:,
1236:,
1156:^
1148:,
1082:.
1060:.
966:,
901:,
899:P2
814:DV
721:,
622:.
542:DV
476:A
351:3M
339:.
324:.
219:3M
86:.
2259:)
2252:(
2163:)
2156:(
1847:M
1676:e
1669:t
1662:v
1490:.
1464:.
1437:.
1397:.
1372:.
1319:.
1215:"
1193:.
1165:"
1109:.
1038:"
964:"
34:.
20:)
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